Apex for Building and Architect

BASIC TECHNIQUES OF ARCHIECTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Architecture is an integration of Construction, Use, and Design.

Practice of building design and its resulting products; customary usage refers to
those designs and structures that are culturally significant, technically sound, and
must convey aesthetic meaning.

Generally, for Western readers

The architecture of the ancient world, Asia, and the pre-Columbian Americas
may be divided into two groups:

a) Indigenous architecture;

b) Classical architecture.

Indigenous Architecture :
Indigenous architecture includes ways of building that appear to have
developed independently in isolated, local cultural conditions.
The oldest designed environments stable enough to have left architectural
traces date from the first development of cities. Eg. Mesopotamian
architecture, pyramids (used for royal tombs).
Early Indian stone architecture, such as Ellora and Ajanta, northeast of
Bombay,
The Chinese house, built in rectangular and symmetrical fashion,
reflects a traditional focus on social order.
The Japanese house design is more concerned with achieving a
satisfying relationship with earth, water, rocks, and trees.

HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE
Prehistoric: No Records as historic
Historic: keeping a historical record; requires written language & medium to
keep record.
Stone Age (Divided in: Paleolithic, Mesolithic (middle), Neolithic Age
{Gk. paleo: ancient, meso: middle, neo: new,

lithic: stone

Bronze Age
Iron Age

(Steel Age; Atomic Age; Silicon Age, etc.)

Building began to develop in Paleolithic Period.

People created structures in wood and stone.
NO CLEAR EXAMPLES EXIST.

The best documented examples from the

MESOLITHIC PERIOD indicates that villages
Arranged symmetrically

Aligned in rows.
More regular in Plan

NEOLITHIC PERIOD:
First agricultural expansion began.
This period is marked for the large numbers of detached, square, and
rectangular, Single roomed houses, of timber framing and wattle and
daub infill.

 In Mediterranean regions dwelling settings

Round and oval compounds were grouped together in large numbers
and occasionally surrounded by deep ditches.
Mankind first used indestructible ( too strong) materials to erect large
structures not to live in but to worship their gods.
From the beginning of settled habitation about 5,000 BC to the rise of
the Roman Empire - Houses were built of the flimsiest ( light and
thin, not strong) materials.
A few early civilization erected monumental palaces, which were
priest-kings residences.
Architecture originated in the religious impulse and thus was originally
symbolic.
The earliest permanent constructions consists of huge stones, roughly
shaped, arranged in lines or circles.
Example Stonehenge in England.

World heritage site

Stonehenge in England.

They are grouped in four concentric circles,

two of which are formed by paired uprights
bearing huge capstones.
Which used as a monumental calendar.

View of Edge of Circle in Sunlight

I. Stonehenge/ Evolution of Trabeated

system
1. Trabeated system The composition of Beam
and Column for transferring the Load
2. Fundamental principle used in Neolithic architecture,
Ancient Egypt, Greek, Persian, Indian, Chinese and
Japanese
3. Simple Post and Beam Construction, COLUMN the
Verticals; supports BEAM the Horizontal,
4. Carries limit weights with Beam, Tension at bottom and
compression at top
5. Stone, and timber construction, led to RCC
Construction
6. Column to support load, Beams for roof, Opening
lintel, and also at fire places

II. Arch and Vault System

1. Arcuated System: Instead of Horizontal beam, if load
is transferred through an arch, then it is Arcuated
system, generates curved structure and self
supporting with state of equilibrium
2. Good for significantly loaded structure, first developed
in Mesopotamia, and to Egypt and refined to Ancient
Roman
3. It came as an important techniques for dams brideges,
cathedral building, still famous in Bridges and buildings
with high span.
4. Eliminates tensile stress, and all forces resolved into
compressive stresses for which stone, cast iron and
concrete are the best suited.

II. Arch and Vault System Contd

5. Arcuated System is used when the force is not
vertical as in spanning a doorway, but horizontal as in
arched retaining walls or dams
6. Use concrete, may be monolithic, to get benefit from
concretes strengths in resisting.
7. Arches used by Persian, Harappan, Egyptian,
babylonian, Greeks.

III. Trussed Construction

1. A static structure: consisting of straight slender
members inter-connected at joints into triangular
units.
2. Truss bridge for railway track, pedestrian use,
pipeline support are some of the example of trussed
construction
3. Earlier versions were bridges of timber and even
dwelling in ancient Greek period, and extended for
trussed bridges.

