Vass FLUID MECHANICS CONTENTS Chapters Fundamentals and properties of fluids Fluid Statics Buoyancy and Metacentric height Liquids in relative equilibrium Fluid Kinematics Energy Equation and its application Impulse Momentum Equation Flow Through Pipes Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow Boundary Layer Theory Force on submerged bodies Dimensional Analysis Keys For GATE & IES &j Y.V. Gopala Krishna Murthy j Managing DirectorGATE ~ SYLLABUS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING: Fluid Mechanics: Fluid properties, fluid statics, manometry, buoyancy, control-volume analysts of ‘mass, momentum and energy; fluid acceleration; differential equations of continuity and momentum Bemoulli’s equation; viscous flow of incompressible fluids; boundary layer; elementary wurbulent flow; flow through pipes, head losses in pipes, bends ete. PRODUCTION ENGINEERING : Fluid Machines; fluid statics; Bemoulli’s equation, flow through pipes, equations of continuity and ‘momentum. CIVIL ENGINEERING : Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics: Hydrostatics, applications of Bernoulli's equation, laminar and turbulent flow in pipes. pipe networks; concept of boundary layer and its growth; uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concepts, hydraulic jump; forces ‘on immersed bodies; flow measurement in channels; tanks and pipes; dimensional analysis and hydraulic modeling. Application of momentum equation, potential flow, kinematics of flow; velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines. | = IES — SYLLABUS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING : Properties and classification of fluids, manometry, forces on immersed surfaces, center of pressure, buoyancy, elements of stability of floating bodies. Kinematics and dynamics irrotational and incompressible, inviscid flow, velocity potential, pressure field and forces on immersed bodies Bemoulli’s equation. Fully developed flow through pipes. Pressure drop calculations, measurement of flow rate and pressure drop, elements of boundary layer theory, integral approach, laminar and {turbulent flow, separations. Flow over weirs and notches, open channel flows, hydraulic jump dimensions numbers, dimensional analysis, similitude and modeling. One dimensional isentrople flow, normal shock wave, flow through convergent — divergent ducts. Performance, operation and control of hydraulic pump and impulse and reaction turbines, specific speed, classification. Energy transfer, coupling, power transmission, turbines, velocity diagrams. Reciprocating, governance. cv INEERING Fluid properties, pressure, thrust, buoyancy, flow kinematics: Integration of flow equations; flow ‘measurement; relative motion; moment of momentum; viscosity, boundary layer and control, drag, lift, dimensional analysis, modeling; cavitation ; momentum and energy principles in open channel flow, flow controls, Hydraulic jumps, flow sections and properties, normal flow, gradually varies flow, surges, flow development and losses in pipe flows; measurements; siphons, surges and water hammer, delivery of power, pipe networks. Centrifugal pump, types, performances parameters, scaling pumps in parallel, reciprocating pumps, air vessels, performance parameters. Hydraulic ram; hydraulic turbines, types, performance parameters, controls, choice; power houses; classification and layout storage, pondage, control of supply.SY ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY FLUID MECHANICS fianter | Fundamentals and properties of fluids éSynopsis) 4. Fu Mechanics : Pwo MECHA rics of liquids and gases and is based on same fundamental principles that are nployed in the mechanics of solids. “Diviged into three branches : i) Fluid statics : Study of fluids at rest ji) Kinematics : Deals with velocities and accelerations without considering the forces or energy. an re aca Concerned wilt the relations between velociies, accelerations ang the forces exerted upon fd In mation 2. FLUO T Defined as a substance which deforms continuously even with a small amount of shear force exerts on it. «A solid offers resistance to the force because very strong intermolecular altraction exists in I. + Both liquids and Gases come under-the category 3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LIQUID AND GAS : i) Liquid fhas definite volume but no shape for ail practical purposes “incompressible i) Gas has no shape and volume highly compressible ii) Vapour ‘A gas whose temperature and pressure are such that its very near to the liquid phase Eg: Steam ‘4, Fuuio ConriNuoUS CONCEPT = ‘Mean tree path: Statistical average distance, which molecules of the same fluid travel between collisions. A * Any fluid can be treated as continuous medium when Mean free path <1% Characteristic length of flow + When a fluid ceases to be continuous medium the fluid characteristics (p,v,p) abruptly change from fone point to another. Eg: gases at low pressure. 5, IDEAL AND REAL FLUIDS : }) Ideal Fluid or Perfect Fluid : = Non viscous ({rictionless) and incompressible * Used in the mathematical analysis of flow problems * Does not exist in reality * Does not offer shear resistance when fluid is in motion. i) Real Fluid : * possess the properties such as viscosity, surface tension and compressibility * Resistance is offered when they are set in motion. 6. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS sss Density P * Mass per unit volume * Si units : kg/m? (Dimensions enw + Absolute quantity ie. does not change with location “As pressure increases mass density increases (ds large no of molecules are forced into a given volume) ii) Specific Weight ( 7) : + Weight ofthe substance per unit volume. * Also represents force exerted by gravy on a unit volume fluid * Mass density and specific weight of a fluid are related as: y =-p9 : ‘where g = acceleration due to gravity. * Units : N/m’ : Dimensions : ML-?T~? or FL~ *, * Is not absolute quantity : Varies from place to place ‘as of varies with location, primarily latitude and elevation above M.S. + Speciic weight of water 7 = 1000 kg/m? x 9.81 m/sec = 9810 Nim (Conts...2) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE ia ACE iii) Specific Volume (1): Volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid + v= tip (reciprocal of density) * Units: mm /kg. * Commonly applied for gases iv) Specific gravity (G) : Specific gravity, G = __ Specific welaht (or mass. density) of a fluid Specific weight (or mass density) of @ standard Nuic + For liquids, standard fluid is water at 4° + For gases, standard fluid is hydrogen or ar. * Units : No units (ratio) + Specific gravity of water = 1.0, Mercury = 13.6 2 Spee Ment of fd varies with temperature, specific gravy must be determined and specified ‘at a particular temperature, vy) Viscosity : ee rcasure ofits resistance to shear or angular deformation. oA troperty by vitue of which its offers resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over the adjacent layer. + Due to. |). Intermolecular cohesion i) Transfer of molecular momentum (interchange between layers) A) Newton's Law of Viscosity : * Shear stress a time rate of deformation moving plate (angular deformation) Fa de Kt Where F = Force required to move the surface ‘A= Area fil Fad or za Y Differential form: v= (du /6y) oe stationary wuly) with “ where 1 = Shear stress ; (dU Idy) = Velocity gradient; = Dynamic viscosity * According to Newton's law of viscosity, for a given shear ‘stress acting on fluid (x), the rate at which uel deforms (u/y) is inversely proportional to viscosity (8) 1B) Newtonian and Non ~ Newtonian Fluids = ‘a) Newtonian Fluids : * Which obeys Newton's Law of Viscosity ae oe ulds have constant viscosity (Viscosity is independent of shear stress) seer ier pe linear relationship between shear stress and resulting rate of "deformation, * Eg: air, water, light oils end gasoline. b) Non ~ Newtonian Fluids : t * Do not follow the Newton’s law of viscosity. * Relationship between shear stress. and velocity gradient is 5 += A{du|"+ 8 a a wt mere A and 8 ae contin depend vpn he Sumi? 8 {ype of fluid and conditions imposed on ow. Based on power index'n’ and constant B, Non-Newtonian fluids are i) B=O and n > 1 (represented by OE in fig.) Dilatant Eg: Butter, quick sand Pha" 0 and n < 1 (represented by OC In fig.) Pseudon asic du /dy Zolved, Pope Pulp, Payment solutions such as ubber, suspension paints. iy Bx, and n= 1 (represented by PD in the a) Bingram plastic Eg: Sewage sludge, driling mud «ea imum shear stress x, known as yield stress before they start flowing. pseudoplastic ~ (Contd...3) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYified the hich ACE 3 © ACE & iv) Thixotropic Fluids : Printers ink, listick ' * Time dependent fluid ie. viscosity depend upon Both shear stress and duration of application. * Viscosity increases or decreases with time. Eg: Paints and enamels, when subjected to high shear by the brush during application of paint, the apparent viscosity is reduced the paint covers the surface smoothly and brush marks disappears subsequently | C) Kinematic Viscosity (v) : Kinematic Viscosity (v) Dynamic viscosity ‘Mass density D) Dimensions and Units : a) Dynamic Viscosity (ji: > Units: SI : Pasec. or N.secim? MKS: Kgim.sec CGS : Poise = dyne.seciom? } “Conversion : 1 poise = 0.1 Pa.sec. “Dimensions | ML"T" or FLAT b) Kinematic Viscosity “Unis: SI: miisec CGS : om’isec or stokes Dimensions: L'T-* E) Effect of Temperature and Pressure : ‘a) Dynamic Viscosity * Independent of pressure *() For Liquids: Temperature increases«—> viscosity decreases because molecular momentum increases and cohesion is negligible in gases. b) Kinematic Viscosity : Depends on both pressure and Temperature. \V)) VAPOUR PRESSURE : TOGO “In.a closed vessel at @ constant temperature, the quid molecules | AAA A A break away from the liquid surface and enter the air space in vapour state, * When the air above the liquid surface is saturated with liquid vapour molecules then the pressure exerted on liquid surface is called vapour pressure, * Vapour pressure increases with temperature. * The low vapour pressure of mercury (along with high density) makes it very suitable for use in barometers and other pressure measuring devices. A) Cavitation: * Occurs in @ flow system, dissolved gases (vapour bbe cari ino a reglon of high presire and their subsequent collapse gives rise to high pressuré, which leads to noise, vibrations and erosion * Occurs in 4. Turbine runners. 2. Pump impellers 3. Hydraulic structures like spillways and sluice gates. 4. Ship propellers. WH CompRessiBiLiTY : "Change in volume (or density) due to change in pressure, *teversely proportional to Bulk Modulus K. K = — dp or — dp (negative sign indicates a decrease in volume. Tv) o/p)_with increase in pressure ) ‘Coeficient of compressibility B= (1/K) AiRiauids : ‘Since most of the liquids have a comparatively high value of bulk modulus, the compressibility is lose to zero hence the liquids are considered practically incompressible. For Eg: K = 2200 MN/n? for water, p = 7 MN/m?. ‘Change in volume AVIV = (7/2200) x 100 = 0.31 % Small pressure disturbances travel through the fluid medium at a velocity equal to velocity of sound (©) which depends upon bulk modulus and mass density (Contd..4) ‘ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY<2 ACE 4 21 ACE ! Velocity of Sound. Kio * The compressibility of water is considered in the case of water hammer problems. Due the sudden Closure of valves in pipe ines, a high pressure wave is generaled giving rise to huge increase of pressure B) Gases : * Gases are considered as compressible since their bulk modulus is small compared to liquid (i... E. of air = 100 x 10° Nim’) * In the circumstances, when the pressure variation is small then the change in density is also small then the gases also are considered incompressible. Eg : Flow of air in a ventilating system. * When a gas or steam flowing through a pipe line at high velocity, the drop in pressure is high hence compressibility effects must be considered * Mach number (M) is the criteria for considering the compressibility effects in any fluid Mach number, M = (VIC) > 1, then the fluid is considered as compressible (V = velocity of object) * For Eg: Aeroplane flying at or less than 400 kmph, the air may be considered to be incompressible, where as any object moving through air approaches the velocity of sound which around 1150 kmph then the air must be treated as compressible. Vit) SURFACE TENSION : * Cohesion : Force of attraction between the molecules of the same liquid. * Adhesion: force of attraction between the molecules of different liquids (or) between the liquid molecules and solid boundary containing the liquid. * A liquid forms an interface with a second liquid or gas. This liquid - ‘membrane under tension. The surface energy per unit area of interface is called Surface Ter “It can also be expressed as a line surface:Force per unit length.Units:N/m Dimensions: FL or MT”. * Surface tension is due to cohesion between liquid molecules. As temperature increases ~> surface tension decreases (because cohesion decreases) * Due to cohesion, surface tension pressure changes occur across a curved surface of (i) fiquid jet (i) droplet (ii) soap bubble. ‘A) Liquid jet Increases in Pr. of inside and outside of liquid jet AP = 2a/d, where d = B) Liquid drop: Capillarity: The phenomenon of rise or fall ofa liquid surface retative to the adjacent general level of liquid in small diameter tubes. The rise of liquid surface is designated as capillary rise and lowering is called capillary depression, * Due to both cohesion and adhesion. * Units: em or mm of liquids * Capilary rise: If the adhesion > cohesion for eg., Mercury depressive with convex upwards capillary rise or fall ' h= 4acos @ | 1 surface tension angle of contact between liquid and boundary dia. oftube @ = 0° > Water and glass ~ mercury 6 = 130° Mercury and gases = aca * For tube dia. >12mm capillay effects are negligible. Hence the dia. of glass tubes used for measuring pressure (manometers, piezometer etc) should be large enough (Conta....5) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE = Bs “ACE I Class work den t 1. A body has a weight of 392 N at standard earth's gravity of 9.8 m/sec’. If a force of 800 N is applied to ae | the body, the value of acceleration on earth and moon are a) 20 & 20 b) 2083.33 €) 3.33 & 20 4) 3338333 2. Ifthe shear stress ‘r’ and shear rate (du/dy) relationship of a material is plotted with « on the Y-axis and gE, ‘duldy on the X-axis, the behavior of an ideal fluid is exhibited by 2) a straight line passing through the origin and inclined to the X-axis b) the positive X-axis nal ¢) the positive Y-axis d) a curved line passing through the origin 3. The following shear stress-shear rate relationship was obtained for a fluid: dudy(units) = O13 + (units) 0 6 8 30 The fluid is classified as a) Bingham plastic ») Ditatant c) Newtonian 4d) Ideal 4 A Newtonian fluid fils the clearance between a shaft and a sleeve. When a force of 800 N is applied to the shat. parallel to the sleeve, the shaft attains a speed of 1.5 cm/s. if a force of 2.4 KN is applied sible instead, the shaft would move with a speed of emph a) 1Sems——b) 13.5¢m/s ©) 05 emis 4) 45 cm/s 5. The velocity profile for laminar flow of water between two parallel plates, shown in fg. is given as u = 0.01 (1 10,000 y’), where u isin = nis and y in m. the viscosity of water may be assumed to be 10° 9 om x N.sim*. The shear stress on the plates will be liquid a) 2.0NIm? b) 0.002Nim* ©) O.ONIm? 4) 0.004Nim* y ton. 6. A100 N rectangular sold block sides down a 30° incined plane. en ‘The plane is lubricated by a 2 mm thick film of oil of relative density Ls 0.80 and viscosity 10 poise. If the contact area is 0.1m’, estimate aface the terminal velocity of the block. % Vv a) 0.5 m/sec b) 1.0 m/sec ' c) 1.5 m/sec d) none Ww 7. The velocity distribution near the solid wall at a section in a laminar flow is given by u = u=5 poise. The shear stress @ y = 0.05 m in Nim*is a) 39.27 ) 27.76 ©) 38.9 4) none 8. The space between two parallel plates kept 3 mm apart is filed with an oil of dynamic viscosity 02 Pas. The shear stress on the Hiquid lower fixed plate, if the upper one is moved with a velocity of 1.5 9" called mises is 2)500 Nim? b) 100m? c) 150 Nim? ) none + 9. A liquid of density p and dynamic viscosity 1: flows steadily down an inclined plane in a thin sheet of constant thickness /, Neglecting air friction the shear stress on the bottom surface due to the liquid flow is (where 0 is the angle, the plane makes with the horizontal). a)patsind b) pgtcos 6 ©) Vart dpa sin (Sry). I py 40. If the dynamic viscosity of a fluid is 0.5 poise and specific gravity is 0.5; then the kinematic viscosity of that fluid in stokes is a)025 6) 050) 10) None 11. At room temperature, the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of water a) are both greater than that of air ) are both less than that of air 6) are respectively greater than and less than that of air 4) are respectively less than and greater than that of ar. exsing 412. A pressure increase of 200 Nicm increases the density of water by 0.1%, The bulk modulus of elasticity of water is equal to 2) 200 GNim? b) 20 GNim* )2GNim? ——d) 0.2. GNim* 13. The excess pressure (above atmospheric) inside 2 soap bubble of diameter 1 cm, by assuming the surface tension of soap solution to be 0.04 Nim is a) 32.0Nim? b) 16.0 Nim? ©)160.0Nim? 6) 0.32Nim?