DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE

OBJECTIVE
Obtain solution when a differential equation is given.

Differential Equation can be written in any of the following

forms:
Implicit form: F(x,y,y’)=0 ex: (1+x2)y’+xy=0

Explicit form: y’=f(x,y) ex: y’=xy/(1+x2)

Differential form: M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy=0 ex: xydx=(1+x2)dy=0

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SEPARABLE
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
Differential Equations can be reduced to a form
A(x)dx + B(y)dy =0
where A is a function of x alone and B is a function of
y alone (variable has been separated). Direct integration
of the above equation gives the general solution.

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SEPARABLE
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
In applied problems, we are in most cases concerned with
particular solution. The arbitrary constant is found from given
data, called initial or boundary condition. Substitution of this
value to the given general solution will give the required
particular solution. A differential equation together with a
given initial condition is called an initial value problem

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EXAMPLE 01

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EXAMPLE 02

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EXAMPLE 02

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EXAMPLE 03

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EXAMPLE 03

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HOMOGENEOUS
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
A function f(x,y) is homogeneous of the nth degree
f(kx,ky)=knf(x,y)

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HOMOGENEITY TEST
Test the polynomial x2+2xy-4y2 for homogeneity
Solution:
f(x,y)= x2+2xy-4y2
f(kx,ky)=(kx)2+2(kx)(ky)-4(ky)2
f(kx,ky)=k2x2+2k2xy-4k2y2
f(kx,ky)=k2(x2+2xy-4y2)
Therefore the polynomial x2+2xy-4y2 is homogeneous of
degree 2 since we have shown that f(kx,ky)=knf(x,y)

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HOMOGENEITY TEST
Test the √(2x-y) for homogeneity
Solution:
f(x,y)=

f(kx,ky)=

f(kx,ky)=
Therefore the function is homogeneous having degree 1/2

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HOMOGENEITY TEST

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HOMOGENEOUS DE
A differential equation
M(x,y)dx + N(x,y) dy=0 is said to be homogeneous if M and
N are homogeneous functions of the same degree. Such
equation can be transformed into

Where M/N is of degree zero. From the previous example, a

function of degree zero is a function of Y/X alone, and can
be written into

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HOMOGENEOUS DE

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SUMMARY IN SOLVING
HOMOGENEOUS
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
1. Test the given for homogenity
2. Let y=vx and dy=vdx+xdv if N is simpler than M
3. Let x=vy and dx=vdy +ydv if M is simpler than N
4. Simplify the equation and solve it using separation of
variables
5. Restore the original variable by substitution
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EXAMPLE 04
Determine the solution of the differential equation
(xy+y2)dx-x2dy=0; if y=1 when x=1

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EXAMPLE 04

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EXAMPLE 04

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EXAMPLE 04

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EXAMPLE 05

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EXAMPLE 05

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