IV. Steel Space truss Construction

1. Truss
2. Planar Truss
3. Space truss

Vertical one dimensional Load transfer

A Truss in a plane - two dimensional
Three dimensional load transfer and
vertical pylon

IV. Structure for High-rise

Complex and composite

Composite loading condition vertical, horizontal, dynamic

and static load, wind load, earthquake, wind, snow etc
So structure is also complex: Some are as follows
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Rigid frame Structure

Frame Shear Truss
Belt truss
Framed tube structure
Truss tube with interior columns
Bundled tube
Truss tube without interior columns

Bundled tube Tube in tube

CIVILIZATIONS :
EGYPT:
Egypt really just a sliver along the Nile River
Why start here? Because the first advanced civilization started here and was built of
durable materials so it remains till today
First importance was significance of farming; improved techniques and good
irrigation.
Richer society and the potential for people to do more than just farm and could
engage in different productive activities.
Nearly 3,000 years, the Egyptians had reached a high stage of civilization.

Collection of people into cities began and development of civilization.

many majestic monuments are tombs and temples.
The ancient Egyptians were very religious. They believed in a life after death at first
only for kings and nobles.

 The Egyptian pyramids were far more sophisticated and larger in size but
symbolically sacred ( concerning religion) stones.
There were of three main types: Mastabas, Royal Pyramids and Rockhewn Tombs.

Royal tombs were built along the edges of the cliffs, at first as low
rectangular mastabas, then as tall four-sided pyramids.
The Egyptians worshiped the sun as their chief god, the pyramids as a
symbolic staircase.
It had no stone for building materials and used as river clay. Architecture is
entirely in brick.
Sometimes fiber or reed mats were placed between brick courses up the
walls to reinforce them.
Some large walls around temple enclosures were very thick between 9m
[30] and 24.5m [80].

 The temples erected by the Egyptians are gigantic.

The form is rectangular, like that of the flat-topped cliffs.

Pylon
A term applied to the mass of masonry with central opening,
forming a monumental entrance to Egyptian temples.
Trabeated
A style of architecture such as the Greek or Egyptian, in which
posts and beams form the main constructive features
Hypostyle Hall
A pillared hall in which the roof rests on columns. applied to the
many-columned halls of Egyptian temples.

 DWELLINGS
Crude brick one or two stories high with flat or
arched ceilings and a parapeted roof.
Rooms often looked toward a north facing court
for coolness.
Columns, beams, doors and window frames
were made from timber.
Typically there was a central hall or living room,
raised sufficiently high with the help of columns to
allow Clerestory light.

Classical Architecture
Classical architecture includes the systems and building methods of
Greece and Rome.

GREEK :
Dorian/ Shepherds
Ionians / Artists

Greek was not an empire but strong and intellectual culture, about 1000 to
500 BC, Culture of Dorians and Ionians mixed into a group, developed a
strong culture.
Two Greek architectural orders developed more or less concurrently.

The Doric order predominated on the mainland and in the western colonies
masterpiece is the Parthenon (448-432 BC).
The Ionic order originated in the cities on the islands & coasts of Asia Minor
The Corinthian order, a later development.

Greek
They developed real perfection in architecture, worked in small
details, and used even optical correction in architecture.
Person and politics was more important.
Thinking- Sociology, Psychology, Mathematics, Astronomy
came striking from perfection.
New discipline, new dimensions in society.
They worked for the society, created community space or
civic space, government space.

Types of buildings:
1) Individual or Separate house As politics governs as individual was important
housing style moderate type.

2) Community Space Agora

The space created with building around (Simple long
building called Stoa) that used for the civic purpose
(public speeches, assemblies), commercial or
government space, important as stoa itself and as
former of space.

 Town planning of Greek

Perfection in planning
Developed grid Iron road pattern as perfect
pattern in city
They used solar consideration for heating in
using grid iron pattern

3) Religious Building:
Religious building of Greek was important as they used as
society important.
Site selection Natural Platform for Temple and Hilly side for
Theaters.
Temples made in higher hill called Acropolis in every city
state.
Acropolis Athens:

The Religious Center.

The Parthenon being the most important temple is the best

example of Greek temple.