——(Contd..6) \DEMY ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY nn eee CUCLACE 6: a ACE 414, The capilary ‘se in a 3 mm tube immersed Ih Fauld is YS mm. Wf another tube of dia 4 mm is are ceetin the same quid the capllay rise would be in mm) a) 11.25, 20.00 844 4) 26.67 45, AL20°C, the bulk modulus of elasticity of kerosene is 1.43 40° Pa and its relative density 0.804. The — El)|The * soap urface Hength ynamic across ADEMY “ACE a ® ACE 6 Newton's law of viscosity relates 4) intensity of pressure and rate of angular deformation \6) shear stress and rate of angular deformation c) shear stress, viscosity and temperature d) viscosity and rate of angular deformation 7. For a fluid, the shear stress was found to be directly proportional to the rate of angular deformation, The fluid is classified as “ay Newtonian —_b) Non-Newtonian ©) Ditatant uid @) Thixotropic 8. Areal fluid is any fluid which 2) has surface tension and is incompressible _b) has zero shear stress ¢) has constant viscosity and density a) has viscosity 8. A fluid is said to be Newtonian when the shear stress is directly proportional to velocity gradient 'b) independent of velocity gradient ¢) inversely proportional o velocity gradient ——_d) none of the above 10. the folowing fig_ the line describes the rheological behavior of a fluid The fud can be ciassified as 2) Newlonian'b) Bingham plastic ©) Ideal “aS Non-Newtonian 11. The viscosity of aay a) liquids increases with temperature “By gases increases with temperature ©) fluids decreases with temperature 4d) fluids increases with temperature 12. Shear stress in the Newtonian fluid is proportional to 2) pressure b) strain 4) strain rate 6) the inverse of the viscosity 13. Continuum approach in fluid mechanics is valid when 2), the compressibility is very high b) the viscosity is low \>4, where Mis the Mach number 14. The unit of dynamic viscosity ofa fluid is (GATE97) a) mils 6) N.sim? c) Pasim? d) kg.s*im* 18, Pascal-Second is the unit of a) Pressure 'b) Kinematic viscosity V6) dynamic viscosity ) surface tension 16. The unit of Kinematic Viscosity is a) gfom-sec” 'b) dyne-secicm? 1) glom*-sec vt) cmiisec 17. Viscosity is a property that manifests . 2) at fid-solid bourwiaries only 6) between two adjacent uid layers in relative motioh ©) in uniform incompressible lows 4) only in turbulent flows 18. With increase in temperature, viscosity ofa fluid a) does not change b) always increases ) always decreases \) increases, ifthe fluid is a gas and decreases, ifitis aliquid 19. The bulk modulus of elasticity of aliquid, *k a) is a function of both temperature and pressure ) at any given temp. decreases continuously with pressure ) at any pressure increases continuously with temperature) isa constant 20. fa liquid has greater cohesion than adhesion with the solid, then the liquid in the capillary tube will 2) rise with concave surface upward A) Heth convec mateo uneard ) depress with convex surface upward )) depress with concave surface upward 21. The dimension of acti cof dynamic viscosity in | M, L.T J notation system are a) M LIT MIT o) M'LT. Mur 22, The dimensions ofthe coefficient of dynamic viscosity in [FLT] notation nyse way FTL? byFL'T" rT? Eh 23. na sample of water an increase of pressure by 18 MN? caused 1% reduction inthe volume, The Buk modulus of elasticity ofthis sample, In MINI, i 2) 180 b) 180, V6 1800 4)0.18 (Contd..8) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 8 2 ACE a >a. Athi plate is placed between two fat surfaces fom apart such eseeeee eee ee eee ee atin pa lars gene top andi ofthe plate re | “a nate that he weeetvely ‘The poston ofthe tin plat, such that he 4 1g i Sieeous resistance to uniform motion of the thin plate is minimum. (assume h to be very small. \ ay = [i way Vie oy = fm oy = [= eR 25, A-leeve 10 om long encases a vertical meta rod 3.0 om [tte with a radial clearance of 0.02 mm. If A Sleeve persed in an of of viscosity 6 Pa, the effective weight ‘of the sleeve is 10 N. At what velocity {cmiseo) the sleeve slides down the rod. a a) 1.53 'p} 2.03 2.83 553 26. A hydraulic used fring automobiles has 3 26 om 1 — bync to) netandnet “d)n=tandned 432, The velocity profile for laminar flow of water between, We parallel y plates, shown infig._ is given as v= 0.01 (1— 10.0009 2), where "is Pate sna in m. The viscosity of water may be assumed fo be 10° Nsim? The shear stress on the plates will be 20cm * @)2.0 Nim Plane surface to paper Note: Force F always acts normal to the plane surface. '® The value of F is independent of the angle of inclination of the plane as long as the depth of centroid (he) is unchanged. ‘@ Total Force F = Area X Pressure at the centroid = y.AX ‘) Pressure Prism Concept: )— Totalforce F ‘volume of pressure prism area of pressure diagram X width of plane ® Force F acts atthe C.G. of the pressure prism. ‘Centre of Pressure (C.P) : The point of application of resultant force (F). Fee + loo AX ‘cc = ML. of the section about an axis parallel OX passing through C.G. of the area CPs always below the C.G as the depth of immersion is increased, the C.P. approaches the C.G (Contd....12) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 2 ACE 7. Centre of Pressure (CP) on inclined Plane: NOTE ’) CP always lies below Co ii) As the depth of immersion is more, CP comes cleser to CG. From eq. itis evident that the position of CP is independent of 0, ie., 0 may be varied by rotating the surface provided h, remains unchanged 8. Forces on plane surface (Applications): i) __Dam: Pressure prism concept is easier for plane rectangular surfaces, ‘1m Jength of dam) F acts at h = 2/3 h from top ji) Lock Gates purposes. F=Hydrostalic Force = Fu.= Fo R= Resultant Reaction (") Lock Gates are used in docks and at the tail end of a river for Navigational 8. Forces on Curved Surfaces: Total Force

BG 4. Floating Bodies : Stability () Buoyancy Force (Fs) is equal to the weight of the | liquid displaced by the body and acts through the CG of the displaced liquid (i) The body is in stable equilibrium when if the meta centre lies above its CG. (ie, BM> BG) (ii) Meta Centre Centre of Buoyancy (CB) = ‘B" is the shift in CB due a tilt through small angle ‘0! ‘= The new CB (8!) cuts the vertical axis of the body (line cd) vertically at a point "Mi (Meta centre). (Contd.....22) t ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 22 V ACE (v) Meta Centric Height (GM) (2) The distance between the centre of gravity ‘G’ and the meta centre “M' ofthe floating body ie. GM as 0 > 0 is known as Meta Centre Height (6) The Meta Centric Height is independent of magnitude of angular rotation (6) (so long as itis small) and is given by I I V)— BG, if Mis above G (stable) GM=BG—(I/V), if Mis below G (unstable) Where I= MI of the water line area about an axis me Passing centre of area and perpendicular to 7 the axis of tt longitudinal axis = J, x? dA, \V= volume of liquid displaced by the body. (c) The distance BM = | /V is called Meta Centric radius "depends upon the geometry of vessel and draft (depth of submergence) ‘For eg Fora vessel M1 does not change but'V (displaced vol, becomes less when load is removed, (¥) Experimental Determination of Meta Centric Height GM = Wixi wrane W; = movable weight as a ship = transverse displacement of weight Wy! W= total weight of ship including ‘Ww, 0 = angle of tlt of ship. (vi) Period of Rolling Time Period T= 2n- V7 (g. GM) k = radius of gyration 'm ow meta centric height in ‘m’ ~ GMis large the Time Period of rol will reduce ie, more stable vessel will have less Period of rol ~ Period of Roling (7) i inversely proportional to stability and directly proportional to radiue of gyration (k), ~ The meta centric height of ocean going vessel is usually 30 em to 1.2 m. for war Ships it ranges from 1m to 1.5 m. Ag,meta centric height increases less comfort to passenger (because less Period of roll) but more stability (Conta....23) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 23 “2 ACE work A wooden cube of 2 m x 2 m x 2m size and sp.gravity 0.5 floats in water. The volume of cube submerged under water in mis a4 by2 ot d) none 2 A.wooden block of rectangular section 4 m long, 1.25 m wide and 2 m deep floats horizontally in sea water of sp weight 1025 kgim3. Ifthe so gravity of wood is 0.64, the depth of block under water would bein‘ 2)24 18 )08 1.28 3 A 10 om steel cube (relative density = 7.6) is submerged in a two layered fluid, the bottom layer being mercury (relative density = 13.6) and the top layer being water. The height of the top surface of the cube above the liquid interface is 2) 4.41 om b) 4.76 cm ) 5.00 cm 4)558om € When a ship enters sea from a river one can expect it to 2) nsea little ) sink a litle ©) remain at same level 4) rise (or) fall depending on the material of the ship = A metallic piece of sp.gravily 3.4 floats in mercury of specific gravity 13.6. The fraction of its volume under mercury is | a) 0.50 b)0.90 ©) 0.25 4) 0.75 © An object weighing 100 N in air was found to weight 80 N when fully submerged in water. The relative density of the object is 2)50 »)40 925 4) 425 Assignment | Boye oes ecu to | ‘2? weight of the fluid displaced by the solid body ) resultant force on the body due to the surrounding fluid i ¢) resultant foree acting ona floating body i @) force necessary to maintain equilibrium of a submerged body 2 The center of Buoyancy acts through the 2) centroid of a floating body b) centroid of horizontal projection of body ¢) centroid ofthe total volume of liquid centroid ofthe total displaced volume of liquid 2 A floating body displaces 2 volume of fuid whose weight is equal ‘S)Weight of body »b) half of weight of body ©) no relation with weight of body 4) none of the above. © Asubmerged body is in stable equilibrium if the centre of gravity of body lies | 2) above center of buoyancy ») at the center of buoyancy ~< below the center of buoyancy 4) below meta center © Abody floats in stable equilibrium 2) when its metacentric height is zero 2) when the cee of gravity of body below the cote ‘of buoyancy when its metacentre above centre of gravity 9) innone of above situations (Contd.....24) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYwe ACE 24 ACE > © Ametal biock is thrown into @ deep lake. AS it sinks deeper in water, the buoyant force acting on it a)increases b) decreases" _)remains same) first increases and then decrecces 7. Fora floating body if B = center of Buoyancy, M = Metacentre and G = center of gravity then to maintain stable equilibrium, a) BM>BG b) BM < BG. ©) BM=BG d) GM> BG 8. A floating body will be in stable equilibrium, if metacentrc height is equal to ay - BG: b)BG-11V )1/V= BM. d)|V-GM SIL Ms isthe movable weight on ship, x = transverse displacement of above weight, W = otal weight of Ship including movable weight and 6 = angle of tt of ship, the metacentric height is given by Wax by We °) _Wex ¢) _Wyx Wrans Taro Wand Wsind 10. The incorrect statement about ‘Buoyancy force’ is a) it always acts vertically upwards b) itis equal to weight of fuid displaced by solid body ©) itacts through the centre of gravity of displaced volume «) none of the above 11. A body floats in stable equilibrium a) when its metacentric height is zero ) when the metacentre is below centre of gravity ©) when IW is positive ~~) when the metacentre is above centre of gravity ‘12, When a block of ice floating on water in a container melts, the level of water in the container. a) tises ) falls ~0) remains same di) first falls and the rises 13. In finding the metacentre of a ship of total weight 10,000 tons, a weight of 0 tons at a distance of 6 m from the longitudinal centre plane causes the ship to tit through an angle of 3°. The meta centre is a) 57m ~b) 0.57 m 0) 113 4) none of the above. ++ END OF TH CHAPTER 31+ (Contd.....25) ‘ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYChapter 3.2 : Liquids in Relative Equilibrium (Synopsis) 1. Rigid Body Motion: When a fluid mass in a container is subjected to a motion such that there is no ‘relative motion (i.e. relative equilibrium between the particles) such a motion is known as ‘Rigid Body ‘Motion’. The motion can be either translation or rotation at constant acceleration or a combination of both. As there is no relative motion there is no shear stress and the laws of hydrostatics can be applied to evaluate the fluid pressure. (modified by the combined action of gravity and fluid acceleration). Various cases are detailed below 1.1. Fluid mass subjected to uniform linear acceleration : Leto inear acceleration in ‘x2’ plane We have, dzfdx = — (a, /(g + a,)) x ~ dz/dx represents the slope ofthe surface of constant pressure. az = The negative sign shows thatthe surface of constant pressure a is sloping down wards. ‘= For constant acceleration, since (dz/dx) is constant, the surface % of constant pressure is a plane having a constant slope. = Pressure distribution is hydrostatic. = All the planes of constant pressure are parallel to each other. 1.2 Liquid containers subjected to constant horizontal acceleration Ferme, =a ard ae Orga face dz/dx=—(a/g) ’ ox az Teblpeeneonetsée Fix(7bh/2_ ny J a Total pressure on right side F2= (ybh,")/2 x —> -Fi)=M.a Here’ total mass of liquid, 1.3. Liquid containers subjected to constant vertical acceleration =0, a: =a, dzIdx=0 = The surfaces of constant pressure are horizontal, Therefore free surface liquid in the tank will always remain horizontal (a) Upward Motion : (with constant acceleration) Absolute pressure at any point p= p,+ yh (1+ alg) (b) Downward Motion Absolute pressure at any point p= p,+ yh (1—a/g) Special Case: If = g and downward motion, p =p, ‘Therefore, gauge pressure at any point in the liquid is equal to zero. This means that the pressure through out the liquid mass will be same and equal to that of surrounding atmosphere. This conclusion is important for a stream of water falling freely in space, (Contd....26) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 26 ACE 14 Liquid containers subjected to constant rotation Axis Vertical The tree surface developed is a paraboloid py fon Sf revolution in shape with its section being a parabola With reference to point ‘o' origin Yeo'x?