Introduction To Globalization-June 28, 2022

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1
REY R. DELA VICTORIA, MPA
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
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• Differentiate the competing conceptions of

globalization;
• Assess the underlying philosophies of the varying
definitions of globalization;
• Traced the origin of globalization;
• Agree on a working definition of globalization for the
course.
2
Let’s begin……
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Do the images speak

of realities in the
Philippines and the
world? Why or why
not? If these pictures
will form a collage,
what will be its primary
message?
3
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4
What is globalization?
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oIs it the integration of economic, political, and cultural

systems across the globe?
oIs globalization a force for economic growth, prosperity, and
democratic freedom?
oIs it the dominance of developed countries in decision-
making, at the expense of poorer, less powerful nations?
oDoes globalization only benefit the rich or can the poor take
advantage of it to improve their well-being?
5
Defining Globalization
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• Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of

culture, people and economic activity.
• Globalization is the homogenization of people’s tastes and

demand patterns around the world, due to increased access
to international communication of information about products
and services as well as increased access to transportation of
products and people across borders.
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• “Processes by which goods, services, capital, people,

information, and ideas flow across national borders.”
(Grewal/Levy)
• - “Trend toward greater economic, cultural, political,
and technological interdependence among national
institutions and economies.” (Wild/Wild/Han)
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• “Globalization is both an active process of corporate

expansion across borders and a structure of cross
border facilities and economic linkages that has been
steadily growing and changing.” —Edward S.Herman
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Nearly 23 trillion dollars accounts for

the total value of imports/exports that
cross national borders each year.
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Your Everyday Life
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• Wake up to a GE alarm clock made in China.

• Slip on Adidas sandals made in Indonesia.
• Put your American Eagle clothes on from Mexico.
• Unplug your iphone made in the U.S. and Taiwan.
• Hop into your Toyota made in Kentucky.
• Listen to Coldplay from England.
• Grab a Starbuck’s coffee with beans harvested in
Columbia.
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Characteristics of globalization
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• Connectivity
• Borderless Globe
• Free trade
• Cultural Diversity
• Mobility
• Information Technology changes
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Five different ways of thinking about what turns
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out to be a very complex issue – the origin of

globalization.
1. HARDWIRED
2. CYCLES
3. PHASES
4. EVENTS
5. BROADER
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HARDWIRED
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• It argues that globalization stems, among other

things, from basic human urge to seek better
and more fulfilling life. This leads him to trace
the initial globalization of the human species.
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CYCLES
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• It argues that it is difficult to find a single point of

origin, but the effort is largely irrelevant since there
long have been cycles of globalization and it is those
that are utmost importance, not particular phase or
point of origin.
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PHASES
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Globalization occurred sequentially each with

its own point of origin:
• Eurasian Phase • Multicentric Phase

• Afro-Eurasian Phase • Euro-Atlantic Phase
• Oriental Phase I • 20C Phase
• Oriental Phase II • 21C Phase
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Eurasian Phase
(3000BCE)
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• Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations,

increased trade, and ancient empires grew out
of Eurasia.
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Afro-Eurasian Phase
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(1000 BCE)
• Commercial revolutions commenced in the

Greco-Roman world, West Asia and East Africa.
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Oriental Phase I
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(500 BCE)
• The world economy emerged alongside the

caravan trade in the Middle East.
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Oriental Phase II
(1100AD)
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• The improvements in productivity and

technology emerged throughout East and South
Asia, with increased urbanization and
development of the silk routes.
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Multicentric Phase
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(1500 AD)
• Trade expanded across the Atlantic Ocean and

into the Americas.
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Euro-Atlantic Phase
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(1800)
• The Euro-Atlantic economy developed through

industrialization and the colonial division of
labor.
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20C Phase
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1950
• MNC’s and global value chains emerged

throughout the US, Europe, and Japan and the
Cold War Ended.
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21C Phase
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2000
• A new geography of trade encompasses East

Asia and the emerging economies, with a global
rebalancing of power and economic flows.
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Germinal Phase
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• In Europe (early fifteenth century to mid-eighteenth

century). Important developments during this period
were the sun-centered view of the universe, the
beginnings of modern geography, and the spread of
the Gregorian calendar.
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Incipient Phase
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(mid-1700s to the 1870s).
• Among the key developments in this period were the

“crystallization of conceptions of formalized
international relations,” a “more concrete conception of
humankind,” and “[s]harp increases in conventions
and agencies concerned with international and
transnational regulation and communication” (1990:
26).
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Take-Off Phase
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(1870s to the mid-1920s)
• Among the key developments in this period were the

“[v]ery sharp increase in number and speed of global
forms of communication. Rise of ecumenical
movement. Development of global competitions – e.g.
Olympics, Nobel Prizes. Implementation of World Time
and near-global adoption of Gregorian calendar. First
World war. League of Nations” (1990: 27).
30
Struggle-for-hegemony phase
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(1920s to the mid-1960s)
• This period was characterized by war (WW II)

and disputes (Cold War) over the still fragile
globalization process. The UN was formed
during this period.
31
Uncertainty Phase
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(1960s to the early 1990s6)
• Many global developments occurred during this

period including inclusion of the Third World in
the global system, end of the Cold War (and
bipolarity), spread of nuclear weapons, world
civil society, world citizenship, and global media
system consolidation.
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4. EVENTS
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• A fourth view is that instead of cycles or great

epochs, one can point to much more specific
events that can be seen as the origin of
globalization. In fact, there are many such
possible points of origin of globalization, some of
which are:
33
4. EVENTS
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• 1. the Romans and their far-ranging conquests

in the centuries before Christ (Gibbon 1998);
• 2. the rise and spread of Christianity in the
centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire;
• 3. the spread of Islam in the seventh century
and beyond;
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4. EVENTS
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• 4. the travels of the Vikings from Europe to

Iceland, Greenland, and briefly to North America
in the ninth through the eleventh centuries as
examples of, and landmarks, in globalization;
35
4. EVENTS
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• 5. trade in the Middle Ages throughout the

Mediterranean;
• 6. the activities of the banks of the twelfth-
century Italian city-states;
• 7. the rampage of the armies of Ghengis Khan
into Eastern Europe in the thirteenth century
(Economist 2006: January 12);
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4. EVENTS
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• 8. European traders like Marco Polo and his

travels later in the thirteenth century along the
Silk Road to China.
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4. EVENTS
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• 9. the “discovery of America” by Christopher

Columbus in 1492. Other important voyages of
discovery during this time involved Vasco Da
Gama rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1498
and the circumnavigation of the globe completed
in 1522 by one of Ferdinand Magellan’s ships
(Joel Rosenthal 2007);
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4. EVENTS
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• 10. European colonialism, especially in the

nineteenth century;
• 11. the early twentieth-century global Spanish flu
pandemic;
• 12. the two world wars in the first half of the
twentieth century.
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5. Broader, More Recent Changes
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• The fifth view focuses on broader, but still recent,

changes. There is a sense in this view that change
occurred in the last half of the twentieth century. Three
of these momentous changes have been identified by
scholars as the point of origin of globalization as it
exists today:
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1. The emergence of the United States as the global

power in the years following WW II.
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2. The emergence of multinational corporations

(MNCs).
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Types of Globalization
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• Economic
• Social
• Political
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Economic Globalization
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• Countries that trade with many others and have

few trade barriers are economically globalised.
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Social Globalization
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• A measure of how easily information and ideas

pass between people in their own country and
between different countries (includes access to
internet and social media networks).
45
Political Globalization
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• The amount of political co-operation there is

between countries.
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Causes of Globalization
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• Improved communications
• Improved transport
• Free trade agreements
• Global banking
• The growth of the MNC’s
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Effects of Globalization
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• Changed in food supply

• Division of labor
• Less job security
• Damaged to environment
• Cultural impact
• Increase in anti-Globalization Protests
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Impacts on the Government
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POSITIVE NEGATIVE
• Increased economic • MNC power increased.

development • MNCs externalize cost to countries.
• Expanded infrastructure • Competition results in too many
concessions.
• Transfer of modern • MNCs influence local policies.
management techniques • Companies incorporate in low tax
• Greater interdependence countries.
among business partners • Pressure to reduce social benefits.
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Impacts on the Labor
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POSITIVE NEGATIVE
• Increased job • Job displacement
opportunities • Loss of industries or
• Upgraded education economic groups
system • Lowered labor standards
• Increased training • Downward wage pressure
• Decreased union power
• Diminished social contract
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The Globalization Debate
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• The Hyperglobalist Thesis

• The Skeptics Thesis
• The Transformationalist Thesis
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The Hyperglobalists' Camp
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What’s new? A global age
Dominant features Global capitalism, global governance, global civil

society
Power of national governments Declining or eroding
Driving forces of globalization Capitalism and technology
Pattern of stratification Erosion of old hierarchies
Dominant motif McDonalds, Madonna, etc.
Conceptualization of globalization As a reordering of the framework of human action
Historical trajectory Global civilization
Summary argument The end of the nation-state
52
The Skeptics' Camp
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What’s new? Trading blocs, weaker geogovernance than in

earlier periods
Dominant features World less interdependent than in 1880s
Power of national governments Reinforced or enhanced
Driving forces of globalization States and markets
Pattern of stratification Increased marginalization of South
Dominant motif National interest
Conceptualization of globalization As internationalization
Historical trajectory Regional blocs/clash of civilizations
Summary argument Internationalization depends on state acquiescence

and support
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The Transformationalists' Camp
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What’s new? Historically unprecedented levels of global

interconnectedness
Dominant features ‘Thick’ (intensive and extensive)
Power of national governments Reconstituted, restructured
Driving forces of globalization Combined forces of modernity
Pattern of stratification New architecture of world order
Dominant motif Transformation of political community
Conceptualization of globalization As the reordering of interregional relations and action
at a distance
Historical trajectory Indeterminate: global integration and fragmentation
Summary argument Globalization transforming state power and world

politics
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On Post-Cold War Order
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• Is there an order that has developed since the

end of the Cold War?
• What are the elements of the contemporary
order?
• How does globalization affect this order?
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Typology of Order
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Order Units Characteristics
Globalized Global system End of national polities, societies and

economies
International States Concern with agenda of sovereignty and
stability
World Humanity Concern with agenda of rights, needs,
and justice
Globalized International Globalized states Agenda of managing relations between
states penetrated by global system
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Elements of Contemporary Order
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Structural Elements Purposive Elements
Polarity Social state
Multilateralism Identity
Regionalism Economic order
Global divide Liberal rights
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29/06/2022

• Differentiate the competing conceptions of

Do the images speak

oIs it the integration of economic, political, and cultural

• Globalization refers to the increasingly global relationships of

• Globalization is the homogenization of people’s tastes and

• “Processes by which goods, services, capital, people,

• “Globalization is both an active process of corporate

Nearly 23 trillion dollars accounts for

• Wake up to a GE alarm clock made in China.

out to be a very complex issue – the origin of

• It argues that globalization stems, among other

• It argues that it is difficult to find a single point of

Globalization occurred sequentially each with

• Eurasian Phase • Multicentric Phase

• Agricultural and urban revolutions, migrations,

• Commercial revolutions commenced in the

• The world economy emerged alongside the

• The improvements in productivity and

• Trade expanded across the Atlantic Ocean and

• The Euro-Atlantic economy developed through

• MNC’s and global value chains emerged

• A new geography of trade encompasses East

• In Europe (early fifteenth century to mid-eighteenth

(mid-1700s to the 1870s).

• Among the key developments in this period were the

(1870s to the mid-1920s)

• Among the key developments in this period were the

(1920s to the mid-1960s)

• This period was characterized by war (WW II)

(1960s to the early 1990s6)

• Many global developments occurred during this

• A fourth view is that instead of cycles or great

• 1. the Romans and their far-ranging conquests

• 4. the travels of the Vikings from Europe to

• 5. trade in the Middle Ages throughout the

• 8. European traders like Marco Polo and his

• 9. the “discovery of America” by Christopher

• 10. European colonialism, especially in the

• The fifth view focuses on broader, but still recent,

1. The emergence of the United States as the global

2. The emergence of multinational corporations

• Countries that trade with many others and have

• A measure of how easily information and ideas

• The amount of political co-operation there is

• Changed in food supply

• Increased economic • MNC power increased.

• The Hyperglobalist Thesis

What’s new? A global age

Dominant features Global capitalism, global governance, global civil

Driving forces of globalization Capitalism and technology

Pattern of stratification Erosion of old hierarchies

Dominant motif McDonalds, Madonna, etc.

Conceptualization of globalization As a reordering of the framework of human action

Historical trajectory Global civilization

Summary argument The end of the nation-state

What’s new? Trading blocs, weaker geogovernance than in

Power of national governments Reinforced or enhanced

Driving forces of globalization States and markets

Pattern of stratification Increased marginalization of South

Dominant motif National interest

Conceptualization of globalization As internationalization