Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hydrokarbon Pulau Kalimantan PDF
Hydrokarbon Pulau Kalimantan PDF
Disc Contents
Contents
IPA 89-11.09
Search
108
109
the stratigraphic trapping .component in the Lower
Tanjung sands. By 1983, declining production in the
Tanjung Field had prompted two separate pilot waterflood projects, but a poor understanding of the complex
Lower Tanjung stratigraphy produced disappointing
results.
In 1968, CONOCO obtained exploration rights to a
large part of the southern basin area and focused their
efforts on Berai reef plays. Five wells on the shallow shelf
area failed to encounter any significant biohermal buildups or hydrocarbons. In 1972, CONOCO farmed out to
PHILLIPS, who concentrated on Tanjung-type mountain front thrust structures. A sub-thrust structural test
(Martapura-lx) encountered only minor oil shows in the
poorly developed Lower Tanjung sands, and PHILLIPS
PSC relinquished the acreage.
PEXAMIN acquired exploration rights to an area just
west of the Kambitin wells in 1970. Two wells tested
subtle anticlinal features, but development of the Lower
Tanjung was poor and no hydrocarbon indications were
encountered.
In 1981, AMOCO was awarded Block C encompassing the western shelfal area of the basin where
CONOCO had worked earlier. Their 24-fold seismic
coverage yielded far better results than CONOCOs
earlier 6-fold coverage. Their first well targeted the Lower
Tanjung across a seismically defined basement high, but
the target sands were largely absent and the well was
sidetracked to test an interpreted Berai reefal build-up
nearby. Some limited posr-Berai biohermal carbonates
were encountered, but tested only water, and AMOCO
relinquished the block in 1984.
Also in 1981, TREND was awaided Block l3
covering the southern and central portions of the basin.
TREND initially focused on the mountain front edge
(where numerous oil seeps had been found) with 1196 km
of 24-fold seismic coverage. The first well, Miyawa-I,
tested the Lower Tanjung in a sub-thrusted fault trap,
and encountered over 600of good oil shows. However,
the well had entered a complex fault zone and tests of
this interval failed to recover any fluids. A second well,
Birik-1 was drilled to test a seismically defined deep subthrust roll-over in the Miocene Warukin formation.
Numerous oil shows were encountered, but reservoir
quality was again poor. The results also showed that the
interpreted structure was probably a velocity artifact of
the thick overlying Dahor conglomerates. TREND then
focused on the central basin area with the acquisition of
a further 1687 km of seismic and 1900 km of gravity.
Bangkau-1 tested a subtle fault closed roll-over in the
Warukin Formation and encountered numerous good oil
shows in poor quality reservoir sands. The well was
suspended in severe over-pressures with large amounts
of free oil invading the borehole from thin silt laminae
110
revealed by photo-geolqgy and radar imagery interpretation in the mountain from outcrops.
Bouguer gravity data and subsequent gravity
modeling also showed large gravity minimum trends
corresponding to the seismically interpreted grabens. The
alignment of the horsts and grabens is best revealed by
a time isopach map constructed from an intra-Tanjung
reflector to basement (Fig. 7).
Following the relatively rapid graben infilling, rates
of sedimentation from the Late Eocene to the Middle
Miocene were reduced, but increased significantly with
the Middle-Late Miocene advance of the Warukin
deltaics. The effect of the basement topography on
deposition decreased with time, yet differential compaction within the grabens continued to influence depositional patterns. Even today, away from the rapid
deposition near the mountain front, subtle geomorphic
features across the large low lying southern swampy areas
of the basin reflect the underlying basement topography.
Beginning in the Mid-Late Miocene and extending to
the present day a major tectonic event began to affect
south-eastern Kalimantan. The large scale regional
mechanics of this movement are not perfectly understood,
byi h e result has been a general north-south left-lateral
convergent wrench reactivation of the Meratus suture
zone. Further north the influence of the WNW-ESE leftlateral motion along the Adang Fault adds a third
regional stress regime, and considerably complicates t!le
structural configuration in that area. The Adang fault (or
flexure, as it is poorly defined at the surface) is probably
a manifestation of the westward movement of the Pacific
plate propagated along the Sorong and Tarera Faults. It
may also reflect a re-activated southern bounding normal
fault of a large Paleogene graben which underlies the
Kutei Basin to the north. This is evidenced by much
deeper marine Tanjung sedimentation to the north,
and the occurrence of Quaternary volcanics in the Teweh
area.
The idealized diagrams in Figures 8 and 9 best illustrate the model for structural development of the area.
