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A20 APPENDIX C Differential Equations

DIF FER ENT tALE QU AliON 5


->
C.l SOLUTIONS Of DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Find general solutions of differential equations. Find particular solutions of differential equations.

General Solution of a Differential Equation


A differential equation is an equation involving a differentiable function and one
or more of its derivatives. For instance,
y' + 2)' = 0 Differential equation

is a differential equation. A function y = f(x) is a solution of a differential equa


tion if the equation is satisfied when y and its derivatives are replaced by f(x} and
its derivatives. For instance,
Solution of differential equation

is a solution of the differential equation shown above. To see this. substitute for y
and y' = - 2e- 2 \' in the original equation. .
y' + 2y = -2e- 1x + 2(e- 1x } Substitutefon-andy'.
=0
In the same way, you can show that y = 2e- 2x, Y = - 3e- 2 \ and y = ~e-1x are
also solutions of the differential equation. In fact, each function given by
General solution

where C is a real number, is a solution of the equation. This family of solutions


is called the general solution of the differential equation.

1!('EXAMPl~ r;I' Checking Solutions


Show that
(a) y = Ce X and (b) y = Ce- x
are solutions of the differential equation y" - y = O.
SOLUTION
(a) Because y' = Ce x and y" = Ce x , it follows thal
y" - y = Ce x - Ce x
= O.

So, y = Ce x is a solution.

(b) Because y' = -Ce- X and y" = Ce- x , it follows that

= O.

So, y = Ce - x is also a solution.


-
APPENDIX C.l Solutions of Differential Equations A21

~articular Solutions and Initial Conditions


......
(particular solution of a differential equation is any solution that is obtained
, by assigning specific values to the constants in the general equation. *
Geometrically, the general solution of a differential equation is a family of
, , called solution curves. For instance, the general solution of the differen
niphs
nal equation xy' 2y = 0 is
General solution \
~igureA.7 shows several solution curves of this differential equation.
lction and one
Particular solutions of a differential equation are obtained from initial
conditions placed on the unknown function and its derivatives. For instance,
, I x
in Figure A.7, suppose you want to find the particular solution whose graph -3 ~
3
passes through the point (1, 3). This initial condition can be written as
erential equa
:d by /(x) and y =3 when x = I. Initial condition
Sllbstituting these values into the general solution produces 3 = C( 1)2, which
~quatiOIl in:lplies that C = 3. So, the particular solution is
lbstitute for y y = 3x::!. 1
Particular solution FIGURE A.7 :
t_
-,I,
';~,,*)\';MP,t'ff2!1 Finding a Particular Solution
)I;;
Verify that
y = ~e-2x are y = Cx3 General solution
en by
is a solution of the differential equation xy' 3y = 0 for any value of C. Then
find the particular solution detennined by the initial condition
{ of solutionst:.. y = 2 when x = - 3. Initial condition
SOWTION The derivative of y = Cx3 is y' = 3Cx2 . Substituting into the dif
ferential equation produces
. !
.,
xy' 3y = x(3Cx 2) - 3(Cx3 ) I

= O.
Sp,
-'.f
y= Cx3 is a solution for any value of C. To find the particular solution,
s~bstitute x = - 3 and y = 2 into the general solution to obtain

2
.2 = C( - 3)3 or C = - 21'
I
. !

This implies that the particular solution is


X~-r:
::'t
Particular solution

*:~q;.<..
';~,~e differential equations have solutions other than those given by their general solutions. These
~l!t~called singular solutions. In this briefdiscussion of differential equations, singular solutions will
~~ot be discussed. .

--- :~"~

{f\:'
~~/~.,..
A22 APPENDIX C Differential Equations

EXAMP l E 3 I Finding a Particular Solution


You are working in the marketing department of a company that is producing a
e
new cereal product to be sold nationally. You determine that a maximum of 10
million units of the product could be sold in a year. You hypothesize that the rate
of growth of the sales x (in millions of units) is proportional to the difference
~soJ
between the maximum sales and the current sales. As a differential equation, this
hypothesis can be written as

-dx
dt
= k(lO - x)
'
o~ X ~ 10.

Rate of
change
of x
J l i., prtpor.
tional to
the difference
between
10 and x. 4

The general solution of this differential equation is


x = 10 Ce- kr General solution

where t is the time in years. After I year, 250,000 units have been sold. Sketch
the graph of the sales function over a IO-year period.
SOLUTION Because the product is new, you can assume that x = 0 when t = O.
So, you have two initial conditions.
x = 0 when t = 0 First initial condition

x = 0.25 when t = I Second initial condition

Substituting the first initial condition into the general solution produces
o= 10 Ce-k(O)

which implies that C = 10. Substituting the second initial condition into the t.'
general solution produces }
0.25 = 10 lOe- k (')
which implies that k = In ~ = 0.0253. So, the particular solution is
x = 10 - IOe-O.0253r. Particular sollilion
."
The table shows the annual sales during the first 10 years, and the graph of the
solution is shown in Figure A.8. .,.
t
h,
;,l:,

t I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x 0.25 0.49 0.73 0.96 1.19 1.41 1.62 1.83 2.04 2.24
FIGURE A.S

In the first three examples in this section, each solution was given in explicit
-'
form, such as y = j(x). Sometimes you will encounter solutions for which it is .
.more convenient to write the solution in implicit form, as shown in Example 4.
..:...
APPENDIX C.I Solutions of Differential Equations A23

Sketching Graphs of Solutions


is producing a
erify that
laximum of 10 !,.
ize that the rate 2y 2 - x 2 = C General solution
I the difference
;a solution ofthe differential equation
II equation, this
j' 2yy' - x = 0.

en sketch the particular solutions represented by C = 0, C = I, and C = 4.


'''lUTION To verify the given solution, differentiate each side with respect to x.
~~. 2y 2 - x2 = C Given general solution

{\:. 4yy' - 2x = Differentiate with respect to x.

Jr 2yy' - X = Divide each side by 2.

~use the third equation is the given differential equation, you can conclude
Jfrl~
:en sold. Sketch ~i'

~F2y2 - x 2 = C

=: 0 when t == O. '~.solution.
~c ..
The particular solutions represented by C = 0, C = I, and C = 4
". hown ill FIgure A.9.

)n is

C = -1 C =-4

Graphs of Five Particular Solutions

TWl
~
-
;; given in explicit
ANOTHER

riting a Differential Equation


LOOK

. rite a differential equation that has the family of circles


ns for which it is .
n in Example 4. x 2 + y2 = C

s a general solution.
A24 APPENDIX C Differential Equations

PREREQUISITE Thefonowingwarm~up exercises iriVolveskilfs that were covered in earlier sections. You will
REVIEW C.l use these skills In the exercise set for.this section. .

In Exercises 1-4, find the firstond ~ndderivotives of the function.


1.Y~3.~2 +4+ 1 '. . .' .. '..

. 2.y=:, ..,.2x3 -8x + 4.'


!3.y=' -3ez,
4. y= ..,.31.",2

In EXercise~5,,"8,uSeimplicit diFferentiotiontofind dy/dx.