/2g Here w = angular velocity Lye ~ Along any horizontal plane, the pressure at any point varies as the square of the distance from the ‘axis in the radial direction ~ Jhe Pressure is maximum at the edges of vessel where ¢ = R and minimum at the axis of rotation where r = 0, = Along any vertical section, the pressure varies linearly withthe distance 7’ ie pressure distribution is hydrostatic. ~The surface of constant pressure inthe liquid mass will be parabolois of revolution Parallel to the free liquid surface. * Since the volume of @ paraboloid of revolution is equal to half the volume of the circumscribing Teoma ane Guid will rise at the walls of container by the same amount as it fas othe cores from its original level at rest ~ [fa jiindrical vessel completely fited witha liquid and closed atthe op is rotated about its axis, an revoutey, "°° Suttace exhibiting the pressure variation may be drawn, whichis alsova perkosdon revolution, (b) Axis Horizontal (closed cylinder) (0 Sail Filed: Dus to rotation, the liquid wil tke the form ofa cylinder witha holow cafe. The Proseure at the surface of central core is ‘atmosphere’. Other sutaces of consort mens ea oe oncentric cylindrical surfaces parallel to the central core © Complatey Filed At the axis of rotation, tne pressure before and afer rotation is same and ie qual to pressure due to column of iquid of height Class work 1 (tank of 6 m long 2.5m wide and 2 m deep is ful filed with oll. fits accelerated in the direction ofits length at 1.5 m/sec’, the volume of oil spilled, in ters would be a) 6880 ) 4860, ©) 5640 4) 6400 a) 0.98 misec* b) 0.49 misec* ©) 1.96 m/sec* d) 3.92 m/sec? 3. A tank open af top, contains aliquid with a relative density 0,75 to a depth of 0. m. ‘The acceleration Foe abu be given tothe tank, to make the pressure at the bottom atmosphere 2) 9.8 misec’, vertically upward b) 9.8 misec*, vertically downward ©) 7.38 misec’, vertically upward 4) 6.62 misec, vertically downward 4 & container carving water is moved in a horizontal direction with an acceleration of 2.45 misec2. The angle of inclination of the free water surface to the horizontal is a) 14.03" ») 67.8 45° 0" 6. A cubical tank of side 2 m fled with glycerin of sp gravity 1.6, to a depth of 1.5 m. If the tank is Sy ase ed Vertically upward at 5 m/sec’, the force acting on the side ofthe tank wale bet in kg) a) 2448.6 ) 4800 ©) 6425.2 4) 5434.5 (Contd.....27) ACI NGINEERING ACADEMY 7 An open tank containing a liquid slides down an inclined plane, the free surface will be 2) Horizontal in all cases ) horizontal ifthe velocity ofthe tank is constant ©) inclined to the horizontal in al cases 4) parallel to the inclined plane in all cases An open cubical tank was intially filed with water when the tank was accelerated on a horizontal plane along one of its sides, it was found that one third of the volume of water spilled out. The acceleration was) a) 1/2g b) 1/39 ©) 29/3 dg SA right circular cylinder open at top is filed with liquid and rotated about its vertical axis at such speed that half the liquid spills out. The pressure at center of bottom is a) zero ) 1/8 of that when cylinder was full ©) 144 of that when cylinder was full 4) 172 of that when cylinder was full 10.A cylindrical vessel with a constant plane area of 1m? is rotated about its vertical axis such that the {auld inside the vessel is about to spill. If the height of vessel is 2 m and the height of paraboloid is im, then the volume (in m’) of the liquid in the vessel will be a)0s b) 1.0 ) 15 a2 11 An open cylindrical tank 1m is dia and 2 m height coritains water up to 1.5 m depth. If the cylinder ‘otates about its vertical axis what maximum angular velocity can be attained without spiling any water a) 8.86 rpm b) 119 rpm ©) 84.6 rpm_ 4) 59.8 rpm Assignment . 1. If 2 liquid is in retatve equilibrium with a container under going translatory motion, the liquid will be subjected to “a) zero shear stress b) shear stress of certain magnitude ) may or may not have any shear stress ‘¢) none of the above 2. Ia body under goes uniform horizontal acceleration, the surface of water in the direction of motion will slope a) upwards 6) downwards ©) we cannot say —_d) horizontal 3. If @ water tank partially filed with water is being carried on a truck moving with constant horizontal acceleration the level of the liquid will 4) rise on the front side of tank. b) remains same ©) rise on back side and fall on front side 4) fall on back side of tank ‘4 When an open water tank slide down an inclined plane without frictional resistance, the free surface will be a) horizontal ') vertical ~€) parallel to the inclined plane 4) inclined at 45° to the horizontal 5. A cylindrical liquid container is subjected to constant rotation abeut its vertical axis. The free surface developed. 2) ellipsoid of revolution b) hyperboloid of revolution 2) Parboloid of revolution 4) none of these ©. The ratio between volume of parboloid of revolution V; and volume of circumscribing cylinder is ay2:4 bya? 4:3 aia 7 hen liquid rotates at constant angular velocly about a vertical axis, the variation of pressure along a horizontal plane 2) decreases linearly as its radial distance _b) increases linearly as its radial distance oy Varies as square of radial distance 4) none of the above. & A fight cicular closed cylinder is party filed with water and is rotated with its axis horizontal, The pressure at the surface of central core is ) Atmosphere _b) less than atmospheric _c) more than atmospheric _d) vertical line 8 A liquid in a circular container is given a rigid rotation about the axis of the cylinder. The piezometic line ina cross section is a a) horizontal b) circular are \G)parabola 4) vertical ine *** END OF THE CHAPTER 32*** (Cont.....28) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYChapter 4 : Fluid Kinematics (Synopsis) ee 1) Fluid Kinematics :It deals with the velocity, acceleration and other related aspects of space time relations without specifically considering the associated forces. 2) Velocity of a Fluid Flow : V= Lt ds/dt V=f (xy,z,t) dt>0 In x-direction, U= Lt dx In y-direction, v= Lt dy dt30 dt dt>o dt In z-direction, We Lt dz dt>o dt 3) Classification of Flow : (a)(i) Steady Flow : It at any point of the flowing fluid, various characteristics such as velocity, pressure density temperature etc., do not change with time. Mathematically, (V1) =0, ie, (Gu/at)=(av/ Ot) = (Aw/ at) =0 (6p / dt) = 0, (Ap / at) = 0, (€T/ at) =0 e.g: Flow of fluid through a pipe at constant rate of discharge. (ii) Unsteady Flow: Flow parameters at any point change with time. ie. (AV/ at) #0, (dp /at) <0, (dp / at) #0, (eT /at) #0 e.g: Flow in which the quantity of liquid per second is not constant. (b) (i) Uniform Flow : When the velocity of flow of fluid does not change both in magnitude and direction from point to point in the flowing fluid, at any given instant of time. Le, (OV/as)=0 @.9: Flow of liquids under Pressure through long pipe lines of constant diameter, (ii) Non Uniform Flow : If the velocity of flow of fluid changes from point to point in the flowing fluid at any instant of time. e.g: Flow of liquids under pressure through long pipe lines of varying diameters. (c) Types of Combination of Above Flows - . Type of Flow Example (i) Steady Uniform Flow Flow through a long pipe of constant diameter at a constant rate (ii) Steady Non Uniform Flow Flow through a tapering pipe at a constant rate. (ili) Unsteady Uniform Flow Constant diameter, at either increasing or decreasing rate. (iv)Unsteady Non Uniform flow Flow through a tapering pipe at either increasing or decreasing rate. 4) 1,2 and 3—dimensional flows: Type of Flow Eg: Unsteady Steady 3—dimensional Flood flows V=f(x,y,z, t) = 2- dimensional flow between plates V=f(x,y,t) 1 — dimensional shooting flows V= f(x, t) (Conta.....29) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 29 ACE 5) Flow Pattern (2) Stream Line: An imaginary curve drawn through a flowing fluid in such away that the tangent to it at any point gives the direction of the velocity of flow at that point. Also called as flow line, since flow is along the stream lines. yj Type of Flow Differential Equation of Stream Line v, 3-dimensional dx Ju=dy/v=dz/w £4 2 dimensional dx /u=dylv (01) udy—vdx=0 v = Stream lines indicate tracing of motion of a group of particles, ‘There can be no fluid flow across a stream line. > For steady flow stream line pattern remains same at different times. For unsteady flow it varies from time to time and hence instantaneous. (b) Stream Tube: An imaginary tube formed by a group of stream lines passing through a small closed curve, = There can be no flow across a stream tube. = Only ina steady flow, a stream tube is fixed in space. (c) Path Line: The line traced by a single Muid particle as it moves over a period of ime. (d) Streak Line : Aine traced by @ fluid particle passing through a fixed point in a flow field eg: The tral of a colour dye injected at a point. > In steady flow a streak line, stream line and a path line are all identical. 6) Acceleration of a fluid particle (a) (2) Cartesian Co-ordinates veiutj.vekow a, = (Oulat) + U.. (2u/ ax) + v. (Bud ay) + w.. (24/ @) a= (v/a) + u. (OV 2x) + V. (OV ay) + Ww. (OV/ 22) c= (w/a) + U.. (OW 1 Ox) + v_ (Ow fay) +. (Ow 22) (b) Local Acceleration or Temporal Acceleration Expressions that represent rate of increase of velocity with respect to time. eg: Oulat, avs at, ews at = In steady flow local acceleration is zero. (0) Convective Acceleration : Terms that represent the rate of increase of velocity due > particle's ‘change of position, ‘= In uniform flow convective acceleration is zero, Important Note : In steady flow the local acceleration is zero, but the convective acceleration is not necessarily zero and hence total or substantial acceleration is not necessarily zero. However if flow is uniform also, convective acceleration is zero and therefore total acceleration is zero. (@) Tangential and Normal Acceleration Unlike velocity vector, the acceleration vector has no specific orientation with respect to stream line ie, itneed not always be tangential to stream line. Therefore, at any point it may have acceleration ‘components tangential and normal = Tangential Acceleration is developed when the magnitude of velocity changes with respect to space and time. (Contd...30) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 30 ~MEe = Normal Acceleration is developed when a fluid particle moves in change in direction of velocity of fluid particle, regardless less a curved path i.e, simply die te velocity is changing (or) not. For steady + low LA. of whether the magnitude of te = zero ‘0’ as=V.(OV,/ 0S) Tangential Acceleration, (vray 8s = (OV, / Ot) + V. (OV,/ OS) . Normal Acceleration, \ An = (My Ot) + (ve?) where = radius of curvature of stream line tangential component of velocity normal component of velocity local tangential acceleration local normal acceleration ¥., (Ov68) = convective tangential acceleration 2°11 vs. (O¥p [08) = convective normal acceleration Stream line For steady flow, a= (vy. Ov.) /08 n= Ver NOTE : Ifthe stream lines are () Equidistant, Tangential convective acceleration is zero. (i) Straight (not curves), Normal convective acceleration is zero. ~ Ifthe stream lines are straight and parallel to each other, there is no acceleration, ~ Ifthe stream tines are curved and equidistant there will be only normal convective acceleration ~ If the Stream lines are curved and converging, then both normal and tangential convective accelerations. ~ T¥ stream lines are diverging, instead of acceleration willbe corresponding retardation 7) Continuity Equation Basis : Principle of conservation of mass ~ mass can neither be created nor destroyed (2) Differential Form (in Cartesian co-ordinates) (i) For compressible fuids, (dp / 0) + (pv 0%) + (Apvey) + (eXpw)l 22) = 0, (\) For incompressible fuids, (@u/ox) + (2vldy) + (Qw/ce) = 0 vertically the divergence of Velocity vector V.V = 0 Assumptions (1) Flow is steady (2) Flow is incompressible. (3) Velocity is uniform over a cross section (b) In one dimensional analysis (Flow through a stream tube ) For compressible Muids, py AiV; = paAsVo. For incompressible fuids, A,V, = A.V, ‘Assumptions for equation A,V; = AzV>. () Flow is steady (i) Flow is incompressible (ii) Flow is one dimensional over the cross section (w)Velocity is uniform @ across section _(v) No branching of steam tube. ‘yan there is variation of velocity across the cross section ofa tube, for an incompressible fluid discharge, (Contd.....31) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE > 23 ACE 8. Rotational and Irrotational Motions: (2) Rotational Flow : If the fluid particles while moving in the direction of flow rotate about their mass centers, 2g ; Liquid in rotating tanks where the velocity of each particle varies directly as the distance from the centre of rotation. (0) Irrotational Flow : If the liquid particles while moving in the direction of flow do not rotate about their centers, = Mathematically, in irrotational flow curl of velocity vector V x V = 0. = True itrotational flow exists only in ideal fluids. = fat every point in the flowing fluid, the rotation components «,, wy and w, are equal to zero, then the flow is known as irrotational, For o.=0, (1/2) [(awidy) ~(oviee)] = 0. (awtey aylee) For y= 0, (1/2) (Ould) ~ (Awd) = 0. “ (Bulé2) = (Owiox) = For 2-dimension irrotational flow @,=0, (1/2) [(@vidx) — (@uley)] = 0, (aytom = For fluids or flows of large viscosity, flow is invariably rotational. © For fluids such as air and water having small viscosity, the flow in the region away from boundary may be treated as irrotational = Inthe case of rapidly converging or accelerating flows, flow may be treated as irrotational 9, Circulation and Vorticity (2) Circulation (1): Flow along a closed curve (ie., the flow in eddies in vertices) It isthe line integral of the tangential component of the velocity taken round a closed contour. T (Capital Gamma Greek) = [(ovlex) - (Gul2y)] 8, . 8, (b) Vorticty (6) : The limiting value of circulation divided by the area of closed contour, as the area tends to zero, Vorticity = circulation / area = [Ov 6x) — (Out ayy} NOTE : Vorticity = 2 x rotation component W. je, & = 20, (zeta) 10. Stream Function (y) : It is @ scalar function of space and time such that its partial derivative with respect to any direction gives the velocity component at right angles (in counter clockwise direction) to this direction, ie, ay lax and aylys - Laplace Equation for ‘y' For an irrotation flow, (ay / ax?) + (y / dy?) = 0 Also (Cy / @x dy) = (@w / dy Ox) (This will be true if 'y’ is @ continuous Funetion and its second derivative exists) “Any function ‘y’ which is continuous is a possible case of fluid flow. = Itis constant along a stream line. ‘= The difference of stream functions for two stream lines is equal to the flow rate between them, (Contd.....32) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY—S————__aee)errrt}]]OOOUOUOUOUhmUt~t~O™OSOSOS =v ACE 2 @ ACE 11, Potential Function (4) : A scalar function of space and time such that its negative derivative with respect to any direction gives the fluid velocity in that direction, U=-(2p/ 2x), v= = (20 OV), ab 1 62) Laplace Equation for (Polar) + (Fo 1 of) + Fol ez) = 0 = Any function ’ that satisfies the Laplace equation is a possible iotational flow. = Velocity potential exists only for irrotational flows. = Lines of constant ‘4’ are called equipotential ines and these lines will form orthogonal grids with y= constant lines 12. Stream Lines, Equipotential Lines and Flow Net = Stream line Is given by y = constant Equipotential line is given by 6 = constant > Stream lines and equipotential lines intersect each other orthogonally at all points of intersection. (Reason: The product of slopes of tangents of these two lines is -1.) © Agrid obtained by drawing a series of stream lines and equipotential lines is known as ~ Flow Net” Flow Net can be drawn for () Steady Flow (i) Irrotational flow and_ (ii) When the flow is not governed by gravity force. Class work x, v= 2y, the equation of stream lines passing through (1, 1) is by k=t oxy=1 d) None 2. Along a straight stream line passing through the origin, the velocity is given by v= 4 "+ y,, determine } the velocity and acceleration at the point (4, 3) are misec and m/sec’ respectively | a) 20, 80 'b) 80, 20, ©) 5,20 4) 20,5 3. Fora fluid with V=2x/+ yy, the acceleration at 1, 1) is, units ays b)9 ow giz | 4, The bucket of a spillway has a radius of 10 m. When the spill way is discharging § m? of water /sec /m length of crest, the average sheet of water over the buckets is 0.50 m. The normal acceleration (or | centripetal acceleration) in m/sec" is a1 bys °10 ‘d) none _ | 5. Inthe front part of a stationary cylinder immersed in @ moving fluid, the velocity variation at radlus r = 3.0 mis given by v = 3 sin @ m/s. The tangential acceleration athe radia distance, but at angle @= 45", in mss, is a)-5 b) oO 0) 15 d) 4.5 6. Ina 2m ong tapered duct the area decreases as A = (0.4 - 0.1x) where x is distance in metres. At a given instant a discharge of 0.48 m/s was flowing in the duct and it was found to increase at a rate of 0.12 m/s, The local acceleration at x = 0 in m/s? is a)03 b)36 0) 3.9 d)-0. 