Oblique convergent wrenching produced the primary
thrusts and folds observed along the mountain front
which are characteristic of a welt. Numerous antithetic
WSW-ENE right-lateral wrench faults are associated with
the primary wrenching, and are will defined from the
field, photo-geology and radar imagery. Other subsidiary
structural features along the primary wrench include
pinnate tensional and shear fractures, and second order
left-lateral wrenches. The principal horizontal compressional stress is in a NW-SE direction, and the NWSE Early Tertiary normal faults represent pre-existing
lines of weakness which were subsequently re-activated
as synthetic left-lateral wrenches.
111
The gross properties of these Stages can also be readily
identified in the Field (Fig. 13). The lowermost three Stages
comprise the Lower Tanjung Formation, and primarily
represent localized non-marine rift infilling sediments.
The uppermost Stage 4 (also termed the Upper Tanjung
Formation) represents regional marine deposition. The
100 Tanjung Field wells provide additional detail on local
variations.
Stage 2
Stage 1
Stage 1 sediments represent localized supralittoral riftinfilling. Three distinct units are recognizable within this
stage: a basal unit of continental red-bed facies, an intermediate unit of lower fan to lacustrine clastics, and an
upper unit of lacustrine or estuarine fine clastics.
The lowermost red-bed unit consists of inner to
middle alluvial fan conglomerates which are typically
poorly sorted and poorly bedded. The basal conglomerates contain an abundance of well rounded quartz
pebbles to cobbles, with associated silicified rhyolite
and volcanic debris. The poorly sorted clay to sand matrix
precludes them as potential reservoirs. The radial concave
upward profile of these fans can be recognized in the
Tanjung Field.
The intermediate Stage 1 unit consists of middle to
lower alluvial fan coarse stream flow and stream flood
deposits near the graben margins. These grzde into finer
and better sorted shallow lacustrine deltaic sands and
eventually to prodeltaic muds toward the graben axis. The
maximum thickness and lithofacies variations are
observed in this unit, and volurnetrically it represents the
majority of graben infilling. Two sands, the Z-1015 and
Z-950 (Fig. 12), produce from this interval in the Tanjung
Field, and the rapid lateral facies variations provide a very
strong stratigraphic trapping component. The fair to good
reservoir quality of these sands make them attractive
exploration targets.
The uppermost part of Stage 1 was deposited in a
much lower relief shallow lacustrine or possibly estuarine
(although marine indicators are lacking) environment
following the initial rapid infilling.
It consists of low energy shales, silts, and sandy silts
with numerous thin coals of limited extent. These clastics
display distinct fining upward cycles suggesting periodic
higher energy conditions followed by periods of fluid
stagnation. This unit is fairly uniform in thickness and
gross lithologic composition across the grabens away
Stage 3
Stage 3 deposition marks the first appearance of
marine influence in response to the continuing regional
subsidence. This interval contains the first datable (MidLate Eocene) marine micro-lossils and glauconite. elastic
input and grain size rapidly diminish as the last of the
remnant horsts are onlapped. The clastic source recedes
to the distant west producing a mud-rich/sand-poor low
112
GEOCHEMISTRY
An exhaustive and integrated geochemical evaluation
of the Barito Basin has yielded very positive results in
terms of hydrocarbon potential, and has permitted a
fairly complete picture of the complex geochemistry of
the basin to emerge. Due to the mobile nature of hydrocarbons in the subsurface, the following discussion is
necessarily expanded beyond the bounds of the Lower
Tanjung Formation.
Heat flow modelling
113
cation.of the high heat flow anomaly and its likely hydrothermal cause has important implications for maturation
and hydrocarbon migration for the area to the south of
Bagok-1.
Maturation
Lopatins Time-Temperature Index (TTI) has proven
a popular analytical technique for maturity determination
because the required input data are simple, easy to obtain,
and seismic data can be utilized away from control points
where formation tops can be identified. The Lopatin
method does underestimate maturity in the later stages
of catagenesis, but this does not detract from its usefulness in identifying the areas within the current oil
window. The real catalyst for oil generation in the Barito
Basin was the deposition of the Upper Warukin and
Dahor Formations which formed a thermal blanket over
the basin. As such, the higher rift phase temperatures of
the early basin are of minor importance in the TTI calculations due to the shallow depths of burial, while the
recent Post-Warukin temperatures assume major importance. The results of the heat flow modelling provide
the required temperature input, and the TTI model can
be calibrated to existing well Ro data (Waples, 1985). This
calibration procedure shows that the localized recent
cooling and warming events, highlighted by the Ro versus
heat flow plot, must be built into the TTI model to achieve
at match with well Ro data in these areas. Away from
these recent thermal anomalies, temperature histories
taken as constant through time yield TTI values in
agreement with the well Ro data. Building these thermal
parameters into the TTI modelling yields a fairly reliable
indication of maturity in most wells in the basin. A
number of horizons are well defined seismically and can
be mapped with confidence, while other levels can be
estimated by interpolating thicknesses from surrounding
wells for burial history reconstructions. A large number
of TTI models were thus constructed where seismic
coverage exists using regional geothermal gradients and
thermal history evidence obtained from the heat flow
study.
