1

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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Fulfilling my duty: Europe but in a way it has been a

microcosm of what is currently
lessons to be learnt happening in the world of politics.
Or to paraphrase Austrian author
humorist Peter Orthofer: They
haven't been spared anything.
a two-part essay
How relevant is what has happened
1) "Joerg Haider – Fullfiling my in Austrian politics, relevant to us
duty" original text by Werner especially those who don't even
Schneyder. (Vienna 2002) vote in our own election?
Especially, the abstentionists
2) Lessons to be learnt from should especially prick up their
Austrian politics for all of us ears: there are lessons to be learnt
voters. in part 2.

The rise of the far-right, populist Since modern Austrian politics keep
politicians, spin and pragmatism, on being associated with the
loss of party identity, distorted recently deceased Mr Joerg Haider,
perceptions, third way, it is only fair for me to translate an
irresponsible banks, human rights, essay about him by the competent
hype and media, celebrity culture, and acclaimed writer Werner
failure and successes and Schneyder. It was an honour to
international scrutiny. Austria may translate a piece of work by him.
be a small country in the middle of

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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time in Bad Ischl he had first

contacts with nationalist
organizations, such as the
Burschenschaft Albia, a right-
Jörg Haider – Death of a celebrity
wing student group.
politician
After he graduated with highest
translation of an essay by
distinction in 1968, he moved to
Werner Schneyder , after this Vienna to study law. During his
introduction by Wikipedia. studies he was affiliated again
with a Burschenschaft such as
Jörg Haider (January 26, 1950 – Silvania. After graduating from
October 11, 2008)[1] was an the University of Vienna with the
Austrian politician. He was title of Dr. iur. in 1973 he was
Governor of Carinthia and drafted into the Austrian Army
Chairman of the "Alliance for the where he voluntarily spent more
Future of Austria" (Bündnis than the mandatory nine months
Zukunft Österreich, BZÖ). (called 'the voluntary one year').
In 1974 he started to work at the
Born in Upper Austrian town of
University of Vienna law faculty
Bad Goisern in 1950 , Haider was
in the department of
reportedly always top of his
constitutional law.
class in high school. During his

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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Haider became wealthy when he Jewish owner of Bärental

inherited the estate of his uncle demanded compensation and
Wilhelm Webhofer in 1983, who was paid an additional 850,000
had owned a large parcel of land schilling (around 400,000 dollars
in Carinthia commonly known as today.
'Bärental' (bear valley). This
estate has a history that came up Haider was a long-time leader of
in the 1990s in the Austrian the Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ).
media. The land had been Although he stepped down as
owned by an Italian Jew until the FPÖ's chairman in 2000, he
1941. At that point in time the remained its major figure until
Nazis still hesitated to take he founded the BZÖ in April
possession of "Jewish property" 2005. He was subsequently
owned by non-German nationals expelled from the FPÖ by its
without any compensation. Thus interim leader Hilmar Kabas. He
when the estate was "sold" in is controversial within Austria
1941, Haider's great-uncle Josef and abroad.
Webhofer (a resident of Bolzano-
Bozen, Italy) paid 300,000 Haider was killed in a car crash
Reichsmark (about 1.5 million at Lambichl in Köttmannsdorf
dollars today) to obtain title to near Klagenfurt, in the state of
the land. After the war Mathilde Carinthia, in the early hours of
Ruifer, the widow of the former October 11, 2008. , shortly after

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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leading the BZÖ in the Austrian Opinions of a soloist

Parliamentary elections. (Ansichten eines Soloisten)

----- title: Jörg Haider – Fulfilling

my duty.
Author : Werner Schneyder –

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 7

Does one still have to explain to

people that his self-parking as
I don't want to utter that name Carinthia's regional chief of state
again, nor write it again. Dealing (Landeshauptmann), this posing
with this character is revolting. I as “simple party member”
have continually spoken against (“einfaches Parteimitglied”) were
him, talked about him, to him and, nothing but mean tricks? His
on request, described him in party leadership via interjections
magazines. I'm fed up.
proves this on a daily basis. Does
Yet, I can't grant him the triumph of one still have to warn against
my having exhausted the subject trusting his apparent retreat?
matter. I'll go on. Where and how I
can. His defeat would be too big,
almost overwhelming, were he
But, isn't it just too daft constantly not able to get back to the front
reminding people that he once once more. His borderline
said: “No stone will stay upright” pathological yearning for the
(“Kein Stein wird auf dem anderen limelight cannot be quenched
bleiben”). That he already was with a post as a football club
frighteningly close to his dream of president.
the Third Republic (Dritte Republik),
the Haider-Empire (Haider-Reich).
Dammit! Doesn't anybody know

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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that? ideologically speaking, he is

certainly not pure-bred. Classical
Haider's strategy reminds me a Nazism implies principles – very
bit of Franz-Josef Strauss': mean ones indeed, but principles
Remaining the paternal leader of all the same. Haider the character is
far too post-modern: principles is
his federal free state
an alien notion to him. He looks
(Landesvater im eigenen where he can find opportunities. He
Freistaat) and then partly direct, is a “gap-in-the-market-Nazi”
parly heckle the work in the city (Marktlückennazi – © by mir) – ©
of federal government Werner Schneyder - . On one hand,
(Regierungsstadt). Consequently: he is a primitive demagogue, on
prepare for the march on Vienna the other, he is clever, cultured and
(“Marsh auf Wien”). The fact that multilingual. Haider keeps close
Strauss and Bonn did not work contacts to the old guard
at the time may be regarded as a (“Ehemaligen”) and the new
glow of hope. Pangermans (Deutschnationalen).