Doric order in architecture

Systematic concept of design
5.6 times of diameter = height of
the column

Capital at top, no base pedestals

Pointed sharp aries
Heavy and massive

Ionic order in architecture

Slender composition and Artistic
9 times of diameter = height of the
column
Capital at top like rams horn
Bottom with base, must sit in
something called pedestal

At corner matching both views

Corinthian order in
architecture
It is elaborated ionic order,

complicated and
Flamboyant Ionic order

ROMAN EMPIRE
The genius of the Greeks lay in art, literature, science, and
philosophy.
The Romans were best in warfare, engineering, and
government.
Huge sewer, still in use.
Rome had become the largest and richest city in Italy (6th
B.C)

Rome gradually fought, lead to the conquest of the world.

Made supreme over all central.
Byzantine Empire lasted another 1,000 years.

 Roman Art and Architecture,

Architecture

A clear picture of Roman architecture can be seen

from an ancient Roman public and private buildings
History started with the Roman Forum, influence
from Greek stoa, basilica, and Hypostyle Hall.
Roman temples were erected in the forum,
throughout the city and in the countryside.
Romans developed great concrete and masonry
arches, domes and vaults, carpentry also improved
greatly.

Rome became a powerful, wellorganized empire, great

engineering works roads,
canals, bridges, and aqueducts.
Made cement of slaked lime and
volcanic ash. called pozzolana
(hydraulic cement)

Architectural flexibility, the dome

and the groin vault,
commemorative or triumphal
arch and the coliseum or
stadium.

 THE PANTHEON, Rome AD 118128

The most important temple (by technical
achievement and influence).
Consisting of a standard gable-roofed columnar
porch with a domed cylindrical drum
Its great dome (solid concrete construction)
spanning 43.2M. With puzzling form.
Structurally the building is much more complex than
appears.
6 meter thick cylindrical drum around building has
many voids and recesses.

 Markets and Shops

Recreational buildings and shops were dispersed throughout
the Roman city.

Theaters and Amphitheaters

They were semicircular in plan and consisted of a tall stage
building.
Roman theaters were supported by their own framework of
piers and vaults and thus could be constructed in the hearts
of cities and were popular.
Amphitheaters (literally, double theaters) were elliptical in
plan with a central arena, where gladiatorial and animal
combats took place, and a surrounding seating area built on the
pattern of Roman theaters.

 ROADS, BRIDGES, AQUEDUCTS

Romans were engineers before they were architects.

Soldiers built roads (paved) as well as fought;

Today modern roads follow the old routes and parts of the
roads are still in use.
AQUEDUCT , Segovia, Spain 1st Century AD 900 meters
long; 34 meters high and still in use.

 Residences
Public buildings were generally the grandest and
costliest structures in the city,
Most of the area of a Roman town was occupied by
private residences.
The Domus
Family dwellings,
The front rooms of the house might open onto the
street and serve as shops.

 Public Baths
Under the Republic they were generally made up of
dressing rooms and bathing chambers with hot- ,
warm- , and cold-water baths (caldaria, tepidaria,
frigidaria)

BATHS OF CARACALLA, Rome 212 216AD

It also incorporated libraries, lecture halls, and vast
vaulted public spaces elaborately decorated with
statues, mosaics, paintings, and stuccos.
The main block was 225 X 115 m.

 South Asian Studies:

1) Indian Architecture Indian Hindu (Vedic to 15th Century)

Indian Buddhist (Mauryan to 9th Century)
Islamic (India and Pakistan 12th Century to 18th Century)

2) Chinese Architecture
Buddhist Monasteries, Dynastic Development, Pagodas, Temples and
Settlements
3) Japanese Architecture
Shinto shrines, Torai temples and Gardens

4) South East Asian Architecture

Buddhist and Islamic Architecture

A Historical Framework for Study of Architecture of the Indian

Subcontinent :
Any history of Indian Architecture must be begin from Immigrants settled in current Sind and Punjab area
-Indus Valley Civilization:

-Planned and built famous cities

Urban Mohenzodaro and
Harappa: 3000 BC- 2000BC :

Cult worship of Mother goddess Durga, Hindu god

The priest Kings The Brahmins of medieval India

Militant Kshatriya caste leaving the Brahmin a mere
Priest only.

 Brick Architecture
Grid iron streets,
Bath rooms in each house,
Drainage and sewerage,
Granery and water tanks
Courtyard house with windowless exteriors,

From towards the West

Vedic period Bamboo and timber Hamlets
Form of Thatch and Bamboo huts are strikingly fragile
compared to the Brick houses of the urban Harappa
Aryan Indian were started Stone work in later period
This is transmutation of Architectural ideas from
one material to another,
from one religion to another

 Development of Buddhism,
From Buddhist developments at Sanchi

relief of Vedic villages

change over from utilitarian Indus
towns to joyous villages

Clusters of circular huts with domical thatch roofed houses, gable,

arched timber palaces with ornate projecting timber balconies

arcuated opening etc

showed the streets of Aryan Villages.

