Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The red particle moves in a flowing fluid; itspathline is traced in red; the tip of the trail of blue ink released from the
origin follows the particle, but unlike the static pathline (which records the earlier motion of the dot), ink released after
the red dot departs continues to move up with the flow. (This is a streakline.) The dashed lines represent contours of
the velocity field (streamlines), showing the motion of the whole field at the same time. (See high resolution version.)

Solid blue lines and broken grey lines represent the streamlines. The red arrows show the direction and magnitude of
the flow velocity. These arrows are tangential to the streamline. The group of streamlines enclose the green curves (
and

) to form a stream surface.

Fluid flow is characterized by a velocity vector field in three-dimensional space, within the framework
of continuum mechanics. Streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines are field lines resulting from this
vector field description of the flow. They differ only when the flow changes with time: that is, when
the flow is not steady.[1] [2]

Streamlines are a family of curves that are instantaneously tangent to the velocity vector of the
flow. These show the direction a fluid element will travel in at any point in time.

Streaklines are the locus of points of all the fluid particles that have passed continuously
through a particular spatial point in the past. Dye steadily injected into the fluid at a fixed point
extends along a streakline.

Pathlines are the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow. These can be thought of as
"recording" the path of a fluid element in the flow over a certain period. The direction the path
takes will be determined by the streamlines of the fluid at each moment in time.

Timelines are the lines formed by a set of fluid particles that were marked at a previous instant
in time, creating a line or a curve that is displaced in time as the particles move.

By definition, different streamlines at the same instant in a flow do not intersect, because a fluid
particle cannot have two different velocities at the same point. Similarly, streaklines cannot intersect
themselves or other streaklines, because two particles cannot be present at the same location at the
same instant of time; unless the origin point of one of the streaklines also belongs to the streakline of
the other origin point. However, pathlines are allowed to intersect themselves or other pathlines
(except the starting and end points of the different pathlines, which need to be distinct).
Streamlines and timelines provide a snapshot of some flowfield characteristics, whereas streaklines
and pathlines depend on the full time-history of the flow. However, often sequences of timelines (and
streaklines) at different instantsbeing presented either in a single image or with a video stream
may be used to provide insight in the flow and its history.
If a line, curve or closed curve is used as start point for a continuous set of streamlines, the result is
a stream surface. In the case of a closed curve in a steady flow, fluid that is inside a stream surface
must remain forever within that same stream surface, because the streamlines are tangent to the
flow velocity. A scalar function whose contour lines define the streamlines is known as the stream
function.
Dye line may refer either to a streakline: dye released gradually from a fixed location during time; or
it may refer to a timeline: a line of dye applied instantaneously at a certain moment in time, and
observed at a later instant.
Contents
[hide]

1 Mathematical description
o

1.1 Streamlines

1.2 Pathlines

1.3 Streaklines

2 Steady flows

3 Frame dependence

4 Applications

5 See also

6 Notes and references

o

6.1 Notes

6.2 References

7 External links

Mathematical description[edit]
Streamlines[edit]
Streamlines are defined by[3]

where " " denotes the vector cross product and

one streamline at one moment in time.
If the components of the velocity are written

is the parametric representation of just

and those of the streamline

we deduce[3]

as

which shows that the curves are parallel to the velocity vector. Here

is

a variable which parametrizes the curve

Streamlines are calculated
instantaneously, meaning that at one instance of time they are calculated throughout the
fluid from the instantaneous flow velocity field.

Pathlines[edit]

A long exposure photo of sparks from a campfire shows the pathlines for the flow of hot air.

Pathlines are defined by

The suffix
point

indicates that we are following the motion of a fluid particle. Note that at

the curve is parallel to the flow velocity vector

evaluated at the position of the particle

, where the velocity vector is

at that time .

Streaklines[edit]

Example of a streakline used to visualize the flow around a car inside a wind tunnel.

Streaklines can be expressed as,

where,

is the velocity of a particle

at location

parameter
, parametrizes the streakline
where
is a time of interest.

and time . The

and

Steady flows[edit]
In steady flow (when the velocity vector-field does not change with time), the
streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines coincide. This is because when a particle on
a streamline reaches a point, , further on that streamline the equations governing
the flow will send it in a certain direction . As the equations that govern the flow
remain the same when another particle reaches
it will also go in the direction .
If the flow is not steady then when the next particle reaches position
the flow
would have changed and the particle will go in a different direction.
This is useful, because it is usually very difficult to look at streamlines in an
experiment. However, if the flow is steady, one can use streaklines to describe the
streamline pattern.

Frame dependence[edit]
Streamlines are frame-dependent. That is, the streamlines observed in one inertial
reference frame are different from those observed in another inertial reference
frame. For instance, the streamlines in the air around an aircraft wing are defined
differently for the passengers in the aircraft than for an observer on the ground.
When possible, fluid dynamicists try to find a reference frame in which the flow is
steady, so that they can use experimental methods of creating streaklines to identify
the streamlines. In the aircraft example, the observer on the ground will observe

unsteady flow, and the observers in the aircraft will observe steady flow, with
constant streamlines.

Applications[edit]
Knowledge of the streamlines can be useful in fluid dynamics. For
example, Bernoulli's principle, which describes the relationship between pressure
and velocity in an inviscid fluid, is derived for locations along a streamline.
The curvature of a streamline is related to the pressure gradient acting
perpendicular to the streamline. The center of curvature of the streamline lies in the
direction of decreasing radial pressure. The magnitude of the radial pressure
gradient can be calculated directly from the density of the fluid, the curvature of the
streamline and the local velocity.
Engineers often use dyes in water or smoke in air in order to see streaklines, from
which pathlines can be calculated. Streaklines are identical to streamlines for steady
flow. Further, dye can be used to create timelines.[4] The patterns guide their design
modifications, aiming to reduce the drag. This task is known as streamlining, and
the resulting design is referred to as being streamlined. Streamlined objects and
organisms, like steam locomotives, streamliners, cars and dolphins are often
aesthetically pleasing to the eye. The Streamline Moderne style, an 1930s and
1940s offshoot of Art Deco, brought flowing lines to architecture and design of the
era. The canonical example of a streamlined shape is a chicken egg with the blunt
end facing forwards. This shows clearly that the curvature of the front surface can
be much steeper than the back of the object. Most drag is caused by eddies in the
fluid behind the moving object, and the objective should be to allow the fluid to slow
down after passing around the object, and regain pressure, without forming eddies.
The same terms have since become common vernacular to describe any process
that smooths an operation. For instance, it is common to hear references to
streamlining a business practice, or operation.