30 7. For an incompressible flow, y = x*—y* The total acceleration vector is a)xit yj b) 4xi + Ay, 0) xi 4x )—4xi+ 4 xj (Contd.....33) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE > 33 ACE Read the following data for question 8, 9 and 10 ‘The velocity along the centerline of a nozzle of length L is given by ve2t(t—x)? where V = velocity in m/sec, t= time in sec from commencement of flow, 21. x= distance from inlet to the nozzle, t= 3 sec; x= 0.5mL=0.8m 8. The local acceleration in m/sec” is a) 0.94 b) 0.47 a4 ) none 9. The convective acceleration in m/sec"is a) 146 b)- 146 ) 1.46 4) 1.46 10. The total acceleration is a) 1.36 b) 1.36 ©) 13.66 d)— 13.66 41. Ata point on a streamline, the velocity is 3m/s and the radius of curvature is 9m. If the rate of increase of velocity along the streamline at this point is 1/3 misim, then the total acceleration at this point would be a) 1mis* b) 3mis* ©) 1/3 mis d)Yamis? (IES 94) 42. Ina steady radial flow into an intake, the velocity is found to vary as (1/1) , where r is the radial distance. The acceleration, is proportional to ate bie owe Air +43. X-component of velocity in a 2-D incompressible flow is given by u = y* +4 xy. If Y-component of Velocity V equals zero at y = 0 then the expression for ‘v's given by (GATE 96) a) ay by 2y° 27 4) 2xy 14. Given the x-component of the velocity u = 6xy — 2x2, the y-component of the flow ‘v is given by a) 6y' —4xy b) —Bxy + 2° ‘) x'— 2xy ) xy ~ 3" 415. Flow net is drawn for two-dimensional converging boundary. The velocity of uniform flow at approach is 12 mis. The size of the square is 1.2 cm side. The size of the square at another location in the stream tube is 0.5 cm. The velocity at this point is. (ICs '94) a) 1.44 mis. b)2.4mis 0) 2.88 mis 4) 3.4 mis 46.in a rectangular channel 3 m wide the depth of flow is 1.3 m and the velocity is 1.6 m/s. At 2 hydraulic structure 1.24 mi/s of discharge is withdrawn and the canal width is reduced to 2.5 m. The depth of flow in this section at a velocity of 1.5 m/s is a) 1.21 m) b) 1.00 m ©) 1.33 m 4) 1.66m 47, Let the 'x’ and 'y’ components of velocity in steady, two dimensional, incompressible flow be linear of and 'y' such that V = (ax + by) i+ (cx + dy) j, where a, b, c and d are constants. The condition for which the flow is irrotational is ————~ (GATE '94) 18, The 2-D flow with velocity v = (x + 2y + 2)i+ (4~y) jis (GATE ‘ 2001) a) compressible and irrotational ') compressible and not irotational ©) incompressible and irrotational _—_d) incompressible and not irotational 49.1f = 2xy, the magnitude of the velocity vector at (2, -2) is (IES 95) aya xe b)4 8 an 20. Given @ = 3xy and ¥ = (3/2) (y? - x2) , the discharge passing between the streamlines through points (1,3) and (3.3) are (IES '96) a) 2 units 4 units ©) B units 4) 12units 21. Ina parallel two dimensional flow in the positive x — directio’, the velocity varies linearly from zero @ y=0 to 32 misec at y = 1 m. The expression for stream function "is. a) By b) By ©) 16)" a6 y 22. Ina flow field, the streamlines and equipotential lines (GATE '94) a) are parallel 'p) are orthogonal everywhere in the flow field c) cut at any angle «d) cut orthogonally except at the stagnation points (Contd....34) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY. © ACE a 34 ACE Assignment The flow of aliquid at constant rate in a conically tapered pipe is classified as (PSC ‘S2/AEE) 2) steady. uniform flow bpsteady, non-uniform flow ©) unsteady, uniform flow d) unsteady, non-uniform flow 2. Unsteady flow occurs when ) the velocity at a point remains unchanged with time b) ‘he flow fluctuates but the average values of flow parameters remain unchanged ‘e) the velocity at @ given point varies with time 9) the mass rate of fluid flow increase gradually with time 3. One-dimensional flow is (PSC '92) a) steady uniform flow “B) flow which neglects changes in a transverse direction ©) restricted to low ina straight lined) none of these 4. A three-dimensional flow is one in which : 2) the flow region has a with, depth and length ~8)_the velocity vector i inclined such that it can be resolved into three mutuslly perpendicular directions ©) the fluid moves in straight paths parallel to the main direction of flow ©) the velocity distribution over parallel planes is identical throughout the flow region 5. Awater supply pipeline changes its alignment through a bend. When the flow in the pipeline 's increased by operating a valve, the flow in the bend is classified as, 2) unsteady, uniform flow This is for ideal fluids. Note: Itis applicable to all points in the flow field Le, for all the stream lines, the value of constant is same. ‘Assumption made are 1. Flow is steady 2. Flow is irrotational 3. Flow is incompressible 4. Flow is nonviscous i.e., density is constant 5. Flow is continuous 6. Velocity is uniform over a cross section 7. Fluid is ideal (Contd....38) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 38 +e ACE a b) For real fluids there will be some loss of energy between two points. = (P, 1W) # (V2 2g) + 2, = (Pa! W) + (V;" 12g) + 22+ hy — (energy equation) Here h, = energy loss In the above equation each term represents “Energy per unit weight” ©) When the flow is steady but may not be irrotational /.e., rotational flow in this case, Bernoull’s equation is applicable only to particular stream line that is the value of constant is different for different stream lines. 4) Basis for Bemoull’s equation is ‘Law of conservation of Energy’. Therefore, itis also called ‘Energy equation’ 7. Energies in fluid motion : '2) Datum head : A liquid particle '2' metres above a reference datum is same said to possess a potential head or datum head ‘Z’ b) Pressure head: PAW in metres. (Itis due to energy possessed by a body). ©) Velocity head: \V*/2g ( Itis due to kinetic energy) ¢) Piezometric head: (PAW) + Z. 8. Kinetic energy correction factor (a) : In one dimensional method of analysis, the average velocity ‘Vis Used to represent the velocity at a cross section. The actual velocity distribution in the cross section ay be non-uniform. Hence, the kinetic energy calculated by using 'V' must be multiplied by @ correction factor, to obtain kinetic energy at the cross section due to non-uniform velocity distribution. a = (IA) [(U/V)dA Here U = velocity at point. For uniform velocity distribution For laminar flow through a pipe For turbulent flow through a pipe 9. Practical applications of Bernouli's theorem 2) Pitot Tube |) Description : Pitot tube consists of a glass tube bend through 90°. The lower end of the tube faces the direction of flow. The liquid rises up in the tube due to pressure exerted by the liquid flow. ji) Use: To measure velocity of flow at any section of a pipe or channel i) Basie Principle: If the velocity of flow at a particular point is reduced to zero, known as stagnation point, the pressure there is increased due to conversion of Kinetic energy into pressure energy and level of water rises. ‘Dynamic head (h) sited ‘The pressure at stagnation point 19= Psi) . is called ‘Stagnation pressure’ ‘Stagnation pressure head = Static pressure head ‘ho’ + Dynamic pressure head ‘h’ Pn. + h(h= difference between stagnation pressure and static pressure) We have, n=V¥/2g “Vn = 29h? Actual velocity V = ev2gh, With U — tube manometer reading x’ Note 1.*A pitot tube measures stagnation pressure head (oF | the total head) at dipped end. 2. Apitot static tube measures both static pressure and ‘stagnation pressures. ‘Converging h=x{(Se/S)— 1 ) Venturimeter: It consists essentially of the following parts i) Aninlet section (U —tube) il) Converging cone i) Throat iv) Divergent cone \ Throat Diverging cone (Contd.....39) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY=v ACE 39: Pressure taps are provided at the inlet section and throat Use: For determining discharge in pipes i.e., rate of flow of liquid, a= ia» Vagh) (faa) theoretical discharge, _—_a = area of cross section al inlet, a; = area of cross section at throat, = venturi head (PW) ~ (PAW), ie., h= pressure head at inlet - pressure head of throat Actual discharge = coefficient of discharge Cy x Qw, ‘Ce’ for venturi metre = 0.98 (generally) is a function of Reynold's number, diameter ratio, roughness of surface, velocity distributions at inlet and outlet. =X (Sm/S- 1), if U-tube manometer used. = X (1 - Sm/S), if inverted Utube manometer is h used, X = difference in levels of manometric liquid Sp = specific gravity of manometric iquic pacific gravity of liquid in pipe ead in terms of flowing uc ©) Orifice metre : it consists of a plate having a sharp edged circular hole known as orifice which is fixed inside the pipe whose discharge is required. Use : For measuring discharge through pipes. Discharge Q= (araz V2gh) / ar az) FF Ff ‘'s omitted, and therefore a greater dissipation Dy t Dy ae ) Other flow measurement devices are, |) Rota meter ii) Eibo meter (07) pipe bend meter Vo 10. Free Liquid Jet = Itis @ steady curvilinear flow of liquid with a free surface in which at all points the pressure is atmospheric. = Under the action of gravity the liquid jet traverses a parabolic path known as trajectory Se = Bernouii's equation is used for analysis. = Since the pressure head is zero at every point, the sum of velocity and datum head is constant. a) Maximum vertical elevation of jet profile, H = (V,? Sin*0 / 2) b) Range (L) = (Vo'Sin 26) /g (for maximum range 0 = 45°) (Contd....40) INGINEERING ACADEMYwe ACE 40 ACE 11. Vortex Motion () Definition A rotating of fluid Is known as ‘Vortex’ and the motion of rotating mass of fluid is Known ‘as ‘Vortex motion’ ) Types of Vortex motion 1) Free Vortex motion : Is that in which the fluid mass relates without any external force being impressed yori fis due to some internal action or due to rotation previously impacted to it. Hence no expenditure of energy from any external source takes place Ex: 1) Awhir pool in 2 river 2) A wash basin (or) bath tub draining water through an outlet at bottom. 3) Flow of liquid in a centrifugal pump casing after ithas Jef the impeller 2) Flow of water in a turbine casing before itenters the guide vanes, Analysis of free Vortex motion : Analyais ot torque is required to be exerted on the fluid mass, Therefore, he rate of change of angular ‘momentum of the flow must be zero. ie, J a(mvn/a = 0, Le, vr=constant (ie. the velocity of flow in a free vortex motion varies inversely with the radial distance from center of vortex’ motion) = gt 0,v > the point whee the velocity V becomes infinity is called singular Pont = Flow fed ofa vortex mation is everywhere irrational except atthe axis and therefore itis also ‘called irrotational vortex motion or potential vortex motion. ©The equation v.r = constant, is applicable only to the region fare avy from the central region of free ea on. AS euch, in the case of real fuids @ combination of free ‘and forced vortex motion {frequently occurs known as ‘Rankine Vortex motion’ Ex. Motion of air mass in tornado. |i) Forced Vortex motion : oreo forex motion occurs when a constant torque is applied to a fvid mass. Fee Syinder rotated about its vertical axs at @ constant angular veloc = Relation: V'= rw, w= angular velocity i.., velocity of flow is directly proportional to its radial distance from the axis of rotation. Equation of pressure variation : ap! de = rw? Important points 1) Bp eny horizontal plane the fuid pressure increases with the square of the radial distance from ‘center of vortex mation, 2) Surfaces of constant pressure are paraboloids of revolution 3) The free surface Is a special surface of constant pressure and 's also a paraboloid of revolution. ‘4) Forced vortex is basically a rotational motion. li) Spiral Vortex motion 7 re. combination of cylindrical vortex motion and radial low. Class Work +. The expression + 12+ (p\12)}eommonly uses to express Bernoul's equation, Nas UTE of 2) total energy per unit mass 1b) total energy per unit weight (ES'85 M) 6) total energy per unit volume 6) total eneray per unit cross-sectional area of flow 2, The equation gz + V#/2 + | dplp = constant, along 2 stream lin holds true for (GATE) 2) steady, frictionless, compressible fluid b) steady, uniform, incompressible fluid ) steady, frictionless, incompressible fluid d) unsteady, incompressible fluid 4, Ina fluid flow, point'A’is at a higher elevation than point. The Read ose between these points is "Hi I nogds at'A’ and are Hat and"HD' respectively. The low wit tate place a) from ‘A’ to'B if Hy + Hi = Ho ’b) from ‘B' to 'A’ if Hat Ha = Ho ) always from ‘A’ to" ¢) from 'B't0'A’ if Hy +H. = Ha (Contd....41) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 44 ACE 4. Ina two-dimensional duct flow, air lows in the bottom half of the duct with uniform velocity and there is ro flow in the upper half. The value of the kinetic eneray correction factor ‘a’ for this flow is a)20 ba 4.0 d) 3.0 5, 15 em diameter pipe carries a flow of 70 Lis of an oil ( RD = 0.75). Ata section 12 cm above the datum the pressure is vacuum of 2 om of mercury. I the kinetic energy correction factor (a) for this section is. 11. the total head at the section in meters of oll is 2) 0.648 b) 0.728 0) 0.587 4) 0.637 6. Fig. shows the flownet of two-dimensional contraction. The size of mesh square of O is 7 mm, point A, the mesh size is 35 mm, The dimensionless pr. at A,_AP _ is equal to (owe?) a2 iy b) -075 o eee 9-3 0. Va, 0) -4 7. Consider the following statements ‘Ahorizontal pipe reduces from 10 cm to 5 em in diameter. If the pressure head at 10 cm section is 10 m and velocity head is 1m, then the 1. Total head at any point is 14 metres 2. pressure head at the 5 cm section is negative 3. discharge varies proportionate to the diameter 4. datum head at all sections is constant Of these statements a) 1, 2 and 4 are correct b) 1 and 3 are correct ¢) 4 alone is correct d) 1,2, 3 and 4 are correct, 8. Ina pump the suction and delivery pipes are of the same size and are at the same level. At a given discharge the loss of head between a point A on the suction side and a point B on the delivery side is 3.0 m.if the pressure at point B \s 120 kPa and the head developed by the pump is 10 m, the pressure at point A is a) 51.5 kPa b)-7.25 kPa ) -188.6 kPa ¢) 29.37 kPa 9. In ahydro-project a turbine has a head of 50 m. the discharge in the feeding penstock in 3.0 m°/s. Ifa head loss of 5 m takes place due to losses, and 2 power of 1000 KW is extracted, the residual head downstream of the turbine is, a)50m ) 10.95 m ©) 15.95 4) 20.95 m 10. Air is inducted from atmosphere through a bell-mouthed duct by the application of suction at the other end. A glass tube with its lower end immersed into a vessel containing water is attached to the cylindrical part of the duct (fig). if the liquid level in the glass tube rises by 25 mm above the free surface and the density of air is equal to 1.2 kg/m’, the velocity of air in the cylindrical portion is. 2) 286 mis Sagi agin ) 143s ©) 40.4 mis = 4) 20.2 mis 25mm water 11. Ina turbine having a flow of 1.2 m/s, the net head is 120m. If the efficiency of the turbine is 90% the shaft power developed, in kW, is. a) 1440 b) 160 ©) 1566 61271 (Contd....42) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 42 “2 ACE a 12. A pump delivers 50 Lis of water and delivers 7.6 KW of power to the system. The head developed by the pump is ay7.5m b) 50m ©) 1.53 m 4) 1532m 13. A pitot tube (coefficient = 1.0) is used to measure the velocity of air of mass density 1.2kg/m’. If the head difference in a vertical U-tube filed water is 12 mm, then the velocity of air in m/s) will be (ICS'99) a) 10 b) 14 17 4) 20 414, Water flows through a pipe of diameter 3 m. the stagnation pressure and static pressures measure by @ pitot static tube are 0.3 m and 0.24 m of water. The velocity of flows a) 2.24 by217 ¢) 0.1085 ) 1.085 18, A horizontal pipe of cross-sectional area § cm? is connected to a venturimeter of throat area 3. om? as shown in the above figure, The manometer reading is equivalent to 5 om of water. The discharge in cm’/s is nearly, . a) 0.45 b)55 ) 21.0 4) 370 wet [eS Manometer 16, When a particular discharge is flowing in a horizontal pipe, a mercury - water U — tube manometer connected to the entrance and throat of a venturimeter fitted in the pipe recorded a deflection of 25 cm. Ifthe same discharge flowed through the same pipe kept at an inclination of 45° to the horizontal, then the corresponding deflection recorded by the U ~ tube manometer will be a) 25 Y2cm b) 25/ ¥2em ©) 25/2.em 4) 25em 17. A liquid jot issues out from a nozzle inclined at an angle of 60° to the horizontal and directed upwards. If the velocity of the jet at the nozzle is 18 m/s maximum vertical distance attained by the jet, measured above the point of exit from the nozzle is a) 1430m b) 16.51 m ©) 1238m 4) 412m 18. Anozzle emits a 5 cm diameter liquid jet at 20 m / s into air at an angle of elevation of 30” to horizontal ‘Ata point of max. elevation, ifthe jet is assumed to be unbroken throughout, the diameter of the jet is a) 5.373 cm b) 50cm 0) 4.653. com ) 2.582 om. 19. A jet of water issues from a Scm diameter nozzle, held vertically upwards, at a velocity of 20 misec. If air resistance consumes 10 % of the initial energy of the jet, then it would reach a height, above the nozzle, of 2) 1835 m b) 19.14m ©) 19.92 m 4) 20.00m 20. The streamlines of a flownet are concentric circles. If the velocity at @ radius of 0.6 m is 2.7 mis, then the velocity at a radius of 0.9m, will be a) 36mis b)27 ms ©) 1.8 mis 4) 12mis 21. A vertical cylinder is subjected to a rotation with angular velocity of radians/sec. If tangential velocity at a distance of 10 cm form centre is 2misec, the tangential the velocity at a distance of 20 om in m/sec a1 b)2 04 9) 16 22. A free vortex formed from originally stil water, say a8 when draining still water in a flat-bottomed basin by suddenly pulling the stopper at the bottom on the drain hole, will be 2) clockwise in the northern as well as the southern hemispheres b) anticlockwise in the northern as well as the southern hemispheres )_ anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere <) clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the southern hemisphere 23, In a hand operated liquid sprayer, the liquid from the container rises to the top of the tube because of 2) capillary effect ) suction produced by the air jet at the top end of the tube ©) suction reduced by the piston during the backward stroke <) pumping of the air into the container (Contt....43) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY“ACE 43 ACE CONVENTIONAL (Class work) 1. A pipe carrying (oil sp wt. = 7.85 KN /m*) changes in diameter from 100 mm at section ‘A’ to 300 mm at section 'B' with the smaller section being 1.5 m below the other. When the discharge is 60 ltrs/sec, the pressure gauge at ‘A’ indicates 100 kNim* and one at ‘B' indicates 104 kN / m?, Determine the direction of flow and the power loss in watts. (GATE 95) 2. Water is pumped at the rate of 300 litsec through a 30 cm pipe upto the hill top. On the hill top which has an elevation of 50 m, the diameter of pipe line reduced to 20 cm. If the pump maintains a pressure of 98.1 KNim? at the hill top, what is the pressure at the foot hills having zero elevation. What is the Power required to pump the water. Assume yw = 9.81 KN/m? 3. A.venturimeter has its axis vertical, the inlet and throat diameters being 15 cm and 7.5 cm respectively. ‘The throat is 22.5 cm above inlet and coefficient discharge = 0.96. Petrol of specific gravity 0.78 flows up through the meter at a rate of 0.029 m* / sec. Find the pressure difference in N / mm: between inlet and throat. 