www.ijiarec.

com

ISSN:2348-2079

JUN-2015

International Journal of Intellectual Advancements

and Research in Engineering Computations
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLD PRESS EXPELLER MACHINE
C. Sakthivel1, B. Vijayaprakash2

ABSTRACT
This project is carried out in a company called Parker biotech private limited, Chennai which is an ISO
9001-2008, GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) certified manufacturing and exporting company. This project is
about Design and development of cold press expeller machine, to design a screw press oil expeller for neem oil
extraction, to fabricate the components of the expeller based on the design specifications and to test the expeller after
fabrication and assembly of the components. While in designing and in material selection, consideration was given to
the techno-economic status of the micro and small scale vegetable oil processors who are the intended users of the
machine. The functional parts of the machine are worm shaft, prime mover, included barrel, hopper, gear reduction
box, pulley, oil inlet, cake outlet, transmission belts and bearings. The worm shaft is at an increasing diameter while
the screw system is at a decreasing pitch a combination that is essential for obtaining maximum pressure for oil
extraction and cake extrusion process. In operation, the gradually built-up pressure along the worm shaft conveys,
crushes, presses and squeezes oil out of the seeds. The residual cake from where the oil is extracted is extruded out of
the cake outlet in the form of flakes. Powered by a 40 hp three-phase electric motor, thepart drawings ofvarious
partsthat usedfor manufacturingthe cold press expeller machineare drawnby the helpof solidworks(2012).
KEYWORDS:Expeller Machine, Fabrication, Motor, Bearings, Solid Works

INTRODUCTION
ABOUT THE COMPANY
This project is carried out in a company
called Parker biotech which is an ISO 9001-2008,
GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) certified
manufacturing and exporting company. It is the
Leading manufacturer of virgin coconut oil, organic
neem oil, neem cake, copra cake etc. Parker Biotech
Private Limited D&B (Dun & Bradstreet) Located in
Tamil Nadu, INDIA, was established in year
1980.They are the Manufacturer and Exporter of
Neem Leaf Shine, Neem Water Soluable, Neem
Vermi Compost, Neem Soap, Soapnut Powder etc.
They are venturing into developing compounds and
related stabilization in the pharmaceuticals,
agricultural, Parker seeks to commercialize
applications through licensing and credibility to test
results.
COMPANY PROBLEMS
The Parker Biotech Pvt Ltd., Chennai
produces vegetable oil from the seeds of plant. They
use Cold Press Expeller Machine to extract oil from

the seeds. The crushing capacity of the company is 4

tonnes per hour. The output contains 40% oil and
60% cake which is considered as an issue. So the
objective is to increase the productivity of oil
extracted from the seeds.
ABOUT THE MACHINE
Expeller pressing (also called oil pressing) is
a mechanical method for extracting oil from raw
materials. The raw materials are squeezed under high
pressure in a single step. When used for the extraction
of food oils, typical raw materials are nuts and algae,
which are supplied to the press in a continuous feed.
As the raw material is pressed, friction causes it to
heat up in the case of harder nuts (which require
higher pressures), the temperature exceeds 120 F (69
C). An expeller press is a screw-type machine
that presses oil seeds through a caged barrel-like
cavity. Raw materials enter one side of the press and
waste products exit on the other side after extracting
the oil. The machine uses friction and continuous
pressure from the screw drives to move and compress
the seed material. The oil sweeps through small
openings that do not allow seed fiber solids to pass

Author for Correspondence:

1PG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute Of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore-641062, Tamilnadu, India. Email ID: Sakthi.mech71@gmail.com.
2Assistant Professor, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore-641062, Tamilnadu, India.