Figure 16 shows the TTI maturation map at the top
Stage 2 level where thick coals produce a strong seismic
reflector. The hydrocarbon deadlines on the maps are
derived from empirical work and are expressed at the 80
percent confidence level (Waples, 1985). Heavier hydrocarbons could occur at higher TTI values, but their
occurrences would be rather rare.
Due to the dominance of terrestrial kerogen, these
deadlines probably extend to slightly higher TTI values,
with the bottom of the oil window in the TTI 180 to 200
range. The TTI map at this level reliably shows an area
in excess of 2500 km2 which has, or is currently going
through the catagenic phase of hydrocarbon generation.
114
to C15+ liauids
Lower Taniune coal outcror,
3 Days
6 Days
6.7
5.2
10.3
10.7
115
Characterization of oils
EXPLORATION IMPLICATIONS
A number of Early Tertiary grabens have been defined
within the Barito Basin. These rifted basins provided
the locus for deposition of the highly variable non-marine
facies of the Lower Tanjung Formation. The occurrence
and quality of suitable Lower Tanjung reservoirs is thus
dependent on their overall position within these individual
localized basins. From a n exploration viewpoint, the
locations of these rift basins are quite independent of the
current structural configuration of the Barito Basin.
Geochemical analyses have clearly demonstrated
major oil source potential within the organically rich
facies of the Lower Tanjung Formatio:i, and large areas
of thermal maturity dictate large scale hydrocarbon
generation and expulsion. Of particular interest is the fact
116
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to thank the managements of
PERTAMINA and TREND ENERGY KALIMANTAN
LIMITED for permission to publish this paper. Many of
the concepts outlined here were developed or refined
within the PERTAMINA/TREND Barito Basin joint
study, and many thanks are due to the creative efforts
of the technical staff of that joint study under the
supervision of P.R. Davies (who was instrumental in
developing portions of the concepts outlined here), and
to N.M. Henry.
REFERENCES
Bishop, W. 1980. Structure, stratigraphy and hydrocarbons offshore Southern Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum
Geologists 64, 37-58.
Curry, D.J. 1987. Geochemical evaluation of the Barito
Basin, onshore Kalimantan, Indonesia. Sun Oil E&P
Geochemical Services Group Report No. T071-1-87.
Harding, T.P. 1974. Petroleum traps associated with
wrench faults. Bulletin of the American Association
of Petroleum Geologists 58, 1290-1304.
Horsfield, B. 1984. Pyrolysis studies and petroleum
exploration. Advances in Petroleum Geochemistry,
247-298.
Lowel, J.D. 1985. Structural Styles in Petroleum Exploration. Oil and Gas Consultants International Publications 49.
Monthiousm, M., Landais P. and Monin J.C. 1985.
Comparison between natural and artificial maturation
series of humic coals from the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. Organic Geochemistry 8, 275-292.
PERTAMINA/TREND ENERGY 1987. The hydrocarbon potential of the Lower Tanjung Formation,
Barito Basin, S.E. Kalimantan, Indonesia. Internal
report on the results of a joint technical study between
PERTAMINA and TREND ENERGY KALIMANTAN LTD./PARTNERS.
Schoell, M., Teschner M., Wehner H., Durand B., Oudin
J.L. 1981. Maturity related biomarker and stable
isotope variations and their application to oil/source
rock correlation in the Mahakam Delta, Kalimantan.
Advances in Organic Geochemistry, 156-163.
Sikumbang, N. 1986. Geology and tectonics of PreTertiary Rocks in the Meratus Mountains, South-East
Kalimantan, Indonesia. Unpublished doctoral thesis
submitted to University of London.
Thamrin M., 1987. Terrestrial heat flow map of Indonesian basins. Indonesian Petroleum Association publication.