:5. x Z +'yZ=2x"

.. ln9~x~f;~~s::n:e~~~~~r
10. i4.75';25j)5~-2k

EXERCISES C.l

In Exercises 1-10, verify that the function is a solution of the In Exercises 11-28, verify that the function is a solution of the
differential equation. differential equation for any value of C.
Solution Differential Equation Solution Differential Equation
l.y=x 3 +5 y' = 3x2 1 dy =
11. y =-x + C dx x2
2.y=2,x3-x+l y' = 6x 2 - 1
3. y = e-2J: y' + 2y = 0 dy x

4. y = 3e x2
y'-2xy=O
dx J4 x2
dy
3 13. y = Ce 4x -=4y
S. y = 2,x3 y'--y=O dx
x
dy
2
2
y' -y= 0
14. y = Ce- 4x dx = -4y
6. y = 4x
X

7. y = x2 x 2y"- 2y = 0 15. y = Ce- r/ 3 +7 3~+y-7=O


1
8. y = xy"+ 2y' =0 16. y = Ce-/ + 10 y'+y-1O=O
x
17. y = Cx 2 - 3x xy' 3x 2y = 0
9. y = 2e 2J: y"- y' 2y = 0
10. y = eX' y"- 3x2 y' 6xy =0 18. y = x lnx 2 + 2,x3/2 + ex y,-J:'=2+.h
x

19. y = x 2 + 2x + xC xy' + Y = x(3x + 4)


y" y' = 0
APPENDIX C.l Solutions of Differential Equations A25

Solution Differential Equation 43. General solution: y = C l + C2 In\x\, x > 0


s;youwill
Differential equation: xy" + y' = 0
. 21. y= + C2e 2y" + 3y' 2y = 0
C 1e x / 2 2x
Initial condition: y = 5 and y' = 0.5 when x =
2Z. y = C,e4 + C2e
x x y" 3y' 4y = 0
44. General solution: y = C,x + C2 x3
. bx 4 y' _ ay = bx3 Differential equation: x 2y" 3xy' + 3y = 0
23. y = - + Cx Q

x Initial condition: y = 0 and y' = 4 when x = 2


4-a

2xy' y = x3 - x 45. General solution: y = C 1e4x + C2e-3x:


Differential equation: y" y' 12y = 0
Initial condition: y = 5 and y' = 6 when x =0
y'+2xy=xy2 x2
25. y = I + Cex2 46. General solution: y = Ce x -
Differential equation: y' + (2x - l)y = 0
26. y = Ce x- x2 y' + (2x - 1)y = 0
Initial condition: y = 2 when x = r
27. y = x In x + ex + 4 x(y' 1) - (y - 4) = 0
47. General solution: y = e2x/ 3 (C 1 + C2x)
28. y = x(lnx + C) x +Y xy' =0 Differential equation: 9y" 12y' + 4y =0
Initial condition: y = 4 when x = 0

In Exercises 29-32, use implicit differentiation to verify that the y = 0 when x = 3

. equation is a solution of the differential equation for any value 4 2x

48. General solution: y = (C1 + C2 x + T2x }e


ofe.
Differential equation: y" - 4y' + 4y = x 2 e2x

" Solution Differential Equation


Initial condition: y = 2 and y' = I when x = 0

Z9. x 2 + y2 = Cy Y'=~
x2 _ y2 ~ In Exercises 49-52, the general solution of the differential
;
+ y)y' - x + y = 0 equation is given. Use a graphing utility to graph the particular
~~.y2 + 2xy - r = C
(x
solutions that correspOnd to the indicated values of e.

-
}i.x2 +xy=C x2y" - 2(x + y) = 0

General Solution Differential Equation C- Values


$2. x 2 - y2 =C Iy" + x 2 - y2 = 0

49. y = Cx 2 xy' - 2y = 0 1,2,4


a solution of the In Exercises 33-36, determine whether the function is a solution 50. 4 y 2 - x2 =C 4yy' - x =0 0, I, 4
<if the differential equation 14 ) - 16y = O. + 2)y' - 2y = 0 0, I, 2
51. Y = C(x + 2)2 (x
mtial Equation 33. y = e- 2x 0, 1, 2
52. y = Ce- x y' + Y = 0
34. y = 51nx

In Exercises 53-60, use integration to find the general solution of


4

35.y= the differential equation.


x x
36.y = 4e2x 53. ~ = 3x2
. "f ..
~y InExercises 37-40, determine whether the function is a solution
54. dy = _1_

ofthe differential equation y'" - 3y' + 2y = O. dx I+x

-4y '. 2
37. y = ijxe- 2x

55. dy = x + 3

ii 2

~~;iy = 4ex + ijxe- 2x dx x

'y-7=0
39.y = xe x

56. dy =x-2

1-10=0 :40; y = xlnx


dx x

3x - 2y = 0 dy I
:~ri1Exercises 41-48, verify that the general solution satisfies the 57. dx = x2 - I
~Ifferential equation.Then find the particular solution that satis
,~=2+fi ~ft~sthe initial condition.
dy X

58' dx =l+x2

';-!~'~~'~:\':
r~f,;'General solution: y = Ce- 2x

y = x(3x + 4)
"?;('Differential equation: y' + 2y = 0
59. ~ = x.JX='3
~'= 0 : ,Initial condition: y = 3 when x = 0

.~ ': :,. ~- .

:4~;"General solution: 2x 2 + 3y 2 = C

t;;i;
Differential equation: 2x + 3yy' = 0

Initial condition: y = 2 when x = I

A26 A P PEN DIX C Differential Equations

In Exercises 61-64,you are shown the graphs of some of the solu 67. Marketing You are working in the marketing depan_
tions of the differential equation. Rnd the particular solution ment of a computer software company. Your marketin ~ C. 2
whose graph passes through the indicated point. team determines that a maximum of 30,000 units of a ne:
61. y2 = Cx 3 62. 2x 2 - y2 = C product can be sold in a year. You hypothesize that the rate
of growth of the sales x is proportional to the difference
)
:'.j.
2xy' - 3y =0 yy' - 2x =0 between the maximum sales and the current sales. That is,
:" ~: ~ Sep
dx
dt = k(30,000 - x).
. The E
The general solution of this differential equation is that t
x = 30,000 - Ce- kr
where t is the time in years. During the first year, 2000 units
are sold. Complete the table showing the numbers of units
In th
sold in subsequent years.
fami
This
63. y = Ce X 64. y2 = 2Cx Year, t 2 4 6 8 10
y' - y =0 2xy' - y = 0 Units. x

6 '"iU ~ ! 68. Marketing In Exercise 67, suppose that the maximum


_'if / ! annual sales are 50,000 units. How does this change the
'I' J !
4 ~t ! j
sales shown in the table?
~!, / /

_~J!'-(O, 3)
69. Safety Assume that the rate of change in the number of
miles s of road cleared per hour by a snowplow is inverse
',"'-; i I I I_x ly proportional to the depth h of the snow. This rate of :-i..
-3 -2 -I I I 2 3 change is described by the differential equation
,!~.'-.

ds k
-=-.
dh h
65. Biology The limiting capacity of the habitat of a wildlife
Show that
herd is 750. The growth rate dN/ dt of the herd is propor
tional to the unutilized opportunity for growth, as described 13 h
s=25--ln-
In 3 2
lmr
by the differential equation to (
is a solution of this differential equation.
~= k(750 - N).
eac
70. Show that y = a + Cek(l-b)r is a solution of the differen
The general solution of this differential equation is tial equation
= 750 - Ce- kr .
N
y = a + b(y - a) + (~) (~) Fin
When t = 0, the population of the herd is 100. After 2
years, the population has grown to 160. where k is a constant.
(a) Write the population function N as a function of t. 71. The function y = Ce kx is a solution of the differential
~ (b) Use a graphing utility to graph the population function.
equation
(SO
dy
(c) What is the population of the herd after 4 years? dx = 0.07y.
66. Investment The rate of growth of an investment is
Is it possible to determine C or k from the information
proportional to the amount in the investment at any time t.
given? If so, find its value.
That is,
dA True or False? In Exercises 72 and 73, determine whether
dt = kA. the statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
The initial investment is $1000, and after 10 years the bal example that shows it is false.
ance is $3320.12. The general solution is 72. A differential equation can have more than one solution.
kr
A = Ce . 73. If y = f(x) is a solution of a differential equation, then
What is the particular solution? y = f(x) + C is also a solution.
A P PEN 0 J XC. 2 Separation of Variables A27
--
lting depan_
I~ marketing ~
t.2
-;<;."
SEPARATION OF VARIABLES
aus of a new Use separation of variables to solve differential equations. Use differential equations to model and solve real-life
. that the rate problems.
Ie difference
lIes. That is,
Separation of Variables
the simplest type of differential equation is one of the form y' = I(x). You know
on is that this type of equation can be solved by integration to obtain

