Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THE
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
The ownership of the copyright belongs to Batangas State University. No part of this module can be
reproduced for commercial purposes.
The Contemporary World 2020
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The Contemporary World 2020
With the different lessons covered in this module, it is hoped that students will
gain the necessary competencies, skills and values intended for this course.
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Weeks
1-2 Introduction to Globalization
3-5 The Structures of Globalization
.The Global Economy
. Market Integration
. The Global Interstate System
. Contemporary Global Governance
6-8 A World of Regions
. Global Divides: The North and the South
. Asian Regionalism
9 Midterm
!0-11 A World of Ideas
. Global Media Cultures
. The Globalization of Religion
12-14 Global Population and Mobility
.The Global City
. Global Demography
.Global Migration
15-16 Towards a Sustainable World
. Sustainable Development
. Global Food Security
17-18 Global Citizenship
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A. Competencies
1. Distinguish different interpretations of and approaches to globalization;
2. Describe the emergence of global economic, political, social, and cultural
systems;
3. Analyze the various contemporary drivers of globalization;
4. Understand the issues confronting the nation-state; and
5. Assess the effects of globalization on different social units and their
responses.
B. Skills
1. Analyze contemporary news events in the context of globalization;
2. Analyze global issues in relation to Filipinos and the Philippines; and
3. Write a research paper with proper citations on a topic related to
globalization.
C. Values
1. Articulate personal positions on various global issues; and
2. Identify the ethical implications of global citizenship
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Duration: 6 hours
Learning Objectives: After studying the unit, the students should be able to:
Example:
People are engaged in buying and selling from other places in far-away lands like
the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the
Middle Age for thousands of years and they also invested in enterprises in other
countries for centuries.
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Example:
Since 1950, the volume of world trade has increased by 20 times and from 1997
to 1999, flows of foreign investment nearly doubled from $468 billion to $827
domestically.
In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the past two
decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly
increasing their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for
international trade and investment. Governments also have negotiated dramatic
reductions in barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to
promote trade in goods, services, and investment. Taking advantage of new
opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign factories and
established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining
feature of globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business
structure (4).
One principal driver of globalization is technology. Economic life is dramatically
transformed by advancement in information technology. All sorts of individual economic
actors like consumers, investors, and businesses which are valuable new tools for
identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster and more informed
analyses of economic trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and
collaboration with far-flung partners are provided by information technologies.
Globalization is the process of integration of economies across the world through
cross-border flow of factors product and information (5). According to the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) globalization is the growing economic interdependence of
countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions
in goods and services and of international capital flows and also through the more rapid
and wide diffusion of technology (6).
social connections and various activities that transgress traditional and political,
economic, cultural and geographical lines.
Example:
Brazilian World Cup: Today’s media combine conventional TV coverage with
multiple streaming feeds into digital devices and networking sites that transcend
nationally based services.
Examples:
Reaching of financial markets around the globe
Occurrence of electronic around the clock
Emergence of gigantic and virtually identical shopping malls in all
continents to cater to consumers who can afford commodities all over the
world-including products whose various components were manufactured
in different countries. This process is called social stretching.
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Examples:
The worldwide web relays distant information in real time
Satellites provide consumers with instant pictures of remote events
Sophisticated social networking by means of facebook or twitter has
become routine activity for more than a billion people around the globe.
The intensification of worldwide social relations means that local happenings are
shaped by events occurring far away, and vice versa. This means that there is
intermingling of local and global, with the national and regional in overlapping horizontal
scale.
4. Globalization processes do not occur merely or an objective, material level but they
also involve the subjective plane of human consciousness. Without erasing local and
national attachments, the compression of the world into a single place has increasingly
made global the frame of reference for human thought and action.
Globalization involves both the macro-structures of a global community and the
micro-structures of global personhood. It extends deep into the core of the self and its
dispositions, facilitating the creation of multiple individual and collective identities
nurtured by the intensifying relations between the personal and the global. They differ
from each other by acceleration in the speed of social exchanges and widening of
geographical scopes (7).
Dimensions of Globalization
There are six dimensions in globalization. These include: economic, political,
technological, cultural, religious and ecological dimensions.
1. Economic Dimension
This refers to the extensive development of economic relations across the globe
as a result of technology and the enormous flow of capital that has stimulated trade in
both sources and goods (8).
Major players in the current century’s global economic order
1. Huge international corporations (General Motors, Walmart,
Mitsubishi)
International Economic Institutions (IMF, World Bank, The World
Trade Organization)
Trading Systems
The result of these powerful forces resulted in the wide gap between the rich and
the poor countries.
Major Sources of Economic Growth across Countries (9)
1. Property rights
2. Regulatory institutions
3. Institutions for macro-economics
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4. Stabilization
5. Institutions for social influence
7. Institutions for conflict management
Economic institutions have decisive influence on investment in physical and
human capital, technology, and industrial productions. It is also important for resource
distribution.
2. Political Dimension
This refers to an enlargement and strengthening of political interrelations across
the globe (10).
Political Issues that Surface in this Dimension
1. The principle of state sovereignty
2. Increasing impact of various intergovernmental organization
3. Future shapes of regional and global governance
The globalization rendered almost powerless any political efforts to introduce
restrictive policies affecting individual states, with the results that the world in many
ways turned into a borderless world. Governments often seek to restrict the migration of
peoples, especially those coming from the poor countries in the global South (11 a).
In the development of supra-national structures and associations held together
by common concerns and mutually agreed upon norm, the most obvious is political
globalization.
On the part of the involved parties, informal structures which are considered
binding, bring together world power centers due to common interests.
Example:
Global cities like New York, London, Tokyo, and Singapore are closely
connected with one another than they are to various cities in their own
countries.
European Union, United nations, NATO, The World Trade Organization
3. Cultural Dimension
This refers to the increase in the amount of cultural flows across the globe.
Cultural interconnections are at the foundations of contemporary globalization (11b).
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Example:
Bin Ladin understands umma as a single community of believers
professing faith in the one and only God, but at the same time committed
to destroying not only alien invaders but also corrupt Islamic elites in order
to return power to the Muslim masses.
Since one third of the world’s Muslim population lives in non-Islamic
countries, the restoration of God’s proper reign must be a global event.
Hence, Al-Qaeda established jihadist cells in various parts of the world.
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5. Ideological Dimensions
Ideology is a system of widely shared ideas, beliefs, norms and values among a
group of people. It is often used to legitimize certain political interests or to defend
dominant power structures. Ideology connects human actions with some generalized
claims (14a).Globalization is a social process of intensifying global interdependence while
globalism is an ideology that gives the concept of neo-liberal values and meanings to
globalization.
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of Globalism (14b)
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets.
The problem with this claim is that liberalization and integration of markets
happen through political project of engineering free markets by interference of
centralized state power, and it is in contrast to the neoliberal ideal of limited role
of governments.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
Globalists believe that spread of market forces driven by technological
innovations is inevitable in globalization. Neoliberals use this claim to convince
people to adopt the natural discipline of the market if they want to prosper, which
implies the elimination of government controls over the market.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.
This claim seeks to depoliticize the public debate on globalization and
neutralizing anti -globalist movements.
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
Globalists talk about the benefits of market liberalization such as rising
global living standards, economic efficiency, individual freedom, and technological
progress. But the reality is that the opportunities of globalization are spread
unequally and power and wealth are concentrated among a specific group of
people, regions and corporations.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.
For the globalists democracy and free markets are synonymous.
The neoliberal explanation of globalization is ideological because it is politically
motivated and contributes to the construction of particular meanings of globalization
which stabilize existing power relations. Globalism tries to create collective meaning and
shape people’s identities.
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References:
1. searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/globalization
2. http://www.globalization101.org/what-is-globalization/
3. Thomas Friedman. (2012). International Politics: Concepts, Theories, & Issues. Sage publications.
Edited by Rumki Basu
4. https://www.globalization101.org/what-is-globalization/
5. Cherunilam, Francis (2010). International Business: Text and Cases. 5th Edition.PHI Learning Private
Limited. New Delhi.
6. Cited by Charles Michell (2000). International Business Culture. World Trade Press. California
9. Rodrik, D. (2007). One Economics Many Recipes: Globalization, Institutions, and Economic
Growth Princeton: Princeton University Press.
10. Book Review on Globalization: a very short introduction. Faculties of American Studies. http:// www.
American. Mcgill.ca/nast/; http:/ /www. American. Edu/sis /cnas.
11.(a,b,c,) Seazolts, Kevin R (2012). A Virtuous Church: Catholic Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy for the
21st Century
12. Samuel P. Huntington (1997). The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York:
Touchstone/Simon and Schuster
13. Johnston, Douglas M. Religion and Culture: Human Dimensions of Globalization. http:// indian
strategic knowledge online. com/ web/ C31 Johns. pdf
14. Seazolts, Kevin R (2012). A Virtuous Church: Catholic Theology, Ethics, and Liturgy for the 21st
Century
16. (a,b) Steger, Manfred. Globalization: A Very Short Introduction. Published by OUP Oxford
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Unit Test:
A. Identification. Answer the following item by supplying the correct answer on
the blank.
__________ 1. In this period the invention of writing and the wheel were great social
and technological boosts that moved globalization to a new level.
__________ 2. It is often used to legitimize certain political interests or to defend
dominant power structures.
__________ 3. This is considered as one principal driver of globalization.
__________ 4. This refers to the extensive development of economic relations across
the globe as a result of technology and the enormous flow of capital
that has stimulated trade in both sources and goods
__________ 5. This results hybridization- a constructive interaction process between
global and local characteristics which is often visible in food, music,
dance, film, fashion, and language
__________ 6. This is a religious response to the materialist assault by the ungodly
West in the rest of the world.
__________ 7. The period of leap in the history of globalization.
__________ 8. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political
systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human
physical well-being in societies around the world; this is about growing
worldwide connectivity.
__________ /__________ 9 - 10. These are the dominant cultural characteristics of our
age and the drive for economic success stimulated by the internet and
other technological devices circulate much more easily than they did in
earlier periods.
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B. True or False. Identify whether the statement is correct or not. Write True if it is
correct, False if not.
C. Essay
Discuss the major ideological claims of advocates of globalism, and express your
point of agreement/disagreement. (5 points each)
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Duration: 9 hours
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movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. It also refers to the
movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders.
