513:

,
www.lucent.com/security

T -


,

Nyquist

/ /

Nyquist/Shannon

2 13 2016 -


3 13 2016 -

: O





:
, ,


(
-continuous signals)

(discrete signals)

4 13 2016 -


y(t)=y(t+T)

T




y(n)=y(n+N)
n

5 13 2016 -
 (1)

->
->
=2f->

->
->

6 13 2016 -
 (2)
f: ()
( Hertz - Hz).
f = 1 / T
: (sec)
= 1 / f
: H T
( ).
:

= f
,
c=3 108 m/sec
: . ( )

7 13 2016 -
 (1)

8 13 2016 -
 (2)

9 13 2016 -
 (1)

10 13 2016 -
 (2)

11 13 2016 -
 (3)

12 13 2016 -
 Impulse Signals

(t+) (t) (t-)

(t)=0, t 0


- 0

K

(n+2) (n) (n-3)

(n)=1, n=0
(n)=0, n0

13 13 2016 -
 (1) Step Signals
u(t)

1


0 t

u(n)

0 1 2 3

14 13 2016 -
 (2)
u(x)

1


x0 x

x x0 a a 1
rect = u x x u x x +
0 2 0 2
a

x0-/2 x0 x0+/2

15 13 2016 -
 (3)

x(t)=2u(t+1)-3u(t-1)+u(t-2)

1:
2u(t+1)
u(t) -3u(t-1) u(t-2)
u(t) u(t)
0 1
2

-1 t t 2 t

2: -1, 1 2

16 13 2016 -
 (4)
3:
(
)
2

0 1 3

-1

-3

17 13 2016 -
 / Fourier
O / Fourier
:

x(t)
X(f) ( )

18 13 2016 -
 Fourier (1)
(M/) Fourier x(t) :

/ Fourier :

/ Fourier : x(t)X(f)

19 13 2016 -
 / Fourier
:

=2f radians/sec d=2df

20 13 2016 -
 (1)

x1 (t ) 1 ( f ), x2 (t ) 2 ( f ) ax1 (t ) + bx2 (t ) a1 ( f ) + b2 ( f )

1 f 1 t
x1 (at ) X 1 x1 X 1 (af )
a a a a

x(t t0 ) X ( f )exp( j 2 ft0 )

x(t) X(f) => (-t) x(f) & X(t) x(-f)

21 13 2016 -
 (2)
&
1 f t
x1 ( at t0 ) X 1 exp j 2 f 0
a a a

exp( j 2 f ct )x(t ) X ( f f c )

+
y(t) = x(t) * g(t) = x( ) g (t )d

F
y(t) = x(t) * g(t) Y ( f ) = X ( f )G( f )

22 13 2016 -
 (3)

d
x (t ) ( j 2 f ) X ( f )
dt

Parseval

23 13 2016 -
 Fourier

(t) FOURIER (f)
(t) 1
(t-a) e j 2 fa
1 (f)

e j 2fa (f-a)
cos2fot ((f-fo)+(f+fo))
sin2fot 1/2j ((f-fo)-(f+fo))
rect(t) sinc(f)
sinc(t) rect(f)
tri(t) sinc2(f)
sinc2(f) tri(f)

24 13 2016 -
 (1)

1 (t/T)

-/2 /2 t

25 13 2016 -
 (2)
E (t/T) Tsinc(fT)
:

26 13 2016 -
 (3)

M/
1 1
( ) (
X ( f ) = f fc + f + fc
2 2
)

27 13 2016 -
 (4)
= cos(2f0t)

28 13 2016 -
 (5)
x(t)cos(2fct) (1/2)X(f+fc) + (1/2)X(f-fc)

X(f)
A A/2

-W W -fc-W fc -fc+W fc-W fc fc+W

29 13 2016 -
 (1)
,
, ,
.
,
(spectrum):
).
Spectrum :
(bandwidth): To spectrum
=

(
)

30 13 2016 -
 (2)
(
) ,


300 3.300 Hz,
= 3 Hz.






.

31 13 2016 -
 (3)


:
:
: ,

32 13 2016 -
 (1)






-
,

33 13 2016 -
 (2)

:
dB. O
10log(Pout/Pin)


decibel



:

34 13 2016 -
 (3)

35 24 2015
 (4)




=cf
c: 300000 Km/sec, :


,

ITU-R

36 13 2016 -


(-)

(thermal noise, white noise)

(inter-modulation noise)

(crosstalk)

(impulse)

37 13 2016 -
 (4)
(= ),

.
.

(= bits )

bits/sec ( =
)

38 13 2016 -
 A/D D/A (1)

39 13 2016 -
 A/D D/A (2)

-- (Analog to Digital - A/
D)
.

-- (Digital to Analog (D/

A) ( )
.

40 13 2016 -
 A/D -

41 13 2016 -
 I (1)
(Impulse Samling)
x(t)
delta s(t)

xs(t) :

x(t) xs(t)

0 t s(t)
0 2Ts t

0 s 2Ts t

42 13 2016 -
 (2)
o

delta x(t)
s seconds.
H Ts
fs = 1/Ts

1
Xs( f ) = X ( f nf s )
Ts n=

43 13 2016 -
 / Fourier
/ Fourier x(t)

X(f)

- 0 t
/ Fourier xs(t)

Xs(f)

-fs -B 0 B fs-B fs fs+B 2fs f

: fs 2B

44 13 2016 -



f=0.

Low pass filter

y(t)=x(t)
xs(t)
W X(f)
Xs(f) W fs-B

fs B x(t)

-W B B W fs-B

45 13 2016 -
 aliasing
fs 2

X(f-nfs) Xs(f), :
s(f)

-W W fs 2fs
To
(aliasing)
Xa(f)

-W W

46 13 2016 -

x(t) M/ Fourier:
X(f) = 0, |f| > B
,

To x(t)
fs, fs > 2B.
2 Nyquist.
fs < 2B aliasing.

47 22 :
13
2016 /
-

47

:
300 Hz 4000
Hz

8000 samples/ sec.
:

15 kHz.
CDs 44000 samples/sec.
Video:
20 /sec

48 13 2016 -
 (Quantisation)

bits
.
(Quantization)
() bits.
O . bits
.

49 13 2016 -

(Modulation)= ,
,
(carrier wave)

(Demodulation)

:

50 13 2016 -


:

51 13 2016 -













DSPs, Ps

FPGAs, ASICs

52 24 2015


FM PM ASK FSK PSK PAM PWM PPM PCM DM

A=Amplitude, F=Frequency, P=Phase, M= Modulation

K=Keying, W=Width, P=Pulse, Position, D=Delta

53 13 2016 -
 Shannon
,
:
bit ,
bit

,

Shannon
( decibels)
SNRdb=10 log10 ( / )
C = B log2(1+SNR)

54 13 2016 -


55 13 2016 -
56 13 2016 -
57 13 2016 -
58 13 2016 -
59 13 2016 -
60 13 2016 -
61 13 2016 -
62 13 2016 -
63 13 2016 -