Ir, 2000 units


y ~ II(x) dx.
(bers of units
;,n this section, you will learn how to use integration to solve another important
'amily of differential equations-those in which the variables can be separated.
;'Ibis technique is called separation of variables. ID You can use a symbolic
.$"
~ integration utility to solve
a separable variables differential
E~~cuationofvariables .0'
equation. Use a symbolic integra
le maximum tion utility to solve the differential
ilariCii ai~col)tln1l6ils.runctionsi,th~({the\iiff~fentilil equ~tion'~ , < . equation
s change the
, x
le number of Y=y2+1' .,.
IW is inverse /II
This rate of
)n

Essentially, the technique of separation of variables is just what its name


,plies. For a differential equation involving x and y, you separate the x variables
. one side and the y variables to the other. After separating variables, integrate
h side to obtain the general solution. Here is an example.
. the differen

Solving a Differential Equation

X
y2 + I'
Begin by separating variables, then integrate each side.

dy x
Differential equation
~ infonnation dx = y2 + I
(y2 + I)dy = xdx Separate variables.

nine whether J(y2 + I) dy = fXdX Integrdte each side.


vhy or give an
y3 x2

-+y=-+C General solution

ne solution. 3 2 i

:quation, then
A28 APPENDIX C Differential Equations

I EXAMPLE ,2! Solving a Differential Equation

Find the general solution of


So
dy x
dx y
sui
SOLUTION Begin by separating variables, then integrate each side.

dy = ~ Differential e<juatioll
dx y

ydy = xdx Separate variables.

Integrate each side.

y2 x2
2 =2+ C1 Find antideriv<ltives.

y2 = x2 + C Multiply each side by 2.

So, the general solution is y2 = x 2 + C. Note that C 1 is used as a temporary


constant of integration in anticipation of multiplying each side of the equation by T<
2 to produce the constant C. _

STUDY TIP T
After finding the general solution of a differential equation, you should use th
the techniques demonstrated in Section C.l to check the solution. For instance,
in Example 2 you can check the solution by differentiating the equation
y2 = x 2 + C to obtain 2yy' = 2x or y' = x/yo
I

I EXAMp,U31 Solving a Differential Equation ffi E


Find the general solution of

eY : = 2x.
t<
Use a graphing utility to graph several solutions.
5
SOLUTION Begin by separating variables, then integrate each side.

e Y dy = 2x Differential e<juation
dx

eY dy = 2xdx Separate variables.

I eY dy = J 2x dx Integrate each side.

eY = x2 + C Find antiderivatives.

By taking the natural logarithm of each side, you can write the general solution as
y = In(x2 + C). General solution

The graphs of the particular solutions given by C = 0, C = 5, C = 10, and


FIGURE A.l0 C = 15 are shown in FigureA.lO.
A P PEN DIXC. 2 Separation of Variables A29

f!XAM PI,E 41 Finding a Particular Solution


Solve the differential equation
xe x2 + yy' == 0

subject to the initial condition y == 1 when x == o.

SOLunON
Differelllial c'Iualilln
xe x2 + yy' == 0

dy 2
Subtract fnull L'ach !-.ide.
y - == -xeX Xl'"

dx
x2
y dy == - xe dx Separate variahk,.

J J-
y dy == xe dx
x2 Integrate each ,id.'.

Find antiderival;ves.

Multiply each .side hy 2.


a temporary

-
equation by To find the particular solution, substitute the initial condition values to obtain
(1)2 == _e(O)2 + C.
III
This implies that 1 == - 1 + C, or C == 2. So, the particular solution that satisfies
the initial condition is
Ishould use
For instance, y2 == _e x2 + 2. Particular solutiun
he equation

('FXAMPIE;sl Solving a Differential Equation


\'
Example 3 in Section C.l uses the differential equation

dx
- == k(10 - x)
dt
to model the sales of a new product. Solve this differential equation.

SOwnoN
dx / STUDY TIP
Differential equation
dt == k(10 - x)
In Example 5, the context of
1 the original model indicates that
--dx==kdt Separate variables.
10 - x (10 - x) is positive. So, when
you integrate 1/(10 - x), you
Jk dt
J _ I - dx ==
10 - x
-In(10 - x) == kt + C,
Integrate each side.

Find antiderivarives.
can write -In(1O - x), rather
than -lnlIa - xl-
Also note in Example 5
In(1O - x) == -kt - C, Multiply each side by - I. that the solution agrees with
II solution as the one that was given in .
10 - x == e- kt - C Exponentiate each side.
Example 3 in Section C.l.
x == 10 - Ce- kt Solve for x.

-
10, and

A30 A P PEN D IX C Differential Equations

Applications
jiX~
EXAMP LE6 I Modeling National Income' ~ find the (

I. At eac
Let y represent the national income, let a represent the income spent on necessi_
ties, and let b represent the percent of the remaining income spent on luxuries. A Z. The gi
commonly used economic model that relates these three quantities is
SOLUTIO
dy = k(l - b)(y - a) the differ
dt
dy =
where t is the time in years. Assume that b is 75%, and solve the resulting differ_ dx
ential equation.
Using th,
Corporate profits in the United States SOLUTION Because b is 75%, it follows that (I - b) is 0.25. So, you can solve t,,;; 2.
are closely monitored by New York the differential equation as shown.
City's Wall Street executives. Corporate
profits, however, represent only about dy
dt = k(0.25)(y - a) Ditlerential equation
10.5% of the national income. In 2003,
the national income was more than I
$9.5 trillion. Of this, about 65% was
employee compensation.
--dy
y-a

_I- dy = JO.25k dt
= 0.25kdt Separate variables.

Integrate each side.


I
J y-a
In(y - a) = 0.25kt + C 1 Find anti derivatives, given .v - 1I > 0,
Y- a = CeO. 25kJ Exponentiate each side.
y = a + CeO.25kt Add 1I to each side.
Applyir
The graph of this solution is shown in Figure A.II. In the figure, note that the
(2r
national income is spent in three ways.
which i
(National income) = (necessities) + (luxuries) + (capital investment)
is

.... Modelin~ Nation3li~c!im~ As sho'


...
.. ~' ~.~ '".;" :\.<
". . .-it:"'> ,(::::: ..,;-' .... ~:., ..
:'" .....
o Capital investment Income consumed on
o Consumed on luxuries necessities and luxuries
o Consumed on necessities Y = a + O.75CeO.25kr
1
\

Cia!
Inw~

d
a'
d
b. ~
c

FIGURE A.ll
- c.

d. (
)<
---
AP PEN D IXC. 2 Separation of Variables A31

, IEXA:MP~E,:l' I Using Graphical Information m

Find the equation of the graph that has the characteristics listed below.