Thompson, S., Morley R.J., Barnard P.C. and Cooper
B.S. 1985. Facies recognition of some Tertiary coals
applied to prediction of oil source rock occurrence.
Marine and Petroleum Geology 2, 288-297.
Van de Weerd, A., Armin R.A., Mahadi S. and Ware
P.L.B. 1987. Geologic setting of the Kerendan Gas
and Condensate discovery, Tertiary sedimentation
and paleogeography of the northwestern part of the
117
Ieum exploration. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 64, 9 16-926.
Waples, D.W. 1985. Geochemistry in Petroleum Expioration. Boston International Human Resources Development Corporation 125-138 and 198-202.
LEGEND
~.
IlO*
S E A
--
0.
"
119
2ZEO2
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY
sw
NE
VOLCANIC
FACES
EVENTS
0
(L
j
\
LOWER
DELTA
PLAIN
R E 6 IOHAl
UPLl F T
In
-I
DELTA
FRONT
STABLE
YARIN E
RLCIONAL
UBSIDERCE
THOSPHERE
STRETCMNG
DELTA FRONT
F LU.V I 0
0 ELTAlC S
XKERITE
ZEl
IFT BOMINC
UPLIFT
LACUSTRINE
OR
ESTUARINE
LCaLfZEO
UBSOENCE
f A N DELTAIC1
ALLUVIAL f A N
RlfTlltC
UPLIFT
rn
MDEUTE
120
FIGURE 4
FlGUm 5
EERRlASlAN
VALANGNIAN
--___
119
113
97.C
91
88.':
rabatan F m t i o n
"C#A"O(I..IC
I C * 0"s I W O
TERRIGENOUSLIUST~(I
ST'RATIFIEDCCRGLOUERATE )IN0
MVOSTOHES B I V A L V ~ SAND GASTROPODS ARE CWND
IN S U I O S T P ( E S AND MUOSiaVES
INTERBEDOED G R A D E D C W S T P I
AND M u o w o w CONGLOMERATE ANDSANDSTD~E.ANI
GPADED TERR~ENCWJS LIWESTONES
AYYGa4LOICdL ~ L A G I O C L A S E - P H I R CANOESITES, AN!
VOLCANICLASTICS I N P-ACE
BEARING -TONES)
SOUE ARE @XITIC)
Summary of the Prc -Tertiary stratigraphic framcwork and gcological cvaluation of the Meratus Mountains,
Southeast Kalimantan.
144
138
131
____ . 125
HAUTERlVlAN
.
.
BARREMIAN
APTIAN
ALBIAN
83
73
65
60:
.a?.:
CENOMANIAN
TlJRONlAN
CONlAClAN
SANTONIAN
CAMPANIAN
50.!
- 542
MAASTRCHTlAN
DANIAN
THANETI AN
YPRESIAN
LUTETIAN
TANJUNG
FORMATION
ROCK UNIT
ILD(I(*TY.
1"D
"OLCI"1C
123
m
m
m
m
h
0
.-
h
W
h
(0
?-
h
N
h
W
W
h
O
W
t
I0
CI
a3
0
h
N
h
Q
&
ea
h
0
el
tr
Q
F
Q
01
c
n
rn
000'000'1 : ! 3 l V 3 S
0
09
FIGURE
176
NEOGENE STRESSES
FIGURE
9 - Neogene structure elements and model for convergent left lateral wrenching
NW
BERAl FM.
WARUKIN FM.
BASEMENT
FIGURE 10
@
@
0.
KEY
-
DIDI+ 1
DAW+l
DAHAI T H R ~ S T
'ZONE
AMBAKIANG
THRUST
SE
128
I-
I-
uJ
~Q
>
<
Z
(
BOVI$
c~
"T-------
~o--------~
.LN3~
3ewg
Utl
Z
wO
0
0
~E~E
0
"tO
0
~0
~.~
>
C
c~
E
w
Z
0
w
z
0
~
cO
~
Q
Z
E
B:
i
0 w
co
<Z
360
300
I-
600
660
600
460,
400
0)
u)
k-
2 260
200
160-
1aa-
6 O0 -I
WNW
DAYUal
FIGURE 12
M 1 UNCONFORMITV
TANJUNG+l
DAUOR SELATAN X I
MARlDlllg 1
TAP'aN
'
ESE
130
0
U
Ir
0
mi
0
0
Y)
0
0
c
0
N
0
Y)
0
0
vl
0
0
0
0
131
41
32
1.0
r.e
!.O
.5
.o
1.5
0-
I
0.2
o!a
016
0.0
I
I
0.r
ole
J \
I
I
I
I
I
I I
0.0 1.0
l
1.2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~
l
'
l
'
1.4 1.0 1.8 2.0
2.6
'
3.0
AVERAGE
Ro GRADIENT 0.031/1000'
(TO TOP OIL WINDOW)
I
I
I
I
014
V S DEPTH
.**. \
:I;
VlTRlNlTE
I
NOTE : COMPILED FROM 14 WELL8
CORRECTED TO MAXIMUM
I)URIAL DEPTH WHERE
NECE88ARY.