 Ashokan Stupa At Sanchi

 Apostles; Buddha- Asoka in 326 BC,

Ashok and stone in Architecture
Use of stone as building material Asoka took from contemporary Persian stone mason (already built
marvellous stone palaces)

Built stone monuments for Buddhism

Toranas, Chaityas, Stupas, Stambhas, and vedicas dotted

Crafted in stone-carpentry of stone

The Buddhist monk enlarged and transformed the natural
grottos and caves of the hill side into great and glorious
prayer hall and monastery

Architecture of Ashokan Era

Pillars

Architecture of Ashokan Era

Pillar in Lumbini

Architecture of Ashokan Era

The most famous Ashokan pillar

Architecture of Ashokan Era

Toranas at Sanchi

 cave architecture of Ajanta and Karli

500 BC- 900 AD

Ajanta, Ellora, Karle-survived the monuments of Buddhism

They added new and unique dimension to the Indian architectural
tradition (cave Architecture)
Early period, experimentation with forms of a Hindu place of
worship in towns

To built great temples- Konark, Gujarat, Khajuraho, and Tanjora

Later formed Shikhara (North India) and Vimana (South India)
the temple in stone

the Shikhara from Vedics, Vimanas from Buddhists

the Northern and the Southern Indian Tradition

350 AD 1600 AD

Shikhara style (Vimana in south)

Ajanta ellora cave

 Earlier 12th C.
The Islam takes over in North India
Muslim throwing concentric walls and the
Mandapas of florid columns around the
temples
Invaders tapped Indian Builders Great buildings, Glorious mosques, Palaces
tomb in another story

Taj Mahal

The Architecture of Christianity

In the 4th century, Roman emperor Constantine the
Great converted to Christianity and created a
Christian empire,
Prompting the building of many new churches.
Eg. Santa Sabina (422-432). Byzantine churches,
domed and decorated with mosaics,

 Gothic Architecture :
At the beginning of the 12th & 13 century, Romanesque was transformed
into Gothic.
The change was a response to a growing rationalism in Christian
theology, result of technical developments in vaulting.
Began to want lighter, more soaring (tall) church buildings & led to Gothic
style
Churches built in the Gothic style are higher, more compact & appear
lighter
Christian become dominant
City and town developed rapidly, Public buildings were largely
constructed
Fundamentally gothic was Ecclesiastical style( borrowing different
elements from different style) and Flamboyant.

Main Characteristics of Gothic ArchitecturePointed arch

Buttress / flying buttress

Ribbed vaults
Gothic churches use pointed arches rather than round ones, making their vaults seem
to soar (tall).
Pointed arch easy to construct over square and structurally safe
Piers, Buttress, Arches and ribbed vaulting- held in equilibrium by combination of
inclined and vertical forces (concept of unity)
Flying Buttress- right angle to the wall (weight of the vault is carried down by these
buttress)
Creating the voids in wall- economy in construction
Walls are not massive as Roman skin type wall
Increasing the number and size of window (filled with stained glass-blue and
red color, depicting Biblical scenes)

Other
developments
were the
pointed arch
and vault, and
the flying
buttress, which
allowed
construction of
more elegant,
higher, and
apparently lighter
structures. Paris
(Notre Dame).

The Architecture of Islam

During the 7th century the rise of Islam urged the creation of the
mosque.
The basic plan of an Islamic mosque is the same today as in ancient
times. The oldest mosque in Iraq, Samarra (847-852).
Islamic architecture in India includes the tomb of Humayun (15641573) in Delhi and the Taj Mahal (1632-1648), in Agra.
Islam forbade the representation of people and animals, yet craftsmen
created highly ornamented buildings.
The motifs using such materials as glazed tile, marble, and
mosaic are geometrical designs, floral arabesques, and Arabic
calligraphy.

Most notable is the Hagia Sophia

(532-537), built by Eastern emperor
Justinian I at Constantinople.