, I. At each point (x, y) on the graph, the slope is - x/2y.

mt on necessi_

on luxuries. A
2. The graph passes through the point (2, I).
; IS
SOLUTION Using the information about the slope of the graph, you can write

the differential equation

dy =_~
~sulting differ- dx 2y'
Using the point on the graph, you can determine the initial condition y = I when

you can solve


x= 2.

dy = x
Differential equation
dx 2y

2ydy = -xdx Separate variables.

f f 2ydy = -xdx
2
Integrate each side.

x
y2 = -2 + c\ Find antiderivatives.

> 0_
- 1I
2y 2 = -x2 +C Multiply each side by 2.

x2 + 2y 2 =c Simplify.

Applying the initial condition yields


~, note that the
~;:,
...
;,-'
(2)2 + 2(1)2 = C
&kich implies that C = 6. So, the equation that satisfies the two given conditions
vestment)
is

Particular solution

A~ shown in Figure A.12, the graph of this equation is an ellipse. FIGURE A.12

TAKE ANOTHER LOOK

;;'<:Iassifying DiFFerential Equations


which of the differential equations can the variables be separated?

~_3x
dx - y

~ = 3x + 1
dx y

- x
2~_ 3x'

dx - y

~_ 3x+ y

dx - y

,
.!
,
A32 APPENDIX C Differential Equations

PREREQUISITE Thefollowi~g warm cup exercises involve skills"that were covered in earlier sections.' You will
REVIEW C.2 'use these skills in the exercise set for thIs section. .

, In Exercises 1-6, find the indefinite integrol and check your result by differentiating. '

'I. J :cV2 dx ,

" 2. J (t''- t 1/3


) de ,

f
"2 ','
3.. --,'dx
. x - 5
y .
4~ '.
J
?,2
'. '. ,... :",y.
+ 1 dy .
"", ......

.,'.' .' . . 5~Je2>' dy . , .

..6~Jxe 17.X~'d.~,,',

In ~ercises 7-10,~the'eqJotion
, "..
for Cor k.
7. (3)2- 6(3)=ltC
8. (~1)2 + (--':2)2 =C
9. 10 = 2e2 k .
10. (6)2 ...: 3(6) =,e~k

J7. A st,
EXERCISES C.2 iL
,~ .
roan
., the t
In Exercises 1-6, decide whether the variables in the differential tern)
dy ~
equation can be separated. 17. dx == v'l - Y 38. Arc
1. dy = _x_ dy =x+1 plac
2 20. y' == (2x - l)(y + 3) utes
dx y+3 'dx x 19. (2 + x)y' == 2y
tern
dy I 4. dy =_x_
3. 'dx == ~ +I 21. xy' == y 22. y' y(x + 1) == 0 .39. Foe
dx x +Y
23. y' == ~ _ _ x_ dY==X2+2 '; set
dy _ = l 24 dx 3y 2
5. - x - y 6 xdy
dx y y I +Y (a)
dx
25. eX(y' + 1) == I 26. yy' 2xeX == 0
In Exercises 7-26, use separation of variables to find the general
solution of the differential equation. In Exercises 27-32, use the initial condition to find the particular
solution of the differential equation.
7.2 = 2x 8 dy
'dx
=!
x Differential Equation Initial Condition ca
dy
9. 3y 2 dx == I 10. 2 == x 2y
27. yy' eX == 0
28. ...;'x + ...;'yy' = 0
y == 4 when x == 0
y == 4 when x == 1 "
y
Fe
S

n.(y + 1) 2 == 2x 12. (l + y) 2- 4x == 0
29. x(y + 4) + y' == 0 y == -5 when x == 0

13. y' xy == 0 14. y' y == 5


30. 2= x 2(l + y) Y == 3 when x = 0 Sc

P == 5 when t == 0
16. e Y ~ == 3t2
15. dy == . 31. dP - 6P dt = 0
,dt 4y
+I
32. dT + k(T 70) dt == 0 T == 140 when t == 0
A P PEN DIXC. 2 Separation of Variables A33

Nill In Exercises 33 and 34, find an equation for the graph that passes 41. Learning Theory The management of a factory has
~rough the point and has the specified slope. Then graph the found that a worker can produce at most 30 units per day.
, equation. The number of units N per day produced by a new employ
. 33. Point: (-I, I) ee will increase at a rate proportional to the difference
between 30 and N. This is described by the differential
6x
Slope: y I = 5y equation

34. Point: (8,2) ~~ = k(30 - N)


2y where t is the time in days. Solve this differential equation.
Slope: y = 3xI

. .
42. Soles The rate of increase in sales S (in thousands of
Velocity In Exercises 35 and 36,solve the differential equation units) of a product is proportional to the current level of
to find velocity vas a function ohime t if v = 0 when t = O. The sales and inversely proportional to the square of the time t.
differential equation models the motion of two people on a This is described by the differential equation
toboggan after consideration of the force of gravity, friction, and dS kS
air resistance. dt t2
dv where t is the time in years. The saturation point for the
35. 12.5 dt = 43.2 - 1.25v
market is 50,000 units. That is, the limit of S as t ~ 00 is
dv 50. After I year, 10,000 units have been sold. Find S as a
36. 12.5 dt = 43.2 - 1.75v function of the time t.
43. Economis: Pareto's Law . According to the econo
Chemistry: Newton's Law ofCooling In Exercises 37-39, mist Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923), the rate of decrease of
uSe Newton's Law of Cooling, which states that the rate of change the number of people J' in a stable economy having an
in the temperature Tof an object is proportional to the difference income of at least x dollars is directly proportional to the
;~tween the temperature Tof the object and the temperature To number of such people and inversely proportional to their
',bf the surrounding environment. This is described by the differ income x. This is modeled by the differential equation
e~tial equation dTldt = k(T - To).

dy = -k l
~?' A steel ingot whose temperature is 15OOF is placed in a dx x'
.i': room whose temperature is a constant 90F. One hour later,
",,1;/'
V the temperature of the ingot is 1120F. What is the ingot's Solve this differential equation.
{d:. temperature 5 hours after it is placed in the room? 44. Economics: Pareto's Law In 2001, 15.2 million
people in the United States earned more than $75,000 and
:j~. A room is kept at a constant temperature of 70F. An object
,:: . placed in the room cools from 3500 P to 150F in 45 min 90.9 million people earned more than $25,000 (see figure).
Assume that Pareto's Law holds and use the result of
)(y + 3) utes. How long will it take for the object to cool to a
:~L temperature of 80F? Exercise 43 to detennine the number of people (in mil
)=0 ';-':~: lions) who earned (a) more than $20,000 and (b) more than
Food at a temperature of 70F is placed in a freezer that is $100,000. (Source: U.S. Census Bureau)
,set at OF. After I hour, the temperature of the food is 48F.
.(a) Find the temperature of the food after it has been in the
,0 freezer 6 hours.
(b) How long will it take the food to cool to a temperature
he particular
of 10F?
.Biology: Cell Growth The rate of growth of a spheri
cal cell with volume V is proportional to its surface area S.
o ". For a sphere, the surface area and volume are related by
I . S = kV 2/3. So, a model for the cell's growth is

=0 dV = kV2/3
dt .
o Solve this differential equation.

o
=0
A34 A P PEN D I X C Differential Equations

C.3 FI RST -ORDER LIN EAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS


Solve first-order linear differential equations. Use first-order linear differential equations to model and solve -v~
real-life problems. 'd the
xy'
First-Order Linear Differential Equations ~~sume
,sOLum
I.Definiti~nohFirst~Orderlinear Differential Equation
y' -
. Afirst-.orderlineardifferential equation is an equation of the fonn

'- ..
y' + P(x)y= .Qf>:)
".,.'.
Inthis f
wherePand Q are functions of x; An equation that is written in this

,fonnissaidtobe in standard form. \.. ,.' .