4. A venturimeter is installed in a pipe 400 mm in dia, the throat pipe diameter ratio is 1/3. Water flows through the installation. The pr. rise in the pipe line is 0.1405 N / mm’, and the vacuum in the throat is 37.5 cm of mercury. If 4 % of the differential head is lost between the gauges, find the flow in the pipe line. (IES 92) Assignment 41, Euler's equation of motion ‘2) is applicable to any fluid y>z oz>y>x d)y>z 38.4 pitot tube can be used to measure velocity a) in pipe flow ) in incompressible flow ©) in compressible flow \A) in all the three types stated above 40. The pitot static tube measures a) static pressure b) Dynamic pressure ©) ference in static and dynamic pressure \dydiference in total and static Pressure 41. A static tube is used to measure a) velocity head ‘“®) the undisturbed fluid pressure ©) the total head 4) datum head (ure, ‘immersed in a water stream. The differential head measured by mercury {he velocity of water stream is (Sy= Sp Gravity mercury, Se=Sp Gravity of water) 2) /29 (S=1) >) [29.8. °) [9 (%= 1) d) [29(8,—8,) 43. A “Venturimeter is used to measure 8) velocity of flow ») Volume of uid 6) Flow rate 4) pressure difference 44, The function of “throat” of a venturi meter is to 2) obtain accelerated flow 6) obtain high velocity ©) convert kinetic energy into pressure energy 4) none of the above 45. When a venturi meter is used in inclined position, it wll show 2) less reading b) more reading “e}same reading) none of these 46: A venturimeter laid 45° to the horizontal is connected to a differential ‘mercury manometer the deflection shown in “hm. If the venturimeter is made horizontal, the deflecien ie we ‘manometer will be a)hiv2 by hva uh d)N2/h 47, The coefficient of discharge for a venturimeter isa function of 48) Reynolds number only ) Dia metre ratio only \)-botin (a) and (b) 4d) none of the above 48, The coefficient of discharge of a venturimeter will be approximately 2) 0.65 b) 08 0.9 ayo 0.98 49. Orifice meter is used to measure ) pressure ) velocity ©) volume Xt) volume rate of flow 0. The divergent cone in a venturimeter is kept 2) equal to length to the convergent cone) longer than convergent cone ©) shorter than convergent cone 4d) none of above 51. The coefficient of discharge of a flow nozzle meter is 4) greater than a venturimeter ») lower than an orifice meter ©) greater than both the orifice meter and venturimeter 9) lower than a venturimeter but greater than orifice meter 52. Nozzle meter is used to measure a) flow rate “oy volume ©) velocity 4) viscosity 53. Identity the correct statements \Afflow nozzle has a contraction coefficient of unity b) is less costly than a venturimeter ©) is more efficient than venturimeter ¢) has overall losses much smaller than in a venturimeter 54 A walter jet with a velocity 20 m/sec is directed upwards at an angle of 45° to the horizontal If air inmeters i) "eateted, it wil reach a maximum elevation ata distance % hom oot The value of x’ inmeters is 1@)20.38 b)40.77 910.19 1441 55. A tree vortex 2) urns in opposite direction to a forced vortex. 6) has the velocity increasing with the radius ©) occurs when fluid rotates as a solid 4) none of the above (Cont....47 ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 47. ACE & 56, The flow through wash basin is a \a) Free vortex motion») Forced vortex motion _—_) Rankine vortex motion) none 57. In.a free cylindrical velocty ata radius of 12 om from axis of rotation is 7.2 m/sec and intensity of pr. is 2.5 kg /em* the velocity at a radius of 24 em from the axis ( in m/sec is ) ay24 b) 32 “936 48 58, The flow in a free vortex motion away from the centre is 2) Rotational vb) irrotational ©) ‘a! or'b! d) none of these ‘58. Which of the following is a forced vortex “a) flow in a pipe bend ») liquid rotating at constant speed in a vessel ©) flow in the impeller of a centrifugal pump d) both °b’ and ‘c’ 60. The general equation for velocity distribution in a forced vertex motion is a) Vr= constant b)w= vr ver dv=dw 61. The most appropriate governing equation of ideal fluid flow are a) Euler's equation 'b) Navier ~ Strokes equation °c) Reynolds equation ‘d) Hagen — Poiseuille equation 62 Ifthe velocity distribution is rectangular, the kinetic energy correction factor is a) greater than zero but less than unity b) less than zero ©) equal to zero +4) equal to unity 63. The range of coefficient of discharge of a venturimeter is _ 2) 0.51006 b)06210073 071008 170.95 100.99 64, Bemoutli's equation is an equation of a) conservation of mass ») conservation of linear momentum \gleonservation of energy d) conservation of angular momentum 165, Match List ~| with List -Il and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List —1 List i a) Rotational flow, 1. fluid motion in which streamlines are concentric circles b) Vortex flow ~ 2. The fluid particles moving in concentric circles may not rotate about their mass centre 3. The fluid particles moving in concentric circles may rotate about their mass centre Flow near a curved solid boundary ©) Free vortex 4) Forced vortex A B Cc OD AB Cc OD a 4 2 3 1 bo 1 2 3 4 ). 1 3 2 4 “A 4 1°23 66, Under which of the following conditions will the equation Bo 2+ = constant Y 29 be valid in the whole flow field ? 1. Flow is rotational 2°Flow is irrotational _3-Flow is incompressible A-Flow is steady 5. Flow is laminar Select the correct answer using the codes given below a)1,3and5 b)2,4and5 0) 1, Band 4 vO} 2, 3. and 4 67. A Rankine (oval ) half ~ body PP is subjected to a two ~ dimensional flow ( x coordinate directions from origin ©) with uniform velocity V, resulting in typical streamlines as shown in fig. by dotted lines. ‘The point A on the body surface is 2) Separation point by Stall porit” ~cy Stagnation point —_—) point of max. velocity (Contd....48) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYPACE 48 ACE 68. In a free vortex, velocity sa) decreases with radius b) increase with radius ©) is constant ¢) varies inversely as the square of the radius 68. Which of the flowing Pairs are correctly matched ? a) Piezometnc head ‘Sum of datum head and pressure head b) Dynamic head ............. Sum of datum head and velocity head ©). Stagnation head ‘Sum of pressure head and velocity head 4) Total head ‘Sum of piezometric head and dynamic head ‘Select the correct answer using the codes given below a) 1, 2and 3 DU, Band 4 6) 1,2and 4 d)2,3and4 70. Match List 4 with List—II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the ists: Ust-1 List -4I a) Venturimeter ——~1 Flow rate ) Current meter “2. Flow velocity ©) Plezometer = Flow pressure AB Cc A B oC w 1 2 3 bb 2 4 3 . 3 2 4 a 2 3 71. Water flows steadily down in a vertical pipe of constant cross section. Neglecting friction, according to Berouli's equation, a) Pressure is constant along the length of the pipe b) Velocity decreases with height .£) Pressure decreases with height ©) Pressure increases with height 72. A pitot tube is used to measure velocity V in a duct of a gas with density » and static pressure P. tis connected to a U tube manometer containing a liquid of density pm (Fig). The height his a) Fe] a vloe J 2s »¥ v — 29 P oP = === Po Pn ae ond 73. In deriving Bemoul’s equation one assumes the uid to be 2) frictionless and incompressible. b) a perfect gas ¢) flowing in the laminar regime. ) flowing in a constant area pipe 74, Match the following devices with their uses List=1 List= 11 a) Hydrometer 4. Measures kinematic viscosity ») Pitot - static tube 2. Measures flow velocity ©) Orifice meter _ ~ 3. Measures specific gravity 4) Engler’s apparatus. 4, Measures volumettic flow rate A B c oD AB ¢ »D a1 2 3 4 bb 4 3 2 4 “) 3 2 4 74 d 1 3 2 4 (Contd.....49) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY=v ACE 49 ACE > CONVENTIONAL (Assignment) 4+. Gasoline which a has a vapour pressure of 5.5 x 10* pa (abs) density p=680 kg / m° flows through a ‘constriction in a pipe where the diameter is reduced to 10 om. The pressure in the 20 cm pipe just up stream of the constriction is 50 kPa. If the atmospheric pressure is 75 em of mercury, calculate the maximum discharge that can be passed through this constriction without cavitation occurring. Assume sp.wt of water = 9.79 KN /m? 2. A straight pipe AB, of length 10 m, tapers from a diameter of 40 cm at ‘A’ to 20 om at ‘B’. The centre line ‘of the pipe is so located that the end 'B' is 2 m above the level of ’A. liquid of sp. gravity 0.9, flows through the pipe at 150 lirs/sec. Pr. gauges connected at ‘A’ and 'B’ show the reading of 60 kPa and 40 kPa resp. Determine the direction of flow (GATE 87) 3. 216 liters of gasoline (Sp.Gravity 0.82) flow per second upwards in an inclined venturimeter fitted to a 30 ‘om dia pipe. The venturimeter is inclined at 60° to the vertical and its 15 em throat is at 1.2 m from the ‘entrance along its length, Pressure gauges inserted at entrance and throat show pressures of 0.144 N/ mm? and 0.078 N / mm® respectively. Calculate the discharge coefficient of venturimeter. If instead of pressure gauges the entrance and the throat of the venturimeter are connected to the tWo limbs of @ U- tube mercury manometer, determine its reading in ‘cm of differential mercury column, 4. Avertical venturimeter shown in figure has an area ratio of "5 It has a throat dia of 10 cm. When cil of specific gravity 0.8 flows through it the mercury in the differential gauge indicate a difference in height of 12 cm. Find the discharge through the venturimeter. FE rzem 5. A Venturimeter is installed in a pipe line 30 cm in dia. the throat pipe dia ratio is 1/3. Water flows through the installation, The pressure in the pipe line is 137.7 KNim* and vacuum in the throat is 37.5 cm of mercury. I 4 % of the differential head is lost between the gauges, Find the flow in the pipe line. ( USe.iw = 9.81 KN/m°) 6. A pump of 20 h.p with 80% efficiency is discharging oll of specific gravity 0.85 to a over head tank having {ree surface from a ground level closed tank. The air pressure on the oil, in the closed tanker 0,0425 Nimm?, The reduced leveis of oll surface are +5.0 ‘and +25.0 in the closed tank and over head tank. If VP s50 losses in the whole system are 1.75m of flowing fluid, find the discharge. +250 Air Pressure Pump 40 cm dia 7 Aturbine has a supply line of dia 400m and tapering draft tube as shown in fig. When the flow in the pipe is O.Smi/sec, the pressure head at point ‘A upstream of the turbine is 30m and at point B' in the draft tube, where the dia is 60cm, the pressure head is - 4m. Point ‘B' is 2.0m below point A. Estimate the power out put of turbine by assuming 90% efficiency. 0cm dia 8. Afire man intends to reach a window 25.5 m above the ground with a fire stream from a nozzle having a cylindrical tip 3 cm dia and discharging 1140 lit / minute. Neglecting air resistance and assuming a ‘nozzle height of 1.5 m, determine the greatest distance from the building at which the fire men can stand and still play the stream upon the window. + * © END OF Th CHAPTER 5 *** (Contd.....50) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYChapter 6: Impulse Momentum Equation (Synopsis) ‘1. WMRULSE MOMENTUM EQUATION is based on law of conservation of momentum and is derived from Newton's Second Law. ‘The equation is applicable to a “Control Volum 2, CHoosiNG ConTROL VOLUME : |) Size and shape is arbitrary. |i) Coincides with solid boundary ii) drawn normal to flow direction '¥) should cut across the supports to include external reactions, % MOMENTUM EQUATION: I states that the net force acting on a fid mass is equal to the change in momentum per second (or rate of change of momentum) in that direction Mathematically, itis written as, F= (M) ot where ‘M! = momentum = mv Y 4. IMPULSE MOMENTUM EQUATION : a) F (dt) = o (My M=mv It states that the impulse of a force (F) acting on a fluid mass (m) in a short interval of time (dt) is equal to the change of momentum d (M) in the direction for force, ©) Ifthe flow is steady and incompressible, the momentum equations can be writen as Fe=pQUVae— (Vi) in the x— direction Fy=pQl(Viy~(Vy))] inthe y— direction The term ‘pQV is the inertial force and is called momentum flux 5: MOMENTUM CORRECTION FacTOR (B) : The impulse momentum equation is derived using mean Yeloutes of flow based on the assumption that veloiy of flow at each section is cour However, in that copra he, velocity i not uniform, Due fo this, the actual momentum Nux is aways greater than that computed by using the mean velocity of flow. Hence in order to account for difference, a factor called “Momentum Correction” factor is introduced, B= 1 Vas AV? If the velocity is uniform pet For laminar flow, B=193 For Turbulent flow, B = 1.02 to 1.05 S. IMPACT OF JeTS:- Means the force exerted by the jet on a plate which may be stationary or moving. This force can be analysed by Newton's Second Law of mation or trom Impulse morreneey equation, Vv 7. Jet STRIKING A STATIONARY VERTICAL PLATE: t For in the direction of jet £ =pav =0 v plate Mass of density, Tie v= Velocity of et a= Area of jet = nd¥/4 Vsino. Q ° Q/2 (1 + Coss), (obtuse angle side) ve Fx Q:= a2 (1 - Cosa) e Fy Work done F, x0 = 0 wi: (Contd....51) ‘ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE St: 9. JET STRIKING A MOVING VERTICAL PLATE: In this case the jet does not strike the plate with a velocity 'V’, but it strikes with a relative velocity, equal to (V-U), v Force exerted by the jet on the moving plate in the direction of jet F, = pa (V-U)? ~ Work done per second (power) by the jet on the plate = F, x U Where U = Velocity of plate in the direction of jet = pa(V-U) XU ‘Note:-(a) In Sl units, p = 1000 kg/m” for water and work done will be in N.m/sec. (b) In M.K.S units, p = 1000/9.81 ms! /m? and work done will be in ae 10. JET STRIKING A MOVING INCLINED PLATE:~ Normal force F,, = pa (V-U)? Sind / F, = Fa Sin0 = pa (V-U)? Sin’o 0 F, = Fa Cos0 = pa (V-U)? Sind Cosa. ——* mu Work done per second by the jet on the plate vy =F xU = pa (V-UFUSin’e J ‘11. FORGE EXERTED BY A JET ON A STATIONARY CURVED PLATE: sine 2) Jet strikes the curved plate at the centre:- Vecos0, F.= pav? (1 + Coss) F,=-pav Sind (180-9) Angle of deflection of jet = (180- 0) V—» Work done = 0 sing ») Jet strikes the curved plate at one end Vcose tangentially when the plate is symmetrical:- Fx =2 av Cosd Fy Fy=0 t L_s ©) Jet strikes the curved plate at one end when the plate is Unsymmetrical:- Vsino F. =p av’ (Cos0 + Coss); F,=p av? (Sind - Sing) . Where 0 = angle made by tangent at inlet tip with x — axis, ‘= angle made by tangent at outlet tip with x — axis. Vos 0 (Wu), (V-u) sino Wu) ‘TZ_FORCE ON THE CURVED PLATE WHEN THE PLATES MOVING IN THE DIRECTION OF JET:~ F.