(rubber compound)

(compounding formulation)

1. (processability)
2. (properties)
3. / (price)

1. (natural rubber; NR) (synthetic rubber; SR)
(blends) (thermoplastic elastomer; TPE)
2. (vulcanizing agent)
3. (accelerator)
4. (activator)
5. (antidegradants)
6. (fillers)
7. (plasticizers and processing aids)
8. (pigments) (blowing agents) (flame
retardants)


1

1.

1.1 (natural rubber; NR)

(elasticity)
(tack) (tensile strength)
(tear strength)
(dynamic properties)
(fatigue resistance) (abrasion
resistance) SBR
NR


(
)
1.2 (synthetic rubber; SR)

1.2.1 (cis-1,4-polyisoprene; IR)

IR
IR
IR
IR
IR

1.2.2 (styrene-butadiene rubber; SBR)

SBR

IR
2

SBR
SBR NR

SBR

NR SBR
SBR

SBR
NR
SBR

1.2.3 (nitrile or acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber; NBR)
NBR NBR

NR SBR

NBR


1.2.4 (chloroprene rubber; CR)
CR
( NR
)

CR


1.2.5 (butyl rubber; IIR)
IIR
( NR 8-10 )

IIR

IIR

1.2.6 (butadiene rubber; BR)
BR

NR
()
BR

1.2.7 (ethylene propylene diene rubber; EPDM)
EPDM

150C


EPDM

1.2.8 (silicone rubber; Q)

Q
Q

(highly compressible)

Q MQ () VMQ () PMQ (
) PVMQ () FVMQ

1.2.9 (fluorocarbon rubber; FKM)

FKM

(
)

FKM

()
2.
3

3

2.1 (sulfur)
5

SBR, IR, BR, NBR

EPM
2.2 (peroxide)
(
)


( EPM, EVA, CPE Q )
( HNBR, EPDM)
/
(compression set)
2.3
2
(
) (chloroprene; CR)
IIR
3. (accelerators)




3.1 (mercapto)


(2mercaptobenzothiazole; MBT) (dibenzothiazyl disulfide; MBTS)

3.2 (benzothiazole sulfenamide)

(N-cyclohexyl-2benzothiazole sulfonamide; CBS) (N-tert.butyl-2-benzothiazole

sulfonamide; TBBS) (N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole
sulfonamide; DCBS) (2-(4-morpholinothio) benzothiazole; MBS)

3.3 (dithiocarbamates)




(zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate;
ZDMC) (zinc diethyldithiocarbamate; ZDEC)
(zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate; ZBEC)
3.4 (thiurams)

(tetramethylthiuram disulfide; TMTD)
(tetramethylthiuram monosulfide; TMTM)
(tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide; TBzTD)
3.5 (guanidines)

(diphenylguanidine; DPG) (dio-tolylguanidine; DOTG) (o-tolylbiguanide; OTBG)
2
(synergistic effect)
7

(primary accelerator)
(secondary accelerator)
4. (activators and retarders)
4.1 (activators)


2-5 phr 1-2 phr
4.2 (retarders)



1) (phthalic anhydride)
(salicylic acid) (benzoic acid) (maleic acid)
2) (cyclohexyl-N-thiophthalimide; CTP)
PVI (pre-vulcanization inhibitor)

5. (antidegradants)

1-3 phr
(amine derivatives) (phenol
derivatives)

(N-Isopropyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine; IPPD)
(N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine; 6PPD)
(2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2- dihydroquinoline; TMQ) (2,6-Ditert.butyl-p-cresol; BHT) (Styrenated phenol; SPH)

6. (fillers)


2
1)
2)
6.1 (carbon black)

6.2 (silica)


( -OH)


(DEG)
(PEG) (triethanolamine) (hexamethylene
tetramine, HEXA) DPG DOTG

(silane coupling agent)

(bis-(3triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide; Si-69) (mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane; A-189) (3-thiocyanato-propyltriethoxysilane; Si-264)
6.3
9

(clay)
(CaCO3) (talcum)

7. (plasticizers and processing aids)
7.1 (plasticizers)






7.1.1 (mineral oils)

3
(paraffinic oil) (naphthenic oil) (aromatic oil)
7.1.2 (paraffin wax)

7.1.3 (synthetic plasticizers)

( )

(chlorinated paraffins) (thiobutyric acid butylester)
(dioctylphthalate; DOP) (diisooctylphthalate; DIOP)
(diisononylphthalate; DINP)

10

7.2 (processing aids)

7.2.1 (tackifiers)
(
)
-
7.2.2 (peptizers)
NR NR
Zinc-2benzamidothiophenate (Pepton 65) Zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol (Renacit IV)
7.2.3 (factice)

(green strength)

8. )
8.1 (pigments)
2

(titanium dioxide, TiO2)
(iron oxides) (chromium oxide)
- (cadmium sulfide)


azodyes () phthalocyanide dyes ()

11

8.2 (blowing agents)

