SUBJECT:ADVANCED

ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS

TOPIC:DIFFRENTIAL
EQUATION
 A Differential equation is an equation
which involves variables(dependent and
independent) and their derivatives.
 For examples:
 ORDER:
 The order of a differential equation is the
order of the highest order derivative present
in the equation.
DEGREE:
 The degree of a differential equation is the
power of the highest order derivative in the
equation
 For example:
 ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND
FIRST DEGREE

The general form of this equation can be

written as :
F(x , y , dy / dx)=0
Or in explicit form as :
dy / dx =f(x , y) OR
M(x , y)dx + N(x , y) dy=0
 SOLUTION OF THE D.E. CAN BE
OBTAINED BY CLASSIFYING THEM
AS FOLLOWS:
1. Variable separable
2. Homogeneous differential equations
3. Non homogeneous differential equations
4. Exact differential equations
5. Non exact differential equations
reducible to exact form
6. linear differential equations
7. Non linear differential equations
reducible to linear form
 VARIABLE SEPARABLE
 A differential equation of the form
M(x)dx + N(y)dy=0
Where M(x) is the function of x only and
N(y) is the function of y only, is called a
D.E with variables separated as in
equation, the function of x and the
function of y can be separated easily.
Integrating equation , we get the solution as

∫M(x) dx + ∫N(y) dy = c
 HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
 A function f (x, y) in x and y is called a
homogenous function, if the degrees of each
term are equal.
 For example:

g  x, y  = x2 - xy + y2 is a homogenous function of
degree 2

f  x, y  = x3 + 3x2 y + 2y2 x is a homogenous function

of degree 3
 dy ƒ  x, y 
=
dx g  x, y 

 where f (x, y) and g(x, y) is a

homogenous functions of the same
degree in x and y, then it is called
homogenous differential equation.
 EXACT DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
A differential equation of the form
M(x, y) dx + N(x, y) dy = 0 is called an exact
differential equation if and only if

Thus the general solution is:

∫y constant M dx + ∫ (terms in n without
containing x) dy = c
 NON-EXACT DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

 For the differential equation:

𝑀 ( 𝑥, 𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 ( 𝑥, 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
 If ∂M/∂Y≠∂M/∂X then it is said to be
non exact differential equation
 If the given differential equation is not
exact then make that equation exact by
finding INTEGRATING FACTOR.
 INTEGRATING FACTOR
 For the differential equation:
M(x , y)dx + N(x ,y)dy =0
is a non exact.
 In such situation, we find a function 𝜆
such that by multiplying𝜆 to the equation,
it becomes an exact equation.
 So, 𝝀M(x, y)dx +𝝀N(x, y)dy =0
Become exact equation.
Here the function 𝜆 = 𝜆(𝑥, 𝑦) is then called
an Integrating factor.
METHOD TO FIND I.F. FOR GIVEN
NON-EXACT EQUATION

CASE-1
 When an equation Mdx+Nd=0 is of form:
F(xy)ydx + g(xy)xdy=0 with Mx-Ny≠0 then
I.F.= 1/Mx-Ny
 Now multiplying the given equation with
I.F. we get new D.E. in the form of
M*dx=N*dy=0
Which will be exact D.E.
 CASE-2
If the D.E. is a homogenous equation in x
and y(degree of each term is same)then
I.F.=1/Mx+Ny
Where Mx+Ny≠0
CASE-3
If 1/N(∂M/∂Y-∂N/∂X)=F(x) is only a
function of x then
I.F = e∫F(x) dx
CASE -4
IF 1/M(∂N/∂X-∂M/∂Y)=F(x) is only a
function of y then
I.F = e∫F(y) dy
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

 Any function on multiplying by which the

differential equation M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0
becomes a differential coefficient of some
function of x and y is called an Integrating factor
of the differential equation.
If µ [M(x,y)dx +N(x,y)dy]=0=d[f(x,y)] then µ is
called I.F
dy/dx + P(x)y=Q(x) is known as first order
Differential equation.
I.F = e∫p(x) dx
Then the general solution is:
Y*I.F.= ∫Q*I.F. dx + c
OR
dx/dy+P(y)x=Q(y) is a linear D.E. then
I.F = e∫p(y) dy
Then the general solution is:
X*I.F.= ∫Q*I.F. dy+ c
 REDUCING TO LINEAR
FORM(BERNOULLI’S FORM)

 The equation of the form

y’+P(x)y=Q(x)yn .....(1)
where P and Q are the functions of x or
constant is a non-linear equation,known
as bernoulli’s equation.
 This equation can be made linear using
the following method .
 Divide eq(1) by yn
 ⅟yn y’+y/ynP(x)=Q(x)
 Let ⅟yn-1=v
 (1-n)/yn y’=v’
 ⅟yn*y’=1/(1-n)*v’
 Substituting in equation(1)
 ⅟(1-n)*v’+Pv=Q
 v’+(1-n)Pv=Q
 the equation is linear in v and can be
solved using the method of linear D.E.
finally, substituting v= ⅟yn-1,we get the
solution of equation(1).
 REFERENCES:
mathworld.wolfram.com
tutorial.math.lamar.edu