STUDY TIP To solve a linear differential equation, write it in standard form to identify the
functions P(x) and Q(x). Then integrate p(x) and form the expression which i
The term "first-order" refers to
the fact that the highest-order u(x) = efP(x) dx Integrating faclor u(x
derivative of y in the equation
which is called an integrating factor. The general solution of the equation is
is the first derivative.

y = utx) JQ(x)u(x) dx. General solution

This im
If XAM PLE 11 Solving a Unear DiHerential Equation
y =
Find the general solution of

SOLUTION For this equation, P(x) = I and Q(x) = eX. So, the integrating factor is
u(x) = efdx Integrating factor

= eX.

This implies that the general solution is

y = ~JeX(eX)
eX
dx
l.
= e- Ge + C)
x 2t

I 2.
= leX + Ce- x . General solution

In Example I, the differential equation was given in standard form. Forequa


- 3.
tions that are not written in standard form, you should first convert to standard
form so that you can identify the functions p(x) and Q(x).
.
"-_ .. -- ...
' .
-_.

APPENDIX C.3 First-Order Linear Differential Equations A35

DISCOVERY
fiEXAMPfE2! S~ving a Linear DiHerential Equation
solve .sOlvdory'jn the differential
~nd the general solution of equationjn Example 2. Use this
xy' - 2y = x 2 equation fory 'to determine the
. s~Qpes()fy~tthepoints( I, 0)
ASsume x> O. an4 (e"'1/2,:....1!2e). Now
; S~LUTION Begin by writing the equation in standard form. graphthi particular solution
Y"".. x?Jrixand e.stimate the

'rm
:': y' - (~)y = x
Standard form, y' + P(x)v = Q(x) slQpesatx = I and x =e- I / 2
Whathappens to the slopeof .
In this form, you can see that P(x) = - 2/x and Q(x) = x. So, y as X approaches zero?

is
f p(x) dx = - f~ dx
-2lnx
-lnx2
dentifythe
Wpich implies that the integrating factor is
u(x) = efP(x) dx

ation is = e- 1nx2
Integrating factor
2'
X
lZI:S'.'From Example 2, you can
implies that the general solution is rn see that it can be difficult to
solve a linear differential equation.
y= u~x)J Q(x)u(x) dx Form of general sol ution Fortunately, the task is greatly
simplified by symbolic integration

= _1_J x(J...) dx
utilities. Use a symb9lic integra
Substitute. tion utility to find thQ particular
2 2
l/x x
solution of the differential equa
ng factor is
. =
.
X2 J!dx x
Simplify. tion in Example 2, given the initial
condition y = I when x = I.
= x2 (ln x + C). General solution

. '<." .; ....,.-.

uidellnesfor'SolvingaLinearDiffereratialEquation
'",. _, ._ , '. '. " ., " " ' . ' - ., - - -- :: _--~~ _ ~~ - '.': _.co .,,',' : ' . : -' -:,,', <_.-. -' _ ".'. ',"." '-'.:'

'.Write.. theequatiQnin. standarQforlll...


,.j;+ P(x)Y=q(.\:t .

1.Forequa
to standard
A36 APPENDIX C Differential Equations

Application

EXAMPLE 31 Finding a Balance


You are setting up a "continuous annuity" trust fund. For 20 years, money is
continuously transferred from your checking account to the trust fund at the rate
of $1000 per year (about $2.74 per day). The account earns 8% interest, Com
pounded continuously. What is the balance in the account after 20 years?
SOLUTION Let A represent the balance after t years. The balance increases in
two ways: with interest and with additional deposits. The rate at which the
balance is changing can be modeled by
dA
-d = 0.08A + 1000.
t ~ '-v-'
Interest Deposits

In standard form, this linear differential equation is

~ - 0.08A = 1000 Standard form

which implies that P(t) = -0.08 and Q(t) = 1000. The general solution is
A = -12,500 + CeO.O SI General solution

Because A = 0 when t = 0, you can determine that C = 12,500. So, the revenue
after 20 years is
A = -12,500 + 12,500eo.OS(20)
= -12,500 + 61,912.91
= $49,412.91. I
InExI
form
I. :
TAKE ANOTHER LOOK
3.
Why an Integrating Factor Works S.
When both sides of the First-order linear differential equation lob
y' + P(x)y = Q(x)
7.
are multiplied by the integrating factor efPlx)cIx, you obtain
y'efP(x)cIx + P(x)efP(x)clxy = Q(x)efP(X)cIx. ).
'.:;.
Show that the left side is the derivative of yef P(x) cIx, which implies that the general solu
11.
tion is given by

yef P(x) cIx = f Q(x)e f P(x) cIx dx.


13.
15.
17.
---
In E
19.
21.
APPENDIX C.3 first-Order linear Differential Equations A37

money is
at the rate
:rest, com
rs?

Icreases in
which the

ion is

he revenue

EXERCISES (.3

- In Exercises 1-6, write the linear differential equation in standard In Exercises 23-26. match the differential equation with its
. form. solution.
1. il - 2x2y' + 3y =0 2. y' - 5(2x - y) =0 Differential Equation Solution
3. xy' + Y = xe X 4. xy' + Y = x3y 23. y' - 2x =0 (a) y = Cex'

S. y + 1 = (x - l)y' 6. x = x2(y' + y) 24. y' - 2y = 0 (b) y = -! + Cex'


IQExercises 7-18, solve the differential equation.
25. y' - 2.xy =0 (c) y = Xl + C
- dy

26. y'- 2.xy =x (d) y = Ce2x


I
>''r
dx + 3y
'
=6 8. : + 5y = 15

In Exercises 27-34. find the particular solution that satisfies the


initial condition.
10. : + 3y = e- 3x
Differential Equation Initial Condition

12. : +; = 3x + I 27. y' +y = 6e x y = 3 when x = 0


:.'. 28. y' + 2y = e-2x y = 4 when x = 1
p. y' + 5xy = x 14. y' + Sy = eSx 29 .xy' + Y = 0 y = 2 when x =2
~. (x - l)y' + Y = Xl - 1 16. xy',+ Y = x 2 + 1
30. y' +Y = x Y = 4 when x = 0
l~!. ily' + 2y = el/x2 18. xy' + Y = x 2 In x
31. y' + 3x2y = 3x 2 y = 6 when x = 0
':/.

I~Exercises 19-22, solve for y in two ways. 32. y' + (2x - l)y = 0 y = 2 when x = 1
t9~ y' + y = 4 20. y' + lOy = 5 33. xy' - 2y = -x 2 y = 5 when x = 1
~1. y' - 2.xy = 2x 22. y' + 4,ry =x 34. xly' - 4xy = 10 y = 10 when x = 1
A38 APPENDIX C Differential Equations