(sponge)
(sodium bicarbonate) (azodicarbonamide; ADC)
(benzenesulfohydrazide; BSH) (benzene-1,3disulfohydrazide) (N,N-dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine;
DNPT)
8.3 (flame retardants)


(Al(OH)3) (Mg(OH)2) (Sb2O3)
8.4 (desiccants)


(hot air tunnel)
(salt bath) (CaO)

:
:

(653)

IRHD

: /
:
/
/ EDPM

()
()

12

EDPM


CV

(phr)

EPDM

100

(N330)

30

70

TMQ

TBBS

TBBS

0.3

210.3

: , 26-27 2557

(mixing)


13

(rubber compound)
(distribution)
(dispersion)



(batch) (Mooney viscosity)
(cure characteristics)

(incorporation wetting) (distribution)
(dispersion)
( )

2
1. (batch mixer) 2
1.1 2 (two-roll mill)
1.2 4
1.2.1 (Banbury internal mixer)
1.2.2 (Intermix internal mixer)
1.2.3 (variable intermeshing
clearance internal mixer)
1.2.4 (kneader)
2. (continuous mixer) (single
screw) (twin screw)
2 (two-roll mill)
2 2


14

1 (two-roll mill) [6]

(Banbury internal mixer)

4 (chamber)
(rotor) (ram) (cooling system)


50-100
noninterlocking non-intermeshing

15

2 (Banbury internal mixer) [7]

(Intermix internal mixer)

intermeshing

intermeshing

16

3 (Intermix internal mixer) [8]

(variable intermeshing clearance

internal mixer)

17

4
(variable intermeshing clearance internal mixer) [9]

(kneader)

18

5 (kneader) [10]

(continuous mixer)
(continuous mixer) (single
screw) (twin screw) 3
1. (feed zone) (hopper)
2. (mixing zone)
3. (discharge zone)

19

6 (continuous mixer) [11]

1. (Mooney viscosity)

(Mooney viscometer) 7
2 (upper die) (lower die) 2


(preheat time) 1
2

Mooney units (MU) Mooney viscosity (MV)
20

scale 4
(IIR) (XIIR) 8
7 (Mooney viscometer)

40 ML 1+4 (100 C)
40

Mooney

(large) S (small)

( 8 )

100C ( 125C EPDM )

2. (cure characteristics)
(scorch time)
(curing time)

21

3 (Mooney viscometer)
(Osciilating disc rheometer; ODR)
(Moving die rheometer; MDR)
2.1

( 125C 140C
) (cure index)
:

tL = t35 t5

tS = t18 t3

t3 3 ()
t5 5 ()
t18 18 ()
t35 35 ()


3

(rheometer)
2.2 (Oscillating disc rheometer; ODR)
ODR

ODR (biconical shape)

22

(
) (1 3) 1.67 Hz 100
3
8
8 ODR [12]

9 ODR

23

3
1. (induction):

ML
2. (curing):
()
(scorch time) ts 1
1 - (dN.m) ts1
3 2 ts2


MH


(curing time) tcx x (ML)
(MH) tc90 (optimum curing
time) 90
90%
100%

tc90
tc90 = ML + [90 (MH ML)/100]

(cure rate index; CRI)

CRI = 100/ ( )
3. (overcure):
plateau

24

( marching) (
reversion)
2.3 (Moving die rheometer; MDR)

rotorless curemeter
MDR 10 MDR
ODR MDR (
) - ( 0.5 ODR)
1.7 Hz
ODR MDR
1 -
10 MDR [13]

25

26

1. , ,
29 1 2535,
2. , : , ,
2 2548.
3. , , , 1 2548.
4. , : ,
, 1 2550.
5. , : ,
, 2 2554.
6. http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/artificallawn/productdetailBbkQgSeKZfYh/China-Two-Roll-Mixing-Mill-RM-OM-.html
7. http://www.farrel.com/products/F%20Series%20Banbury%20Mixer.pdf
8. http://www.farrel.com/products/intermix.pdf
9. http://www.webalice.it/roberto.regalia/le_mie_pubblicazioni.html
10. http://cnhitop.en.made-in-china.com/product/eMymHLwVXtpg/China-RubberMachinery-Dispersion-Mixer-Kneader-.html
11. http://www.farrel.com/products/9UM.pdf
12. http://www.thru-med.com/eq2_Rubber_Oscillating.htm
13. http://www.sambosc.com/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=product7&wr_id=1
14. http://www.nb-jk.com/enp8.htm
15. http://www.karunanandpress.com/rubber-moulding-press.html
16. http://www.diytrade.com/china/pd/10945198/Rubber_injection_moulding_machine.ht
ml
17. http://www.ventmaster.com/p-cold-feed-rubber-extruder-machine-1265442.html
18. http://www.globalchemmade.com/company/8744/Equipments/9487.html
19. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Autoclave_Laminacion_de_Vidrio.jpg
20. http://bainasb.en.made-in-china.com/productimage/xqwJfAncTLWt2f0j00uCdESzncSJkl/China-Salt-Bath-Continous-Curing-System.html
21. http://www.alibaba.com/productgs/517220670/Rubber_rotocure_rubber_machine_for_tire.html

27