= 2 (V-U)? (1 + Cosa) v= mu Work done = pa(V-U}? U(t+ Cos) > ‘ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY (Contd....52)ACE 2620 ow ACE & 13. FORCE EXERTED BY A JET OF WATER ON A SERIES OF VANES:- Force exerted on the plate by the jet = p AV (V-U) Work done = p AV (V-U).U Kinetic Energy of jet per second = 1/2 (p AV) Efficiency of jet = 2 V-UU Vv Condition for maximum efficiency is U = VW/2 Maximum efficiency = 50% V+ 14, MOMENT OF MOMENTUM EQuaTION : Resulting Torque on contro! volume is equal to time rate or change of moment of momentum. T = pQV2r—-Vs 14) p QV. rt. ——» Moment of Momentum leaving the Control Volume. p QV; r, ——+ Moment of Momentum entering the Control Volume. Application : Lawn Sprinkler : We Mi J Absolute Velocity: k | | A <—————_——> Sprinkler rotates at ‘w' V; and n to Vor; V; and V2 are absolute velocities. Vt and Vt, are tangential velocities. Vr, and Vrz are relative velocities. t Velocity of sprinkler Vt; = ar; Vis Vi Vry Vip = wry Absolute Velocity : V; = Vr; - Vt, V2 = Vi - Vtp T=p.Q (Vir + Vers). Class Work COMMON DATA QUESTION A jet of water issues from a nozzle with a velocity 20 m/s and it impinges normally on a flat plate moving away from it at 10 m/s. The cross- sectional area of the jet is 0.01m? and the density of water = 1000 kg/m?, 1. The force developed on the plate is a) 1000 N b) 100 N c)10N d) 2000 N 2. The Power developed is a) 10 kw b) 20 kw c) 30 kW d) None 3. In This problem, if the plate moves opposite to the jet, the force developed is a) 1000 N b) 3000 N c) 9000 N d) None 4. If the discharge is Q, in a pipe fitted with an end-cap nozzle discharging a jet of water with velocity V and hitting normally a plate which is moving with a velocity V/2 towards the nozzle, then the jet would hit the plate with a discharge of a)0.5Q b)Q c)15Q d)2Q (Contd.....53) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 253 ACE 5. A 10m high rocket containing quid fuel of specific gravy 1.2 its off at an acceleration of S9, The pressure on the bottom plate of the rocket, at lift-off is 2) 6.7 kglcm? b) 7.2 kglom? ) 8.4 kglom® 4) 8.9 kglom* 6, Ina horizontally held injection syringe, the piston of 02cm cross-sectional area is pushes 6 ‘constant ed of 7.0 emis to eject waler ito the atmosphere through hypodermic neede ‘of 0.07mm? cross- Sore ol ateowile rinsing, Neglecting losses, the force required to move the piston is nearly a) 6 kat b) 6x 10 “kat ©) 6x 10-*kaf d) 6x 10-"kgt 7 Ajetwaterissues from a nozzle attached toa flexible hose. The nozzle exerts ‘a force such that SV a) the hose is Subjected to compression ») the hose gets coiled ¢) the hose is subjected to tension 1d) no force acts on the hose. & Arnozzle discharging water under head H has an out area “a” and discharge cooficient C4 © Farr dee acted upon by the Tid force F, when held across the fee jet an by the Mud Fore Fr ‘ohen held against the nazzle to stop the flow. The ratio F/Fr is a2 b)1 v2 2 9. Atwo dimensional jet strikes a fixed two dimensional plane at 45° to the normal to the plane, This Causes the jet to split into two streams whose discharges are in the ratio a) 1.0 by241 ©) 5.83 gy 1.414 10, Ajetof water with a velocily of 20m impinges on a single vane at 5 Omis inthe directon of the jet and aoe set ee ower pr if the same jt dives a series of similar vanes mounted fo a wheel under smaller Velouty conditions, the power transmitted is pz, The ratio of ps and Ps is 2)0.25 ») 0.33 2) 050 6) 0.75 COMMON DATA QUESTION Figure shows a rotating water sprinkler, The area of the j< 20¢m->f<90.cm—>] nozzle at each end of the arm is 1.2 cm*. If the discharge flowing out of the sprinkler is 2.4 Lis and the angular velocity is iw "eral , a +1 The abeoute velocity of water emanating from’A’ (athe end ofthe shat am, nis is 788 S408 000 gins 42. The absolute velocity of water issuing out from nozzle ‘B' (at the end of the longer arm), in m/s, is a) 10.0 b) 7.693. c) 12.307 d) zero Conventional (Class work) 4 Anozzle of diameter 20 mm is fitted toa pipe of dia 40 mm, Find the force exerted by the nozzle on he ‘water whichis flowing through the pipe at the rate of 1.2 m’/minute. (Contd.....54) \. ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 54 ACE 2. A vertical jet of water 7.5 om in dia leaving the nozzle with a 9.2 m/sec velocity striking a horizontal and ‘movable disc weighing 17.2 kg as shown in fig. The jet is then deflected horizontally. Determine the vertical distance 'y above the nozzle tip at which the <—= disc will be held in equilirium 3. A pipeline, having D; = 60 om and Ds = 30 em diameters, conveys a fluid of specific wt 9.79 kN/m® at the flow rate of 500 Itrs/sec has a 45° bend in the horizontal plane. The pressure at D, is 15 kN/m? and the 1ss of head in the bend is 20 % of velosty head at section 1-~ "1. Determine. the destin “and py magnitude of fore exerted by the pipe Bouncary oy, | the flu. bs Assignment 1. Acontrol volume is a) a volume fixed in space b) volume of fluid flowing per unit time ©) the volume in which a control device is situated d) None of these 2. In steady, incompressible, fluid flow with uniform velocity distribution, the momentum flux in x — direction is given by a)pQly, b) pQ/Vy vse 4) None 3. Which of the following is not an assumption made in the derivation of momentum equation BF.= PQ (Vix— Ved) 2) flowis steady ») iow is incompressible ©) flow is uniform 4) velocity distribution at the end sections is uniform. 4. The momentum correction factor is expressed by + a) (IA) In (VV) dA b) (1A) Ia (VV) A, ©) (1A) Jn (VM) dA, d) {a (vy ga 5. For laminar flow in pipes, the momentum correction factor is at b) 1.15 ©) 1.33 4) 20 5. IF'R’ Is the resultant reaction force on a fluid from the boundary, the force on the boundary {due to fluid flow is equal to 2) 'R’ but of opposite direction ) 'R’ and of same direction c) equal to x — component of 'R’ 4d) None of the above 7. The linear momentum equation is based on a) Newton's law of viscosity b) Newton's first law ©) Newton's second law 1d) Newton's third law 8 Ajetof oil (RD = 0.8) has an area of 0.02 m? and a velocity of 10 mis. Ifit strikes a plate normally, the force exerted on the plate is a) 1600 N b) 1996 N ©) 15665 N 4) 19581 N 9. Awater jet has an area of 0.03 m? and impinges normally on a plate. Ifa force of 1 KN is Produced as a result ofthis impact, the velocity of the jet, in m/s, is a) 15 b) 33.4 34 578 (Contd.....55) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 265% ACE 40. A water jet 0.015 m: in area has a velocity of 15 m/s._If this jet impinges normally on a plate which is moving at a velocity of 5 m/s inthe direction of the jet, the force on the plate due to this impact is a) 3368 N b) 2246 N ¢) 1500 N ) 14686 N 114. The velocity distribution over one half of a cross-section is uniform and is zero over the remaining hat ‘The momentum correction factor for this cross-section is a)20 b)40 1.0 430 42. The derivation of momentum equation the net force that acts over the control volume is required to be evaluated. Which of the following forces are generally considered in determining the net force 41) Gravity force 2) Viscous force 3) Pressure force 4) boundary resistance 5) Surface tension force 2) 12,3 by 1.35 0) 1.3.4 4) 1.3.4 13. The momentum correction factors is given by B= a) (WPA) dA ) (IVA) uaa, «) (WA) [AP au 0) (1A) futdé 14, Which of the following assumptions are made in the analysis of jet impinging normally on @ moving plate? 1. Friction between jet and plate is neglected 2. Flow is steady 3, Momentum of et is unchanged 4, Plate moves at a constant velocity Choose the correct answer using the codes given below: a)1,2and4 b) 1, 2and3 6) 2, 3and 4 4) 1,3and4 18. The moment of momentum principle states that in a rotating system a) The resultant force exerted by the fiuid on the body is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum ) The torque exerted by the resultant force is equal to the time rate of change of angular momentum ©) The torque exerted by the resultant force is equal to the time rate change of linear momentum 4) The angular momentum is conserved 16. A two — dimension jet of water is deflected by an inclined plane as shown in fig. To determine the volume flow rates Q; and Q; in terms of the volume flow rates Q,, which one of the following assumptions could be made in the momentum equation? (Assume Vi = Ve = Vs) Ve in fe Vi O ts Vs ‘The net momentum flux in the direction 2) of approaching flow is zero ') normal to the approaching flow direction is zero ©) normal to the plate is zero 6) of the plate is zero 17. Match List — | and List ~ Il and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: ist=1 ‘A Continuity equation B. Momentum equation C. Energy equation D. Free vortex Coes: A B C OD a 1 2 3 4 9 1 3 4 2 List- 1 1. Law of conservation of eneray 2. Concentric circular streamlines 3, Newton's second law of rnotion 4, Law of conservation of mass A B Cc OD bo 4 0 380 1 2 d 2 3 4 4 (Contd....56) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY© ACE a 56 ACE 18. Consider the following statements relating to fluid dynamics 1. Momentum equation contains only vector quantities 2. Energy equation involves scalar quantities only 3. Irrotational flow occurs in a real fluid 4. Inuniform flow, there is no variation of velocity, at a given time; with respect to distance Of these statements: a) 1, 2and 3 are correct, b) 2, 3 and 4 are correct ©) 1, 2and 4 are correct, 4d) 1, Band 4 are correct, 19. When a steady jet of water impinges on a stationary inclined plane surface and if fuid ftition is neglected, the resultant force on the plane 2) is tangential to the surface ») is normal to the surface ©) isin the direction of the jet flow 4) none of the above 20. A jet of water, issuing horizontally from a stationary nozzle with a velocity of 100 mis, impinges on a vertical plane which is moving away from the jet with a velocity of SOm/s. Ifthe jet diameter is 0. 1m, the force on the plate is 5Om/s v 1008) | stationary nozzle a) 78.5kN b) 19.6kN ©) 39.3kN d) 148kN Conventional (Assignment) 1, A7.5 cm dia water jet having a velocity of 12 m/sec impinges on a plane, smooth plate at an angle of 60° to the normal to the plate, What willbe the impact when (() the plate is stationary and (i) when moving in the direction of the jet at 6 m/sec. Estimate the work done per unit ime on the plate in each case 2. The diameter of a pipe bend is 30 om at inlet and 15 cm at outlet and the flow is tumed through 120° in vertical plane. The axis at inlet is horizontal and the centre of the outlet section is 1.5 m below the centre Of the inlet section. Total volume of water in the bend is 0.9 m’. Neglecting friction, calculate the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on the bend by water flowing through it at 250 cm/s and when the inlet pressure is 0.15 Nimm*. *¢* END OF THE CHAPTER 6 *** (Contd....57) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY ee |Chapter? : Flow Virough Pipes (Synopsis) lk ek 6A a 1. NATURE OF FLOW : The flow in pipes will generally be under a pressure greater than atmospheric, whether a flow is Laminar or Turbulent generally depends upon the Reynolds number. 2. REYNOLDS NUMBER (Re) : Ratio of inertia force to viscous force. Inertia force = Mass x Acceleration = pL? V? Viscous force = t x area = w (WIL) x L? = wLV Inertia force = pl?V? = pLV Viscous force LV " In case of pipes 'L’is replaced by diameter ‘D’ Ro= pVD/n or 3. LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW = Reynolds was first to show (Reynolds experiment) that Reynolds number (VD / v) is the criterion for determining the type of flow = Acolour dye having same specific weight as that of water is used to study the flow pattern (generally ‘Aniline’) > When velocity is small, the dye remained in the form of a straight and stable filament passing through the glass tube so steadily that it scarcely seemed to be in motion i.e, laminar flow. > With the increase in velocity, after a critical state, the filament of dye shows irregulahties and begin to waver (ie, turbulent) = The head loss in a certain length of pipe of constant diameter is determined and plotted (hy! L) vs ‘V as shown below on a log — log plot. Togs Tog pet a= 20 A Lower entical point Higher erica! point © Limitof Transition cfa=175| = 2.0 for rough wall pipes n= 1.75 for smooth wall pipes fog (the! L) Laminar Flow From 0 to A Transition Flow : From Ato C B Turbulent Flow : Beyond C n=1 A Laminar Flow Ry < 2000 Transition Flow ; 2000 < R. < 4000 > Turbulent Flow » Re> 4000 Laminar Trans Turbulent Critical Reynolds number : 2000, upper critical Reynolds number is about 2700 to 4000. NoTE: The Lower Critical Reynolds number of flow of fluids in pipes corresponding to ‘A is of greater Engineering Importance. > Headloss hha Vie, n= 1 ———» forLaminar Flow = Headloss ha V' ie, n = 1.75———» for Turbulent Flow (smooth pipes) > Headloss ha V' ie. n= 20 ———» for Turbulent Flow (rough pipes) 4. LOSSES IN PIPES : As fluid flows through a pipe certain resistance is offered to the flowing fluid, resulting in a loss of energy. Broadly these are of two types. a) Major Losses due to friction b) Minor Losses due to various fittings, transitions, changes in velocity to change in cross- sections. ) Laws of Fluid Friction for Laminar Flow:- ‘The frictional resistance in the laminar flow is — i) Proportional to the velocity of flow li) Independent of the pressure, il) proportional to the area of surface in contact, iv) independent of the nature of the surface in contact, ¥) greatly affected by the variation of the temperature of the flowing fluid. (Contd.....58) ACE | NGINEERING ACADEMYACE 58 “wACE ‘The reason forthe frictional resistance in the case of laminar flow being independent ofthe nature of the surface in contact, is that when a fluid flows past a surface with velocity less than critical veloc, a fim of almost stationary fluid is formed over the surface, which prevents the flowing fluid to came in contact with the boundary surface. Similarly in the case of laminar flow the resistance is due to viscosity only and the viscosity of a fluid depends on its temperature. 4) Laws of Fluids Friction for Turbulent Flow:- The frictional resistance in the case of turbulent flow is — ') proportional to (velocity)". Where the index n varies from 1.72 to 2.0, independent of the pressure, i) proportional to the density of the flowing fluid, iv) slightly affected by the variation of the temperature of the flowing fluid, V) proportional to area of surface in contact, vv) dependent on the nature of the surface in contact. 4) Major Loss of Head (fy) : The basic equation used is Darey Weis Bach Equation, fy = flv? where L = Length of pipe of diameter 2D V = mean velocty in pipe f = friction factor, which is a function of R and relative roughness, The ratio *h/ L = Si" represents the energy slope which is equal to the hydraulic gradient in uniform flow. In long pipe lines, *hy' forms a major part of the total loss, The above equation is derived based on experiments of Froude, which revealed that 4) The frictional resistance varies approximately with the square of velocity ) The frictional resistance varies with the nature of the surface. (ii) Minor Losses in Pipes : Situation Head Loss =H, Explanation 1. Sudden expansion (Yy-V2)?/29 Expansion from section ‘t'to'2" = MA (t- Ar? a = V2 (A-1)? vi ao Ma 2. Sudden Contraction (Ve - Va? 2g Ve = Velocity in contracted section FU Ve Ve= Velocity at vena contracia Ce 29 Ve vena contracta 3. Entrance to a pipe from 0.8 V2 /2g V = Velocity in pipe a reservoir 4, At exit of a pipe V/2g V = Velocity in pipe N 5. Conical expansion K(V; ~ V2)*/2g, "Kis. a constant 6. Bends, pipe fitings KVi29 constant A 17 e ear SD ‘Ce’ lies between 0.6 to 0.666 + (Contd....59) 7.An obstruction to flow fh. ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 59: ACE 5, A) HYDRAULIC GRADIENT LINE : if the pressure heads at the different sections of the pipe are plotted to scale as vertical ordinates above the axis of the pipe and all these points are joined by a straight line, a straight sloping line will be ‘obtained, which is known as hydraulic gradient or hydraulic grade line (HGL) ‘Since at any section of the pipe the vertical distance between the pipe axis and the hydraulic ‘gradient is equal to the pressure head at that section, itis also known as “Pressure Line B) HGL FOR INCLINED PIPE : if °Z’ the height of pipe axis at any section above an arbitrary datum then the vertical height of the H.G. above datum at that section of pipe represents the piezometric head equal to (P/W + Z). In such a case itis called Piezometric Line. ¢) TOTAL ENERGY LINE : If at different section of the pipe the total energy (in terms of head) is plotted to scale as vertical ordinates above assumed datum and all the points are joined, then a straight sloping line will be obtained which is known as total energy line or fotal head line or Energy Gradient. ‘The T.E.L will be at a vertical distance equal to V" / 2g above Hydraulic Gradient. (For detailed sketches please refer a standard text book). Nore: The H.G.L may even rise in the direction of flow when the flow passes from narrower pipe to a large pipe, since the velocity in the larger pipe is smaller than that in the smaller pipe and consequently the pressure in larger pipe is more than that in smaller pipe. However, T-EL will not rise in the direction of flow, since there is always a loss of energy in the direction of flow, unless there exists some device such as pump, in the pipe system which add energy to the following liquid. 