In economic terms, globalization is nothing but a process making the world
economy an organic system by extending transnational economic processes and
economic relations to more and more countries and by deepening the economic
interdependencies among them (19).
the last 100 years or roughly two-thirds of world export (23). Transnational corporation
otherwise known as multi -national corporation is a corporation that has a home base,
but is registered, operates and has assets or other facilities in at least one other country
at one time (24). Examples are the US-based General Electric (GE), the Coca-Cola
Company of Atlanta, Georgia, US Nike and others.
nearly 4 percent per annum, which is roughly twice as high as growth in the national
incomes of the developed economies since the late 19th century (30).
International monetary system (IMS) refers to a system that forms rules and
standards for facilitating international trade among the nations. It helps in reallocating
the capital and investment from one nation to another. It is the global network of the
government and financial institutions that determine the exchange rate of different
currencies for international trade. It is a governing body that sets rules and regulations
by which different nations exchange currencies with each other (31).
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especially trade and investment (32). It also reflects economic power and interests, as
money is inherently political, an integral part of high politics or diplomacy (33).
In 1870 to 1914, with the help of gold and silver, trade was carried without any
institutional support. Monetary system during that time was decentralized while market
based and money played a minor role in international trade in contrast to gold.
Gold Standard is a system of backing a country’s currency with its gold reserves.
Such currencies are freely convertible into gold at a fixed price, and the country settles
all its international trade transactions in gold (35)
After World War I, the use of gold declined due to increased expenditure and
inflation which were caused by war. Major economic powers were on gold standards but
could not maintain it and failed because of the Great depression in 1931.
Since the United States held most of the world’s gold, all the nations would
determine the values of their currencies in terms of dollar. The central banks of nations
were given the task of maintaining fixed exchange rates with respect to dollar for each
currency. The Bretton Woods system ended in 1971 as the trade deficit and growing
inflation undermined the value of dollar in the whole world. In 1973, the floating
exchange rate system, also known as flexible exchange rate system was developed
that was market based (36).
To assess whether the gold standard was successful, the following roles of a
properly designed IMS must be considered: to lend order and stability to foreign
exchange markets, to encourage the elimination of balance-of-payments problems, and
to provide access to international credits in the event of disruptive shocks (37). The gold
standard has never worked satisfactorily in controlling inflation or maintaining
equilibrium in international transactions.
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However, over the past decade, the build-up of macroeconomic imbalances, and
the imprudent fiscal policies of some Member States, resulted in the continuing double
crisis in banking and sovereign. As a result of this crisis, many individual Member States
face difficult re-adjustment processes, and Members States collectively must reappraise
the governance architecture of Monetary Union and adopt new mechanisms to detect,
prevent, and correct problematic economic trends (38).
According to the European Commission in 2008, the first ten years of the EMU
were an evident success for participating countries in terms of increased trade and
capital transactions, more integrated economies, restored macroeconomic stability and
the utilization of Euro as the second most widely used reserve currency. But in 2008 to
2009 the European Union (EU) is presented with dramatic challenges brought by global
financial and economic crisis.
The EU in 2010 in response to the crisis enacted the three- pillar financial rescue
program which includes: the European Financial Stability Mechanism, the European
Financial Stability Facility, the financial assistance of International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Since the three -pillar system is temporary EU in 2013 activated its own permanent
European Stability Mechanism. The future of EMU depends on the willingness of
member states to agree on more fundamental changes in the governance of Eurozone.
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budget of the European Union as collateral. The European Financial Stability Facility
(EFSF) on the other hand, is an organization created by the European Union to provide
assistance to member states with unstable economies. The EFSF is a special purpose
vehicle (SPV) managed by the European Investment Bank, a lending institution. The
fund raises money by issuing debt, and distributes the funds to eurozone countries
whose lending institutions need to be recapitalized who need help managing their
sovereign debt or who need financial stabilization (40).
More affordable products for the consumer is also the result of competition. The
economy of the world is also affected by the exchange of goods as dictated by supply
and demand, making goods and services obtainable which may not be available
globally to consumers. Trading globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity
to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries. Almost every
kind of products can be found on the international market aside from services being
traded like banking, tourism, etc. Global trade allows wealthy countries to use their
resources such as labor, technology, or capital more efficiently. Because countries are
endowed with different assets and natural resources, some countries may produce the
same good more efficiently and therefore sell it more cheaply than other countries (44).
Specialization in international trade happens if a country cannot efficiently produce an
item and obtain it by trading with another country that can.
Trade policies on the other hand refer to the regulations and agreement of
foreign countries (45). It defines standards, goals, rules, and regulations that pertain to
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trade relation between countries (46). Each country has specific policies formulated by its
officials. Boosting the nation’s international trade is the aim of each country. Taxes
imposes on import and export, inspection, regulations, tariffs and quotas are all part of
country’s trade policy.
Tariffs
These are taxes or duties paid for a particular class of imports or exports.
Imposing taxes on imported and exported goods is a right of every country.
Heavy tariffs on imported goods are levied by some nations for the protection of
their local industries. The prices of imported goods in local markets are inflated
due to high imported taxes to ensure demand of local products.
Trade barriers
Safety
This ensures that imported products in the country are of high quality.
Inspection regulations laid down by public officials ensure the safety and quality
standards of imported products.
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To regulate the trade and business relations between two nations, this
policy is formed. Under the trade agreement the national trade policies of both
the nations and their negotiations are considered while bilateral trade policy is
being formulated.
International Trade Policy
This defines the international trade policy under their charter like the
International economic organizations, such as Organization for Economic Co-
operation and Development (OECD), World Trade Organization (WTO) and
International Monetary Fund (IMF).The best interests of both developed and
developing nations are upheld by the policies.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) deals with the global rules of trade
between nations with the main function of ensuring that trade flows smoothly,
predictably and freely. It is the only global international organization dealing with the
rules of trade between nations with WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the
bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments at its heart (48). WTO
is viewed as the means by which industrialized countries can gain access to the
markets of developing countries (49).
especially prevalent in areas where complex projects are the norm like construction and
information technology (52).
1. Firms must search for partners with the expertise that allows them to perform
the particular activities that are required.
2. They must convince the potential suppliers to customize products for their
own specific needs.
2. The technology for search affects the cost and likelihood of finding a suitable
partner.
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References:
The Global Economy
17. Gao Shangquan (2000). Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/index.shtml
18. IMF (2008). Globalization: A brief overview. Issues Brief Issue 02/08. Washington, DC.
19. Szentes, T. (2003) World Economics 2. Budapest Akademiai Kiado
20. Hoeven, van der R & György Sziráczki (1997). Lessons from Privatization. Geneva: International
Labour Organization
21. Vickerstaff, Sarah (1998). The Transformation of Labour Relations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-
19-828979-0 p.63
22. Dicken P. (2004). Global shift: Reshaping the global economic map in the 21st century.
London :SAGE.
23. Gerrifi, G. (2005). The Global Economy: Organization, Governance, and Development,. In Smesler N
and Swedberg R. (eds) Handbook of Economic Sociology, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, pp. 160-82.
25. Braudel, F (1973). The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Phillip II. Bekerley
and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
26. Lee, Adela C. Y.(2010). Silkroad Foundation: “Ancient Silk Road Travellers”. Silk-road.com. Rerieved
2010-07-31
27. Gills BK and Thompson WR (2006). Globalization, global histories and historical globalities. In Gills,
BK and Thompson (eds) Globalization and global history. London:Routledge, pp. 1-15.
28. Held D. and McGrew A. (1999). Global Transformations: Politics, economics and culture. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press.
29. O’Rourke KH and Williamson JG (1999). Globalization and History. The evolution of a nineteen-
century Atlantic economy. Cambridge University Press, pp. 285-300.
30. Pfister, Ulrich, (2012) http:// ieg- ego.eu/en threads/ backgrounds/ globalization=The Periodofthe
Atlantic Economy 18501931.
31.Nitisha. International Monetary System: http:// www. economics discussion. net/ articles/ international-
monetary system/ 4256
32. Salvatore D. (2007). International Economics. Hoboken; John Wiley and Son.
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33. Cohen, B. (2000). Money and power in world politics. In Lawton TC, Rosenau JN and Verdun AC
(eds) Strange power. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing pp. 91-113.
34. Einaudi, L. (2001). Money and Politics: European monetary unification and the international gold
standard. 1865-1873. Oxford: Oxford University Press
37. Eichengreen, BJ (1996). Globalizing capital: A History of the International Monetary System.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
38. http:// www. europarl. europa. eu/Reg Data/etudes/ BRIE/2015/551325/ EPRS_ BRI (2015) 551325
_EN. Pdf
41. Investopedia. com Website. “International Trade” Retrieved from: https:// www. investopedia.
com/terms/e/ european- financial- stability- facility. asp
42. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/international-trade.html
43. Simpson, Stephen D. Macroeconomics: International Trade. https:// www. Investopedia. com/
university/ macroeconomics/11.asp
45. The Balance .com Website. Trade Policy. Retrieved from: https:// www.the balance.com trade-policy-
4073939
49. Khor M. (1995). “The WTO and the South: Implications and Recent Developments”. Third World
Network
50. Grossman, Gene, and Helpman, Elhanan (2005). Outsourcing in a Global Economy. Review of
Economic Studies. Retrieved from: http//about.jstor.org.com
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53. Marsh, P. (2001). “A Sharp Sense of the Limits of Outsourcing”. The Financial Times, 31 July, 10
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Duration:9 hours
2. Market Integration
3.The Global Interstate System
4. Contemporary Global Governance
MARKET INTEGRATION
Market integration refers to how easily two or more markets can trade with each
other (54a). It occurs when prices among different locations or related goods follow similar
patterns over a long period of time. Groups of prices often move proportionally to each
other and when this relation is very clear among different markets it is said that the
markets are integrated (54b).
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in supply and demand that has a spillover effect on several markets is another factor of
market integration. One way of helping integration of market by reducing barriers to
trade and increasing fluidity between markets is through foreign trade.
Market integration exists when there are exerted effects that prompt similar
changes or shifts in other markets that focus on related goods on events occurring
within two or more markets.
Example:
China produces toys at a cheaper price than the US. If foreign trade increased
between the two countries, toys could be sold to the US more easily, making them more
available, thus reducing price (55a).
If the demand for baby dolls within a given geographical market were to suddenly
be reduced by 50%, there is a good chance that the demand for baby doll clothing
would also decrease in proportion within that same geographical market. Should the
baby market increase, this would usually mean that the market for doll clothing would
also increase. Both markets would have the chance to adjust pricing in order to deal
with the new circumstances surrounding the demand, as well as adjust other factors,
such as production (55b).