wmoow'
'OIL
F-3
0.02
0.03
8ABW AVERAOES
I E M A 41
ALALAK4 1
SARITO4 1
MIYAWA41
MARIDU41
TANTWl
I)ONOKAI(Q*l
Vs. Ro GRADIENTS
*.$
7 .
I
0.06
Ro GRADIENT1 1000'
0. 4
RECENT
WARMINO
0.b
40-120
PEAK OIL G E N E R A T I O N
DEPOCENTER
40
30
LATE
50
o L I G o c E N- E
]iATEiEARLif
IEARLT MIDDLE
1
M
20
EARLY
A G E ( M i l l i o n y e a r s B.P.)
LATE
10
FIT
to c
60
EIRLY;LATE
_-
EOCENE
FIGURE 16 - Top lower Tanjung stage 2TTI map and depocenter burial history/TTI plot.
1 2 0 - i a o LATE M A T U R ~ T Y
-PALEOCENE
PLClST
w
w
134
c
a,
to
E
a,
X3QNI N300tlOAH
z
c
1
I
I
135
136
ISTERANES
[TRITERPANES
2
( C 2 7 20SC20R)
( C 3 i ) HOPANE
WARUKIN OIL
H
F
TANJUNG FIELD
LOWER TANJUNG OIL
137
G C DISTRIBUTIONS
fl-Cl7
WARUKRIO(L8
1
SEEP. L - 3 1 3 8P.136
P * SEEP. L - a i s WELLHEAD
3
TAPIAN TWUR-1S
-.
--I
7
E
TAPIAN TIMUR-14
WARUKIN EELATAN-17
WARUUIN SELATAN-10
RIRIK-1 . M U 0 EAMPLF A
BIRIU-1. Mu0 SAMPLE C
TANlA-l.BfRAl
10-
SANOUAlbl
11
W A R W I N FIELD OLENO
T A K * M O ON8
11
UAMBKW-2.XEPE
IS- TA-IS.
282WZEW
14-
ZS6o~Z1016
TAW3-70.
16- BA00U-1. M 1 A
18.
.Awl-1. 2 7 1 0
17
T A M N N O FIELD BLEND
PRISTANE
n-C25
WARUKIN O I L 8
1:
W A W M $ELATAN-1
FIGURE 20
SOURCE R O C K S
n=WARUKIN
Ternary diagram of oil and source extract GC and GC/MS compound distributions.
TANJUNG OILS
I = MIYAWA AREA S E E P
# I
2 1 K A Y O I T I N - 2 , STAGE 2
STAGE I
4 = TANJUNG-76. STAGE 2
5 1 MIYAWA AREA S E E P X P
6 . 8AGOK-I, S T A G E 4
7. B A G O K - I , S T A G E 3
3. TANJUNG-58,
-32
WARUKIN OIL8
BIRIK A R E A S E E P
9. B l R l K A R E A O L D W E L L
HEAD SEEP
10. T A P I A N TIMUR- 13
11. T A P I A N T I M U R - 1 4
12. W A R M I N S E L A T A N - 1 7
3 - WARUKIN S E L A T A N - 1 9
14- OANGKAU- 1
5 = T A N T A - I , OERAl L S T .
8 s
- 31
WARUKIN O I L S
-30
EXTRACTS
]*
TANJUNG F M T
WARUKIN FMT.
- 29
TANJUNG O I L S
A = E A R I T O - I . STAG 3
0 : DIDI-I, B T A G E 2
C: COAL OUTCROP, STAGE I/*
O r MARIOU- I,LOWER WARUKIN
E x EANGKAU -I, L O W E R
WARUKIN C O A L .
-28
-27
Key
- 26
0
d'
,
O I L GROUPS
WHOLE OIL ANALYSIS
- - - Q - -S-A T U R A T E F R A C T I O N A N A L Y S I S
-25
,
-26
-25
- 27
- 28
-29
S13C OF AROMATICS
FIGURE 21 Barito Basin carbon isotope distributions of oil and source extracts.