6. PIPES IN SERIES OR COMPOUND PIPE : Ia pipe line connecting two reservoirs is made up of several pipes of different dianeters Ds, Ds and D, etc, and lengths L;, Lz and Ls, etc.... all connected end to end, then the system is called pipes in series, in such a case |) The difference in liquid surface levels in the two reservoirs is equal to sum of the head losses in all the sections. jeH=hbve + bbyvVi + Foe 29D; 2gD; —_(neglecting minor losses) i) Discharge through each pipe will be same, = = xDeV, = 2DAV= eD2Vy Q—» Ge Q—+ 4 4. —JI Ll (Contd.....60) \\ ENGINEERING ACADEMY“we ACE @ACE 7. EQUIVALENT PIPE: (Otten compound pipe consisting of several pipes of varying diameters and lengths is to be Teblaced by a pipe of uniform diameter, known as Equivalent Pipe. The uniform diameter of equivalent pipe is known as Equivalent diameter. bist at ae . 8. PIPES IN PARALLEL : When a main pipe line divides into two or more parallel pipes which again join together downstream side and continue as a main line, the pipes are said to be parallel. so me Pipes are connected in paraiielin order to increase the discharge passing through the main ®@) Rate of discharge in main line is equal fo sum of discharges in each of parallel pipes Q=Q{+ Qe ) Head loss is constant je w= flv? = fv? = 29D; 29D, NOTE: If there are ‘n’ pipes of same diameter laid in parallel in place of a single pipe then diameter of each parallel pipe. ‘=D d = diameter of each parallel pipe ws D = diameter of single main pipe line n= No. of parallel pipes. 8. DISCHARGE 71:ROUGH BRANCHED PIPES : Z Water will flow towards B and C only if _P, + Z, > Z» and Zs y he asic equations, Continuity Equation, Bernoulli's Equation, Darcy ~ Weis Bach Equation are used in the analysis, Nore: At any junction, aecording to continuity equation the total rate of flow towards the junction is equal to the total rate of flow away from it (Contd....61) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 61 ACE 10. FLOW THROUGH SYPHON PIPE : ‘A Syphon Pipe is a long bent pipe which is used to carry water from a reservoir at higher elevation to ‘another reservoir at a lower elevation when the two reservoirs are separated by a hill or high level. = height of summit IMPORTANT POINTS : The length of syphon may be taken as length of its horizontal projection, The hydraulic gradient cuts the syphon at two points, so that some portion of siphon is above Hydraulic Gradient Line (H.G.L) 3. Below H.G.L. the pressure in the pipe will be above atmospheric pressure i.e. positive and above H.G.L, the pressure will be below atmospheric pressure or negative pressure. At the highest point of siphon above H.G.L., the waler pressure is least. The siphon should be laid so that no section of the pipe will be more than 7.8 m above the H.G.L at the section. REASON : In practice, if the pressure is reduced to about 2.5 m of water absolute or 7.8 m of water Vacuum, the dissolved air or other gases, would come out of the solution and collect at the summit of the siphon in sufficient quantity to form an air lock, which will obstruct the continuity of flow (the flow will be completely stopped). 6. In order to limit the reduction of the pressure at the summit the length of the inlet leg of the syphon is also required to be limited. 11. HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSION OF POWER : ‘The pipes carrying water under pressure from one point to other may be used to transmit hydraulic power. P = yQ(H-h) H = total head at the entrance to pipe = The condition for maximum power transmitted through pipe : gP = 0, [oH = 3h ah, i.e,, loss of head should be 1/3 of total head to have maximum power transmitted. = Efficiency of power transmission 1 = H-hy H = Corresponding to the maximum power transmitted, the efficiency of power transmission is n= 23 or 66.7% NOTE : The efficiency corresponding to maximum transmission of power is not maximum. (Contd....62) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYFo ACE 62: “w ACE 12, FLOW THROUGH NOZZLE AT THE END OF A PIPE : i) For maximum power transmitted by a nozzle, the head loss due to friction should be 1/3 of supply i ii) Diameter of nozzle for transmitting maximum power : h & p/P area of pipe = xD?/4 a D area of nozzle = nd? /4 diameter of main pipe 43. WATER HAMMER AND ITS EFFECT (DESCRIPTION) : ‘When the water flowing in a pipe line is suddenly brought to rest by closing the valve or by any similar case, there will be a sudden rise in pressure due to the momentum of the moving water being destroyed This causes a wave of higher pressure to be transmitted along the pipe which creates noise known as knocking. This phenomenon of sudden rise in pressure is known as water hammer or hammer blow. EFFECT : The rise in pressure in some cases may be so large that the pipe may even burst and therefore it |s essential to take into account this, pressure rise in the design of pipes. Factors affecting magnitude of pressure rise : 1. Speed at which valve is closed 2. Velocity of flow 3. Length of pipe 4. Elastic properties of pipe material as well as that flowing fluid ‘Time taken for a round trip of pressure wave from N to M and back again [T. = 2L/C Tes critical time of closure to decide rapid or slow closure 1) Rapid closure of valve and pipe is rigid Time of closure Ta < Te Ta = actual time of closure. Water hammer P, P= pcv Where © = \K7p where K= Bulk modulus of fluid medium C= Sonic velocity oF velocity of sound in fuid medium ii) Rapid closure of valve and pipe is elastic : Bulk modulus of medium (fluid) modulus of elasticity of pipe material Diameter of pipe Water hammer, Py. Py= CV C = WReIP = Kis replaced by Ke due to compressibility of both uid and pipe Material ott + @ Ke K te ii) Slow or Gradual Closure of Valve : Time of closure Ta > Te 4 (Contd....63) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY-e ACE a 63 ACE & Class Work 4. A fluid of kinematic viscosity 0.4 cm/sec flows through 2 8 cm dia pipe. The maximum velocity for laminar flow will be a) less than tm/sec b) 1 misec. ©) 1.5 mise d) 2misec 2. Two reservoirs are connected by a pipe line consisting of two pipes ‘A’ and 'B’ of identical friction factor ‘and length, and connected in series. Ifthe diameter of pipe is 20% larger than that of 'B’ the ratio of the head loss in ‘A’ to that in ‘Bis a) 0.402 b) 0.529 )0.60 6) 0.833 3. Two reservoirs are connected by two pipes ‘A’ and ‘B’ of identical diameter and length in parallel. If the friction factor of ‘A’ is 4 times that of 'B' the ratio of the discharge in ‘A’ to that of in’B' is 2) 0.25 b) 0.50 )2.0 440 4, The length of 2 10 om dia pipe (f = 0.02), that is equivalent to a square entrance of @ pipe from a reservoiris a) 0.5m b) 4.0m ) 2.5m d)5m 5, Ifthe elevation of hydraulic grade line atthe junction of three pipes is above the elevation of reservoirs "Band 'C’ and below reservoir ‘A’. Then the direction of flow will be 22) from reservoir ‘A’ to reservoirs 'B! & b) from reservoir 'B’ to reservoirs ©) from reservoir C’ to reservoirs ‘A’ and °B d) none of the above and'A\ 6. Two pipes of same length and diameter 10cm and 20cm are connected in series. Coefficient of friction is ‘same for both pipes. The diameter of an equivalent pipe is, a) 11.4em 'b) 15cm ©) 20cm @) none 7. Ina pipe network, the conditions to be satisfied are a) flow into each junction must be equal to flow out of each junction ) both ‘a! and ‘b b) algebraic sum of head loss round each loop must be zero d) none 8. Along pipeline carries water from a river to a city, As part of an augmentation scheme, a similar pipe is ‘added in parallel to the existing pipe for half the total length of the pipeline. The percentage increase in discharge will be a) 26 b) 50 60 9) 100 9. For the distribution main of a city water supply 2 30 em main is required. As pipes above 26cm dia are not available, itis decided to lay two parallel mains of same diameter. The diameter of parallel main is a) 16cm ) 200m, ¢) 25cm d) 2.5em, 10. Due to ageing of a pipeline, its carrying capacity has decreased by 25%. The corresponding increase in the Darcy-Weis bach friction factor, f, is ———% 411, Two reservoirs al different levels are connected by two parallel pipes of diameter 2d and d, The ratio of the flows in the two pipes (\arger: smaller) is ay 24 bat oat ANT 42. Anazzle directs aliquid jet at an angle of elevation of 45°. The hydraulic grade line for the jet a) coincides with the centerline ofthe jet ) will be horizontal atthe level of the jet ¢) will be horizontal at the level of the energy line d) coincides with the energy line 43. In a siphon the summit is ‘4 m above the water level in the reservoir from which the flow is being discharged out. If the head loss from the inlet of the siphon to the summit is 2m and the velocity head at the summit is 0.5 m the pressure at the summit is a) 24.52" kPa, b)-0.9m of water ©)-6.5 m of water d)-39.16 kPa 14. A 1000m long pipe discharges 1m'/sec of water with a head of 99m at the inlet. The maximum power transmitted by the pipe is (specific weight of water = 10KN/m*) 2) 980kw b) 660kw ©) 445kw 4) none 45. A hydro-electric reservoir can supply water continuously at a rate of 100m’/s. The head is 75m. The theoretical power that can be developed is a) 10000 mhp 'b) 1,00,000 mhp ¢) 7500 mhp ) 7500 kW (Contd.....64) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYV ACE 64 “wACE® 16. Water is pumped through a pipeline to a height of 10m at the rte of 0.1m, Frictional and other minor losses are Sm. Then the power of pump is KW required is, kw 17. A surge tank is provided in hydro power schemes to a) strengthen the penstocks b) reduce water hammer pressure 6) reduce frictional losses in the system 4) increase the net head 18. Ifx0= length of pipe having peak pressure in @ closure time T < 2UC, the distance “is given by a)-cT2 byL-cT )L-CT 6) None 18. When time of closure Ts = LIC, the portion of pipe length subjected to maximum head is a) Lia by Ls uz 4) None 20. A valve is suddenly closed in a water main in which velocity of pressure wave is 490.5 misee. If velocity of flow is 2 mis, the inertia head at the valve will be a)0.5m b)im ©) 10m 4) 100 m 21. A penstock is 2000m long and the velocity of pressure wave init is 1000m/s. Water hammer pressure [oad for instantaneous closure of valve at the downstream end of pipe is Om” If the valve hacen 44sec, then the peak water hammer pressure head is equal to a) 15m b) 30m ©) 60m 4) 120m 72. Indicate the incorrect statement. A pipe can be protected from high water hammer by a) use of slow closing valves. ) use of longer pipe lines, ©) use of automatic pressure regulating valves 4) use of surge chamber 25, Ata Sudden enlargement of waterline from a diameter of 240 to 480mm, the hydraulic grade line rises by 10mm. Estimate the quantity flowing in the line. 24. For sudden expansions in pipe flow, what is optimum ratio between the diameter of pipe before Sxpansion and after expansion so that pressure rise is maximum ? What is the max. pressure nee ? 25, A pipe line 22.5 em in dia and 1580m long has slope of 1 in 200 forthe first 790m and 4 in 100 for the Firs Om, ihe Pressure at the upper and ofthe pipe line is 0.11 Nim? and at the lower end te 0.066 'Nimm*. Taking f= 0.032, determine the discharge through the pipe, 26. A pipe 5 cm dia is Gm long and the velocity of ow of water inthe pipe is 2.4 m/sec. What oss of head 3G the corresponding horse power would be saved. if the central 2m length of pipe was ‘colnet by 70m dia pipe, the change of section being sudden. Take f= 0.04 for the pipes of tn aeons 27. A pipe having @ length of 6000m and dia 70cm connects two reservoirs ‘A’ and ‘8! the difference Demwcen thei levels is 30m. Halfway along the pipe there is a branch through which water coe to see 0.2 third reservoir’. Take f= 0.024. Determine the rate of ow to teservorr 'B! whens) re WiZte" 's discharged to reservoir ‘C (b) the quantity of water discharged to reservoir |g 0.15 msec. Neglect Minor losses. 26, Two reservoirs are connected by a pipeline which rises above the level of highest reservoir. What wil Be,tne hiahest point of the siphon above this level if the length of the pipe leading apts this, point is Sra ot pipe is 860m. The siphon must run ful, the separation of dissolved gases may be astur-oorn Memuraran 2usolute pressure of 2.4m water. What will be the discharge under the abeve condilong (> litersiminute. Assume f= 0.04 and allow for all losses, 29, The waler levels in two reserviors ‘A’ and ‘Bare 104.5m and 100m respectively above the datum, A Flpe Joins each to @ common point ‘D' where pressure is O1Nimm" gauge and height ls 88.Sir above gatum_ Another pipe connects D to another tank ‘C’. What will be the height cf water kneel tee assuming the same value of f for all pipes. Take f= 0.030, Pipe length in meters Diameter in mm’ AD 240 300 8D 270 450 cp 300 600 30 A Stee! pipe of 1m dla supplies water to @ power station at the rate of 0.8msec. It the flow is suddenly (avecine cagerg BY 2 valve at the end of pipeline, what will be the maximum pressure nse in the pee? (assume velocity of sound in the water as 1200 misec and neglect fuid resistance) (GATE 88) (Contd....65) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 65 ACE Assignment 1. Reynold’s number is the ratio of a) Viscous to inertia force b) Elastic to pressure force ©) Gravity to inertia force 4) None of the above 2, Reynold's number for pipe flow is given by tayVDWv b) VDulg °) VD ) VOI 3. Reynold's number for pipe flow varies 3) as coefficient of viscosity ») as kinematic viscosity ©) inversely as product of velocity and diameter -d) inversely as kinematic viscosity 4 For flow through pipes, the head loss by Darcy-Weisbach equation is equal to a)fLV2gD —,_b) fLV’2gD ©) 7g 4) L290 5. Based on Reynold’s experiment the critical Reynold’s number for @ flow is based on \a) Lower critical velocity ) upper critical velocity ©) average ofa & 'b' 4) None of the above 6. The specific weight of dye to be used in Reynold’s experimentis to be ) greater than that of water ) less than that of water ‘e)similar to that of water 4) no relation at all 7. For flow through pipes, the critical Reynola's number is a) 500 b) 2000 ) 3000 4) 4000 8, The head loss in turbulent flow in a pipe varies a) Directly as the velocity ©) Inversely as square of velocity ©) Inversely as square of diameter 4) Approximately square of velocity 9. Indicate the correct statement: Minor losses a) are neglected when they are 5% or less of pipe friction loss. “t) both a &b ») are those that occur in pipe fitings d) none of the above 410. The minor loss due to sudden contraction is due to + a) flow contraction \-b) expansion of flow after sudden contraction «) boundary friction <) cavitation 11. Water flows into a tank by pipe flow. The loss of head at the exit ofthe pipe is equal to ‘) half the velocity head at the exit ~b} velocity head at the exit ©) zero 1d) none of the above 12. The diameter of a circular pipe suddenly increases by two times, The ratio of loss of energy to the velocity head before expansion is a) 12 b) 1/4 9) 9/16 4) 16/9 13, The head loss in a pipe of dia ‘d’ carrying oil at a flow rate ‘Q' over a distance ‘I’ is ‘h’. The pipe is replaced by another with half the diametes, all other things remaining the same. The head loss in this casewillbe a) 0.5h b) 2h ©) 8h 4) 32h 414, The difference in elevation between a H.G.L. and total gradient line at a point equal to a) Datum head \-b)velocityhead ——c) pressurehead —_d) Piezometric head 15. Pick up the incorrect statement. Inthe direction flow a) H.G.L. will aways fall b) H.G.L. may fall or rise depending properties of pipe (0) TEL will always fall if no external power is involved 9) Frictional loss is involved 16. Hydraulic grade line for flow in a pipe of constant diameter is 2) always above the centre b) always above the energy grade line \e) always sloping downwards in the direction of flow 4) coincides with the pipe centre line (Contd.....66) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 66 ACE 17. Three pipes are connected in series. Then ) the discharge through each pipe Is same. ») total discharge is the sum of the discharges in the individual pipes ©) the head loss in each pipe is the same 4d) Reynola's number for each pipe is the same 18. The discharge of a quid of Kinematic viscosity Gcm’/sec through a Bom dia pipe is 3200 om*lsec. The ‘ype of flow expected is \3) laminar ») turbulent 6) transition 4) none of the above 19. If there are 'n’ pipes of same diameter ‘laid in parallel a) d= Din") ved = lace of a single pipe of diameter ‘D’, then yin) )D=din'* 1d) D=din®® 20. The pressure in the portion ofa pipe line of siphon that is above hydraulic grade line is a) atmospheric Dy above atmospheric o) vacuum pressured) none 21. Ina pipe line design, it is usual to assume that due to ageing of pipes “@) the absolute roughness increase with time ») the absolute roughness decreases with time ©) friction factor decreases with time 4d) pipe become smooth 22, The velocity of propagation of a pressure wave ina fuid medium of bulk modulus ‘k’ and mass density Loris = a) kip b) Vp/k oy Vkp 4) None 23, The velocity of propagation of a pressure wave in a fluid medium of bulk modulus 2KN/mmn?