722
C. Sakthivel, B. Vijayaprakashet al., Inter. J. Int. Adv. & Res. In Engg. Comp., Vol.03 (06) 2015 [721-730]

through. Afterward, the pressed seeds are formed into

a hardened cake, which is removed from the machine.
Pressure involved in expeller pressing creates heat in
the range of 140210 F (6099 C).Some companies
claim that they use a cooling apparatus to reduce this
temperature to protect certain properties of the oils
being extracted. Expeller processing cannot remove
every last trace of liquid (usually oil) from the raw
material. A significant amount of oil remains trapped
inside of the cake leftover after pressing. Some raw
materials however do not release oil by simple
expelling the most notable are being rice bran.
Adeeko, K. A., et al., (1990), studied the effects of
moisture content, roasting duration and temperature
on oil yield and quality of palm kernel (Elaeis
guineensis) and sesame (Sesamium indicum) oils. In
order to remove oil from commodities that do not
respond to expelling or to extract the final traces of oil
after expelling it is necessary to use solvent
extraction. A screw press expeller was designed,
constructed and tested for palm kernel and soyabean
oil extraction. Abdel-Magid, S. B., et al., (2007),
studied the effects of storage on quality of palm
kernel and sesame oils while the effect of postharvest
and pre-extraction treatments on Niger seed
processing in a small expeller were investigated by
Ayenew (2008).
Oil expulsion from palm kernel was modeled
by Jekayinfa, S. O., et al., (2008), investigated the
effects of some processing factors on groundnut oil
extraction. They discovered that heating temperature,
moisture content of seeds and other forms of postharvest pre-treatments and extraction conditions had
effects on yield, efficiency of extraction and quality
attributes of oil. The expeller was simple enough for
local fabrication, operation, repair and maintenance.
Vegetable oil expellers are of different types and
forms based on design, construction and the raw
materials they are to process. Adeeko, K. A., et al.,
(2008), developed a small scale screw press for
groundnut oil extraction while a mechanical expulsion
rig was developed by Olaniyan and Oje (2009) for
Shea butter extraction. The expeller consists of a
screw (or worm), rotating inside a cylindrical cage
(barrel).The material to be pressed is fed between the
screw and the barrel and propelled by the rotating
screw in a direction parallel to the axis the
configuration of the screw and its shaft is such that
the material is progressively compressed as it moves
on, towards the discharge end of the cylinder. The
compression effect can be achieved by decreasing the
clearance between the screw shaft and the cage
(progressive or step-wise increase of the shaft
diameter) by reducing the length of the screw flight in
the direction of the axial movement.

CONTINUOUS SCREW
The earliest expeller presses utilized a
continuous screw design. The compression screws
were much like the screw of a screw conveyor. That
is, the helicoid flighting started at one end and ended
at the other.
INTERRUPTED SCREW
Valerius Anderson invented the interrupted
screw design and patented it in the year 1900. What
Anderson observed was that, in the continuous
flighting arrangement of a compression screw, there
are tendencies for slippery materials either to corotate with the screw or to pass through with minimal
dewatering. Brewers' slops, slaughterhouse refuse"
and other "soft and mushy" materials dewater poorly
in continuous screw presses.
EFFICIENCY
Expeller processing cannot remove every last
trace of liquid (usually oil) from the raw material. A
significant amount remains trapped inside the cake
left over after pressing. In most small scale rural
situations this is of little or no importance as the cake
that remains after the oil has been removed finds uses
in local dishes in the manufacturing of secondary
products or for animal feed. The final output contains
40% oil and 60% cake.
SOLUTION FOR THE PROBLEM
It is certain that either by increasing the
length of screw conveyor of the machine so
increasing the pressure on the nuts, seeds etc. or by
reducing the size of the nozzle the cake size can be
reduced and the oil coming out with the cake can be
reduced.
OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this project is to
increase the oil percentage recovery from the seeds
by designing a suitable cold press expeller machine.
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The present problem faced by the industry is
that the high oil content in the cake. This project is
concentrated to reduce the oil content in the cake by
altering the screw design. By increasing the length of
the screw the oil content can be improved from 40 to
45%.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
ELEMENTS OF EXPELLING PROCESS
PRE-TREATMENT
Oleaginous materials require varying degrees
of seed preparation prior to the oil extraction process.

Copyrights International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering Computations, www.ijiarec.com

723
C. Sakthivel, B. Vijayaprakashet al., Inter. J. Int. Adv. & Res. In Engg. Comp., Vol.03 (06) 2015 [721-730]

Seed cleaning, seed drying, size reduction, hull

removal, heating/drying, flaking, and extruding are all
potential unit processes involved in seed preparation.
Zamanzadeh, M. et al., (2004)
SEED CLEANING
Foreign material is generally removed twice,
once prior to storage and again as the oleaginous
material enters the continuous process for oil
expelling to reduce machine wear. The foreign
material to be removed may consist of a combination
of weed seeds, sticks, pods, dust, soil, sand, stones,
and tramp metal. The most common way to remove
stones and sand is by thresher or a (vibrating) sieve.
The choice between manual and mechanized sieving
depends on production capacity. Ibrahim, A., et al.,
(2005)
SEED DRYING
The moisture of oleaginous materials often
needs to be reduced to minimize degradation in
storage and to enhance the effectiveness of
downstream unit operations. For example, soya beans
are often received at 13% moisture and need to be
dried to 10% moisture to facilitate hull removal.
Sreenatha Reddy, S., et al., (2010)
SIZE REDUCTION
Most oleaginous materials require size
reduction prior to further processing. Exceptions are
canola, rapeseed, and corn germ, which are already
sufficiently small in size. For most oleaginous
materials, they need to be broken into pieces 2 to 3
mm across to enhance the downstream unit processes
of hull removal, heating/drying and flaking. Deli, S.,
et al., (2011)
ROLLING
Rolling a seed generally results in an
improvement in oil extraction by increasing the
surface area of the seed while at the same time
retaining channels for the flow of oil. The flakes
should be very fine and preferably thinner than 0.1
mm. rolling before processing in a bridge press is said
to increase oil yields by 10% for palm kernel,
groundnut and sunflower. Mehul Modh, K., et al.,
(2011)
HULL REMOVAL
The hull fraction is high in fibre content and
low in oil and protein content. The process of
removing the seed coat of soya beans is commonly
referred to as dehulling, and the process of removing
the seed coat from sunflower seeds and delinted
cottonseed is commonly referred to as decortication.

In both dehulling and decortication, the process has

two distinct stages. In the first stage, aspiration is used
to remove the lighter hull fraction from the heavier
meats fraction. A certain amount of small meats
particles are also aspirated away with the hulls stream.
In the second stage of dehulling, the fine meats are
separated from the hulls through various means of
hull agitation and screening dehulling can be carried
out at an elevated temperature and has the advantage
of fewer fine meats particles being aspirated away
with the hull fraction in the first stage of dehulling
and, therefore, requires less separation of meats from
the hull fraction in the second stage of dehulling.
Shankar Haldar A., et al., (2012)
HEATING/ DRYING
With the exception of cold pressing, all oil
extraction processes require that the oleaginous
materials be heated and sometimes further dried
before oil extraction. In order to enhance the
downstream unit operation of flaking, oleaginous
materials are typically heated in the range of 6075C
temperature.By heating and softening the oleaginous
materials, it enables the oleaginous material to stretch
and flatten in the flaking operation with a minimum of
fragmented particles being created. Oleaginous
materials are often heated to temperatures of 110
150C temperature, and dried to as low as 3%
moisture. The high degree of drying largely ruptures
the cellular structure of the oleaginous material as the
internal moisture vaporizes and expands. These
functions all improve de-oiling and allow residual oil
in cake to be minimized. Khangar, V.S., et al., (2012)
CONDITIONING
Conditioning or 'cooking' of oilseed involves
heating the oilseed in the presence of water. The water
may be that which is naturally present in the seed, or
it may be added. The changes brought about by
conditioning are complex but include the coalescence
of the small droplets of oil, present in the seed, into
drops large enough to flow easily from the seed. In
addition, higher processing temperatures improve oil
flow by reducing the viscosity of the oil. Oil seeds are
nearly always conditioned before large scale
expelling. This assists oil expulsion by raising the
temperature of the oilseed. However, even when using
a small-scale expeller, oil extraction will be assisted
by heating and/or steaming the oilseed before
expelling. Heat treatment is essential for some seeds
with a low fibre content such as ground nuts; they
must be heated and moisturized before expelling or
the machine will produce an oily paste instead of oil
and cake. Shankar Haldar A., et al., (2012)

Copyrights International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering Computations, www.ijiarec.com

724
C. Sakthivel, B. Vijayaprakashet al., Inter. J. Int. Adv. & Res. In Engg. Comp., Vol.03 (06) 2015 [721-730]

EXTRUDING
Dry extruders use electrical power to
generate internal friction to heat the product as high as
150 degree centigrade temperature.
When the
extruded product exits the dry extruder, it is liquidlike in consistency with thorough cell rupture. The
principle advantage of dry extruder preparation is
that no expensive stacked-tray cookers or steam
boiler are required, and the total capital investment for
facilities under 100 tons per day in size is
significantly less than for traditional full-press.
Aremu, A.K., et al., (2013)

PARAMETERS
QUANTITY

AFFECTING

OIL

The amount of oil that can be recovered from

the seeds is affected by, Throughput, Oil point
pressure, Pressure, Nozzle size, Moisture content of
the seeds, Hull content of the seeds.
THROUGHPUT
The amount of material that is processed per
unit of time (kg/hr.) is called throughput. Higher
throughput gives lower oil recovery per kg of seeds,
due to shorter 10 residence time in the press.
Zamanzadeh, M., et al., (2004)
OIL POINT PRESSURE
If seeds can be manipulated so that the oil
point pressure is reduced, and hence it becomes easier
to extract, the oil. Ibrahim, A., et al., (2005)
PRESSURE
At higher pressure more oil is recovered
from the seeds. However, the higher pressure forces
more solid particles through the oil outlet of the press.
This makes cleaning more difficult. Typical operating
pressures for engine- driven presses are in a range of
50-150 bar. Sreenatha Reddy, S., et al., (2010)
NOZZLE SIZE
Smaller nozzle size leads to higher pressure
and therefore higher oil yield. An optimum should be
found for each individual press. Deli, S., et al., (2011)
HULL CONTENT OF THE SEEDS
This is a difficult variable. Ideally one would
like to press jatropha without its hull. However, the
hull appears vital to pressure build-up inside the press.
Removal of the hull would require less energy for
pressing and result in zero presence of hull fibres in
the crude oil. Adaptation of the press is required to
increase the friction with the press chamber. Mehul
Modh, K., et al., (2011).

THE OIL QUALITY IS AFFECTED BY

The oil quality is affected by four categories
i) Moisture content of seeds, ii)process temperature,
iii) hull content of the seeds and iv) pressure.
MOISTURE CONTENT OF SEEDS
According to fuel norms the water content in
SVO should be below 0.08%. High moisture content
might also increase the formation of FFA during
storage. Shankar Haldar, A., et al., (2012)
PROCESS TEMPERATURE
The friction inside the expeller generates
heat, which is passed on to the oil and press cake.
Above certain temperatures phosphor is formed,
which leads to carbon deposits on fuel injectors and
combustion chambers. Khangar, V.S., et al., (2012)
HULL CONTENT OF THE SEEDS
Lower hull fraction in the seeds leads to
lower pressures and thus less hull fraction in the crude
oil. Partial dehulling is a direction for further
investigation. Mrema, G. C., et al., (1985).
PRESSURE
Higher pressure leads to higher temperature
and more solid particles in the crude oil. Aremu,
A.K., et al., (2013). Ibrahim, A., et al., (2005),
reviewed the technologies for oil extraction from oilbearing agricultural products and different types of
oil- bearing agricultural products, pre-processing
conditions including the Removal of hulls and shells,
pre-processing conditioning such as size reduction,
moisture content adjustment, heat treatment and
pressure application, as well as the methods employed
in the extraction, namely; traditional and modern
(improved) methods discussed in this paper. The
improved method includes; oil expeller, screw press,
and solvent (chemical extraction). Problems
(technical,
socio-economic
and
institutional)
associated with each method and the need for more
research for the improvement of the methods are
analysed. It has been shown that for any developing
country to effectively adopt modern methods in the
production of edible vegetable oils, improvement on
the existing traditional methods, environmental
factors, government policies, socio-economic and
cultural considerations of the users need to be studied.
This can be achieved through more research in the
recommended area of need.
Zamanzadeh, M., et al., (2006), in this paper
the author presents the methods of various failure
analysis processes applied to all different types of
materials. Each class of material requires special
skills and experience to effectively unravel the causes

Copyrights International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering Computations, www.ijiarec.com

725
C. Sakthivel, B. Vijayaprakashet al., Inter. J. Int. Adv. & Res. In Engg. Comp., Vol.03 (06) 2015 [721-730]

of failure. This paper focuses on the various subsets

of materials. These include failures in metallurgy,
paints and coatings, plastics and electronics, as well
as failure caused by corrosion and principles of root
cause determination within that particular field. This
paper is primarily concerned with the overall
approach to failure analysis and with the applications
of that approach to metallurgical failures.in these
paper various case studies on material failure analysis
are reviewed.
Sreenatha Reddy, S., et al., (2010), fabricated
a mini oil expeller is fabricated to find out the effect
of variation in compression ratio of the oil chamber
and speed of the screw shaft on oil recovery and
energy consumption during oil extraction of
Pongamia and Jatropha seeds. A mini oil expeller is
fabricated by incorporating the adjustments for
variation in compression and speed. During the
experiment, the compression ratio is changed from
14:1 to 21.5:1, and the speed is altered from 35 rpm to
65 rpm. Compression ratio has shown significant
impact on oil recovery and energy consumption.
Deli, S., et al., (2011), Studied the effects of
physical parameters of a screw press machine on oil
yield of N. sativa seeds using a KOMET screw oil
expeller. Different nozzle size (6, 10, 12 mm),
extraction speed (21, 54, 65 and 98 rpm) and diameter
of shaft screw (8 and 11 mm) were applied in this
study. Different nozzle size, diameter of shaft screw
and rotational speed do effects the percentage of oil
yield. by using shaft screw with diameter of 8 mm
had resulted to the decrease of oil yield with the
increase of nozzle size and rotational speed. while,
by using the shaft screw with diameter of 11 mm had
recorded the highest percentage of oil yield at 65 rpm
when using nozzle with the size of 6 and 10 mm.
however, when using nozzle with the size of 12 mm
the percentage of yield had recorded the same result
pattern with the result of using shaft screw with
diameter of 8 mm which is the decreased of
percentage of oil yield with the increase of rotational
speed.
The highest percentage of oil yield recorded
was at the combination of shaft screw with diameter
of 8 mm, rotational speed at 21 rpm and nozzle size of
6 mm. There was significantly different (p<0.05)
between oil yield with heat temperatures. The oil
yield was higher at 50C (22.68%) and lower at
100C (15.21%). Most of the results obtained
(percentage of oil yield of N. sativa seeds recorded)
was significantly different (p<0.05) in relation with
the effect of Physical parameters of machine screw
press on the oil yield. The study found that optimum
condition for cold press of N. sativa seeds oil is using
6 mm of nozzle size, 8 mm of diameter shaft screw

and pressing at speed 21 rpm. The highest amount of

oil yield is 22.27% on diameter shaft screw 8 mm and
19.05% on diameter shaft screw 11 mm.
Mehul Modh, K., et al., (2011), analysed the
performance of the thrust ball bearing in an oil
expeller. In this paper the authors have carried out the
thrust ball bearing analysis of oil expeller and results
are compared with analytical results to solve the
problem of thrust ball bearing into pieces failure in oil
expeller once in 2 to 3 months. The author had
calculated the thrust force acting upon the thrust ball
bearing, which is quite high which a bearing can
withstand. Hence it was proposed to change the
bearing which gives satisfactory life of 2.5 years by
calculation further static analysis of the Part of
bearing on Pro-E wild Fire 4 and Ansys Workbench
11 was carried out.
Adesoji Olaniyan, M., et al., (2012),
designed a screw press expeller, constructed and
tested for palm kernel and soybean oil extraction. The
expeller was simple enough for local fabrication,
operation, repair and maintenance. Powered by a 15
hp three-phase electric motor, the expeller has average
oil yield and extraction efficiency of 13.48 and 22.79
% respectively from palm Kernel and 9.47 and 36.55
% respectively from soybean with a production cost
of USD1200. The expeller can be used for small scale
palm kernel and soybean oil extraction in the rural
and urban communities. A cottage palm kernel and
soybean oil processing plant based on this technology
can provide employment for at least two persons at
the same time providing palm kernel and soybean oil
at affordable costs for rural dwellers palm kernel cake
and soybean cake for livestock feed mill.
Khangar, V.S., et al., (2012), reviewed the
various methodologies used for the failure analysis of
solid shaft used in different application. Roll shaft
failure can be prevented primarily by introduction of
better material design optimization and by using
correct manufacturing processes. It shows that the
comparison of the different methodology used, their
applications and limitation by various authors. The
objective of the present work is to study the various
methodologies used for the shaft failure analysis and
to choose the best methodology suitable for the failure
analysis of bridle roll shaft used in continuous steel
industry to prevent repetitive failure. Bridle roll
failure leads to heavy loss approximately Rs 80000
per hour due to line Stoppage and repairing costs
associated with the breakdown. Shankar Haldar,
Aniruddha Bhattacharjee, Vineet Jain, et al., (2012).
This is the report submitted by the authors from
Inspire Network for Environment New Delhi to
Department of Science and Technology Government
of India which consist of the detailed information

Copyrights International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering Computations, www.ijiarec.com

726
C. Sakthivel, B. Vijayaprakashet al., Inter. J. Int. Adv. & Res. In Engg. Comp., Vol.03 (06) 2015 [721-730]

about oil expellers including availability of Oilseeds,

Elements of Expelling Process, Types of Expellers
and their Design Features, Current Expellers, Site
Visits.
Aremu, A. K., et al., (2013), designed an oil
extractor machine, constructed and tested to remove
and recover oil from kenaf when used for the
absorption and clean-up of crude oil spillage. The
machine has a throughput capacity of 36.5 kg/hr. and
oil Extraction Efficiency (percent oil yield) of 62.2%
and the oil yield was dependent on the moisture
content of the soaked kenaf bast and core used for the
absorption (clean-up) process. The operation of the
machine does not require any technical-know-how
and the machine can be easily maintained as it has
the tendency of self-lubricating the extraction
chamber due to presence of oil in the input materials.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter explains the various materials
used and methodologies followed in designing the
cold press expeller machine. The various part
drawings that are used to assemble the cold press
expeller machine by using the solid works (2012)
and designing of that parts are discussed in this
chapter.
TYPES OF EXPELLER
Classification for expellers can be divided in
to four categories, Non-motorized expellers,
Motorised expellers, Heavy duty industrial expellers,
and the sayari expellers.
NON-MOTORIZED EXPELLERS
Non-motorized
expellers
are
simple
mechanical devices that are hand/animal operated.
These equipments work on the principle of
mechanical compression and require no electricity or
fuel for operation. They are fabricated using
inexpensive components that can often be
manufactured locally. Being hand operated, these
devices have low expelling capacities of about 2 - 5
kg/hr., or 20 30kg/day. From 35 kg sunflower seed
35% oil can be extracted and cake contains 15% oils.
The total oil recovery from the seed is 18 to 20
percentage. Aremu, A.K., et al., (2013), Testing of an
Engine - Powered groundnut shelling machine.
MOTORISED EXPELLERS
Motorized small scale expellers are complex
machines that house several components. Such
expellers have a solid metal chamber that houses the

heat treated/case hardened screw shaft which is used

to crush oil seeds. The screw shaft is driven by a gear
box assembly, which in turn draws power from an
electric motor or a stand-alone diesel engine set. From
45 kg palm kernals seed 47.5% oil can be obtained
and 20% oil left in the cakes. The overall oil recovery
from the seeds 34% of oil Adeeko, K. A., et al.,
(1990)
HEAVY DUTY INDUSTRIAL EXPELLERS
Mainstream industrial expellers are complex
machines that are built to handle several tons of
feedstock
while
demonstrating
continuous
(uninterrupted) operation. Although expensive to set
up, industrial scale expellers are economical when
processing large amounts of oilseeds, and achieve
good expelling efficiency. From 70 kg soyabean seed
57% oil can be obtained and 25% oil left in the cake.
The overall oil recovery from the seeds 40% of
oil.Kurki, A. J., et al., (2004).
THE SAYARI EXPELLER
The Sayari oil expeller was developed by
FAKT consulting engineers Dietz, Metzler, Zarrate
for use in Nepal. It was designed out of iron sheets
instead of cast iron to limit the weight of the heaviest
parts to 40 kg. The Sayari expeller is the same design
as the Sundhara expeller, but it is produced in
Tanzania to extract oil from Jatropha seeds. Two
private workshops produced the press in Morogoro
for a price of about Rs.1, 35,000 per unit, inclusive of
the engine (an electric motor or diesel engine). From
80 kg groundnut 45% oil can be obtained from the
seeds and the cake contains 8 to 10% oil. The overall
oil recovery from the seeds is 44%. Jekayinfa, S.O., et
al., (2008).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Tests are conducted with the cold press
expeller machine developed and the results obtained
are analysed to assess the optimum value. The final
picture of the design, the determination of machine
pressure, oil expression, determination of oil yield,
are discussed in this chapter.
COLD PRESS EXPELLER MACHINE
The conceptual design was finalized and
fabricated to a final shape. The setup developed is
named as cold press expeller machine. The isometric
view of cold press expeller machine is shown in
Fig.4.1.

Copyrights International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering Computations, www.ijiarec.com

727
C. Sakthivel, B. Vijayaprakashet al., Inter. J. Int. Adv. & Res. In Engg. Comp., Vol.03 (06) 2015 [721-730]

Fig.4.1 Cold press expeller machine

Table 4.1 Bill of materials
Item

Description

Qty.

Material

Roller bearing

Babbitt metal

Motor base

M.S

Sprocket

M.S

Bolt and nut

15

M.S

Chain

M.S

Sheet

M.S

Rod

M.S

Pipe

M.S

Coupling bolt

M.S

10

Angle iron

M.S

11

Welding electrode

1 Packet

M.S

DETERMINATION OF MACHINE PRESSURE

Preliminary testing was done to determine
(calculate) the pressure generated within the system:
Diameter of barrel was constant; worm was loosened
completely, the worm shaft had four different points
with different diameters (measured, noted and
marked), these points on the worm corresponds to
other points on the shank (outer part of the worm
shaft which could be seen even when the worm shaft

is inside the barrel) which were already marked, these

points on the shank could be seen as the shaft was
adjusted.
The more the worm shaft was adjusted
inwards through the adjustment mechanism; the
higher the diameter covered by the worm and the
lesser the clearance between the worm and the barrel
and thus the more the pressure generated within the
system. The measured diameters at the different

Copyrights International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering Computations, www.ijiarec.com

728
C. Sakthivel, B. Vijayaprakashet al., Inter. J. Int. Adv. & Res. In Engg. Comp., Vol.03 (06) 2015 [721-730]

points on the worm shaft are 0.07, 0.072, 0.074 and

0.076m. These values were substituted into the
formula reported by Hannah and Stephens (1984) to
obtain the Torque equation.
OIL EXPRESSION
The oil was expressed using a National
Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi (NCRI)
developed oil seed expeller (Plate 1). The expeller
capacity ranged from 15-20 kg/h and was powered by
a 7.5kW, 3 phase electric motor with inbuilt reduction
gear. It was run at 75rpm.The experimental procedure
was by running the screw press for about 3 minutes

before loading the pre-treated samples as described by

Adesoji Olaniyan, M., et al., (2006). The experiments
were carried out at the following pressures 602.91,
723.07, 925.84 and 1,334.88 kn/m2. Oil expressed
and cakes from the samples were collected separately.
Cleaning of the expeller barrel was done after each
expression. Three replicates of the experiments were
done.
MULTIPLE RANGE TEST
New Duncans Multiple Range Test
(DMRT) was conducted to effect of applied pressure
on oil yield as shown in Table 4.4

Pressure

Oil yield

608.91

18.18

725.07

22.52

928.84

25.99

1335.88

23.38

The result of the comparison among the four levels of

applied pressure revealed that each level of pressure
recorded significantly different oil yield. Higher
pressure seems to yield higher oil to maximum of
925.84KN/m2. Further increase in applied pressure
beyond this point led to a reduction in yield. The
highest oil yield of 24.99% was recorded at
925.84KN/m2 while the minimum oil yield of 16.18%
was observed at 602.91KN/m2. Oyinlola, A., et al.,
(2004) reported that seed particles will deform and
compactly fill up empty voids at low pressure level,
when the pressure is increased, the voids will
diminish and the seed particles begin to resist the
applied pressure through contact points between
particles. Further increase in pressure will force the
oil to start flowing out of the particles; they concluded
that the neem oil point appeared to be at 2000 psi, and
that 5000 psi is the optimum pressure since further
pressure beyond this (6000 psi) gave insignificant
increase on the oil yield.
Ogunsina, B. S., et al., (2008) reported that
this was so because empty voids between particles
from which the oil could flow out were becoming
smaller at higher pressures. Fig 4.1 shows the
graphical illustration of the effect of applied pressure
on oil yield. As earlier revealed in the Duncan
Multiple Range Test (Table 4.4), the figure shows a
progressive increase in oil yield as pressure increased
steadily from 602.91 to 925. 84 KN/m2 but began to
drop with further increase in pressure up

to1334.88KN/m2.This trend agrees with the findings

of Singh, J., et al., (2000).They reported that oil yield
of soya beans increased with increase in Extraction
pressure; that the oil yield increased slowly initially
with increase in pressure before it reached a region
(5070kgf/m2) during which there was a rapid increase
in the yield; they however reported that this yield
began to reduce with further increase in pressure
beyond 70kgf/m2.The pressure at which the oil yield
increased may probably be the pressure at which the
structure of the seed mass crumbled Oyinlola, A., et
al., (2004) reported that oil yield of neem increased
progressively from with increase in applied pressure
from 1.5 to 8.8 MPa. Zamanzadeh, M., et al., (2004)
also reported a consistent increase in oil yield of neem
seed oil when the pressure was increased from 5MPa
to 8MPa.
The trend observed in this work also agrees
with the work of the following researchers:
MaduakoJ. N., et al., (2006), reported that Oil yield
from groundnut increased with increase in pressure up
to 20 MPa beyond which the yield levelled off;
Ogunsina, B. S., et al., (2008), reported a significant
increase in oil yield from melon seeds when applied
pressure was increased from 5 to 18 MPa but oil yield
either levelled off or decreased slightly when the
pressure was increased to25 MPa; Khangar, V.S. et
al., (2012), reported an increase in oil yield from
conophor nuts as pressure increased from 10MPa to
25 MPa.

Copyrights International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering Computations, www.ijiarec.com

729
C. Sakthivel, B. Vijayaprakashet al., Inter. J. Int. Adv. &Res. In Engg. Comp., Vol.03 (06) 2015 [721-730]

Fig.4.2 Effect of machine pressure on oil yield

SUMMARY AND CONCULSION

SUMMARY
This project is carried out in a company
called Parker biotech private limited Chennai which is
an ISO 9001-2008, GMP (Good Manufacturing
Practice) certified manufacturing and exporting
company. Its about Design and development of cold
press expeller machine To design a screw press oil
expeller for neem oil extraction to fabricate the
components of the expeller based on the design
specifications and to test the expeller after fabrication
and assembly of the components. Expeller pressing
(also called oil pressing) is a mechanical method for
extracting oil from raw materials. The raw materials
are squeezed under high pressure in a single step.
When used for the extraction of food oils, typical raw
materials are nuts and algae, which are supplied to the
press in a continuous feed. As the raw material is
pressed, friction causes it to heat up in the case of
harder nuts (which require higher pressures), the
temperature exceeds 120 F (69 C). An expeller
press is a screw-type machine that presses oil
seeds through a caged barrel-like cavity. Raw
materials enter one side of the press and waste
products exit on the other side after extracting the oil.
The machine uses friction and continuous pressure
from the screw drives to move and compress the seed
material. The oil sweeps through small openings that
do not allow seed fiber solids to pass through.
Afterward, the pressed seeds are formed into a
hardened cake, which is removed from the machine.
Pressure involved in expeller pressing creates heat in
the range of 140210 F (6099 C).In order to
remove oil from commodities that do not respond to
expelling or to extract the final traces of oil after
expelling it is necessary to use solvent extraction. A
screw press expeller was designed, constructed and
tested for palm kernel and soyabean oil extraction.
Abdel-Magid, S. B., et al., (2007), studied the effects
of storage on quality of palm kernel and sesame oils
while the effect of postharvest and pre-extraction

treatments on Niger seed processing in a small

expeller were investigated by Abdel-Magid
(2008).Oil expulsion from palm kernel was modeled
by Jekayinfa, S. O., et al., (2008), investigated the
effects of some processing factors on groundnut oil
extraction. They discovered that heating temperature,
moisture content of seeds and other forms of postharvest pre-treatments and extraction conditions had
effects on yield, efficiency of extraction and quality
attributes of oil. The expeller was simple enough for
local fabrication, operation, repair and maintenance.
The material to be pressed is fed between the screw
and the barrel and propelled by the rotating screw
in a direction parallel to the axis the configuration
of the screw and its shaft is such that the material is
progressively compressed as it moves on, towards the
discharge end of the cylinder. The compression effect
can be achieved by decreasing the clearance between
the screw shaft and the cage (progressive or stepwise increase of the shaft diameter) by reducing the
length of the screw flight in the direction of the axial
movement While in designing and in material
selection, consideration was given to the technoeconomic status of the micro and small scale
vegetable oil processors who are the intended users of
the machine. Powered by a 1 hp three-phase electric
motor, the part drawings of various parts that used
for manufacturing the cold press expeller machine
are drawn by the help of solid works (2012).

CONCLUSIONS
A screw press expeller was designed,
constructed and tested for neem oil extraction. The
expeller was simple enough for local fabrication,
operation, repair and maintenance. Powered by 1
hpthree-phase electric motor. The expeller can be
used for neem oil extraction in the rural and urban
communities. Increasing the pressure applied during
screw pressing tended to decrease the size of the
capillaries through which oil flows and further
increase in pressure may eventually lead to the sealing

Copyrights International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering Computations, www.ijiarec.com

730
C. Sakthivel, B. Vijayaprakashet al., Inter. J. Int. Adv. & Res. In Engg. Comp., Vol.03 (06) 2015 [721-730]

of the capillaries and some inter kernel voids. Thus,

increase in pressure leads to increase in oil yield up to
a point, beyond this point, there is no further increase
in yield. The exact cost for manufacturing the cold
press expeller machine is rupees 37,360.

Engineering, ISSN 2250-2459, Vol2, Issue 6.

REFERENCES
[1]. Adeeko, K. A. and Ajibola, O., (1990).
Processing factors affecting yield and quality of
mechanically expressed groundnut oil, Journal
of Agricultural Engineering Research 45: 31-43.
[2]. Abdel-Magid, S. B., El-Kady, R. I., Gad, S. M.
and Awadalla, I. M., (2007). Using cheap and
local non-conventional protein meal (Nigella
sativa) as least cost rations formula on
performance of crossbreed calves, International
Journal of agricultural and Biology 877-880.
[3]. Adesoji Olaniyan, M., Kamaldeen, A. and
Adebayo, L., (2012). Design Development and
Testing of a Screw Press Expeller for Palm
Kernel and Soybean Oil Extraction, Agricultural
Engineering International The CIGR Journal of
Scientific Research and Development, 8, 1-9.
[4]. Aremu, A.K. and Ogunlade, C. A., (2013).
Development and Performance Evaluation of
an Extractor for Removing Oil from Soaked
Kenaf Bast and Core, International Journal of
Advanced Research, ISSN NO 2320-5407 Vol 1,
Issue 4, 196-201.
[5]. Deli, S., Farah Masturah, M., Tajul Aris, Y. and
Wan Nadiah, W.A., (2011). The Effects of
physical parameters of the screw press oil
Expeller on oil yield from Nigella sativa L
seeds, International Food Research Journal
18(4): 1367-1373.
[6]. Ibrahim, A.and Onwualu, A.P., (2005).
Technologies for Extraction of Oil From oilbearing agricultural products: A Review, Journal
of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
(JAET).Vol 2, Issue 5,136-200
[7]. Idrus Noriqman Hakimi (2010). Design and
development of the oil expeller, Master thesis,
University Technology Malaysia, Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering.
[8]. Jekayinfa, S. O., and Bamgboye, A. I., (2008).
Energy Requirements for Palm Kernel Oil
Processing Operations, Nutrition & Food
Science. 34(4):166173.
[9]. Kurki, A., J. Bachmann, B., (2004). Oil seed
processing for SmallScale Producers, NCAT
Agriculture Specialist USA.
[10]. Khangar, V.S. and Dr Jaju, S.B., (2012). A
Review of Various Methodologies Used for Shaft
Failure Analysis, International Journal of
Emerging
Technology
and
Advanced
Copyrights International Journal of Intellectual Advancements and Research in Engineering Computations, www.ijiarec.com