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markets with those trends coming together to exert a profound influence on the
economy of that nation is involved in the integration within a nation.
Global Corporation
Example:
One can find more customers in a country whose economy is vibrant and
expanding in lieu of stagnant local and domestic economy or market share that has hit a
plateau.
the reentry of Japanese and European corporation to the global scene is viewed as
multinational corporations (MNCs) (61). From the end of World War II to the present is
considered the period of transformation of global corporation.
The Finance Function in a Global Corporation
As corporations go global, capital markets open up within them, giving
companies a powerful mechanism for arbitrage across national financial markets (62).
Chief financial officers (CFOs) must balance the opportunities with the challenges of
operating in multiple environments in managing their internal markets in building an
advantage. These three functions can be created by CFOs through exploiting their
internal capital markets.
1. Financing
A group’s tax bill can be reduced by the CFO like borrowing in countries
with high tax rates and lending to operations in countries with lower rates.
2. Risk Management
3. Capital budgeting
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BRICS Economies
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) is an acronym for the
combined economies of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. BRIC, without
South Africa, was originally coined in 2003 by Goldman Sachs, which speculates that by
2050 these four economies will be the most dominant. South Africa was added to the
list on April 13, 2011 creating "BRICS"(64a). These five countries were among the fastest
growing emerging markets as of 2011.
Further, Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC) refer to the idea that China and
India will, by 2050, become the world's dominant suppliers of manufactured goods and
services, respectively, while Brazil and Russia will become similarly dominant as
suppliers of raw materials. Due to lower labor and production costs in these countries
now including a fifth nation, South Africa, many companies have also cited BRIC as a
source of foreign expansion opportunity i.e. promising economies in which to invest (64b).
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References
Market Integration
54.(a,b) De Braux, P. (2017) “What is Market Integration” Retrieved from: https:// www. qoura. Com/
What –is-market-integration. Dated March 3, 2017.
56. Arouri, M.E.H. and Jawadi, F. (2009), “Stock market integration in emerging countries: further
evidence from the Philippines and Mexico”, Retrieved from:
www.finance‐innovation.org/risk09/work/1208330.pdf Dated: October 9, 2010.
57. Investorwords.com Website. “Integrated Financial Market” Retrieved from: http:// www. investorwords.
Com/ 15491/ integrated financial markets. html #ixzz55 p6oq8Hb.
58. Kokemuller, Neil. (2018). “What is a Global Corporation?” Retrieved from: http:// smallbusiness,chron.
com/ global- corporation- 63267. Html
59. Harvey D. (1990). The Condition of Post Modernity: An Inquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change .
Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
60. Moore K. and Lewis D. 2000 Foundation of Corporate Empire. London: Prentice Hall.
61 Barnet and Mueller (1974). Global Reach: The Power of the multinational corporations. New York:
Simon and Schuster
62.Desai, Mihir A. 2008. The Finance Function in a Global Corporation. Harvard Business Publishing.
64.(a,b,) Brazil, Russia, India, China And South Africa (BRICS) https://www.
investopedia.com/terms/b/brics.asp#ixzz58r2tplyS
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Duration: 9 hours
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disparities between easy flows of money and commodities across international boarders
and the legal barriers and logistical hurdles that keep most workers tied to their home
communities are associated with globalization.
The belief that globalization imposes a forced choice upon states either to
conform to free market principles or run the risk of being left behind is termed into a
phrase called “Golden Straitjacket” by Thomas Friedman, a neoliberalism journalist and
advocate, to illustrate the forcing of states into policies that suit the preferences of
investment houses and corporate executives (Electronic Herd) who swiftly move money
and resources into countries favored as adaptable to the demands of international
business and withdraw even more rapidly from countries deemed uncompetitive (70a).
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Further, countries are compared to individual stocks where the states and their
government are rewarded and punished similar to buying and selling shares of
individual companies. States also have lost an important element of economic
sovereignty and that neo-liberalism is beyond contestation (70b).
There are two things that will happen if a country is in Golden Straitjacket: the
economy grows and politics shrinks. It is a straitjacket because it narrows the political
and economic policy choices of those in power to relatively tight parameters. This is the
reason of the difficulty of finding any real differences today between ruling and
opposition parties in those countries that have put on the Golden Staitjacket (71) .
Westphalian Sovereignty
It is based on the principle that one sovereign state should not interfere in
the domestic arrangements of another.
Interdependence Sovereignty
Domestic Sovereignty
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One major step towards economic integration is Common Market (CM). All
barriers to the mobility of people, capital and other resources within the area in question,
as well as eliminating non- tariff barriers to trade, such as the regulatory treatment of
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The trading bloc that has both a common market between members, and a
common trade policy towards non-members, although members are free to pursue
independent macro-economic policies is termed Economic Union. It requires
coordinated monetary and fiscal policies as well as labor market, regional development,
transportation and industrial policies. In economic union the use of a common currency
and a unified monetary policy is considered. The best example of Economic union is the
European Union (EU).
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Neo-functionalism
This theory focuses on the supranational institutions of the EU of which the main
driving forces of integration are interest group activity at the European and national
levels, political party activity, and the role of governments and supranational institutions.
The European integration is mostly seen as an upper class- driven process- driven by
national and international political and economic upper crusts.
Intergovernmentalism
Liberal Intergovernmentalism
New Institutionalism
This is a new theory of European integration. Writers Liesbet Hooghe and Gary
Marks defined MLG as dispersion of authority across multiple levels of political
governance. They stated that over the last fifty years, authority and sovereignty has
moved away from national governments in Europe, not just to the supranational level
with the EU, but also to subnational levels such as regional assemblies and local
authorities (90)
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References:
The Global Interstate System
66. Weber, M. (1997). The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: Free Press.
67. Bull, H. (1995). The Anarchichal Society: A Study of Order and World Politics. 2nd Edition, New York:
Columbia University Press.
68. (a,b,c,d,e) Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism. London: Verso.
69. Joppke, C. (1998). Immigration Challenges the nation-state In: Joppke, C. (ed.) Challenge to the
Nation-State Immigration in Western Europe and The United States. Oxford University Press.
70. (a,b)Friedman, T. (2000). The Lexus and the Olive Tree. 2nd edn, New York: Farrar, Straus and
Giroux
71. Beder, Sharon. (2017). Golden Straitjacket. Retrieved from: http:// www. herinst. Org/
BusinessManagedDemocracy/government/international/straitjacket.html.
72. Harvey, David (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press, 2005.
73. Lse.co.uk Website. Economic Sovereignty Definition. Retrieved from: http:// www. lse. co. uk/finance
glossary. Asp? Search Term==economic & iArticleID=2196 &definition= economic -sovereignty
74.(a, b) Quiggin, John. (2001). Symposium in Globalization, Globalization and Economic Sovereignty.
The Journal of Political Philosophy: Vol 9, Number1
79. Economic Integration Retrieved from https:// www. Investopedia. Com/ terms/ e/economic integration.
Asp#ixzz5LmqfRI9Q
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81. Holden, M. (2003). Stages of Economic Integration: From Autarky to Economic Union Retrieved from:
http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/inbrief/prb0249- e.htm#customs
82.Ec.europa.eu Website. Economic and Monetary Union (EMU).Retrieved from:
https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-
coordination/economic-and-monetary-union_en
83. Coursehero.com Website. Complete Economic Integration. 2018. https://www. coursehero. com/file/
18689383/Complete-Economic-Integration-Factsheet/
84. Teune, Henry. Political Integration. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Retrieved from:
http: // sk. Sagepub.com/ referenmce/ intlpoliticalscience/ n454.xml
85. Neo-Functionalism Explains the Integration ofthe European Union. Retrieved from:
https://idebate.org/.../economy-economic-policy-economy-general-international-euro.
86. Hix, S. 1999. “The Political System of the European Union”, Houndmills: Macmillan Press
87. Hoffmann, S. ‘Obstinate or Obsolete? The fate of the nation-state and the case of Western Europe’,
Daedalus, Vol. 95, No.3, pp.862-915.
88. Slaughter, Anne-Marie. (2017). The Chessboard and the Web. Startegies of Connection in a
Networked World
89. Differences between Economic and Political Integration Politics Essay. (2013). Retrieved from
https://www.ukessays.com/essays/politics/differences-between-economic-and-political-
integration-politics-essay.php?vref=1
90.Della Porta. (2018). Activism, Transnational. Encyclopedia of Gobal Studies. Retrieved from
http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/globalstudies/n7.xml
91. Piper, Nicola and Anders Uhlin, eds. (2004). Transnational Activism in Asia: Problems of Power and
Democracy. London: Routledge.
92. Della Porta, Donatella and Sidney Tarrow. 2005. “Introduction: Transnational Processes and Social
Activism. An Introduction in Transnational Protest and Global Activism. eds. Donatella Della
Porta and Sidney Tarrow. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield: 1-17.
93. Deric., Shannon, (2011-01-01). Political sociology : oppression, resistance, and the state. Pine Forge
Press. p. 150. ISBN 9781412980401. OCLC 746832550.
94. Sidney Tarrow (1994). Power in Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements and Politics.
Cambridge University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-521-42271-X
95. Tom Mertes (2004). "A Movement of Movements", New York: Verso, 2004
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96. Della Porta, D. (2005). “The Social Bases of the Global Justice Movement: Some Theoretical
Reflections and Empirical Evidence from the First European Social Forum.” Civil Society and
Social Movements Programme Paper No. 21.Geneva: UNRISD (United Nations Research
Institute for Social Development).
97. Tarrow S. (2005). The New Transnational Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
98. Social Media https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/social-media.asp#ixzz5OES5Phv0
99. Murthy, D. (2016). Urban social media demographics: An exploration of Twitter use in major American
cities. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21, 33–49.
100. Lovejoy, K., & Saxton, G. D. (2012). Information, community, and action: How nonprofit
organizations use social media. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17, 337–353.
101. Berghel, H. (1995). Maiden voyage. Communications of the ACM, 38, 25–27.
102. Brzozowski, M. J., Sandholm, T., & Hogg, T. (2009, May 10–13). Effects of feedback and peer
pressure on contributions to enterprise social media. Paper presented at the proceedings of the
ACM 2009 international conference on supporting group work, Sanibel Island, FL.
103. Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of
social media. Business Horizons, 53, 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
104. Introduction to Social Media, Activism, and Organizations Dhiraj Murthy Retrieved from:
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2056305117750716
105. Castells, M. (2000) The Rise of the Network Society (The Information Age: Economy, Society and
Culture, Volume 1). New York: Wiley – Blackwell.