35. Sales The rate of change (in thousands of units) in sales 42. Investment Let A(t) be the amount in a fund earrun<>
S is modeled by interest at the annual rate of r, compounded continuousl;
dS If a continuous cash flow of P dollars per year is Withdrawn
dl = 0.2(100 - S) + 0.21 from the fund, then the rate of decrease of A is given by the
differential equation
where t is the time in years. Solve this differential equation
dA
and use the result to complete the table. - = rA - P
dt The nf
2345678910 where A == Ao when t == O. , advert
which
(a) Solve this equation for A as a function of I.
numb,
(b) Use the result of part (a) to find A when Ao= of the
36. Sales The rate of change in sales S is modeled by $2,000,000, ,. = 7%, P = $250,000, and t = 5 years.
end 0:
dS (c) Find Ao if a retired person wants a continuous cash
dt = k.(L - S) + ~t flow of $40,000 per year for 20 years. Assume that SOLU'
the person's investment will earn 8%, compounded df the
where t is the time in years and S == 0 when t = O. Solve heard
continuously.
this differential equation for S as a function of t.
43. Velocity A booster rocket carrying an observation satel
From
Elasticity of Demand In Exercises 37 and 38, find the lite is launched into space. The rocket and satellite have
demand function p = f(x). Recall from Section 3.5 that the price mass m and are subject to air resistance proportional to the
elasticity of demand was defined as 7j = (p/x)/(dp/dx). velocity v at any time t. A differential equation that models
the velocity of the rocket and satellite is
37. 7j = 1 - ~:O. p = 340 when x = 20 dv
m- == -mg - k!'
dl '
500
38. 11 =I - h' P = 2 when x == 100 where g is the acceleration due to gravity. Solve the differ Usin:
ential equation for v as a function of I. gene
Supply and Demand In Exercises 39 and 40, use the demand 44. Health An infectious disease spreads through a large
and supply functions to find the price p as a function of time t. population according to the model
Begin by setting D(t) equal to 5(t) and solving the resulting , To 5'

differential equation. Find the general solution, and then use the dy=l-y
y==

initial condition to find the particular solution. dt 4


, whel

39. D(t) == 480 + 5p(t) - 2p'(t) Demand function where y is the percent of the population exposed to the
disease. and 1 is the time in years.
S(t) = 300 + 8p(t) + p'(t) Supply function
(a) Solve this difterential equation, assuming y(O) = O. So, 1
p(O) = $75.00 Initial condition
(b) Find the number of years it takes for half of the popu
40. D(t) = 4000 + 5p(t) - 4p'(t) Demand function
lation to have been exposed to the disease.
S(t) = 2800 + 7P(/) + 2p'(t) Supply function
(c) Find the percentage of the population that has been
p(O) = $1000.00 Initial condition exposed to the disease after 4 years.
45. Research Project Use your school's library. the
41. Investment A brokerage firm opens a new real estate
Internet, or some other reference source to find an article in
investment plan for which the earnings are equivalent to
a scientific or business journal that uses a differential
continuous compounding at the rate of r. The fIrm estimates
equation to model a real-life situation. Write a short paper
that deposits from investors will create a net cash flow of
describing the situation. If possible, describe the solution of
Pt dollars, where t is the time in years. The rate of change
the differential equation.
in the total investment A is modeled by
dA
dt == rA + Pt.
(a) Solve the differential equation and find the total invest
ment A as a function of t. Assume that A = 0 when
t == O.
(b) Find the total investment A after 10 years given that
P == $500,000 and r == 9%.
APPENDIX C.4 Applications of Differential Equations A39

Jnd earning
lntinuously.
~ C. 4 APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Use differential equations to model and solve real-life problems.
>withdrawn

given by the

IE XA MP lE 1 I Modeling Advertising Awareness _


The new cereal product from Example 3 in Section C.l is introduced through an
advertising campaign to a population of 1 million potential customers. The rate at

. which the population hears about the product is assumed to be proportional to the

, number of people who are not yet aware of the product. By the end of 1 year, half

when Ao '" of the population has heard of the product. How many will have heard of it by the

= 5 years.

end of 2 years?

inuous cash

~ssume that

SOLUTION Let y be the number (in millions) of people at time t who have heard
:ompounded
of the product. This means that (1 - y) is the number of people who have not

heard of it, and dy/ dt is the rate at which the population hears about the product.

prom the given assumption, you can write the differential equation as shown.
vation satel
3tellite have
tional to the dy = k(l - y)
dt
that models

t ..
Rate of
change
of y
J is pr!por- Lthe difference
tiona! to between I

and y.

'e the differ Using separation of variables or a symbolic integration utility, you can find the

general solution to be

ugh a large y = 1 - Ce- kl General solution

To solve for the constants C and k, use the initial conditions. That is, because
. y= 0 when t = 0, you can determine that C = 1. Similarly, because y = 0.5
When t = 1, it follows that 0.5 = 1 - e- k , which implies that
losed to the
k = In 2 = 0.693.
y(O) = O. So, the particular solution is
. i" ..
of the popu y = 1- e-O.6931. Particular solution

,at has been This model is shown graphically in Figure A.l3. Using the model, you can deter

mine that the number of people who have heard of the product after 2 years is

library. the ,.;<. Y= 1- e- O.693(2)


.an article in
= 0.75 or 750,000 people. FIGURE A.13
differential
t short paper
Ie solution of
A40 APPENDIX C Differential Equations

IE XAM PLE2 I Modeling a Chemical Reaction


During a chemical reaction, substance A is converted into substance B at a rate
that is proportional to the square of the amount of A. When t = 0, 60 grams of A
is present, and after I hour (t = 1), only 10 grams of A remains unconverted.
How much of A is present after 2 hours?
SOLUTION Let y be the unconverted amount of substance A at any time t. From
the given assumption about the conversion rate, you can write the differential
equation as shown.

rd,~r -I
Rate of is propor- the square
change tional to of v.
ofy

Using separation of variables or a symbolic integration utility, you can find the
general solution to be

General solution

To solve for the constants C and k, use the initial conditions. That is, because
y = 60 when t = 0, you can determin that C = -to.
~imilarly, because y = 10
when t = 1, it follows that
-I
10 =k - (1/60) 9sir
~enl
which implies that k = - A So, the particular solution is
-1
Substitute for k and C.
y = (-t/12)t - (1/60)
60
=--~.
Particular solmion
5t + 1
Using the model, you can determine that the unconverted amount of substance A
after 2 hours is
60

y = 5(2) + 1

= 5.45 grams.
In Figure A.14, note that the chemical conversion is occurring rapidly during the

first hour. Then, as more and more of substance A is converted, the conversion

FIGURE A.14 rate slows down. _

STUDY TIP

I In Example 2, the rate of conversion was assumed to be proportional to the


square of the unconverted amount. How would the result change if the rate of
conversion were assumed to be proportional to the unconverted amount?
APPENDIX C.4 Applications of DiHerential Equations A41

XEarlier in the text, you studied two models for population growth: exponen

.:!, growth, which assumes that the rate of change of y is proportional to y, and

3 at a rate
~istic growth, which assumes that the rate of change of y is proportional to y

rams of A
'd L - y, where L is the population limit.
::onvened.
t The next example describes a third type of growth model called a Gompertz

, wth model. This model assumes that the rate of change of y is proportional to

ne t. From ~d the natural log of L/y, where L is the population limit.


~~.
lifferential
,';E~X-A-. -M-P-L-E-'' -3'
.... Modeling Population Growth e
~1population of 20 wolves has been introduced into a national park. The forest During the second half of the
'fvice estimates that the maximum population the park can sustain is 200 twentieth century, wolves disap
i~lves. After 3 years, the population is estimated to be 40 wolves. If the popula peared from most of the middle and
ri~n follows a Gompertz growth model, how many wolves will there be 10 years northern areas of the United States.
Recently, however, wolf populations
after their introduction?
have been reappearing in several
iL'

in find the
!SI.lJTION Let y be the number of wolves at any time t. From the given assump
northern national parks.
d~n about the rate of growth of the population, you can write the differential

e[&ation as shown.

~,),
:1:. ...
dy 200
is, because
use y == 10
;i I dt =JkYLlnY-i
?" Rate of is propor- the product the log of

!c~~n;e tional to of y and ~&r~~~ ~~.