® and density is 2) 965, by 1440 ©) 1200 4) 1400 24 I the speed of pressure wave is 'C’ and pipe length is’, rapid closure occurs when time of closure is sahs2UC b)>2UC osuc 4) zero 25. In instantaneous closure (T = 0), the pipe willbe subjected to peak pressure 2) Over half of length b) throughout ©) 3/4 of length 4) none 26, i he velocity of @ pipe changes from V; to V; very rapidly due to partial closure ofa valve, the water hammer pressure head produced is, a) C (vv) by Cwig SOFC (Vs Vea 4) CV, 27, Ia slow closing of a valve in 2 1700m long pipe with a velocity of propagation of Pressure wave of ‘850m/sec, is designed, the shortest time in which the valve can be closed ¢ a) 0.5sec b) 2sec ©) Bsec ) 4sec 28, For maximum transmission of power through a pipeline with a total head, the head loss. due to friction hy is given by a) H/10 wy ) Ha @) 2Hi3 29. Anozzieis fitted at the end of a pipe of dia ‘D’ carrying water. For maximum power to be ‘supplied by the nozzle. the dia of nozzles given by <3) (D%an)" by (DarL" ©) D%2n)"* 4g) (D*2A)"* 30. A penstock is 3000 metres long. Pressure wave liavels in it with a velocity of 1S00nv. I the turbine {gales are closed uniformly and completely in a period of 4.5 seconds, then its called a) rapid closure b) slow closure ) sudden closure ) uniform closure 31. The following parameters relate to flow in a penstock 1. water level in the reservoir 2. density of water 3. elasticity of water 4. roughness of pipe Pressure rise due to water hammer in a penstock depends upon a) 1and2 b)2and3 ©) Sand 4 \6}1, 2,3 anda (Contd.....67) ‘ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE or ACE > 32. A pipeline of Scm diameter is reduced abruptly to 2.5m diameter at a section to enable measurement of the water flowing through it. The loss of head at the contraction is 0.5m. Given that, in metric units, 2g = 4.43 and vg = 3.132, then mean velocity in the reduced section will be a) 0.5misec b) 1.16. Sse. ¢) 1.566m/sec 4) 4.43m/sec 33, Water steadily flowing from a 100mm diameter pipe abruptly enters a 200mm dia pipe. if the velocity in the 100mm dia pipe is Sms, the head loss due to abrupt expansion in terms of height of water is a) 1.276m b) 0.717m. ¢) 0.562m 4) 1.6m 34, Reynold’s number for a pipe flow varies a) as coefficient of viscosity b) as kinematic viscosity ©) inversely as the product ~d) inversely as kinematic viscosity 35. The hardy cross method of hydraulic analysis of pipe networks, besides satisfying the continuity and energy principles, must also satisfy the condition that *2}-Algebraic sum of head losses around any closed loop is zero __c) Momentum principe is followed 'b) Flow into any junction equals the out flow from it d) None of the above 36. The difference between the total head line and hydraulic head line is equal to a) datum head ») pressure head 0) velocity head ) none 37. The ratio of head loss to total head, if the power transmitted to be maximum is ayt:2 b)t:3 2:3 di:4 38. Loss of head atthe exit ofa pipe is a) 052g Coys ©) Vlg 4) none 38. The Reynole's number for laminar flow to exit in a wide open channel is approximately at \b)500 «1000 4) 2000 40. The Reynola’s number having engineering importance is at 2) upper critical point) lower critica point ©) average of a &b ) none ‘41, The length of a pipe is 500 m and its diameter is 10cm. If the diameter of an equivalent pipe is 20cm, then its length is a).16000m b) 20000: ©) 32000m 4) 1600m 42. Two pipe systems are said to be equivalent when 2) length and dia are same ) length and ‘f are same ©) length and discharge are same \d) head loss and discharge are same 43. The head loss in a sudden expansion from 4cm dia pipe to 18cm dia pipe, in terms of velocity V; in the 4.cm pipe is a) (14) Wl2g by (344) W2g ©) (N16) Weg 4) none 44, The power transmitted by a pipe flow in terms of specific weight 'W' discharge Q, head 'H’ and head loss ‘hy is a) WQ (Hh) b) WQ.H,. H ‘\~e) WOH d) Wh, 45. The Reyriolds number of a flow is the ratio of ) gravity forces to viscous forces b) gravity forces to pressure forces \9) neti forces to viscous forces 4) viscous forces to pressure forces 46, The loss of energy at the exit of a submerged pipe is a)Vi2g b) 0.sVv4r2g 0) 15V2g 4) 20 Vag 47. The head loss due to sudden expansion is expressed by a) VF =Vi4r2g ») (Y= Wareay? 0) (Vs-Va2/a Vay vi-va¥2g 48. A 15 cm diameter pipe is joined to a 30 cm diameter pipe by a reducing flange. For water flowing at a rate of 0.115 m’s, the head loss when water flows from the smaller to the larger diameter pipe is — (Contd.....68) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 68 wACE 48. Branching ~ pipe problems are usually solved 2) by assuming the head loss is the same through each pipe ) by equivalent iengths. ©) By assuming the elevation of the hydraulic grade ine atthe junction point and trying to satisty ‘continuity »d)‘by assuming a distribution which satisfies continuity and computing a correction 50. A liquid of density p and bulk modulus K flows with a mean velocity Vin a long rigid pipe of diameter D. ‘2 utden closure ofa valve atthe end ofthe pipe produces a maximum water Nowif hoa has Which, a) V p'"(gk"") AV K Hap?) Va" / (pk) 9) V pligk)"? 51 Baye tha = @ Sofcient,v = mean velocty, = Darcy — Weisbach fition factor and D = diameter of ey Rg "the Nea loss in pipe bend is even by hy = Kv/29 then the equivalent length of ern <2) KDIF b) KAD mK @) Ok 52. omer Conditions and parameters remaining the same, water hammer pressure can be reduced by a) using pipe of greater diameter ») using pipe of greater wall thickness. Shusing a more elastic pipe 4) increasing the velocity of pressure wave 55. Ifthe energy loss due to sudden enlargement in a pipe is expressed as fy = ke Vé'l2g, where V, is the Velodiy before expansion, then the coefficient k, is equal to. a) (Ave - 1)? DH 1 AvAg? ¢) (AvAy ~ 1)? d) (1 ASA,)® 55 Thea valocty “ @ pressure wave in water hammer is equal to the velociy of sound in water. Is this statemer: comet? 2} No, because, the elasticity ofthe pipe reduces the velocity of the pressure wave ©) No, because, the elasticity ofthe pipe increases the velocity of the pressure ave ) Yes, because, the pipe is much more rigid than water ~#) Yes, because, the pressure disturbances always propagate with the velocity of sound 56. Two pipe systems in series are said to be equivalent when a) the average diameter in both systems is same ») the average friction factor in both systems is same ©) the total length of the pipes is same in both the systems \-#) the discharge under the same head is same in both the systems Oo reservoirs and the piezometric level atthe junction D are also indicated in the Q, are related as ©) Q2—Q,= Qs 9)Q)+Q+Q;=0 58; The head loss caused due to sudden expansion of pipe from area A; to area A, and the velocity from V; and Ves given by Sa) (1 — AWAa)? Vag b) (1 AVA)? V,2g ©) (1 AYAy)? Vz7/2g, @) (1 AJA, Vi4?2g (Conttd.....69) ‘ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMYACE 69: ACE 59. Consider the following statements relating to hydraulic gradient line and energy gradient line: 1. In the case of fluid flowing in a pipetine, hydraulic gradient line and energy gradient line may coincide 2. The line joining the points representing piezometric heads is known as hydraulic gradient line 3 In the case of ideal fuid, energy gradient line is always horizontal 4. Hydraulic gradient line has a downwards slope in the case of low through pipes. Of these, statements a) 4, 2 and 3 are correct, b) 1, 3.and 4 are correct ‘\e)2'3 and 4 are correct d) 1, 2nd 4 are comect, 60. In steady laminar flow of a liq Gischarge, the hydraulic gradient is ) through a circular pipe of internal diameter D, carying a constant inversely proportional o ey ad b)D* a) D* 61 With increasing ageing of pipes, the proportion between the maximum velocity and mean velocity 2} intially decreases and then increases —_b) intially increases and then decreases ©) decreases. 62. In network of pipes 2) the algebraic sum of discharges around each circuit is zero ~*) the algebraic sum of (pressure + datum) head drops around each circuit is zero ©) the elevation of hydraulic grade line is assumed for each junction point 9) elementary circuits are replaced by equivalent pipes 63. In the siphon shown in fig assuming ideal flow, pressure P, a)=Pe \by< Px )> Pa ) Po. 4. The head loss coefficient in a sudden expansion shown in fig. is proportional to a) 0? “by (1 — 107)? ©) Dia? d) d40* 85, Given that g = acceleration due to gravity and R = hydraulic mean depth, the Darcy — Weisbach friction {actor fis related to Manning's rugosity coefficient n as Shear —> re rabebiinah 1. Laminar flow is rotational 2. [p'minar flow, the loss of head is proportional to the square of the velocity proportional to the square of the velocity 3. In laminar flow, the loss of head is proportional tothe frst power of viscosity 2. Inlaminar flow, the velocity is constant over the cross-section €. Other quantties remaining the same, increase in diameter wil increase the Reynold's number in laminar flow. Of these statements 2) 1, 2and 4 are correct b) 1, 3nd 4 are correct ©) 1, 3 and 5 are correct d) 2, 3and § are correct, by 1 Sand 6 atw.corece a) 8. A steady flow of water takes place through a pipe of 100mm internal diameter and 10m length, The average velocity of the flow is Sm/s and the ‘wall shear stress is 250 N/m’. The pressure drop for the given pipe length s . B)2Sx 10° Nim?) 2.0% 10" Nim? ©) 50x 10" Nim? 4) 105 Nim? 38 Assignment 4. Which type of flow is controlled by Reynolds number 7(APPSC 98) a) Gravity low ‘\b) Viscous flow ) Compressible flow 4d) all the.above 2. The Reynolds number of a flow is the ratio of (PSC 92/ AEE) a) gravity forces to viscous forces ')) gravity forces to pressure forces . .s) inertia forces to viscous forces 4d) viscous forces to pressure forces 3. The laminar flow is characterized by (select the correct statements) 2) irregular motion of fuld particles |b) fuid particles moving in layers parallel to the boundary surface ‘c) high Reynolds number of flow _d) existence of eddies 4. The shear stress distribution in pipe flow does not depend on the type of flow, it being dependent upon the pressure gradient dp/dx and the radius, and is expressed by a) r= tir (dpidx) b) t= -(dp idx) 72. ¢) 1 -2r(dp/dx) d) «=i (dpldx) 5, The velocity distribution for flow through a circular tube a) is constant over the cross section “by Varies linearly from zero at walls to maximum at center ¢) varies parabolically with maximum at the center d) none of these 6. The ratio of average velocity to maximum velocity for steady laminar flow in circular pipe is ay b) 23 0) 3/2 a2 7. In laminar flow through a circular tube, the Darcy-weisbach fiction factor depends only on the Reynolds number and the two are related by a)f=UR b) f= 18R 0) f=0.316/R™ a) f=64iR, (Contd....74) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY@ ACE we 74 ACE 8. The ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity for steady flow between fixed parallel plates is 2) 213 b) ais ©) 3/2 a2 9. Ina flow between two stationary parallel plates the shear stress is zero at a) the base b) the top ©) both at the base and at the top uf) at the center where velocity is maximum 10. In the case of flow through circular pipes, the flow will be laminar, ifthe Reynolds number is a) less than 5000 ») greater than’6000 9) less than 2000 d) less than 1000 ‘11 If the maximum velocity in a laminar flow through parallel static plates is 9 m/sec : Then the average velocity in m/sec will be a)3 b) 45 ers 72 12. For laminar flow in a pipe of circular cross section, the Darcy friction factor f’ is (Re = Reynolds number, K = well roughness) function of : a)'K’ and ‘Re’ bPRe' only ©) 'K’ only 4d) None of the above. 13. Identify the incorrect statement, In laminar flow: 2) Flows rotational bY Loss of head in a pipe is proportional to square of the velocity ©) The friction factor ‘t*is indirectly proportional to the Reynolds number 4d) Shear stress varies linearly 14. An oil of kinematic viscosity 0.25 stokes flow through a pipe of diameter 10 cm. The flow is critical at a velocity of: a) 72 m/sec b) 5.0 misec ¢).0.5 misec 6) 0.72 misec 15. The Reynolds number for flow of an oil in a certain pipe is 640. The Darcy-weisbach friction factor for this flow isa) 0.02 b) 0.01 £)0.4 ) 0.064 16. Ina laminar flow through a circular tube of dia D, carrying a laminar flow, the average velocity indicated a the local velocity at a radial distance measured from the center of . a) 0.2530 ») 0.051 D 0.2030 4) 0.354 ‘17. The kinetic energy correction factor for laminar flow through a circular pipe is: a) 154 \=b) 2.00 ©) 187 4) 2.33 18. In a uniform laminar flow through a two dimensional passage, the ratio of maximum velocity to the average velocity is a) 20 ») 1.87 Vets 6) 1.33 19. In @ laminar flow between two fixed parallel plates, the shear stress is 2) constant across the passage. b) Maximum at center and zero at the boundary ©) Zero all through the passaged) Maximum at the boundary and zero at the center 20, Shear velocity for laminar flow through a pipe is given by a) V-= Veep b) v= Wir ‘€) both a and b d) none 24. The Darey law for flow through porous media is applicable to ) ideal fluids only _b) turbulent flows only c) laminar flows only _d) any type of liquid flow 22. The equations of motion for laminar flow of a real fluid are known as @) Euler's equations 41. The head loss for laminar flow with usual notations is a) 12pVLtad") b) 126,00") “81 320VU(0D) 4) 32uVLMoD) 42. The friction factor for laminar flow isa function of a) relative roughness ‘by Reynolds number only a) Both Reynolds number and relative roughness) None 43, The friction factor for laminar flow is given by Sa) 64iRy b) RI64 0) 32k, 4) 24/R, 44, In case of laminar flow through a round tube, the discharge varies a) linearly as viscosity b) as the square of radius dy tnversely as the viscosity ©) inversely as the pressure drop 45, The pressure drop in an 15 cm dia horizontal pipe is 100kpa in a distance of 10m. The shear stress at the pipe wall, in kPa is 2) 0.375 b)667 010 4375 46, In a steady uniform laminar flow through a circular pipe of ‘diameter ‘the ratio of velocity at D4 from the centre to the maximum velocity is a) 025 b)05) 070.75 )0.90 47. The Reynola’s number for flow of an oil in @ certain pipe is 1280. The Darcy-Weisbach friction factor ‘f for this flow is \9)005 bot 02 405 48, A liquid flowing in a pipe has a head loss of 2m in a pipe length of 10m. The Reynold's number of the flow is 100. If the flow rate is doubled and all other fluid properties remain the same, the head loss in ‘m’ is a)05 »)80 940 420 49, The friction factor ‘fin a laminar pipe flow was found to be 0.04. The Reynola's number ofthe flow was 2) 400 ) 800 2) 1600 6) 2000 50. In the uniform laminar flow through a pipe the hydraulic gradient is proportional to aD DV ove aN 51. The flow around a sphere is laminar ifthe Reynolds number is a4 b) 500 ©) 1000 ) 2000 52. For a solid sphere creeping in a laminar flow, the coefficient of drag Co = 2) 64/R, D)24R, ©) 32/R, 4) 12, 53, The ratio of maximum velocity to average velocity for steady flow between fixed parallel plates is a2 15) 243 4) None 54. The type of flow of lubricant ois is 2) laminar ) turbulent ©) transition 4) None 55. The discharge of a fluid through a circular pipe of dia 20cm having a maximum velocity of 1.6m/sec is (inm'sec) 2) 0.047 ») 0.031 902 4031 58. For low through a circular pipe, of 2.5em dia the pressure drop per metre length of pipe is 0.12kg/cm*. If the velocity of flow is 2.34m/sec, the power required per 100m length of pipe fo maintain the flows a) 092HP b) 1.84H.P ©) 0.184H.P ) 184HP 57. Pick up the in correct statement The frictional resistance in the laminar flow is 2) proportional to the velocity of flow ) greatly affected by the variation of the temperature of the flowing fluid ) proportional to the area of surface in contact —_d} dependant on the nature of surface in contact. ID OF THE CHAPTER 8 * (Contd....77) ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY