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1617 Level J Social Studies (Ancient Civilizations Workbook Questions and Answers Chapter 6-7) T1-2
1617 Level J Social Studies (Ancient Civilizations Workbook Questions and Answers Chapter 6-7) T1-2
Who are Zeus, Poseidon, Pluto, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, Artemis and Ares?
Greek gods
Zeus king of the gods
Poseidon god of the ocean
Pluto god of the underworld
Aphrodite goddess of love
Athena goddess of wisdom
Apollo god of art and of the sun
Artemis goddess of hunting and the moon
Ares god of war
Who was Demeter and how did the Greeks explain the changing of the seasons?
9.
Demeter was the goddess of plants and the harvest, making fruits and crops ripen. The Greeks explained
the changing of the seasons as depending on when Demeters daughter returned to her from the
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underworld.
What is an oracle?
10.
An oracle is a message transmitted through the priests or priestess at a holy place.
Who were Homer and Hesiod and what were their major works?
11.
Homer and Hesiod were poets. Homer lived around the mid 8th century and Hesiod around 700 BCE.
Homers major works were The Iliad and The Odyssey. Hesiods were The Theonogy and Works
and Days.
Why did the Greeks hold sporting competitions to honour the gods?
12.
The Greeks held sporting competitions to honor the gods because the Greeks saw strength, speed and
sporting skills as a celebration of the power of the gods on earth, and believed that victory was a sign of their
favor.
13. What is the name of the Greek goddess of victory?
The Greek goddess of victory was called Nike.
Know the most important games, where they were held and the reason for their name
14.
The most important games were the Olympics. They were held at Olympia, named after Mount
Olympus.
What happened before the Olympic Games?
15.
Before the Olympic games any wars were suspended to allow athletes from all over the Greek world to
compete.
What was the purpose of the gymnasion?
16.
The purpose of a gymnasion was to train athletes for the different sports and teach philosophy, literature
and music.
What was the most important Doric state?
17.
The most important Doric state was Sparta in the mountains of south west Greece.
Why were Spartas soldiers particularly important?
18.
Spartas soldiers were particularly important because they were needed to control the slave population,
who vastly outnumbered the Spartan population.
What is the definition of oligarchy?
19.
Oligarchy is a system of government where a small group rules.
How were children educated in Sparta?
20.
At 7 years old, each male child was sent away from his family to military school, taught fighting skills,
toughness and endurance by
living in communal barracks until 30. Girls were taught gymnastics and their duties to Sparta by the
state.
Why did Sparta encourage a simple life?
21.
Sparta encouraged a simple life to prevent jealousy and division and encourage loyalty.
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34.
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Darius, the Persian king, invaded the Greek mainland in 490 BCE to punish the Greeks for their
rebellion in Ionia.
Which Greek states allied to fight the Persian invasion?
35.
The Greek states of Athens, Plataea and Sparta allied to fight the Persians.
Why were the Spartan troops too late to fight the Persians?
36.
Spartan troops were too late to fight the Persians because they were celebrating a religious festival.
37. What was the name of the battle at which the Greeks defeated the Persians?
The Greeks defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.
What is the definition of hoplite and phalanx?
38.
A Hoplite was the name for a Greek foot soldier.
Hoplites fought in an organized formation called a phalanx. This was a long block of soldiers about eight
men deep that charged into the enemy.
Why did the Persians invade Greece again in 480 BCE?
39.
The Persians invaded Greece again in 480 BCE because it was crucial for the Persians to punish the
Greeks for their resistance.
What are the courses of the battles of the war?
40.
First, the Battle of Thermopylae took place, where the Persians defeated the Greeks on land. Second, was
the Battle of Salamis, where the Greek Fleet defeated the Persian Fleet.
Who was Leonidas and how did he die?
41.
Leonidas was a Spartan General. He died in an outnumbered fight at the Battle of Thermopylae.
Know what the Spartans and other southern Greeks wanted to do after Athens was destroyed
42.
After Athens was destroyed, the Spartans and other southern Greeks wanted to retreat to the narrow
isthmus of Corinth.
Who was the Athenian general at the Battle of Salamis and how did he defeat the Persians?
43.
Themistocles was the Athenian General at the Battle of Salamis. He defeated the Persians by leading
them into a small strip of water and attacking the small groups of Persian ships that came through.
What were the Acropolis and the Parthenon and when they were built?
44.
The Acropolis was a complex of buildings on the highest part of the city. The Parthenon was a temple to
Athena. They were built after the Persian King Xerxes had destroyed Athens.
Know how the Athenians made the pillars of the Parthenon appear straight from the ground
45.
The Athenians made the pillars of the Parthenon appear straight from the ground by making them
slightly bulge in the middle.
Who was Thales of Miletus and how did he change Greek thinking about nature?
46.
Thales of Miletus was the first Greek Philosopher. He changed Greek thinking about nature by using
reason and rejected myths about gods.
47.
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The word Philosophy comes from two Greek words, philos meaning love and sophos meaning
knowledge.
From which societies did the Greeks inherit some scientific and mathematical knowledge?
48.
The Greeks inherited some scientific and mathematical knowledge from Egyptian and Babylonian
societies.
49.
Know who Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Herodotus, Thucydides, Aeschylus, Sophocles,
Aristophanes and Euripides were, and their achievements
Hippocrates extended scientific thinking to medicine, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were Philosophers.
Herodotus and Thucydides were Historians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes and Euripides were
playwrights.
See page 98-101 for achievements
What was the origin of the word history?
50.
History comes from Historia, the title of Herodotus book, which means inquiries or questioning.