I'm also fed up having to explain Haider uses people. He

continually to Germans that
equation Haider = Nazi is far too
easy thinking. The matter is not
that simple. Sure, Jörg Haider has
a relevant genetic disposition, but,
instrumentalises the old and the
potential nazis. That's the danger.
He could create a centre of
gravitation. Many may gravitate
towards that centre, especially a

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 9
new and a real extreme-right
movement. It is not sure at all
whether Haider would then be their
boss, or whether they would write
him off because of his crass
narcissism.
As we know, the world visions by
the Christian Democrats and the
Social-Democrats have been
considerably diluted, however, both
still have the one or the other
taboo. As far as Haider is
concerned, there is nothing else on
the agenda but a fluctuating,
extreme populism.
The “success” of Jörg Haider – just
the fact that I'm writing about him
again justifies the term – gives
eminent German and Austrians
intellectuals and self-important
posers reasons to suspect Austria to
be a Nazi-country. It is almost an
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
unreasonable expectation for me to
explain once again: In Austria,
there are no more Nazis and racists
than in any other country. However,
in no other country, is there a
politician who has Haider's talent to
activate them. That's the point.
Everything in me is reluctant to
admit that Haider might almost
have succeeded at and after the
1999 elections, albeit many years
after his constant predictions
announced it but still... He could
have almost become Austrian
Chancellor, and, in any case, he
decisively influenced who would
get the post with his blessing. Who
voted for him? How did Haider sell
a dummy programme package, - a
contradictory box of presents that
are impossible to finance – to
 10

voters across the social spectrum? of a farcical “conservative”

How does he achieve this constant coalition. In Austria, the reviled
and unjustified feeling of Social-Democrats in the old
“something must change, there coalition were certainly more
needs to be something new” How “conservative” than the party of led
could a blunt, racist mood replete by political gigolo Haider,
with false statistics take off? Why collecting total-protesters
does inflammatory talk, untruths, overtaking the left and seducing
retouched quotes, half-apologies, the right. The mighty punchline to
recalls followed by new lies not the joke is that this man also
scare off people dramatically? managed an alliance with the
conservative wing of the Catholic
Who does not believe me that church.
looking for answers to these Only moderately challenged by a
questions makes me feel like manky, matted, indolent and
vomiting? incompetent (“verzulten, verflilzten,
Politically speaking, “the Turn” (Die faulen und unbegabten”) Great
Wende) started in Austria with the Coalition, he collected votes. Not
traditional character weakness of only from the Nazi-sympathising
the Christian-democrat leader. “If
we become third, we go into
opposition,”, the vice-Chancellor old middle classes and moronic
announced. His party became third, fun-yuppies, no: also from – a
he became Chancellor. Chancellor scandal! - the left-wing deserted by

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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the Social-Democrats: the

underprivileged, the missed-out,
the forgotten. That voting boost
transformed Haider's “movement”
into “worker's party”. And then,
when the government was
appointed, he was the nation's
front-man, he basked in his own
importance and retired after the
“Turn” was achieved. He retired to
Carinthia and withdrew his person
from party debâcles and the
exposing of the great social
swindle, and he could remain
“simply honest, simply Jörg!”
(einfach ehrlich, einfach Jörg!).

His plan is not allowed to succeed!

The greater part of me is reluctant

to beat up the Social Democrats.
But if we want to explain “The
Turn”, then it is unavoidable.
Especially because their role in the
opposition forces them to to re-

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 13

assess their principles again. too. They did not examine claims
by the Freedom Party closely. The
These principles were lost. In an Haider Poster “He did not lie to
overall prosperous country, the you” (Er hat Euch nicht belogen)
Social-Democrats chronically was left standing without
overlooked those who were not argumentation. Instead of replying
doing well, those who felt “Because he never told the truth”,
miserable. And also: the leaders the Reds – in full seriousness -
were always gob-smacked if placated the slogan: “The Right
someone reminded them of the Path into the 21st Century” (Der
widening social gap, and possibly richtige Weg ins 21st Jahrhundert).
also the widening gender gap. That path was not really possible to
They referred you to their party miss. Even an idiot could find it.
manifesto and could not
comprehend that a party manifesto Nowadays, party sympathisers feel
is only viable if its promises are a mixture of grief about their fate
fulfilled. Haider was allowed to as an opposition party and the
effortlessly refer to the shortfalls of desire of a forced regeneration, and
the left and to assert that he had a the pleasure of active theoretical
more social perspective. That was and demagogic talent, combined
very embarrassing. with hope for argumentative
awareness against Haider.
The Social-Democrats election
campaign itself was embarrassing

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
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A populist can only be defeated by
his own contradictions. Citizens
must be told this constantly that
Haider already suggests every
opinion, every solution and their
exact opposites. It is required from
every candidate to find their own
polemic talents. That talent had
been in short supply for a long
time. Obviously, this has changed
now.
At the first press conference by the
side of Chancellor Schüssel, the
proudly smiling E.U. opponent
Haider waved the European flag in
front of the cameras. At the same
time, he formally requested a
referendum against the E.U.
enlargement. However, if he were
to travel to Hungary in the near
future, one can be sure that he
would distribute little E.U. Flags to
the children and the needy.
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
Where does this man come from?
How did he become what he is? I
re-iterate: it is an unreasonable
expectation to tell the story once
again but we need the picture.
It all started in Upper Austria, in a
lower-class family who has Nazi-
sympathies. Young Jörgl grew up
with parents who felt “wronged”
(unrecht) after the end of World War
2. Naturally, this had an influence
on him. They sent the talented fella
to study and he achieved
something academically. However,
it felt like too much work to pursue
a career in academia – the Nobel
Prize was unreachable. Politics
offered more promises for the
limelight. He looked around and he
found the FPO (Austrian Freedom
Party). Haider saw a chance with
liberal-democrat wing of the party,
however, there was no chance of
 17
leadership from there, neither for
the party nor for himself. He had to
become the prime candidate, that
was his goal: “primus inter pares”
(first amongst equals) and soon
amongst parasites – and this is
exactly what happened. He
managed to change to the right-
wing of the party from the starting
block. In the meantime, he was
operating from Carinthia (Kärnten)
– the 26-year old Upper Austrian
had mutated into a pure breed
Carinthian with roots dating back
from twelve generations (!). He also
met a political headmistress, a
classical Nazi-Dame, an old BDM
(=Bund Deutscher Mädel = Nazi girl
youth group) and she was really
called Kriemhild. Haider was taught
how to represent the homeland
(Heimat). At the FPO Party
conference, he succeeded in a
carefully planned putsch. The
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
meteoric rise of Jörg Haider had
begun.
For the rise, he used a talent, or,
better said, the desire to have one.
That is because Jörg Haider once
wanted to be an actor. This
explains a lot. The desire – nay: the
lust – for the limelight, for the
applause and to be loved by the
public takes one along strange
paths. One may conclude that
politics came to him as a
compensation – a bit like it came
as a compensation for another
compatriot in German-culture
history. Jörg Haider became the
actor of politics, indeed in a
manner that would not have taken
him beyond a third-rate tour, had
he been in the theatre profession.
He hams it up, and what surprises
me is that nobody notices. Perhaps
it's because there is an over-supply
 18

of bad actors on TV and people impressive.

watching the screen have un-learnt
to notice when someone can only
disguise themselves with great
difficulty.
Jörg Haider constantly plays roles.
He walks into the pub (Gasthaus) in
regional costume (Trachtenanzug).
When meeting young
entrepreneurs, he wears the latest
designer look. In front of the classy
auditorium, he wears the correct
suit. His choice of words and tone
is flexible in a similar way. At the
beer-tent, he is the top geezer
(klasse Bursche) who verbally lets it
rip. At press conferences or during
talk-shows, he plays the “elder
statesman” opposite the hapless
opponent. Everything is
exaggerated, everything is
outrageous, however, when
reaching to his public, he is
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
He insists on the people's decision:
Power to Haider! (Haider an die
Macht!). Who can prevent him?
Eventually, the regicide within his
own ranks. The smart face of the
fifty-year old has begun to show
wrinkles and there are many
handsome young men who trust
themselves as leaders. Eventually,
the regicide by the Pangermans
(Deutschnationalen) who find him
too slippery.
If he was successful, he could
become a role model for politicians
within his “empire” (Reich) and
beyond, in Europe. What can stop
him for good?
First, a downturn in “popular
opinion”. The elderly publisher of
Kronen-Zeitung daily newspaper is
angry at Haider. He wanted to keep
 19

him as the leader of the opposition: depict it. When it is about such big
a barking dog, a provocative voice, things like building a new hospital
a story provider, a vehicle for the wing or dealing with the ownership
publisher. Against the advice of the of the Seebühne (a lakeside venue
mighty and all-mighty Krone, the for concerts and events) etc etc etc,
FPO became involved in the Haider stands there, announces a
government. There had to be decision, explains the reasons and
consequences. The retirement of lets people celebrate him for his
“Staberl” who helped shape decision and the reasons. Two
opinions was possibly one of the weeks later, there he stands again,
consequences. From his arthritic revokes everything and demands to
and remarkable perspective, Staberl be celebrated for that. He
stubbornly and faithfully supported understands the federal region as
the youthfulness of Haider – and an stage. He forces a dense
his devotion, psychologically- calendar of events just to stand
speaking, moved from lovey-dovey outside every entrance to shake
tenderness to political old- hands. It is impossible to avoid
queerness (Alterschwulität). Haider the omnipresent greeting-
man: no entry without seeing him.
What should also stop Haider is his In his buzz for events, Haider leaves
performance as regional father all the guidelines at the door and
(Landesvater), as a paternal that led to the withdrawal of
country-lad – and that performance Andreas Mölzer, who had been
is lamentable. One should refuse to cultural adviser and main party

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 20
ideologist. As that straight-laced
right-winger had potential to reel in
the followers, there was damage
done to Haider from the right.
In the meantime he placates the
whole region full with his portraits
and the claim: “Carinthia blooms”
(Kärnten blüht auf), he has brochure
after brochure printed and they
basically contain Haider photos.
He has taken the region hostage.
Carinthia is still traumatised by its
defensive battle (Abwehrkampf)
against the Slovenes. Now it has a
chance to revise its opinion.
Carinthians could say to themselves
that if they managed to stave off
the Slovenes, then surely they can
succeed in getting rid of Haider.
And the memorable slogan
“Carinthia free and undivided”
(Kärnten frei und ungeteilt) could
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
be interpreted as “free from Haider
and undivided by him”.
Do I find anything good about the
man? At the most this: often, Haider
may have hoped for a second
chance, perhaps one with the Green
Party (die Grüne) or a new Left-wing
Party. Perhaps in his self-analysis,
he was fed up having to stay
faithful to the Nazi-subscribers.
However, it was too late for him:
there was no way back.
He plasters over the cracks with
media role playing. One hopes that
he will share the fate of mediocre
media celebrities. After the great
populist soap opera, nobody may
wish to see him again. He will
disappear in Valley of the Bears
(Bärental). Goodbye forever and the
colours on the autograph cards will
fade.
 21

art history graduated with a

doctorate at the University of
Vienna. Journalist, underwriter and
playwright, his career has
embraced the diversities of a
writer's life. In 1974, he was part of
a duo with German cabaretist
Dieter Hildebrandt, then he
embarked on a solo career as a
performance satirist. He was also a
bar-singer, a boxer, a boxing match
Werner Schneyder referee, TV-script author, guest
sports commentator, talk-show
Author: Werner Schneyder – presenter, and avid visitors of
Ansichten eines Soloisten. (2002) Heurigen (Wine-gardens) and cafes.
Kremayr & Sheriau Vienna (part of He held the funeral eulogy of
Random House Publishings) chancellor Bruno Kreisky in
“Sometimes my opinions get on my An independent author since 1965,
nerves, but I have no others.“. Born he has written scripts for TV, loads
in 1937 in Graz/Styria/Austria, of books, countless articles in
Werner Schneyder grew up in newspapers. Ansichten eines
Klagenfurt/Carinthia where he still Soloisten (Opinions of a soloist) is a
lives when he is not working in collection of feuilletons about
Vienna. He studied publishing and

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 22

people, politics and culture. In one Werner Schneyder, Kabarettist,

of these pieces he praises his role *1937:
model the pacifist militant writer "Einsamkeit ist Belästigung durch
Erich Kästner. His latest work is a sich selbst."
spoken word CD of Erich Kastner's
writings and his latest book is Loneliness is self-annoyance
called “Cancer – a post-script”
where he deals with the subject of
his wife dying of cancer and
appeals for more humane medical
care.

Werner Schneyder is in my opinion

on of the best Austrian authors I've
read and I had the pleasure to hear
him moderating a political
discussion in Vienna in 2001. He is
an author who has clear cut
opinions and principles, and yet he
commands admiration because of
his vast knowledge and affable
persona. A true polymath.

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 23
There are several aspects that make
the 1999 Austrian elections and its
aftermath a universal theme.
a) political legacies
The Social-Democrats under Viktor
Klima, Alfred Gusenbauer and now
Werner Fayman had difficulties
claiming the moral high ground for
their party. Public opinion agree
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
that this younger generation of
leaders can not be held responsible
for the Lucona kriminal and
financial in 1977. It was also an
unhappy sign of modern
economical times, that a bank
owned by the Austrian Socialist
trade-union lost billions in hedge-
fund trading. Another millstone
around the Social-Democrats neck
is the fact after the war, the party
unlike the conservatives, did not
restrict membership from former
members of the Nazi-Party. At the
time, and right until the time of
Bruno Kreisky (himself a Jew who
was tortured under the Nazis) saw
this second chance as a way of
rehabilitating Nazis, or denazifying
the country. Kreisky is well known
for his personal clashes against
Simon Wiesenthal concerning
dealing with Austria's Nazi past.
Unfortunately, several high profile
 24

Nazis used the Social Democratic and militants feel comfortable with
cover to escape justifying for their some conservative concessions,
crimes. The most prominent figure others see a grand coalition as a
was Dr Gross who did experiments forced marriage. Having said that,
on mentally ill children at the the success or failure of a grand
Spiegelgrund Hospital during the coalition depends on the
war. Viktor Klima ruled out any personalities in charge. In 1999, a
possibility of Social-Democrat social-democrat/conservative
coalition with the far-right Freedom coalition was not possible because
Party, and trained political historian the conservative candidate
Alfred Gusenbauer discussed his Wolfgang Schuessel ruled out
party's legacy. Their integrity has working with Viktor Klima. The
restored trust amongst the more biggest problem for the Social-
idealistic party supporters. The Democrats, apart from the BAWAG,
current Austrian president Heinz denationalisations and the current
Fischer who served under Kreisky financial crisis that is affecting the
leaves with the legacy that he global economy is whether to rule
tacitely supported Kreisky's views alone in a minority government
as he says, he doesn't like (they usually end up around
antagonising people. between 34 and 45%) or make
Another legacy is the Social- concessions to the Conservatives.
Democrat-Conservative coalition Currently, they are in a coalition
that ruled the country for many with the Conservatives.
years. While many party members

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 25

membership to former members of

the Nazi party. This may also have
to do with the fact, that the Nazi
party persecuted many church
members as some catholics refused
to join the Nazi party. One of their
most controversial party members
however, turned out to be a former
Nazi who slipped through the net.
Kurt Waldheim had made it as far
The Conservatives (OVP) – The as Austrian president and UN
People's Party general secretary. In1999,
ambitious Wolfgang Schuessel
http://www.oevp.at became a controversial figure in
Wolfgang Schüssel Austria and abroad. Having refused
to be part of a coalition with Viktor
Klima's Social-Democrats, his party
Anchored in middle-class values worked with Haider's Freedom
with a strong support from the Party. Schuessel had to walk a
country-side, a brotherly tightrope between people in the
relationship with the Catholic party who refused to work with
church, the Conservatives have Haider – one of them was the then
ideologically remained the same
since the creation of the republic in
1955. They did not offer
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 26
Thomas Klestil
http://www.ena.lu/address_given_t
homas_klestil_austrias_role_europe
_london_february_1995-
020004600.html
president (and jazz singer Joe
Zawinul's friend) Thomas Klestil. It
is to Klestil's credit that the
government treaded cautiously on
diplomatic grounds, Schuessel's
coalition partner the Freedom Party
proposed new faces like Karl-Heinz
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
Grasser and Suzanne Riess-Passer
who came from the Liberal wing of
the Freedom Party. At the same
time, the Conservatives appointed
seasoned diplomat Benita Ferrero-
Waldner as foreign secretary and
Ernst Strasser as Home Secretary,
who at the time was seen as the
most liberal element of the
government. It is also to Strasser's
credit that the government
normalised because the FPO
agenda worried many Human
Rights organization, having a
conservative Home Secretary and
Foreign Secretary would make
things easier for Schuessel. In
recent years, Strasser position
became more hardline, but less
than feared. Nowadays, Ferrero-
Waldner is a European
commissioner and her diplomatic
background serves her well. The
most controversial recent figure in
 27

the Conservative party was It is a breakaway group that left the

Karlheinz Grasser who switched Freedom Party because whilst they
over from the Freedom Party in agreed with the economic policies
2002. The government's finance comparable to other European
secretary was admired for his Liberal Parties, they did not want to
achievements at such a young age associate with the right-wing social
(he was born in 1969), however, his aspect of it. Currently they
neo-con policies were as cooperate with the Social-
controversial as his involvement in Democratic party and they have
the BAWAG finance scandal. He only one candidate in the
retired from politics in 2007 to parliament.
work for the MAGNA mining group.
In 2006, Schussel announced that
his party would not work with the
Freedom party (now split into two
parties), and this opened the doors
again for a social-
democrat/conservative coalition,
especially now that everyone from
the 1999 constellation has left their
position, and this been so since The Green Alternative are an older
2006. party who appeared in 1986. They
protested against Kurt Waldheim's
appointment as presidential
The Liberal Forum is relatively new. candidate. They have steadily

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 28
grown into the now third biggest
Austrian party with 21 seats in the
parliament. They are one of the
biggest green party in Europe.
The Freedom Party split in 2006
into two parties: The Alliance for
Austria's Future led by Haider and
the new Freedom Party led by Karl
Heinz Strache. The Alliance for
Austria's future features people who
have been involved with
Schuessel's government: Herbert
Haupt former Social Secretary, Peter
Westenthaler who was spokesman,
Ursula Haubner who is Haider's
sister. It is believed that the party
wooed floating voters away from
the Conservatives. They gained 21
seats at the last election. Haider
saw the 2006 election as another
stab at him becoming chancellor in
a coalition with the new Freedom
Party, however, neither the Greens,
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
nor the Conservatives nor the Social
Democrats were prepared to enter
a coalition with either far-right
party.
Strache's party netted 34 seats and
his party faces the same situation
as the Future for Austria. In the
wake of Haider's death, a re-
unification between the two far-
right parties was expected but this
never happened. Strache's party
seems to attract protest voters who
are disillusioned with the Social-
Democrats
The lesson that we can learn from
this aspect of Austrian politics is
that parties need to identify what
they stand for, find the candidates
to win the election and have
enough diplomacy to collaborate
with partners of choice and not lose
touch with their base and the
 29
public. It is also important to keep
an eye on protest- and floating
voters.
It is a sign that politics lose touch
with the public, when the biggest
party in an election is the one that
does not have a candidate: the
abstentionists. It is a right not to
vote, but also a squandered
opportunity.
Proportional representation
In Austria, there is a simple
majority system. Other countries,
like France have a system of
absolute majority. Theoretically, the
party that gets the most votes at
the legislative election forms the
government. It is possible for the
leading party to govern on its own,
however, since parliament has 183
seats, it is difficult to pass
legislation if, say, the leading party
has 57 seats. Austria has now five
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
big parties whose seat
representation veers between 57
and 20 seats. Any kind of coalition
is possible if the combined total is
over 92.
Currently, there is a grand coalition
between the party that came first
(57 seats – Social Democrats) and
the second (51 seats –
Conservatives).
In 1999, the situation was different.
The Social Democrats had 65 seats,
the Conservatives 52, the Freedom
party 52 and the Greens 14. Viktor
Klima's Social-Democrats could not
reach 92 seats with the Greens, and
the Schuessel's conservatives would
not work with him. Klima ruled out
a coalition with Haider's Freedom
party upfront. However, the
Freedom Party and the Conservative
Party seats combined totalled 104
 30
and therefore they could form a
viable coalition.
There are certain problems working
within a coalition. For examples,
ideological differences on specific
issues can lead to a crisis, the
coalition break-up or even a party
break up. All these aspects
happened with the Schussel
government: there were personal
differences between government
ministers, the coalition broke up in
2002, yet was re-elected and in
2006 the Freedom Party split into
the New Freedom Party and the
Alliance for Austria's Future.
A party that governs with a
coalition may also lose touch with
their militants. Elections are all
about standing out from other
parties, whereas coalition is about
cooperation and compromise. Party
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
hardliners are likely to be
disappointed with their party's
performance, they feel the ideology
gets watered down. What made the
party under Viktor Klima unpopular
with traditional social-democrat
voters was its adoption of the Third
Way, less left-wing traditional
themes and more modern
approach. Nationalised industries
were denationalised and the Trade
Unions had less influence – than
and talks about economic efficiency
as if the country was a business to
run. Many disaffected voters from
the Social-Democrat camp say that
they cannot identify with the
people in government. Hence the
phenomenon of floating, protest
and abstentionist voters. A party in
government is likely to bring
disappointment anyway, because
budget limitations and global
economics may tie their hands and
 31
force them to make unpopulat
decisions. Militants also see the
government behaving more like a
manager, a civil servant – although
most people aknowledge that a
government is meant to serve the
whole country.
When coalitions are efficient, the
electorate is complacent enough to
keep voting traditionally. However,
members of the electorate may feel
alienated, even betrayed, if the
party strays too far from their
original manifesto – in fact, when
the coalition partners become
virtually interchangeable. "What
difference does it make?" - casting a
protest vote is meant to give a
wake-up call for the party to re-
examine their identity.
The rise of populists like Haider
and the electoral rise of the far-
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
right has been a product of the
democratic voting system. Such
people and parties thrive on the
vacuum created when established
parties move away from their
tradition or fail to address issues of
concern. One can well imagine a
situation where a far-right, a
fundamentalist or any extreme
party may be able to seize power. It
takes a majority in parliament to do
so. As we can see, a total of 92
seats enables the government to
pass legislation. If such parties gain
respectability, and such parties like
the new Freedom Party and the
Alliance for the Future of Austria
are no longer populated by
members of the Nazi party, simply
because of the fact that most of
them are dead. However, we could
see in Werner Schneyder's essay
how in Haider's the Nazi ideology
was passed on to him by his
 32
mentors and parents. Although
Haider was not a Nazi himself,
some watered down aspects of the
ideology was passed onto the
Freedom Party. If far-right ideology
becomes casual and voting for a
party that has far-right inclination
will no longer raise eyebrows at
home nor abroad. It is up to us -
the electorate - to decide how much
we are able to compromise. Same
applies to fundamentalism and
extremism. How far do we want a
religious party, an ideological party
or a nationalist party to go on our
behalf?
Many extreme parties have gained
power via revolutions or coups.
Some remember how General
Pinochet overthrew Salvador
Allende's government in Chile in
September 1973. This is only one
post-1945 example and we could
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
find many more. Such governments
struggle to find diplomatic
recognition and international trust,
even though Pinochet's had allies
amongst neo-con politicians.
In Europe, the AKP- an Islamist
party won the elections in Turkey,
while the far-right Nationalist
movement came third. If a
controversial party is
democratically elected, it will be
regarded as more legitimate than a
government imposed by force, even
if diplomatic relations are strained.
Voters need to be aware of which
parties they validate with their
votes. Of course, a party with an
apparently worrying agenda may
turn out to lead a stable and fair
government but it is a bit of a
gamble to bank on that.
 33

Democracy and Human Rights Montesquieu argued for a

The word democracy comes from
the ancient Greek language. In the
5th BC the city state of Athens was
governed by its people who elected
representatives. At that time, the
notion of democracy combined
with human rights did not exist. In
our days, the definition of
democracy as a regime elected by
the people with separation of
powers and respect of human
rights is still controversial.
Some people have pointed at
democracy as an imperfect regime
because it can in effect mean a
tyranny by a majority, if the
majority party governs in such a
way as not to allow free speech or
opposition politics. During the age
of the Enlightenment (18th C),
political philosopher Charles de
separation of powers: the
government, parliament and court
of justice need to be separated if
the country is to get a fair deal.
This is called the balance of
powers. In the 19th Century, there
was the concept of nation states or
people who wanted to emancipate
themselves from an Empire or be
part of a wider nation.
Pangermanism and Panslavism was
the desire respectively to unite all
the German-speaking people
and/or the Slavonic people.
Haider's motto for his Freedom
party and also the title of his book
"The Freedom that I mean" stems
from quote during the 1848 people
protest by pan-Germans who
wanted to form a nation. Germany
was created in 1871, Italy the same
year, and Yugoslavia – all these
countries are nation-states: they

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 34

unite a group of people who feel and their families have been voting
they are part of the same for social-democratic or socialist
communities. Certain ideas from the parties, whereas more traditional-
the right-wing camp are anchored minded families voted for
in nationalism. Other nations have conservatives. The lowering of the
patriotic ideas, and by that they voting age brought younger voters.
mean that they want to preserve
the culture within their own country The notion that democracy is
and to protect their border – associated with the respect of
however a patriot accept the idea human rights came forth after the
of a multicultural state. Many Second World War. The NSDAP in
traditional Austrians, especially the Germany was democratically
Conservatives are patriotic, because elected in 1933 and not only took
of the older history of their country the country into a World War, but
as a multilingual state. also committed genocide against a
minority and violently silenced the
Only in the late 19th C/ early 20th opposition. The consensus came
century was it possible for the that this was not allowed to happen
lower classes and women to have a again, therefore when the Universal
say in politics. This means that a Declaration of Human Rights
groups of voters became available. declared the intrinsic rights of
Traditionally, trade-union members individuals to equal rights and
and many city working class freedom, the ideas became
people, social housing tennants enshrined in most democracies. In

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 35
fact, a few countries had a bill of
right in one form or another in their
justice system or constitution. The
Universal Declaration of Human
Rights has inspired countries to
adapt their legislations to the
minimum standards expressed by
the document. A Declaration has no
legal value but by aknowledging it,
there is a form of consensus by the
states.
In Europe, there is a document
called The European Convention of
Human Rights (1950, plus five
protocols), it is a treaty that has
now been ratified by most
European states and therefore is
part of national legislation.
Because Austria ratified the
European Convention of Human
Rights and has a constitution that
provides checks and balances of
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
power, the diplomatic crisis in 2000
caused by the controversial choice
of coalition could be averted. The
president Thomas Klestil was able
to exercise his power to veto
against some Freedom Party
members to become government
ministers and legislations had to
conform to the constitution.
In Austria, Haider was effectively
barred from getting into
government and his party had to
solemnly acknowledge to respect
the constitution, and express the
desire to be at the service of all the
voters, deal with the European
Union and with other countries at
diplomatic level. The legislation
had to conform to the constitution.
The Conservative Home Secretary
Mr Ernst Strasser was the only
cabinet minister who did not
condemn the Thursday
 36
Demonstrations ( anti-Government
protests that were held every
Thursday throughout the country);
by doing so he allowed free speech
by the opposition. The Freedom
party showed pragmatism in
government but lost touch with
their base. As a trained legal
academic, Joerg Haider knew how
to operate within the Austrian legal
system and constitution, that was
one of his strong points.
The lesson that voters can learn
from this is that we need to know
about the constitution or if our
country does not have one (= the
UK), the jurisprudence and
legislation so that we can be sure
that there are enough legal
safeguards to prevent abuses of
power from elected parties aka the
much dreaded tyranny by majority,
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
Populism and celebrity
Populism and celebrity culture walk
hand in hand. Politicians know that
in order to appeal to their voters
they need the popular touch,
someone who can make inspiring
speeches and be a poster boy
above a slogan to advertise the
party at its best. Electoral
campaigns have a lot in common
with advertising, from heavy
rotation informercials to billboards,
pamphlets, public discussions and
public events. During the recent US
elections, president-elect Barack
Obama proved to have the common
touch, the image and the substance
behind it. The result was that a
majority of representatives elected
him (US presidential elections are
indirect). Competent people who
draft ideologies, economic policies,
do budget calculations to
 37

determine public spending will be therefore ruling it out of a possible

seen rather as experts than leaders coalition. Had he done that, he
themselves. In the 1999 Austrian would have been able to stay in
elections, Chancellor Viktor Klima power. His gesture was seen as
delivered competent speeches noble and he was regarded as a
being able to explain economics to graceful loser. From a celebrity
his audiences – all credits to him viewpoint, some members of the
for that because few people are public empathised with his
able to make comprehensible disillusions. His background in
speeches about that subject matter. economics secured him a job at the
Economics however is not the most Argentine branch of Volkswagen
fascinating subject – this may have the car manufacturer, this was not
changed now because people want an enviable position because
to know all about the credit crunch Argentina was in a deep economic
and the financial markets and how crisis. Nowadays he is general
this affects their jobs, house prices manager of the South American
and savings... Klima was seen as a division of Volkswagen and is
competent economist and highly regarded because of his
competent administrator, this is success He became a bit of a
why his party won the most seats. media celebrity when he divorced
Perversely what made him popular his wife, and his health problems
is what caused his downfall: his caused by his heavy smoking – he
refusal to ideologically compromise has now quit smoking.
with Haider's Freedom party and

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 38

for his integrity and intellect, even

though these qualities did not
make him a leader. Gusenbauer's
party lost the election in 2002 and

Michael Hauepl – Vienna Mayor and

considered to be Werner Faymann's
mentor www.wienweb.at

won it in 2006, yet he was unable

in the end to unify the Social
Democrats and therefore prove
himself as a strong leader. He
resigned in 2008 and his successor
Werner Fayman was sworn in on
December 2nd. He seems to be keen
on unifying his party and, his
By the same token, Alfred advantage is that he is well-known
Gusenbauer - his successor as party in the capital because he was
leader in 2000 was the right person involved in Viennese municipal
at the right time for the party. politics, he is not encumbered by a
Being in the opposition gave his personal legacy and seems to
party the opportunity of taking a makes speeches that appeal to his
step back and analyse its identity. party's main voters. Mario Telo,
Mr Gusenbauer will be remembered Political Science editor in Brussels,

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 39

explained that Faymann

campaigned using populist rethoric
and collaborating with the media.
In fact, The Krone is the strongest
populist newspaper and likes to
think of itself as an opinions-
shaper, by explaining that he is not
a yes-man for the European Union,
Faymann exploited the current anti-
European climate in Austria with
Werner Fayman on the right.
the aim to woo back disgruntled Photo:www.wienweb.at
voters who voted for Haider. His
use of words like social justice, The ideal democratic candidate
fairness name-checking of US would respect democratic ideals,
president elect Barack Obama are a have integrity, say the right things
populist approach. Like Obama, at the right time, have a popular
Faymann seems to have emerged touch and an untarnished
from nowhere (he used to be reputation and be able to look
transport secretary) and he is good in the media, be able to get
certainly more popular than the maximum support and have
less media-savvy rather gruff Alfred personality, be able to work with
Gusenbauer. It remains to see how different groups within the country
much substance he can put now and abroad, delegated and appoint
that he is Chancellor. the right people and be extremely

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 40

competent. This is what we expect problems and divorce seemed

from a perfect political candidate better fodder than his speeches on
and if he is from our favourite economics. With Wolfgang
party, even better. Problems for our Schuessel there were photo
party start when the others find a opportunities with him playing the
popular candidate. cello with his family and quaint
holiday pictures that fit well in the
Personally, I think, it is better to human interest section. The media
vote for someone with integrity laments that the politicians in the
rather than being dazzled by old days were more flamboyant
charisma, and taking the populist that the current lot. The
bait. It is not so much a gamble if controversial larger than life Bruno
the celebrity is from our own party Kreisky or the dapper Helmut Zilk.
because if this person strays, we Life is difficult for a paper like The
hope that the colleagues will Kronen-Zeitung and the politicians
replace him. If it is someone from a who want to use it for exposure.
party we do not know, then the The public needs to be aware that
celebrity vote becomes a gamble. media omnipresence is not
equivalent with popularity or
Because celebrities know how to power. If this was the case,
manipulate the media, they court it everyone on the front page would
and they are courted. A flamboyant be a well-loved popular person or
character will always provide a at least someone who has some
good story. Viktor Klima's health clout. Celebrities from A to Z are

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 41
just famous or infamous and they
feature in our populist papers
because they appeal to the lowest
common denominator. The lowest
common denominator is not
necessarily a bad thing, we are all
in a favour of a fairer society,
peace, love, social justice etc. As
Werner Fayman's campaign
partially proved: blandness and
populism works, his party still came
first albeit not convincingly.
Compared to Klima, Gusenbauer,
Schuessel and Faymann and their
colleagues across the spektrum,
Joerg Haider was a mine for media
stories and that is why he was a
bona-fide celebrity politician.
With celebrities, after a while, it
becomes difficult to distinguish
myth from reality. Depending from
the perspective Haider was either
the man on the pulse of the nation
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
or the most dangerous far-right
politician. The fact that people
abroad tend to associate Austria
with Haider shows how far his
repute has reached internationally.
Apart from Arnold Schwarnenegger
the expat Austrian, he is the most
famous contemporary citizen of his
country. Because of his infamous
celebrity status, one could really
believe he was ruling Austria. And I
hope that the essays show once
and for all, that he didn't. It was
probably his wishful thinking.
Haider was certainly cut to bring
his points across. His legal
academic training taught him how
to argue his case and he was an
excellent debater on TV. His
flamboyant personality never failed
to attract the populist media and
have the less-populist media focus
on him and analyze him. Some
 42
cheeky voters certainly felt
Schadenfreude when they saw the
frustration on his opponents faces.
It was a blessing in disguise that
the celebrity politician was so
enamoured with his own image
that he believed his own hype and
the media circus, and also a
blessing in disguise that he was
busy recruiting fans rather than
political militants, that he failed in
carrying his party's message across
effectively. Snappy soundbites and
photo opportunities do not provide
enough time to explain Andreas
Moelzer's views on multiculturalism
that form the backbone of the
Freedom party.
A celebrity tends to appear more
and more like a two-dimensional
character. There is no doubt that
Haider was an intelligent man, and
no doubt either that he was not a
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
Nazi. He was neither the saviour
nor the villain of Austrian politics.
The two-dimensional images
focusing more on his clothes would
not really ellaborate on his
language skills (he spoke several
languages fluently). His desire to be
famous ensured that he was
perceived as shallow. Politics as
fame nor as day to day affairs of
the city, yet he was a competent
regional leader of Carinthia, neither
bankrupting the place nor making
it a paradise to live in. There was
too much populism in his speech
and like all the other politicians he
could not fulfill all his promises. His
party colleagues saw him more and
more like front, a dummy to get
their party elected via the celebrity
route. Without Haider, their job will
be more difficult even though they
will continue to net floating and
disgruntled voters from the main
 43

coalition parties if Mr Faymann and it is associated with right-wing

Co disappoint their voters.
The lesson to be learnt for us voters
is this: we should not be distracted
by media hype, flashy websites,
pleasing words, fancy photos,
soundbites, billboards, stories or
flamboyant personality. We have to
be aware that when we vote for a
politician we vote for the party that
this person represents. If this
person gets elected, they will try to
enforce their party manifesto and
ideology.
politics and some people will also
start associating it with Nazis. Like
Most countries and their citizens
are keen to receive tourists,
enhance their trade, do business
and diplomatic/cultural profile.
Austria is no different, and we must
keep in mind, that far-right parties
in Austria have less support than
they think. They can't rely on
protest and floating voters and as
we said before the majority party is
the non-party of abstentionists.

It is up to us to check these people

and their parties if they are good
for us as citizens and good for our
country. One good reason not to
vote for Haider's freedom party and
the current parties that succeeded
it is the fact that Austria's
reputation suffers internationally if

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 44
conclusion
These are the lessons to be learnt
from the story of the Celebrity
Politician. At human level, there was
a tragic car accident that lead to
the death of a man who was
visiting his mother after a few
drinks with his friends. It is
important not to create a myth, nor
to demonise people. This long
essay about political lessons to
learn is to demonstrate that it is
important for all of us citizens from
our respective countries to
participate in the political life.
We need to think about the rise of
far-right, fundamentalist or extreme
parties within the democratic
process and work out in our minds
whether we genuinely associate
with their ideas or whether we are
annoyed with our traditional
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
parties. It makes more sense to tell
our own party what they have done
to annoy us the public by giving
them precise freedback – because
in a democracy we are perfectly
entitled to ask questions and not
only when it is election time. Of
course, should not expect miracles
and we need to stay informed.
Democracy is not just for politicians
and academics and media, as its
name says, it means all the people
in the country.
In my opinion, the most important
lesson to be learnt from the
Austrian 1999 election that is
relevant and topical to any country
is this: The fastest growing party
and now biggest party of all in
democracies is the League of
Abstentionists. Unlike the other
parties, it is not organized, it has no
militants, no candidates, no
 45
programme, no ideologies except
the idea of staying at home when
it's election time. The League of
Abstentionists has therefore never
been in power and never will be.
How frustrating is that. We saw the
frustration of the Social-Democratic
party that came first yet did not get
to rule the country. Eight years later
they did, The League of
Abstentionists cannot console itself
with the hope of ever having a say
in how the country is run.
Generations before us strived for
the right to participate in the
political affairs of the country. If we
value democracy, human rights, our
voting rights and want to go on
living in democracies voting for our
traditional parties – Conservatives,
Social democrats, Greens, Liberals
etc etc – then we need to stop
gazing at stars and starlets, go to
Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
the ballot box and leave the party
of Abstentionism. The biggest
danger for democracy is apathy
and disinformation. I started this
article with a book that I bought in
2002 when I lived in Vienna, now I
am in the UK and therefore shall
conclude with a quote I saw at the
British Library that commemorates
their current exhibition about
human rights:"People died for the
right to vote, so why do more
young people vote during X-factor
than the General Election". From
Taking Liberties – The Struggle for
Britain's Freedom and Rights. 2008
 46

about the Author

Dominique Hoffman –

born 1966 in Constance Germany,

Franco-German writer,
photographer, translator. Lived in
Vienna from 2000 to 2003. M.A. In
Applied Foreign Languages
(Commerce and International Law).
Second prize of Austrian European
Social-Democrat Bureau for Europe
the music plays here (2001),
Bohemian Tales Decalogue (fiction)
2008 and the website zebras54
radioevropa
www.geocities.com/zebras54 since
2002 featuring photos and articles.

lives in Belfast.

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections
 47

Dominique Hoffman – Werner Schneyder's Fullfilling my duty /Lessons to be learnt from the 1999 Austrian Elections