NEXT DAY

 RENAISSANCE (15th to 19th century)

Renaissance derived from Latin meaning to be born again Rebirth
The cultural revolution in Western civilization now called the Renaissance
brought a revival of the principles and styles of ancient Greek and Roman
classical architecture.
Modern Times began with the Renaissance,
Reaction against flamboyant excess.
New old thinking in architecture
Florence Cathedral (1420-1436, Florence, Italy)
Such as Arches, columns, and entablatures in asymmetry, unexpected
proportions and scales

 Other Input to Society:

Controversy to Etruscan, Egyptian, Greeks and Roman
Culture; through focused work in archaeological Research.

Discovery and excavation of Roman CitiesHerculaneum and Pompeii.

Is it necessary to look for the true Style? Yes / No

Pioneer work in Sociology, aesthetic, History and

archaeology.

Utilitas
(Utility)

Vitruvius defined Aesthetic. Measured drawings, and

pronounced the Renaissance. He also defined
New Dimension of Architecture:
Firmitas
(Solidity / Structure)

Venustas
(Beauty)

The Industrial Age

The Industrial Revolution, which began in England about 1760, brought
a flood of new building materials for example, cast iron, steel, and
glass.
Late 18th-century designers and patrons turned toward the original
Greek and Roman prototypes, and selective borrowing from another
time and place became fashionable.
Doric and Ionic columns, entablatures, and pediments were applied
to public buildings and important town houses in the style called
Greek Revival.

Ingram Chairs by Charles Rennie

Mackintosh, 1899

St.Louis Worlds Fair (1904),

Entrance to the Creation exhibit

In the 19th century, English architect Sir Joseph Paxton created the Crystal
Palace (1850-1851) in London, a vast exhibition hall.

 Interior view of crystal palace

 Great Eiffel Tower (1887-1889) in Paris.

What is History of Modern Architecture?

History of Architectural Movement.

History of Architects- Master Architects,

and Influential Architects.

History of Building, City Planning and

Development.

Architects' approach in building and

design of the building.

 Overview the Influences affecting Architectural Style.

Influences:
New Technology
Cast Iron, Steel, Concrete, Elevators, Plate Glass, Central Heating System,
Ventilation System, Lighting, Telephone
New Requirement
Rapid Urbanization, IndustrializationGrowth of population towards
employment center, railway station, pub, coffee shop, airport, etc
New Function:
Railway Station, Operas/theatre, Libraries, Suburban Houses, Factories,
Departmental Stores, community hall

New Society

Increase in Wealth, More Mobility (Transport), Scientific Inventions,

literature based and academic explorations, philosophy,

Looking back to past (Archaeology) and looking to future.

New Birth of Patrons-client-Industrialists.

New Thinking & Challenges

Architectural Critics and Political Reforms,

Religious

New Ideal Place- seek for urban spaces

Warfare, trade, science, and art

These influences in change of architectural style.

Modern Architecture
At the beginning of the 20th century, some designers refused to work in
borrowed styles.

Spanish architect Antoni Gaud, his Casa Mil (1905-1907) and the
unfinished Church of the Holy Family (1883-1926) in Barcelona,
Search for new organic structural forms called art nouveau, begun in
Brussels and Paris.
American architect Louis Sullivan gave new expressive form to urban
commercial buildings,
So-called Chicago school of architects, whose challenge was to invent
the skyscraper or high-rise building.
An apprentice of Sullivan's, Frank Lloyd Wright, became America's
greatest native architect.

Casa Villa, Barcelona Spain The Gaudi

La Sagrada Famlia (The Holy Family)

is a large Roman Catholic basilica
under construction in Barcelona,
Cataonia, Spain

 Firsr director Walter Gropius, second director Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.
Their contemporary, Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, also exerted
immense influence on modern architecture.
The style initiated by the Bauhaus architects and termed the International
Style gradually prevailed after the 1930s.
Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) in Chicago and the Seagram
Building (1958, with American architect Philip C. Johnson) in New York
City represent modernism at its finest.

The Bauhaus
The Bauhaus school was established in 1919 in Dessau, Germany by a group
of architects, engineers, and artists led by Walter Gropius.

The ideals of this group were social and political as well as aesthetic.
It Emphasized function, building materials, and unobscured structure, use
of geometric forms, reduced uncluttered with superfluous ornamentation.

The Weimar school, known as the Bauhaus,

Their concerns included urban planning, housing, and the development of
high-quality, utilitarian mass production of consumer goods (furniture and
household goods etc).

 Bauhaus: The most influential institution for architecture

founded by combining "Weimar Art Academy and Weimer
Arts and Crafts School". Produced "International Style".
INTERNATIONAL STYLE
The term International Style applies to architecture of the
"Modern Period".