~~ing separation of variables or a symbolic integration utility, you can find the
l~neral solution to be
,$;'..
~;h y := 2ooe- Ce - k '
I: . General solution

[~solve for the constants C and k, use the initial conditions. That is, because
~.~ 20 when t = 0, you can determine that
t,C=lnlO
;ubstanceA Ii., . = 2.3026.
JlF .. Popul~til':Q Gro-wth'
~;1Jnilarly, because y = 40 when t =: 3, it follows that ')'

------.. ------- \)!'.;;~


" ','-'.'
~: 40 == 2ooe-2.3026e-Jk ::~":>'-,~
~~j

p~-U?I6<';B '"
....,.'>.:.;

Particular solution
y during the
. conversion 'fig the model, you can estimate the wolf population after 10 years to be
" y = 200e- 2 .3026e-O.II \>4(10)

= 100 wolves.
. igure A.15, note that after 10 years the population has reached about half of .. - . , . " , . , . . , : ' , ',. ..'-, -:"'.,". .) "~
". "'~"'"':'N'" r."'-r'" '~~""."'-"--'<''':i,'''''''','vi'..... '"';;-(' ~-:.~~
[ional to the estimated maximum population. Try checking the growth model to see that it
if the rate of Ids y = 20 when t = 0 and y == 40 when t =: 3. FIGURE A.1 5 ,...:
mount? r-
. ", -
-': - : : - ~ .

A42 APPENDIX C Differential Equations

In genetics, a commonly used hybrid selection model is based on the differ_ EXAMP
ential equation
tankcontai
dy (second so:
dt = ky(l - y)(a - by).
erate of 4
te of 4 gall
In this model, y represents the portion of the population that has a certain char
stirred cor
acteristic and t represents the time (measured in generations). The numbers a, b,
and k are constants that depend on the genetic characteristic that is being stUdied. . IOLUTION

I EXAMPLE. 4 '1 Modeling Hybrid Selection e


You are studying a population of beetles to determine how quickly characteristic
. ,is
~ause4
e percem
g;

D will pass from one generation to the next. At the beginning of your stUdy .
(t = 0), you find that half the population has characteristic D. After four genera .
tions (t = 4), you find that 80% of the population has characteristic D. Use the
hybrid selection model above with a = 2 and b = I to find the percent of the Rate of
change
population that will have characteristic 0 after IO generations. of ."

SOLUTION Using a = 2 and b = I, the differential equation for the hybrid


selection model is ~here 2 reI
i 10% soluti
dy
dt = ky(l - y)(2 - y).
y' + ~

Using separation of variables or a symbolic integration utility, you can find the
general solution to be Using an iJ
era! soluti(
y(2 - y) _ C 2kt
(l - y)2 - e . General solution y=2
;Jj"..
e...
To solve for the constants C and k, use the initial conditions. That is, because Because}
fblution i~
y = 0.5 when t = 0, you can determine that C = 3. Similarly, because y = 0.8
~ :0"
when t = 4, it foHows that i! Y= :
0.8(1.2) _ 3 8k sing thi~
(0.2)2 - e (''= 10 is
which implies that * y =
1 =
k= 8" In 8 = 0.2599.
So, the particular solution is

y(2 - y) = 3e05199t Particular solution


(I - y)2 . Chell'
Using the model, you can estimate the percent of the population that will have 1. Sketch
characteristic Dafter 10 generations to be given by thearn
Explail
6. 810' 12; y(2 - y) = 3 05199(10)
(I - y)2 e .
.Time(ingenel"dtions)
Using a symbolic algebra utility, you can solve this equation for y to obtain
FIGURE A.16 y = 0.96. The graph of the model is shown in Figure A.16. -
A PPEN D I XC. 4 Applications of Differential Equations A43

YfXAMPlE:~ Modeling a Chemical Mixture ~


~ iank contains 40 gallons of a solution composed of 90% water and 10% alcohoL 4 gal/min
second solution containing half water and half alcohol is added to the tank at
'~rate of 4 gallons per minute. At the same time, the tank is being drained at the
Ie of 4 gallons per minute, as shown in Figure A. 17. Assuming that the solution
1 char
; stirred constantly, how much alcohol will be in the tank after 10 minutes?
:s a, b, ,
tUdied. 'LOTION Let y be the number of gallons of alcohol in the tank at any time t.
"e percent of alcohol in the 40-gallon tank at any time is y/40. Moreover,
, ause 4 gallons of solution is being drained each minute, the rate of change of
IS
teristic FIGURE A.17
study

,cnera. :0;;

rse the

of the, Rate of is equal to the plus the amount

change amount of alcohol of alcohol

of .v draining out entering.

;~~
hybrid
_~here 2 represents the number of gallons of alcohol entering each minute in the
, IQ% solution. In standard form, this linear differential equation is
;, I

y' + lOy = 2. Standard form

nd the
, Qsing an integrating factor or a symbolic integration utility, you can find the gen
eral solution to be
,t: Y = 20 + Ce- t / IO General solution
~;- , '

Rcause y =4 when t = 0, you can conclude that C = - 16. So, the particular
~lutionis
~~ii;:.

,~, y = 20 - 16e- t/ lO Particular solution

: M~ing this model, you can detennine that the amount of alcohol in the tank when
: t;::; 10 is
~:: y = 20 - 16e-{lol/1O
.~(L = 14.1 gallons.

I', "TAKE ANOTHER LOOK

;Jyfthemical Mixture
I have HJ'Sketeh the particular solution obtained in Example 5. Describe the rate of change of
;fthe amount of alcohol in the tank. Does the amount approach 0 as t increases?
i~:Explain your reasoning. '
j;
, :~ :.~., " . ~ - ... _"." --

A44 APPENDIX C Differential Equations

15. ,
PREREQUISITE The following warm-up exercises involve skills that were covered in earlier sections. You will 1
REVIEW C.4 use these skilislnthe exercise set for this section.

InEx~ciSeS 1-4, use separation of variables to find the general solution of the differential equatio~.

f:~3X ...
. dy . .
2'ifr
2)'-"'::=3
.,.

3. ? ~>2xv'
uX
LeaT
rate (
trials
In Exercises ~~8, use on. integrating factor to solve the Rrst-order linear differentia/equation.
S. y'+ 2y == 4
17. ,
the Iii

f
6. y' +2)' = e~l-< . ,>...
18. I !:~

7.y' + x)' =.x Ii

8. xy' +2y = x:2 (.

In Exercises 9 and 10, write the equation that models the statement. i;

9. The r;ue ofchange of y with rc,pect to x is proportional to thesquare of x. i-:


(I
to. The rate of change of x with respect to l is proportional 10 thedifferencc of x and t ..

:ICher.
EXERCISES C.4 : r-"J- reacti
of t,al
In Exercises 1-6, assume that the rate of change of y is propor I). Sales Growth The rate of change in sales S (in thou
tional to y. Solve the resulting differential equation dy/dx = ky sands of units) of a new product is proportional to the 19. y
and find the particular solution that passes through the points. difference between Land S (in thousands of units) at any 20. y
1. (0, 1), (3, 2) time t. When t = 0, S = O. Write and solve the differential
equation for this sales model. In Ex
2. (0,4), (1, 6) descri
10. Sales Growth Use the result of Exercise 9 to write S
3. (0,4), (4, 1) its gra
as a function of t if (a) L = 100, S = 25 when t = 2. and
4. (0, 60), (5, 30) (b) L = 500, S = 50 when t = 1. 21. L
5. (2,2), (3,4) 22. L
In Exercises 11-14, the rate of change of y is proportional to the
6. (1,4), (2, 1) product of y and the difference of Land y. Solve the resulting 23. B
differential equation dy/dx = ky(L - y) and find the particular dl
7. Investment The rate of growth of an investment is pro solution that passes through the points for the given value of L. IT
portional to the amount A of the investment at any time t. be
An investment of $2000 increases to a value of $2983.65 in 11. L = 20; (0, 1), (5, 10)
pi
5 yeats. Find its value after IO years. 12. L = 100; (0, 10), (5, 30) b,
8. Population Growth The rate of change of the population 13. L = 5000; (0, 250), (25,2000) 24. B
of a city is proportional to the population P at any timet. In 14. L = 1000; (0, 100), (4,750) in
1998, the population was 400,000, and the constant of pro la
portionality was 0.015. Estimate the population of the city in
p'
the year 2005. fc
bl
A P PEN D I XC. 4 Applications of Differential Equations A45