Know the form of traditional Greek theatre
51.
The form of traditional Greek theatre featured one actor and a chorus or group of supporting actors.
Plays were tragedies or comedies with the main actor playing different characters.
What was the Delian League and when it was founded?
52.
The Delian League was an Alliance between Athens and its allies in the north and west. It was founded in
478 BCE.
How did Athens come to dominate the Delian League?
53.
Athens came to dominate the Delian League because they began to control more decisions of the league.
They later moved the treasury to Athens.
54. Why did the Peloponnesian War break out between Athens and Sparta and when?
The Peloponnesian War broke out between Athens and Sparta in 431 BCE because:
- Athens besieged a colony of Corinth, a Spartan Ally.
- Athens ordered that no other city should trade with Megara.
- Sparta watched the growth of Athenian power with alarm.
Why did the war last so long?
55.
The war lasted so long because the Spartans had a strong army and the Athenians had a strong navy.
How did the Spartans win in the end and when?
56.
The Spartans won in the end when the Athenian fleet was defeated and Athens was blockaded. In 404
BCE Athens surrendered because it was starving.
Why was King Philip II of Macedonia significant?
57.
King Philip II of Macedonia was significant because he developed a new Macedonian Army with a
cavalry; he captured many of the cities of central Greece and defeated a united Athenian and Thebian
army in 338 BCE.
58.
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When Philip II died in 336 BCE, his son, Alexander III, better known as Alexander the Great, succeeded
him.
59. What were the route of Alexanders conquests and the main battles he fought?
In 334, Alexander planned to invade Persia.
- He crossed into Asia Minor and defeated the Persian Army on the Granicus River.
- Marched south and liberated many Greeks cities.
- Alexander defeated another Persian Army at the Battle of Issus.
- Marched south and captured Tyre and Gaza.
- In 332 BCE reached Egypt and conquered Egypt Alexander proclaimed Pharaoh.
- Marched East into Persia and defeated Darius at Gaugamela.
- Marched further east and defeated smaller kingdoms.
- Defeated King Porus at the Hydaspes River.
60. Who was the Persian king that Alexander defeated?
The Persian King Alexander defeated was Darius III.
Know what Alexanders army did at Persepolis and why?
61.
At Persepolis, Alexanders army burnt down the royal palaces in revenge for the burning of Athens by
Xerxes.
62. When, where and why did Alexander turn back from his eastward march?
In 326 BCE, by the river Hyphasis, Alexanders troops mutinied.
Know why Alexanders army began to resent him?
63.
Alexanders army began to resent him because:
- He became arrogant and quarrelsome
- He began to adopt some new traditions of Persian Kingship
- He forced his commanders to marry local women
- He increased his army by adding Persian troops
When did Alexander die and how old was he?
64.
Alexander died at Babylon in 323 BCE. He was 32 years old.
What happened to Alexanders empire when he died?
65.
When Alexander died his son was only a baby and therefore too young to succeed his father. The leading
generals fought among themselves and the empire soon split up.
Know the three main states that had emerged by about 280 BCE
66.
The three main states that emerged by about 280 BCE were Macedonia-Greece, Egypt and
Mesopotamia-Persia.
What does Hellenised mean?
67.
Hellenised means to be influenced by Greek language, culture and beliefs.
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What happened to the Roman state regarding its expansion in the two and a half centuries after the
beginning of the Republic?
After the beginning of the Republic, the Roman state expanded from ruling an area of about 800km sq to
controlling nearly the entire Italian peninsula 250 years later in 509 BCE.
12.
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Septimius Severus rule was significant because it showed that Italy had become only part of the empire
and was no longer the dominant region.
Why did military reforms to defend the empire create problems?
42.
Military reform to defend the empire created problems because Septimius Severus had to raise taxes,
and maintaining the army was also expensive.
When did Diocletian rule and how did he restore stability to the empire?
43.
Diocletian ruled from 284-305 CE. He restored stability to the empire because he introduced a system
known as tetrachy, meaning rule of four.
What were the weaknesses of Diocletians reforms?
44.
The weaknesses of Diocletians reforms were taxes needed to be raised and the senate was abandoned.
When did Constantine rule and how did he increase the divisions between the eastern and western
parts of the empire?
Constantine ruled from 306-377 CE. He increased the divisions between the eastern and western parts of
the empire by creating a second capital to act as a center for imperial rule in the East.
45.
What was Constantines policy towards the Germanic tribes threatening the empire from eastern
Europe?
Constantines policy towards the Germanic tribes threatening the empire from Eastern Europe was to
recruit them into the army to reduce the danger.
46.
Why did the Visigoths want to settle within the empire and why did they rebel in 378 CE?
47.
The Visigoths wanted to settle within the empire because they were afraid of being attacked by the Huns.
They rebelled in 378 CE because they were treated badly by the local imperial officials.
Why did the Visigoths attack Rome in 410 CE and what were the effects of the eventual settlement
they made with the government?
The Visigoths attacked Rome in 410 CE because they were not content with their new status and
demanded better lands and conditions from the government.
48.
What was the traditional date given for the end of the Roman empire and why?
49.
The traditional date given for the end of the Roman Empire is 476 CE because it is when Romulus, the
last Roman Emperor in the west, was defeated.
Know how life changed in western Europe after 476 CE and how it stayed the same.
50.
Life changed in Western Europe after 476 CE because the Empire was over. However, it also stayed the
same because Roman style Law and Latin was still used. Culture and systems of government remained
the same.
What was the name given to the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of Rome?
51.
The name given to the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of Rome was the Byzantine Empire.
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