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Duration:9 hours
which form networks that engage to address issues that threaten local and global
communities. It is concerned with issues that have become too complex for a single
state to address alone. Humanitarian crises, military conflicts between and within
states, climate change and economic volatility pose serious threats to human security
in all societies; therefore, a variety of actors and expertise is necessary to properly
frame threats, devise pertinent policy, implement effectively and evaluate results
accurately to alleviate such threats (109).
Global governance can be thus understood as the sum of laws, norms, policies,
and institutions that define, constitute, and mediate trans-border relations between
states, cultures, citizens, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, and
the market. It embraces the totality of institutions, policies, rules practices, norms,
procedures, and initiatives by which states and citizens try to bring more predictability,
stability, and order to their responses to transnational challenges-such as climate
change and environmental degradation, nuclear proliferation, and terrorism which go
beyond the capacity of a single state to solve (110).
Global governance is viewed as the sum of governance processes operating in
the absence of world government. Both the international organizations (lOs) and the
United Nations (UN) being the only universal membership and general-purpose
international organization, are essential to the understanding of contemporary global
governance (111). The two types of International Organizations are those with universal
membership and those with limited membership. Examples of IOs with universal
membership include: UN, Bretton Woods institutions and World Trade Organization
(WTO). Limited membership includes European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO).
There were five stages or main gaps meet by UN in the 21st century. These are
knowledge, norms, policy, institutions and compliance. A critical hole in any of the five
stages can cause efforts at problem solving to collapse.
arrangements that have their roots in national law. Law is also a critical ingredient for
transforming real assets into commodities and ultimately financial assets, that is, the
third path which is the capitalization of assets (117). Different effects are expected on
different constituencies within and across domestic polities (an organized society; a
state as a political entity). Direct participation or inclusion in these processes are
benefitted by some though others face exclusion. Considered important for effective
governance include recognition of these paths or trajectories and their potentially
destabilizing effects for polities.
The role of the nation-state in a global world is largely a regulatory one as the
chief factor in global interdependence (118c). In setting international commerce policies,
isolated states are forced to engage to one another, while nation-state’s domestic role is
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unchanged. Roles of some states were diminished while others have exalted roles due
to interactions of various economic imbalances.
Problems afflicting the world today which are increasingly transnational in nature-
those that cannot be solved at the national level or State to State negotiations.
1. Poverty
2. Environmental pollution
3. Economic crisis
4. Organized crime and terrorism
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The following can be guaranteed only by the States through independent courts:
The State has the roles in operating the intricate web of multi-lateral
arrangements and inter-governmental regimes, enter into agreements with other States,
make policies which shape national and global activities, agenda of integration by
clearly pronouncing the problem of capacity inadequacy of individual States.This
indicates political leverage of some States in shaping the international agenda while
developing countries have less active roles.
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References:
Contemporary Global Governance
107.Jang, Jinseop, McSparren Jason & Rashchupkina.(2016). Nature.com Website. Global
governance: present and future. 2016 Retrieved from:
https://www.nature.com/articles/palcomms201545
108. Global Governance: The Strategy of Governance, Social welfare, and Exclusion? Retrieved from:
https://socialecologies. word press. com/ 2015/07/31/ global-governance-the-strategy-of-
governance-social-welfare-and-exclusion/ July 31, 2015
109. Bierman F. and Pattberg P. (2008) Global environmental governance: Taking stock, moving. Annual
Review of Environment and Resources.
110. Weiss, Thomas G. (2009) What happened to the Idea of World Government? International Studies
Quarterly 53(2):253-271
111. Weiss T.G., Kamran A.Z. (2009) Global Governance as International Organization. In: Whitman
J. (eds) Palgrave Advances in Global Governance. Palgrave Advances. Palgrave Macmillan,
London
114. Stephenson, Andrea. (2018). What is the United Nations? -Definition, History, Members & Purpose.
Retrieved from: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-united-nations-definition-history-
members-purpose.html
115. Kumar, Kundan Jha. (2018). Global Governance in the 21st Century. Retrieved from:
http://english.lokaantar.com/articles/global-governance-21st-century/
116. Pramod, Mishra. (2013). Emerging Challenges to Global Governance in 21st Century. Academic
Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy Vol 2 No 8.
117. Pistor, Katharina and Adaman Fikret. (2014).Governance Challenges in the 21st Century. Retrieved
from: https://globalcenters.columbia.edu/events/governance-challenges-21st-century
118 (a, b, c). Hall, Mary (2018). What is the Role of the nation-state in globalization. Retrieved from:
https://www. investopedia. com /ask/answer/022415/
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119. Jones, Barry R.J. (2000) The World turned upside down? Globalization and the future of the state,
p.268, St. Martin’s Press, New York.
120. United Nations (2000). Millennium Report of the Secretary-General. “We, the Peoples: The Role of
the United Nations in the 21st Century" A/54/2000. 25
121. Bertucci, G. And Alberti, A. Globalization and the Role of the State: Challenges and Perspectives.
Retrieved from: https: // pdfs. semantic scholar. org/9edd/ 97224 bb298453e6 ff5 c08afc 56dd9
e6064e. pdf.
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Unit Test:
D. Identification. Answer the following item by supplying the correct answer on
the blank.
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__________10. This exists when there are exerted effects that prompt similar changes
or shifts in other markets that focus on related goods on events occurring
within two or more markets.
__________11. This is the final stage of economic integration in which member states
completely forego independence of both monetary and fiscal policies.
__________12. This focuses on the supranational institutions of the European Union of
which the main driving forces of integration are interest group activity at
the European and national levels, political party activity, and the role of
governments and supranational institutions.
__________13. This is the intensification of the influence and dominance of capital. It is
the elevation of capitalism as a mode of production into an ethic, a set of
political imperatives, and a cultural logic.
__________14. This is tasked to promote international co-operation and to create and
maintain international order. It is the largest, most familiar, most
internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental
organization in the world.
__________15. It requires coordinated monetary and fiscal policies as well as labor
market, regional development, transportation and industrial policies.
E. True or False. Identify whether the statement is correct or not. Write True if it is
correct, False if not. Underline the what makes the statement incorrect, then
provide the corrections. (2 points each)
__________1. There are two things that will happen if a country is in Golden Straitjacket:
the politics grows and the economy shrinks.
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__________10. Creating unique policy frame work that creates strict individual state
conditions for the functions of the integrated parts of the economy is the
aim of policy integration.
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__________15. The belief that globalization imposes a forced choice upon states either
to conform to free market principles or run the risk of being left behind is
termed into a phrase called “Golden Straitjacket”.
2. How could a country like the Philippines benefit in the concept of globalization
specifically in the aspect of market integration?
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Duration: 9 hours
Global Divides: The North and the South (4.5 hours; week 6 and 7)
Learning Objectives: After studying the unit, the students should be able to:
1. Global Divides: The North and the South (focus: Latin America)
2. Asian Regionalism
Global Divides: The North and the South (focus: Latin America)
Global South refers to the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania
mostly low- income and often politically or culturally marginalized. It may also be called
the "developing World" such as Africa, Latin America, and the developing countries in
Asia, "developing countries," "less developed countries," and "less developed regions”
(122)
including poorer "southern" regions of wealthy "northern" countries (123).
In general, Global South refers to these countries' "interconnected histories
of colonialism, neo-imperialism, and differential economic and social change through
which large inequalities in living standards, life expectancy, and access to resources are
maintained (124). Contemporary critics of neo-liberal globalization use the global south as
a banner to rally countries victimized by the violent economic cures of institutions like
the International Monetary Fund.
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The global South is not a directional designation or a point due south from a fixed
north. It is a symbolic designation meant to capture the semblance of cohesion that
emerged when former colonial entities engaged in political projects of decolonization
and moved toward the realization of a post- colonial international order (126).
The process of globalization places into question geographically bound
conceptions of poverty and inequality. The increase and intensification of global flows
spread both poverty and affluence. Spaces of underdevelopment in developed countries
may mirror the poverty of the global south, and spaces of affluence mirror those of the
global north (127).
The strongest vehicle for social redistribution and the main mechanism for social
transfer is the state. The redistributative function of the state becomes crucial in the
context of economic globalization where the goal of neo-liberal economists and
institutions is precisely to dismantle local state oversight (128).
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The development of the global south must begin by drawing most of the country’s
financial resources for development from within rather than becoming dependent on
foreign investments and foreign financial markets (129).
The global south is not relevant for those who live in countries traditionally
associated with it but also signifies that the south continues to be globalized. It also
represents emergent forms of progressive cosmopolitanism. It is an always emergent
and provisional internationalism.
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Asian Regionalism
Regionalism refers to the decentralization of political powers or competencies
from a higher towards a lower political level. More specifically, it distinguishes between
top-down from bottom up regionalism where top - down regionalism describes the
decentralization of competencies or the establishment of regional institutions by the
state while bottom -up includes all patterns of endeavors toward political
decentralization from within the particular region (130).
Globalization is the intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural
relations across borders and a consciousness of that intensification, with a concomitant
diminution in the significance of territorial boundaries (131).
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1. Japan embarked on procuring raw materials like coal and iron at unprecedented
economies of scale allowing them to gain a competitive edge in the global manufacturing market
as well as globalized shipping and procurement patterns which other countries modeled (134).
2. China pursues similar pattern of development at present and is now the world’s largest
importers of basic raw materials such as iron and surpassed Japan, the US and Europe in steel
production. It also surpassed the World bank in lending to developing countries. It had an
enormous impact on the availability and consumption of goods around the world (135). This simple
scale of China’s development is shaping and furthering globalization.
3. India opened -up and emphasized an export-oriented strategy. Textiles and other low
wage sectors have been a key part of the economy with highly successful software development
exports. It also plays a key role in global service provisions as trends in outsourcing and off-
shoring increase (136).
4. India and China have also become a major source of international migrant labor, which
is also one of the fundamental characteristics of the era of globalization. This includes the
migration of highly skilled labor into the high- tech industry based in Silicon Valley. India, China
and the Philippines were three of the top four recipient states of migrant remittances.
5. The trend of the rising regional free arrangements in the Asia Pacific and South Asia.
This kind of regionalism would mean as bulwark to globalization or as compatible and even
pushing forward the process of global economic integration. Regionalism can promote learning,
assuage domestic audiences to the benefits of free trade, and form the institutional framework to
scale up from regional cooperation o global cooperation (137). Regionalism can act as springboard
for globalization.
One distinguishing feature of regional institutions in Asia Pacific and South Asia is the
adoption of “Open Regionalism” which aims to develop and maintain cooperation with outside
actors. This is meant to resolve the tension between the rise of regional trade agreements and
the push for global trade as embodied by World Trade Organization (WTO) (138), the only global
international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations (139).
“Open” refers to the principle of non-discrimination, more specifically an openness in
membership and openness in terms of economic flows (140). Open regionalism is embodied by
Asia Pacific Economic cooperation or APEC.
6. In culture and globalization in the region, the source of a wide variety of cultural
phenomena that have spread outward to the West and the rest of the world is the region.
Examples include “hello Kitty” created in Japan including Anime, Pokemon, Power Rangers
which become regional and global phenomenon; the regional and global rise of Korean popular
culture called ‘K-Wave” comprising of Korean dramas, music (K-pop) and the smash hit
“Gangnam Style” of Korean pop star PSY.
Asia Pacific and South Asia are on the receiving end of globalization. The region serves
as the source of many aspects of globalization process which can be seen in history, economy,
political structure and culture.
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deregulation, the development of these new enterprises has been oriented both toward
the export and domestic markets and has entailed increasingly diverse sources of
foreign investment and variable subcontracting, franchise, and service relationships,
with a noticeable expansion of ties connecting the Philippines to other countries in
East and Southeast Asia.
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References:
Global Divides: The North and the South (focus: Latin America)
122. Mitlin, D., Satterthwaite, D. (2013). Urban Poverty in the Global South: Scale and nature. Routledge.
ISBN 9780415624664.
123. Braveboy-Wagner, J.A. (2003). The foreign Policies of the Global South: Rethinking Conceptual
Frameworks. Lynne Rienner Publishers.ISBN 9781588261755.
124. Dados, N. And Connell, R. 2012. The Global South. Contexts, Vol.11, No.1.ISSN 1536-5042.
American Sociological Association. Retrieved from: http:// contexts.sagepub. com DOI 10.1177/
15365042124 36479.
125.(a,b) Investopedia.com Website. Third World. Retrieved from: www. investopedia. com. / terms /third-
world. Asp# ixzz5TbHF Kexe
126. Grovogui,S. (2011). A Revolution Nonetheless: The Global South in International Relations. The
Global South 591:175-190.
127. Claudio, Lisandro. Locating the Global South. The Sage Handbook of Globalization. Vol. I.
128. Hobsbawm, E.J. (1996). The Future of the state: development and Change. 27(2) : 267-268.
129. Bello, W.F. (2006). Deglobalization. Ideas for a New World Economy. Philippine edn. Quezon City;
Ateneo De manila University Press.
REFERENCES
Asian Regionalism
130. Michael Keating, (1995). "Europeanism and Regionalism", in Barry Jones and Michael Keating
(eds.), The European Union and the Regions. Oxford.
131. Bretherton, Charlotte. (1996). “Introduction: Global Politics in the 1990s” in Charlotte Bretherton and
Geoffrey Ponton, eds., Global Politics: An Introduction (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell), 1–19.
132. Kimura, E. Globalization and the Asia Pacific and South Asia. The Sage Handbook of Globalization.
Vol 1.
133. Stoler, Al (ed).(2006). Haunted by Empire geographies of Intimacy in North American History,
Durham: Duke University Press Books.
134. Bunker, S.G. (2007). East Asia and the Global Economy: Japan’s Assent with Implications to
China’s Future. John Hopkin’s studies in Globalization. Baltimore. John Hopkin’s University
Press.
135. Nolan, P. 2004. Transforming China: Globalization, Transition and Development. London, Anthem
Press.
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The Contemporary World 2020
136. Dossani and Kenny. (2007). The Next wave of Globalization: Relocating Service Provision to India
World Development.
137. Lee, J.W. and Park, I. (2005). Free Trade Areas in East Asia: Discriminatory or Non-Discriminatory?
The World Economy.
140. Sutton, M. (2007). Open Regionalism and the Asia Pacific: Implications for the Rise of the East
Asian Economic Community. Ritsumeikan International Affairs.
141. Shiraishi, Takashi, (2006). “The Third Wave: Southeast Asia and the Middle-Class Formation in the
Making of a Region. Ed. Peter Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University
Press.
142. Maier, C. S. (1978). The politics of productivity: Foundations of American international economic
policy after world war II. In P. J. Katzenstein (Ed.), Between power and plenty: Foreign
economic policies of advanced industrial states. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
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Unit Test:
G. Identification. Answer the following item by supplying the correct answer on
the blank.
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The Contemporary World 2020
H. True or False. Identify whether the statement is correct or not. Write True if it is
correct, False if not. Underline the what makes the statement incorrect, then
provide the corrections. (2 points each)
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A. Japan
B. China
C. India
D. Philippine
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Duration: 6 hours
Learning Objectives: After studying the unit, the students should be able to:
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1. Oral Communication
Globalization as a social process is characterized by the existence of global
economic, political, cultural, linguistic and environmental interconnections and flows that
make the many of the currently existing borders and boundaries irrelevant.
Of all forms of media, human speech is the oldest and most enduring. Humans
are allowed to cooperate and communicate through language. Human ability to move
from one place to another and to adapt to a new and different environment are
facilitated by the sharing of information of other peoples (146). Languages as a means to
develop the ability to communicate across culture are the lifeline of globalization.
Without language there would be no globalization; and vice versa, without globalization
there would be no world languages (147).
2. Script
Writing is humankind’s principal technology for collecting, manipulating, storing,
retrieving, communicating and disseminating information. Writing may have been
invented independently three times in different parts of the world: in the Near East,
China and Mesoamerica. Writing is a system of graphic marks representing the units of
a specific language. Cuneiform script created in Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq, is the
only writing system which can be traced to its earliest prehistoric origin.
This antecedent of the cuneiform script was a system of counting and recording goods
with clay tokens. The evolution of writing from tokens to pictography, syllabary and
alphabet illustrates the development of information processing to deal with larger amounts
of data in ever greater abstraction (148).
Humans communicate and shared knowledge and ideas through script- the very first
writing. The origin of writing was in the form of carvings such as wood, stone, bones and
others. The medium that drove humans to globalization was the script of Ancient Egyptian
written in papyrus (plant). Written and orderly arrangement of documents pertaining to
religious, cultural, economic and religious practices are done through script for
dissemination to other places. These can also be handed down from generation to
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4. Electronic Media
century, the only available mass media in remote villages was the radio while film
was soon developed as an artistic medium for great cultural expression. The most
powerful and pervasive mass media is television as it brought the visual and aural
power of film with the accessibility of radio. The introduction of television was a
defining moment in globalization (153) . Thus,the world is proclaimed a global
village because of television (154) .
5.Digital Media
Our daily life is revolutionized by digital media. People are able to adopt
and adapt new parctices like fashion, sports, music, food and many others
through access of information provided by computers. They also exchange ideas,
establish relations and linkages through the use of skype, google, chat, and zoom.
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2. Post-Modernist Perspective.
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Throughout the 20th century migration of faiths across the globe has been a
major feature. One of these features is the deterritorialization of religion – that is , the
appearance and the efflorescence of religious traditions in places where these
previously had been largely unknown or were at least in a minority position (163).
Forms of Glocalization
1. indigenization
2. vernacularization
3. nationalization
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4. transnationalization
Indigenization is connected with the specific faiths with ethnic groups whereby
religion and culture were often fused into a single unit. It is also connected to the
survival of particular ethnic groups. Vernacularization involved the rise of vernacular
language endowed with the symbolic ability of offering privileged access to the sacred
and often promoted by empires (170).
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References:
143. McLuhan, M.(1962). The Gutenberg Galaxy: The making of typographic Man, London: Routledge
and Kegan Paul.
144. Chanda, Nayan (2007). Bound Together: How Traders, Preachers, Adventures, and Warriors
Shaped Globalization. New Haven: Yale University Press.
145. Sinclair, John. (2015). Media and Globalization. Retrieved from: https:// onlinelibrary. wiley. Com/
doi/ abs/ 10.1002/9781405165518. Webeos063. Pub2
146. Ostler,n. (2005) Empires of the Word: A Language History of the world. New York: HarperCollins.
147.Schwegler, Armin. (2006). Language and Globalization. Retrieved from: http://www.
globalization101.org/ uploads/File/Syllabus-Lang-Globalization.pdf.
148. Besserat, Denise S. (2014). The Evolution of Writing. Retrieved from: https://sites. utexas.edu/
dsb/tokens/ the-evolution-of-writing/
149. Powell, B.B. (2009). Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization. Oxford: Blackwell.
150. Printing Press. (2018).Retrieved from: https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/printing-press
151. Eisenstein E. (1979.) The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
152. What is electronic Media? Retrieved from: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/electronic-
media.html
153. Lule, J. (2012) Globalization and Media: Global Village of Babel. New York: Rowman and
Littlefield.
154. McLuhan, M. (1962). Understanding Media; The Extensions of Man. New York: Signet.
155. El-Ghadban, Yara, Popular Music and Globalization. The SAGE handbook of
Globalization.
156. White B.W. (2012) Music and Globalization. Critical encounters. Bloomington and Indiapolis:
Indiana University Press.’ And
157. Feld, S. (2012) “My Life in the bush of ghosts: Would Music’ and the commodificationof
religious experience. In Wjite BW (ed) Bloomington and Indiapolis: Indiana university
Press.
158. Baltzis, Alexandros G. Globalization and Musical Culture, Acta Musicological. Vol.77.
159. Eva, Philip, Seana and Zihao. The Relationship between globalization and Music. https://
popmusicif. Wordpress. Com/ globalization
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References:
161. Religion and Globalization. Retrieved from: https;// www.fri.org/ article/ 1999/05/ religion-and-
globalization
162. Roudometof, V. (2014). Religion and Gobalization. Manfred Stegger, Paul Battersby and Joseph M.
Siracusa. Eds. The SAGE handbook of Globalization. Two Vols. Thousand Oaks:SAGE.
163.Cassanova, J. (2001). Religion the New Millennium and Globalization (2000 Presidential Address).
Sociology of Religion; Martin, D. 2001. Pentecostalism:The World their Parish.. Maiden, MA;
Basil Blackwell; Roy, O. 2004. Globalized Islam: The Search for a new Ummah.new York:
Columbia University Press
164. Roudometof, V. (2000) Transnationalism and Globalization: The Greek-Orthodox Diaspora between
Orthodox Universalism and Transnational Nationalism Diaspora
165. Roy, O. (2010). Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways. London: Hurst & Co.
166. Roudometof, V. (2014). Religion and Gobalization. Manfred Stegger, Paul Battersby and Joseph M.
Siracusa (eds._ The SAGE handbook of Globalization. Two Vols. Thousand Oaks:SAGE.
167. Burke, P. (2009). Cultural Hybridity.London: Polity; Pieterse , JN 2003 Globalization and Culture:
Global Melange. Lnham, MD:Rowman and Littlefield.
169. Beyer, P. (2007). Globalization and Clocalization.In Beckford JA and Demerath NJ III (eds) The
SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. London:SAGE.
170. Roudometof, V. 2013. The Glocalization of Eastern Orthodox Christianity : European Journal of
Social Theory; Roudometof, V. 2014. Globalization and Orthodox Christianity . In Leaustan L
(ed) Eastern Christianities in the 21st Century : London : Routledge.
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171.Gorski, P.S. 2000 The Mosaic Moment :An Early Modernist Critic of Modernist Theories .; Hastings
1997,; Roudometof, V. 2001. Nationalism, globalization and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of
Ethnic Cinflict in the balkans. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
172. Roudometof, V. 2014. Religion and Gobalization. Manfred Stegger, Paul Battersby and Joseph M.
Siracusa (eds._ The SAGE handbook of Globalization. Two Vols. Thousand Oaks:SAGE.
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Unit Test:
J. Identification. Answer the following item by supplying the correct answer on
the blank.
__________2.This refers to how most national media systems have become more
internationalized, becoming more open to outside influences, both in their
content and in their ownership and control.
__________6.This is a term that expresses the idea that people throughout the world
are interconnected through the use of new media technologies.
__________9.Of all forms of media, this is considered the oldest and most enduring.
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K. True or False. Identify whether the statement is correct or not. Write True if it is
correct, False if not. Underline the what makes the statement incorrect, then
provide the corrections. (2 points each)
L. Essay.
2. Explain briefly.
A. Globalization and Media (3 points each)
a. Oral Communication
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b. Script/Writing
c. Printing Press
d. Electronic Media
e. Digital Media
B. How are the Filipino youth being influenced by globalization in terms of popular
music? (5 points)
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Duration: 9 hours
Learning Objectives: After studying the unit, the students should be able to:
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What constitutes a global city were primarily economic. As such, New York,
London, and Tokyo can be identified as global cities, all of which are hubs of global
finance and capitalism. 174 This concept of global cities was used to describe these three
urban centers of New York, London, and Tokyo as economic centers that exert control
over the world’s political economy. World cities are categorized as such based on the
global reach of organization found in them. Not only are there inequalities between
these cities there also exists inequalities within each city. 175 Alternatively, these cities
can be seen as important nodes in a variety of global networks.176
Although cities are major beneficiaries of globalization, they are also the most
severely affected by global problems. Therefore the city faces peculiar political
problems, wherein it is often fruitlessly seeing to deal locally with global problems and
local politics has become overloaded.177
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Powerful political hubs exert influence on their own countires as well as on international
affairs. The European Central Bank which oversees the Euro (the European Union’s
currency), is based in Frankfurt.
4. Centers of Higher Learning and Culture
A city’s intellectual influence is seen through the influence of its publishing
industry. Many of the books that people read are published in places like New York ,
London, or Paris. The New York Times carries the name of New York City but it is far
from being a local newspaper. People read it not just across America, but also all over
the world. One of the reasons for many tourists visiting Boston is that they want to see
Harvard University - the world’s top university.
Many Asian teenagers are moving to cities in Australia because of the leading
language universities there. Los Angeles, the center of the American film industry may
also be considered a global city. A less obvious example, however, is Copenhagen, the
capital of Denmark. It is so small that one can tour the entire city by bicycle in thirty
minutes. It is not the home of a major stock market, and its population is rather
homogenous. However, Copenhagen is now considered as one of the culinary capitals
of the world, with its top restaurants incommensurate with its size. Similarly, Manchester,
England in the 1980’s was a dreary, industrial city. But many prominent post-punk and
New Wave bands - Joy Division, the Smiths, the Happy Mondays - hailed from this city,
making it a global household name.
In Southeast Asia, Singapore is slowly becoming a cultural hub for the region. It
now houses some of the region’s top television stations and news organization (MTV
Southeast Asia and Channel News Asia). Its various art galleries and cinemas also
show paintings from artists and filmmakers respectively from the Philippines and
Thailand. It is, in fact, sometimes easier to watch the movie of a Filipino indie filmmaker
in Singapore than it is in Manila.
5. Economic Opportunities
Economic opportunities in a global city make it attractive to talents from across
the world. Since the 1970’s, many of the top IT programmers and engineers from Asia
have moved to San Francisco Bay Area to become some of the key figures in Silicon
Valley’s technology boom. London remains a preferred destination for many Filipinos
with nursing degrees.
6. Economic Competitiveness
The Economist Intelligence Unit has added other criteria like market size,
purchasing power of citizens, size of the middle class, and potential for growth. Based
on this criteria, tiny Singapore is considered Asia’s most competitive city because of its
strong market, efficient and incorruptible government, and livability. 179 It also houses
the regional offices of many major global corporations.
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The social magnetism of these urban areas is generating larger and denser
metropolitan communities to the point that they are joining together to become regional
conurbations. In 1900, 5% of the world population was urban. In 2007, the count passed
50%. By 2050, up to 75% is anticipated. Urban growth is faster outside the Western
world, fastest in the poorest areas, such as Africa and the poorer parts of Asia,
producing the most serious problems‚ which as the processes of globalization also
progress will cease to be African and Asian problems and will become global problems.
Movement into cities increases political voice and participation, as previously isolated
rural populations become players on city streets, on the Internet, and in migration.
Global Demography
The term demography was derived from the Greek words demos for “population”
and graphia for “description” or “writing,” thus the phrase, “writings about population.” 181
It was coined by Achille Guillard, a Belgian statistician, in 1855. However, the origins of
modern demography can be traced back to the John Graunt’s analysis of ‘Bills of
Mortality’ which was published in 1662. 182
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Demographic transition started in mid- or late 1700’s in Europe. During that time,
death rates and fertility began to decline. High to low fertility happened 200 years in
France and 100 years in the United States. In other parts of the world, the transition
began later. It was only in the 20th century that mortality decline in Africa and Asia, with
the exemption of Japan. In India, life expectancy in India was only 24 years in the early
20th century while the same life expectancy occurred in China in 1929 until 1931.
Fertility decline in Asia did not begin until the 1950’s and so on. 184 In the case of Japan,
it was until the 1930’s that “total fertility rate did not drop below five births per woman”
185
This resulted in rapid population growth after the Second World War affecting the
age structure of Asia and the developing world. Specifically, the baby boom in the
developing world was caused by the decline of infant and child mortality rates. The
West, on the other hand, experienced baby boom that resulted from rising birth rates.
There was a reverse in global population shares during the 20th century as Africa,
Asia, Latin America, and Oceania had high levels of population growth rates. Population
growth shows a more remarkable shift: “Between 1820 and 1980, 69.3 percent of the
world’s population growth occurred in Europe and Western offshoots. Between 1950
and 2000, however, only 11.7 percent occurred in the region.” 187
The United States projected that population growth will be shifted toward Africa.
It is estimated that by 2150, the region’s share to the world population will be almost 20
percent, relatively much greater than its share in 1820 (seven percent) and in 1900 (six
percent). Also, in 2150, there will be a projected increase of two billion if we combine
the population of Asia, Latin America, and Oceania.
In terms of age structure, the overall trend in Japan and the West was downward
until 1950. Their dependency ratio was close to 0.5. It only increased, although
temporary, when the baby boom after the Second World War occurred. Japan’s
dependency ratio, however, increased between 1888 and 1920. its dependency ratio
was higher than the West between 1920 and the early 1950’s. It dropped in 1970 and
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later since its precipitous decline in childbearing during the 1950’s and low fertility rates
in recent years.
The developing countries like India and the Philippines had higher dependency
ratios than the West in 1900. A great increase in dependency ratio was caused by the
decline in infant and child mortality and high levels of fertility, with its peak around 1970.
Stage 1
In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and
roughly in balance. An example of this stage is the United States in the 1800s. All
human populations are believed to have had this balance until the late 18th century,
when this balance ended in Western Europe. In fact, growth rates were less than 0.05%
at least since the Agricultural Revolution over 10,000 years ago.
Population growth is typically very slow in this stage, because the society is
constrained by the available food supply; therefore, unless the society develops new
technologies to increase food production (e.g. discovers new sources of food or
achieves higher crop yields), any fluctuations in birth rates are soon matched by death
rates.
Stage 2
In stage two, that of a developing country, death rates drop rapidly due to
improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce
disease. Afghanistan is currently in this stage.
The improvements specific to food supply typically include selective breeding and
crop rotation and farming techniques. Other improvements generally include access to
technology, basic healthcare, and education. For example, numerous improvements in
public health reduce mortality, especially childhood mortality. Prior to the mid-20th
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century, these improvements in public health were primarily in the areas of food
handling, water supply, sewage, and personal hygiene. Another variable often cited is
the increase in female literacy combined with public health education programs which
emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In Europe, the death rate decline started in the late 18th century in northwestern
Europe and spread to the south and east over approximately the next 100 years.
Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the countries
in this stage experience a large increase in population.
Stage 3
In stage three, birth rates fall. Mexico’s population is at this stage. Birth rates
decrease due to various fertility factors such as access to contraception, increases in
wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status
and education of women, a reduction in the value of children’s work, an increase in
parental investment in the education of children and other social changes. Population
growth begins to level off. The birth rate decline in developed countries started in the
late 19th century in northern Europe.
Stage 4
During stage four, there are both low birth rates and low death rates. Birth rates
may drop to well below replacement level as has happened in countries like Germany,
Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely
on population growth. Sweden is considered to currently be in Stage 4.
As the large group born during stage two ages, it creates an economic burden on
the shrinking working population. Death rates may remain consistently low or increase
slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity
and an aging population in developed countries. By the late 20th century, birth rates and
death rates in developed countries leveled off at lower rates.
Stage 5 (Debated)
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For countries with intermediate fertility rates (the United States, India, and
Mexico all fall into this category), growth is expected to be about 26 percent. Low-fertility
countries like China, Australia, and most of Europe will actually see population decline
of approximately 20 percent.
Types of Migration
Internal migration
This refers to people moving from one area to another within one country
International migration
This refers to the movement people who cross the borders of one country
to another.
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2. Socio-political Factor
Socio-political factors have become more prominent force to initiate migration
activities. Political instability in some parts of the world is responsible for migration that
needs to be addressed by the scholars of the world. Situation of war, oppression and
the lack of socio-political rights are the major factors of migration in contemporary time.
Lack of political rights and prevalent exploitation of a particular group or community in
any nation state act as push factors for migration to get away from such situation.
Social conflict forces millions of human creature to leave sometimes their homes
and even their homeland every year to continue breathing on this planet. This
displacement creates a humanitarian nightmare. This human crisis threatens the
security of displaced people. The journalists around the globe describe such situation
with their voice that attracts the people’s attention towards this crisis. For example, we
can quote some headlines as sample ‘growing stream of refugees’ from Sudan, a ‘flood
of boat people’ trying to reach Australia, and a ‘tide of refugees’ inundating Florida. 202
3. Environmental Factor
Despite the fact that human relocation is a fundamental piece of history and
culture of world, ecological change assumes a contributing part in influencing populace
movement, especially on local level. According to IOM (International Organisation of
Migration): “Environmental migrants are persons or groups of persons who, for
compelling reasons of sudden or progressive changes in the environment that adversely
affect their lives or living conditions, are obliged to leave their habitual homes, or choose
to do so, either temporarily or permanently, and who move either within their country or
abroad”. 203 This definition comprises the people who have been displaced by natural
disasters and those who choose to migrate because of worsening environmental
condition of a particular area. The environmentally caused migration can be internal as
well as international.
Environmental migrants commonly suffer with great risks to remain without legal
protection. Sometimes they find themselves outside of their own country and also within
the country. When world leaders of most of the countries came together in Paris to
discuss the matter of climate change and its consequences for migration, it seemed like
they would find long term solution. According to The European Commission, “The
greatest single impact of climate change could be on human migration with millions of
people displaced by shoreline erosion, coastal flooding, and agricultural disruption—a
crisis in the making.” 204
4. Economic Factors
Migration is a process affecting individuals and their families economically. It
ensues as a response to economic development along with social and cultural factors.
Recent studies on the economic impact of migration in European countries as well as
other part of the world have reflected fresh comparative evidence that provides boost for
economy. International migration has two way effects on economic growth. Though it is
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still debatable about its positive impact on GDP growth of a host country, it is
worldwidely recognised that migration expands the skilled workforce.
A recent UNCTAD report notes: ‘Remittances are more stable and predictable as
compared to other financial flows and, more importantly, they are counter-cyclical
providing buffer against economic shocks. In conflict or post–conflict situations,
remittances can be crucial to survival, sustenance, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. In
providing primarily for household livelihoods, remittances are spent on general
consumption items in local communities that contribute to local economies by
supporting small businesses.
Moreover, in contributing to foreign exchange earnings, remittances can spur
economic growth by improving sending countries’ credit worthiness and expanding their
access to international capital markets’. 205 It is also important to consider the impact of
return migration on the economy of a particular country. Return migration has always
put impacts on, at various levels, of economy as well as society in whole.
According to World Migration Report published in 2018, “The total estimated 244
million people living in a country other than their country of birth in 2015 is almost 100
million more than in 1990 (when it was 153 million), and over three times the estimated
number in 1970 (84 million).While the proportion of international migrants globally has
increased over this period, it is evident that the vast majority of people continue to live in
the country in which they were born. Most international migrants in 2015 (around 72%)
were of working age (20 to 64 years of age), with a slight decrease in migrants aged
less than 20 between 2000 and 2015 (17% to 15%), and a constant share 159 (around
12%) of international migrants aged 65 years or more since 2000. 206
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References:
The Global City
173. Global city. (n.d). In Britannica.com. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/global-city
174. Sassen, Saskia. (1991).The Global City: New York, London, tokyo. Princeton, N.J.:Princeton
University Press
175. Aldama, P. R. (2018). The Contemporary World First Edition. Manila: Rex Book Store
176. Castells, M. (2000). The rise of the network society. New ed. Malden:Blackwell.
177. Bauman, Z. (2003). Liquid love. Cambridge: Polity.
178. Claudio, Lisandro and Patricio N. Abinales. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: C&E
Publishing Inc.
179. “Hot Spots: Benchmarking Global City Competitiveness” (London: The Economist Intelligence Unit,
2012),https://web.archive.org/web/20140709133545/https://www.economistinsights.com/sitesde
faulty/files/
Refrences:
Global Demography
181. Poston,Jr. D. and Leon F. Bouvier. (2016). An Introduction to Demography. Cambridge University
Press. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/population-and- society/an-
introduction-to-demography/A646239C30C3E41F767594F87E920FFF
183. Tulchinsky, T. H. and Elena A. Varavikova. (2014). The new public health (Third Edition), measuring,
monitoring and evaluating the health of population. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/demographic-transition
184.Aldama, P.K. R. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila: Rex Book Store
185. Shigeyuki, A., La Croix, S.J., & Mason, A. (2002). Population and globalization. Southeast Asian
Studies. 40, (3)
186.Ibid.
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187.Ibid.
188.Ibid.
References:
Global Migration
190.Global migration. (n.d.) In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/global-migration
191. Skeldon, R. (2013). Global Migration: Demographic Aspects and Its Relevance for Development.
Technical Paper No. 2013/6. UN: New York. Retrieved from
https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/technicalpapers/doc
s/EGM.Skeldon_17.12.2013.pdf
192. Santic, D. and Milena Spasovski. (2016). Contemporary world migration - towards new terminology,
patterns and policies. Bulletin of the Serbian Geographical Society. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311987791. DOI: 10.2298/GSGD1602001S
193. Castles, S. (2000). “International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century: Global
Trends and Issues,” in Global Trends and Issues. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers 269-270
194. Ibid.
195. Thompson, G. (2008, October 3). Fewer people are entering US illegally, report says, New York
Times
196.Fletcher, M.A. & Weisman, J. (2006, October 27). Bush signs bill authorizing 700- mile fence for
border. New York Times.
197.Fears, D. (2006, October, 27). Citizenship changes draw objections. New York Times
198. Economist. (2008, January 3). Keep the borders open.
199. Economist. (2007, November 1). Illegal but useful.
200. Malkin, E. (2007, October 26). Mexicans miss money from workers up north. New York Times
201. The Cultural Landscape: Migration. Retrieved from https://www.globalization101.org/economic-
effects-of-migration/
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202. Bratton, Michael. “Violence, displacement and democracy in post-conflict societies: evidence from
Mali”. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 34:4, 2016.pp. 437-458.
205. Trade and Development Report, 2011: Post-Crisis Policy Challenges in the World Economy. United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 2011.
206.“World Migration Report 2018.” International Organization for Migration. Retrieved from
www.iom.int/wmr/world-migration-report-2018.
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Unit Test:
A. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.
__________ 1.Forced international migration has historically occurred for two main
cultural reasons
__________ 4. Which of the following acts as push factor for migration in a nation state?
__________ 5.In contemporary time, the following are considered to be the major socio-
political factors of migration, except:
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__________ 8. This term refers to people moving from one area to another within one
country.
a. internal migrants b. immigrants c. refugees d. petitioned
__________ 9. This term refers to people crossing the borders of one country to
another.
a. refugees b. petitioned c. international migrants d. internal migrants
__________ 12.This term refers to the migration of people into a country in violation of
the immigration laws of the country.
a.illegal migration b. internal migration c. international migration d. migration law
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__________ 14. During the 19th century, these two regions had an increased in share in
the world’s population, from 22.0 percent to 33.0 percent
a. Europe and West b. US and Japan c. Africa and China d. Philippines and India
__________ 15. Which is NOT true about global cities?
a.important nodes in a variety of global networks
b.major beneficiaries of globalization
c. with populations of over 5 million
d. with high influx of immigrants
B. Modified True or False. Identify whether the statement is correct or not. Write
True if it is corect, False if not. Modify the word or phrase that makes it incorrect.
__________ 1. Specialized organizations play a major role in the transmission of
remittances.
__________ 2.The rise of internationalization of capital accelerates the formation of
global cities.
__________ 3.In some part of the world, political instability is responsible for migration
of people.
__________ 4.According to World Migration Repprt in 2018, most international migrants
in 2015 were of working age between 20 to 64.
__________ 5.Return migration has always put impacts on, at various levels, of
economy as well as society in whole.
__________ 6.Ecological change assumes a contributing part in influencing populace
movement, especially on international level.
__________ 7. Birth rate decline can also be caused by a transition in values; not just
because of the availability of contraceptives.
__________ 8.The birth rate decline in developed countries started in the late 19th
century in western Europe.
__________ 9. Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to
increases in lifestyle diseases.
__________ 10. Unless the society develops new technologies to increase food
production , any fluctuations in birth rates are soon matched by mortality rates.
__________ 11. It was only in the 18th century that mortality decline in Africa and Asia,
with the exemption of Japan.
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__________ 12. The United Nations (UN) anticipates the population growth will double
between 2011 and 2100 in high-fertility countries, which are currently concentrated in
sub-Saharan Africa.
__________ 13. Use of contraception may not always be attributed to decline in birth
rate.
__________ 14. World cities are categorized as such based on the global reach of
organization found in them.
__________ 15. Ecological change forces millions of human creature to leave their
homes and even their homeland every year.
2. Aside from the above mentioned factors in human migration, what other factors can
you suggest that may contribute to internal and international migration? Explain.
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Duration: 6 hours
Learning Objectives: After studying the unit, students should be able to:
● Examine the measures of the governments in addressing environmental crisis like
climate change
● Relate everyday encounters with the various environmental problems
● Analyze the effect of environmental problems that the world faces today
● Identify the four dimensions of food security
● Explain the issues, interventions and public policy implications of global food
security
● Identify the challenges in food security
● Critique existing models of global food security
1. Sustainable Development
2. Global Food Security
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sea levels (as the polar ice caps melt because of the weather), plus the flooding of
many lowland areas across the world
3. Overpopulation
4. Exhaustion of the world’s natural non-renewable resources from oil reserves to
minerals to potable water
5. Waste disposal catastrophe due to excessive amount of waste (from plastic to food
packages to electronic waste) unloaded by communities in landfills as well as on the
ocean; and dumping of nuclear waste
6. Destruction of million-year-old ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity (destruction of
the coral reefs and massive deforestation) that have led to the extinction of particular
species and decline in the number of others
7. Reduction of oxygen and increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to
deforestation, resulting in the rise in ocean acidity by as much as 150 percent in the last
250 years
8. Depletion of ozone layer protecting the planet from the sun’s deadly ultraviolet rays
due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere
9. Deadly acid rain as a result of fossil fuel combustion, toxic chemicals from erupting
volcanoes, and the massive rotting vegetables filling up garbage dumps or left on the
streets
10. Water pollution arising from industrial and community waste residues seeping into
underground water tables, rivers and seas
11. Urban sprawls that continue to expand as a city turns into a megalopolis, destroying
farmlands, increasing traffic gridlock, and making smog cloud a permanent urban fixture
12. Pandemics and other threats to public health arising from wastes with drinking water,
polluted environment that become the breeding grounds for mosquitoes and disease
carrying rodents, and pollution
13. A radical alteration of food systems because of genetic modifications in food
production
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The problem of food insecurity is expected to worsen due to, among others, rapid
population growth and other emerging challenges such as climate change and rising
demand for biofuels. Climate change poses complex challenges in terms of increased
variability and risk for food producers and the energy and water sectors. There is a
need to look beyond agriculture and invest in affordable and suitable farm technologies
if the problem of food insecurity is to be addressed in a sustainable manner. This
requires both revisiting the current approach of agricultural intervention and reorienting
the existing agricultural research institutions and policy framework.
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Proactive interventions and policies for tackling food security are to be discussed
which include issues such as agriculture for development, ecosystem services from
agriculture, and gender mainstreaming, to extend the focus on food security within and
beyond the agriculture sector, by incorporating cross-cutting issues such as energy
security, resource reuse and recovery, social protection programs, and involving civil
society in food policy making processes by promoting food sovereignty. 215
food as well as to human health. 225 Furthermore, population growth and its attendant
increase in consumption intensify ecological problems. The global flow of dangerous
debris is another major concern, with electronic waste often dumped in developing
countries.
There are different models and agenda pushed by different organizations to
address the issue of global food security. One of this is through sustainability. The
United Nations has set ending hunger, achieving food security and improved security,
and promoting sustainable agriculture as the second of its 17 Sustainable Goals (SDGs)
for the year 2030. The World Economic Forum (2010) also addressed this issue through
the New Vision of Agriculture (NVA) in 2009 wherein public-private partnerships were
established. 226 It has mobilized over $10 billion that reached smallholder farmers.
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References:
Sustainable Development
207.What is sustainable development? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.iisd.org/about- iisd/sustainable-
development
208.The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). A Background Paper under contract. United Nations
Department of Economic and Social Affairs Division for Sustainable Development, New Delhi,
April7.Retrievedfromhttps://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1489mitigation_
paper.pdf
209. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/climatechange
210.Armitage, K.C. (2005). State of denial:The United States and the politics of global warming.
Globalizations. 2, (3).
211.Barrionuevo, A. (2007, January, 23). Springtime for ethanol. New York Times.
212.Conserve energy Future, “Environmental Problems,” Retrieved from https://www.conserve- energy-
future.com/15-current-environment-problems.php (accessed last July 29, 2020)
References:
214.Food and Agriculture Organization. Food Security. Policy Brief, June 2006, Issue 2
215.Hanjra, Munir A.; Ferede, T.; Blackwell, J.; Jackson, T. M.; Abbas, A. 2013. Global food security:
facts, issues, interventions and public policy implications. In Hanjra, Munir A. (Ed.). Global food
security: emerging issues and economic implications. New York, NY,USA: Nova Science
Publishers.pp.1-35.(GlobalAgricultureDevelopments)Retrievedfrom
https://hdl.handle.net/10568/37212
216.Breene, k. (2016). Food security and why it matters. World Economic Forum.
217.Diamond, J. (2006). Collapse: How societies choose to fail or succeed. Nwe York: Penguin
218.Goldburg, R. J. (2008). Aquaculture, trade, and fisheries linkages:Unexpected synergies.
Globalization. 5, (2)
219.Conca, K. (2006). Governing water: Contentious transnational political and global institution
building. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
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222. https://www.unhcr.org
223. Revkin, A. C. (2008, March 2). Skeptics on human climate impact seize on cold spell. New York
Times.
224. Brown, D. (2007, December 17). As temperature rise, health could decline. Washington Post.
225.Dinham, B. (2007). Pesticides. In Scholte, J.A. & Robertson, R. (eds.). Encyclopedia of globalization.
New York: MTM Publishing
226. World Economic Forum (2010). Realizing a new vision for agriculture: A roadmap for stakeholders.
Retrievedfromhttps://www.weforum.org/docs/IP/2016/NVA?WEF_IP_NVA_Roadmap_Report.p
df.
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Unit Test:
A. Matching Type. Match the items in column with those in column B. Write the
letter before the number.
Column A Column B
_______ 1. depredation a. increased birth rates
_______ 2. waste disposal catastrophe b. loss of biodiversity
_______ 3. overpopulation c. dumping of urban waste; defiling of sea
and rivers by oil spills
_______ 4. extinction of particular species
d. excessive amount of waste unloaded in
_______ 5. massive deforestation landfills
_______ 6. deadly acid rain e. Destruction of million-year-old
_______ 7. water pollution ecosystem
_______ 8. ozone layer depletion f. CFC’s in the atmosphere
_______ 9. oxygen reduction in atmosphere g. genetic modification in food production
_______ 10. radical food system alteration h. fossil fuel combustion; massive rotting
of vegetables filling up garbage dumps
i. industrial and community waste residues
seeping into underground water tables,
rivers and seas
j. deforestation
B. Completion Type. Fill the blanks with word or phrase to complete the
statement.
1.The global food security situation and outlook remains delicately _____________
amid surplus food production and the prevalence of hunger.
2.Food production outpaced _______________ over the past 50 years due to
expansion in crop area and irrigation.
3. ______________ poses complex challenges in terms of increased variability and risk
for food producers and the energy and water sectors.
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1. List and explain 3 practical steps on how people may avert the impact of man-made
pollution on the environment.
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2. What examples of short term environmental projects do you propose that your
immediate community may adopt to curb the impact of environmental degradation?
3. Examine the existing environmental policy/ies in the Philippines. Which do you think
need to be revisited/amended to resolve the environmental crises in the Philippines?
Why?
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Coverage: Weeks 17
Duration: 3 hours
Learning Objectives: After studying the unit, the students should be able to:
● Define global citizenship
● Distinguish the salient features of global citizenship
● Relates global citizenship with global economy and governance
● Articulate a personal definition of global citizenship
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
be a new type of people that can travel within these various boundaries and somehow
still make sense of the world”. 229
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movement comes from individuals, groups and organizations which are oppressed (i.e.,
self-perception) by globalization from above (neoliberal economic systems or
aggressively expanding nations and corporations). They seek a more democratic
process of globalization. However, globalization from below also involves less visible,
more right-wing elements, such as the America First Party and the Taliban. 238
The World Social Forum (WSF) is centered on addressing the lack of democracy
in economic and political affairs. 239 However, the diversity of elements involved in WSF
hinders the development of concrete political proposals. A significant influence on WSF
has been that of cyberactivism, which is based on the “cultural logic of networking” and
“virtual movements”, such as Global Huaren. This cyberpublic was formed as a protest
against the violence, discrimination, and hatred experienced by Chinese residents in
Indonesia after the 1997 Asian financial crisis. In 1998, worldwide rallies condemning
the violence were made possible through the Global Huaren.
Given that there is no world government, the idea of global citizenship demands
the creation of rights and obligations. However, fulfilling the promises of globalization
and the solution to the problems of the contemporary world does not lie on single entity
or individual, but on citizens, the community, and the different organization in societies.
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References:
Global Citizenship
227.Global education and global citizenship. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.globalization101.org/global-education-and-global-citizenship/
228.https://issues.tigweb.org/globalcitizenship
229.Baraldi, C. (ed.). (2012). What is global citizenship?Participation, facilitatiton, and meditation:
Children and young people in their social contexts. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge.
230. Schattle, Han. (2007). The Practices of Global Citizenship. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield
Publishers, Inc.
233.Nicholls, & Opal, C. (2005). Fair trade: Market-driven ethical consumption. London: Sage.
234.Collier, P. (2007). The bottom billion: Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done
about it. New York: Oxford University Press
235. Germain, R. D. (2004). Globalising accountability within the International Organization of Credit:
Financial governance and the publish sphere. Global Society 18, (3)
236. Holzner, B. & Holzner, L. (2006). Transparency in global change: The vanguard of the open society.
Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
237. Smith, J. (2008). Social movements for global democracy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University
Press.
238. Della Porta, D., Andretta, M., Mosca, L., & Reiter, H. (2006). Globalization from below:
Transnational activists and protest network. Minneapolis: Universityof Minnesota Press.
239.Fisher, W. F. & Ponniah, T. (2003). Another world is possible: Popular alternatives to globalization at
the World Social Forum. London: Zed Books.
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Unit Test
A. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
___________1. Both rights and obligations link the individual to the
a. family b. community c. church d. state
___________2. Opponents of globalization blame the so-called
a. Westernization b. human capitalism c. ASEAN integration d. none of these
___________3. This cyberpublic was formed as a protest against the violence,
discrimination, and hatred experienced by Chinese residents in Indonesia after the 1997
Asian financial crisis
a.World Social Forum b. Global Huaren c. Amnesty International d.Taliban
___________4. Resistance to globalization has the following attributes except
a.democratic b. complex c. contradictory d. ambiguous
___________5. In political organization, increased transparency has been aided by
various mechanism such as the following except
a.transnational justice systems c. civil society
b. international tribunals d. human amnesty
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B. Modified True or False. Identify whether the statement is correct or not. Write
True if it is correct, False if not. Modify the word or phrase that makes it incorrect.
1.Increasing aid is the only measure that is required to help the bottom billion.
2. Increased in trade barriers would reduce the economic marginalization of the bottom
billion and their nations.
3.Trade protectionism involves the systematic government intervention in foreign trade
through tariffs and non-tariff barriers.
4.When it comes to dealing with political globalization, increased accountability and
transparency are the key issues.
5. The diversity of elements involved in WSF allows for the the development of concrete
political proposals.
6. International norms and standards can be adapted to provide the needs of the bottom
billion.
7. The idea of global citizenship demands the creation of rights and obligations.
8. The dynamics of globalization demands the efforts of the whole array of inter-
governmental organizations.
9. Fulfilling the promises of globalization and the solution to the problems of the
contemporary world lies on single entity or individual.
10.Reduction of trade barriers would also reduce the economic marginalization of these
people and their nations.
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