Biology At any time t, the rate of growth of the popula Biology In Exercises 25 and 26, use the hybrid selection model
will tion N of deer in a state park is proportional to the product in Example 4 to find the percent of the population that has the
of N and L - N, where L = 500 is the maximum number indicated characteristic.
of deer the park can maintain. When t = 0, N = 100, and
25. You are studying a population of mayflies to determine
when t = 4, N = 200. Write N as a function of t.
~'
how quickly characteristic A will pass from one generation
,~6. Sales Growth The rate of change in sales S (in thou-
to the next. At the start of the study, half the population has
o sands of units) of a new product is proportional to the characteristic A. After four generations, 75% of the
product of Sand L - S, L (in thousands of units) is the esti- population has characteristic A. Find the percent of the

:
J" mated maximum level of sales, and S = 10 when t = O. population that will have characteristic A after 10 genera
, Write and solve the differential equation for this sales tions. (Assume a = 2 and b = 1.)
model.
26. A research team is studying a population of snails to
'\";'
determine how quickly characteristic B will pass from one

II:,
ii_earning Theory In Exercises 17 and 18, assume that the
generation to the next. At the start of the study, 40% of the
."', ,:,i",;.r,.,~te of change in the proportion P of correct responses after n snails have characteristic B. After five generations, 80% of
: ~trials is proportional to the product of P and L - P, where L is
the population has characteristic B. Find the percent of the
': .:iithe limiting proportion of correct responses.
, population that will have characteristic B after eight gener
i"I',,',7' ~:~ ::~d:~~ve the differential equation for this learning ations. (Assume a = 2 and b = 1.)
27. Chemical Reaction In a chemical reaction, a compound
, :;18. Use the solution of Exercise 17 to write P as a function of changes into another compound at a rate proportional to the
:ff{
~}~
n, and then use a graphing utility to graph the solution. unchanged amount, according to the model

dy = ky

dt .

(a) Solve the differential equation.


(b) If the initial amount of the original compound is 20
grams, and the amount remaining after I hour is 16
grams, when will 75% of the compound have been
changed?

-. (in thou
oal to the
its) at any
lifferential
28. Chemical Mixture A lOO-gallon tank is full of a solu
tion containing 25 pounds of a concentrate. Starting at time
t = 0, distilled water is admitted to the tank at the rate
of :1 gallons per minute, and the well-stirred solution is
withdrawn at the same rate.
(a) Find the amount Q of the concentrate in the solution as
a function of t. (Hint: Q' + Q/20 = 0)
(b) Find the time when the amount of concentrate in the
:0 write S tank reaches 15 poundS.
= 2, and
29. Chemical Mixture A 200-gallon tank is half full of dis
tilled water. At time t = 0, a solution containing 0.5 pound
.nal to the of concentrate per gallon enters the tank at the rate of
, resulting 5 gallons per minute, and the well-stirred mixture is with
particular drawn at the same rate. Find the amount Q of concentrate
in the tank after 30 minutes. (Hint: Q' + Q/20 = ~)
alue ofL
30. Safety Assume that the rate of change in the number of
miles s of road cleared per hour by a snowplow is inversely
proportional to the depth h of snow. That is,
ds k

dh = h'

Find s as a function of h if s = 25 miles when h = 2 inches


and s = 12 miles when h = 6 inches (2 :; h :; 15).
A46 A P PEN DIX C Differential Equations
"\:4
31. Chemistry A wet towel hung from a clothesline to dry 38. Find t if the corporation needs $800,000 and it can I' .~'i!~
. . nvest',
Loses moisture through evaporation at a rate proportional to $75,000 per year m a fund earnmg 13% interest c . ,:
om
its moisture content. If after I hour the toweL has lost 40% pounded continuously. .
of its original moisture content, after how long will it have
lost 80%? Medical Science In Exercises 39-41, a medical research er '".~.,
wants to determine the concentration C (in moles per liter) of a .it
32. Biology Let x and y be the sizes of two internal organs
tracer drug injected into a moving fluid. Solve this problem b'
of a particular mammal at time t. Empirical data indicate
considering a single-compartment dilution model (see figurer. . I, Ra
that the relative growth rates of these two organs are equal,
and can be modeled by
Assume that the fluid is continuously mixed and that the volume 7. Ra
of fluid in the compartment is constant.
11. (a)
I dx .!dy Figure for 39-41
x dt y dt' 13. (a)
Tracer
Use this differential equation to write y as a function of x. injecleJ 15. x
33. Population Growth When predicting population -+
10
growth, demographers must consider birth and death rates
Row R (pure)
as well as the net change caused by the difference between
the rates of immigration and emigration. Let P be the pop
ulation at time t and let N be the net increase per unit time 19. x
due to the difference between immigration and emigration.
So, the rate of growth of the population is given by FlowR
(concenlration C)
~= kP + N, N is constant. 23. -
Solve this differential equation to find P as a function of 39. If the tracer is injected instantaneously at time t = 0, then
time. the concentration of the fluid in the compartment begins
diluting according to the differential equation
34. Meteorology The barometric pressure y (in inches of
mercury) at an altitude of x miles above sea level decreases
at a rate proportionaL to the current pressure according to
dC
dt
= (_!i)c
V'
. C = Cowhent = O. 27. -
the model (a) Solve this differential equation to find the concentra
dy tion as a function of time.
dx = -0.2y
(b) Find the limit of C as t -7 (Xl.
where y = 29.92 inches when x = O. Find the barometric ~ 40. Use the solution of the differential equation in Exercise 39 31. ;
pressure (a) at the top of Mt. St. Helens (8364 feet) and to find the concentration as a function of time, and use a 35. I
(b) at the top of Mt. McKinley (20,320 feet). graphing utility to graph the function.
35. Investment A large corporation starts at time t = 0 to (a) V = 2 liters, R = 0.5 L/min, and Co = 0.6 moI/L SEC
invest part of its receipts at a rate of P dollars per year in a
(b) V = 2 liters, R = 1.5 L/min, and Co = 0.6 moI/L 1.
fund for future corporate expansion. Assume that the fund'
earns r percent interest per year compounded continuously. 41. In Exercises 39 and 40, it was assumed that there was a sin 3.
So, the rate of growth of the amount A in the fund is given gle initial injection of the tracer drug into the compartment.
by Now consider the case in which the tracer is continuously 5.
injected (beginning at t = 0) at the rate of Q mol/min. 9.
dA
dt = rA +P Considering Q to be negligible compared with R, use the
15.
differential equation
where A = 0 when t = O. Solve this differential equation 19.
for A as a function of t. dC = Q _
dt V V'
(!i)c C = 0 when t = O.

Investment In Exercises 36-38, use the result of Exercise 35. (a) Solve this differential equation to find the concentra
tion as a function of time. 23.
36. Find A for each situation.
(a) P = $100,000, r = 12%, and t = 5 years (b) Find the limit of C as t -7 (Xl.

(b) P = $250,000, r = 15%, and t = 10 years


27.
37. Find P if the corporation needs $120,000,000 in 8 years and
the fund earns 16~% interest compounded continuously.

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