Architects working in the International Style created buildings

which resulted in towering city cores.
The architecture was called International because these
styles of buildings were created simultaneously throughout
the world.
Among the architects associated with the international style
are Le Corbusier, Eero Saarinen, FL. Wright and Marcel
Breuer etc.

 The characteristics of International Style include:

Form follows function.
Horizontal and vertical planes
The use of glass and steel
Use of man made materials such as concrete & brick
No decoration
Glass curtain walls with no evident structure

 Fagus work

Crown Hall

 Chicago School :
American architectural movement,

Pioneering group of Modern Architecture,

Based in late 19th-century (1883-1895) Chicago,

The adherents of which produced the skyscraper, the first

manifestation of modern architecture.
In 1885 the architect-engineer William Le Baron Jenney built
the ten-story Home Insurance Building (demolished 1931) in
Chicago,
Employing for the first time an all-metal skeleton of cast-iron
columns and steel beams to support the masonry shell of
floors and walls
Thus creating the prototype of all skyscraper design.

Auditorium building

Owatonna bank

Marquette building

 Monadnock building

Reliance building

Wain wright building

 Charles-Edouard Jeanneret, who chose to be known as Le

Corbusier

was a French, Swiss born architect, who is famous for his

contributions to what is now called modernism, or the
International Style.
He was a pioneer in theoretical studies of modern design
and was dedicated to providing better living conditions for the
residents of crowded cities.
His career spanned five decades, with his iconic buildings
constructed throughout central Europe, India, Russia, and one
structure each in North and South America.
He was also an urban planner, painter, sculptor, writer, and
modern furniture designer.

Dom-Ino System

Villa Savoye

Ron-champ chapel

Interior, "Great Workroom", of the Johnson Wax Headquarters building

 The Skyscraper was originally used for 10 to 20 stories

buildings
later 20th century it called High-Rise buildings, unusual height
(greater than 40 to 50 stories)
They used Form follows Function as a guiding principle.
Chicago school was decline in 1893 (the Worlds Columbian
Exposition)
Chicago architects failed to influence the emerging generation.

In the World Fair, Classicism was regenerated, people still

loved the Classicism

 POSTMODERN ARCHITECTURE:
Between about 1965 and 1980 architects and critics began to
espouse tendencies for which there is as yet no better
designation than postmodern.
Although postmodernism is not a cohesive movement based
on a distinct set of principles, as was modernism, in general
it can be said that the postmodernists value individuality,
intimacy, complexity, and occasionally even humor.
Postmodern tendencies were given early expression in
Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (1966; revised
ed. 1977) by the American architect Robert Venturi.
In this provocative work he defended, attacked the modernist
establishment with such satiric comments as Less is a bore
(a play on Miess well-known dictum Less is more).

San Antonio Public Library, Texas

Le 1000 de La Gauchetire

Piazza d'Italia by Charles Willard Moore, New Orleans.

MODERN ASIAN ARCHITECTURE 1900-2000

Stages in Modern History of Asian Architecture

Historical Influences
Traditional Architecture

Taj Mahal

Durbar Squares

Traditional Regional Styles

Colonial Architecture

Portugese Goa (forts, churches)

Dutch Sri Lanka (forts, churches, secular buildings)

British India, Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, etc.

(forts, churches, secular buildings, residencesbungalows, palaces,

row houses)

[Influence in Nepal through Victorian style Rana palaces]

 DECONSTRUCTIVISM:
Started in 1980

Main root of constructivism

Pure form (impure) distributed, form has became
contaminated
Developed as Post Modernism increasingly commercialized
in USA and Europe

Geometrical composition placed in conflict to produce an

unstable, restless geometry
Sought to challenge the existing value of Harmony, Unity and
Stability

Libeskind's Imperial War Museum North in Manchester comprises three

apparently intersecting curved volumes.

UFA-Palast in Dresden by Coop Himmelb(l)au

MIT's Stata Center, opened March 16, 2004.

The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Frank Gehry, on the

Nervin River in downtown Bilbao, Spain.

Walt Disney Concert Hall

Weisman Art Museum

LATEST
BUILDINGS

Eli broad museum

Museum

Abstract form

Classical arts museum

Merge in landscape

Respect to landscape

Azadi Tower -Tehran

Tower

Open interior

Economy spaces

Recreation

Green building

Green building