SYSTEMS, STRATEGIES & RESEARCH FOR LUBRICATION PROFESSIONALS AN PUBLICATION | APRIL 2016

TLT
T R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N
T E C H N O LO G Y
Minding the
Metalworking Fluids
How the right tests, consistent monitoring
and accurate records can reduce machine
12 YEARS down time and maintenance costs.
of publishing excellence

Bearings & Coatings

Q&A with Schaefers
Wolfgang Braun
Lubes in a New Light
Fluorescence and viscosity
Hybrid Cars
Here comes the Bolt
STLE Annual
Shale Energy Development Meeting App
Trends & utilization
Lifestyle Balancing
How companies can help

Digital TLT: Sponsored this month by Afton Chemical Corp. at www.stle.org.

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 Contents TLT / APRIL 2016 / VOLUME 72 / NO. 4

16 24 26
FEATURES
20 MINUTES WITH WEBINARS
16 Wolfgang Braun 26 Shale energy development
This scientic analyst discusses trends and utilization
coatings and bearings. Hydraulic fracturing is the
By Rachel Fowler production method broadly used
in Pennsylvania.
By Stuart F. Brown
SCHOLARSHIP RESEARCH

20 Tribology research report written

by the recipient of the societys FEATURE ARTICLE
2015 scholarship program. 32 Minding the metalworking
The Effect of High Viscosity uids
Index on Fuel Economy with How the right tests, consistent
Bio-Derived Hydraulic Oils monitoring and accurate records
By Chris Jaudon, Robert reduce machine down time and
Jackson and Tom Gallagher maintenance costs.
By Dr. Nancy McGuire
LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS

24 Lifestyle balancing PEER-REVIEWED PAPER (EDITORS CHOICE)

Better management of your 40 The Inuence of Total Acid

professional and personal lives Number of Ester Oil in
can afrm your values and Tribological Behavior of
increase your productivity. DLC Contacts
By Dr. Robert M. Gresham By Jinzhu Tang, Qi Ding,
Guangan Zhang and Litian Hu

32
Front cover photo: Can Stock Photo Inc. / gina_sanders

W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY APRIL 2016 1

 Contents
DEPARTMENTS EDITOR
Evan Zabawski
ALS Tribology
10 Tech Beat Calgary, Alberta, Canada
evan.zabawski@alsglobal.com
Flip-op coatings impart
surface versatility; crumpled
PUBLISHER/ SENIOR FEATURE WRITER
graphene balls; new alloy for EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Jeanna Van Rensselar
low-temperature applications. Thomas T. Astrene
tastrene@stle.org CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
By Dr. Neil Canter Stuart F. Brown
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Dr. Neil Canter
Rachel Fowler Dr. Robert M. Gresham
52 Newsmakers rfowler@stle.org Dr. Nancy McGuire

70
Debbie Sniderman
This months newsmakers
include Elevance Renewable CIRCULATION ADVERTISING SALES
COORDINATORS Tracy Nicholas VanEe
Sciences, ASTM International, Myrna Scott Phone: (630) 922-3459
Chevron Oronite, Biosynthetic Judy Enblom Fax: (630) 904-4563
Technologies and more. COLUMNS (847) 825-5536 tnicholas@stle.org

DESIGN/PRODUCTION
58 New Products 4 Presidents Report Joe Ruck

App for mounting bearings;

A soccer fans conundrum
TECHNICAL EDITORS
diesel exhaust uid nozzle
6 From the Editor Patrick Brutto Michael N. Kotzalas
and more. ANGUS Chemical Co. The Timken Co.
Hiram Hydes unheralded Buffalo Grove, Illinois North Canton, Ohio

60 Sounding Board handiwork Vincent Gatto Dr. Anoop Kumar

Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC
Norwalk, Connecticut
Who was the greater inventor: 8 Headquarters Report
Leonardo da Vinci or Thomas David B. Gray
Were doing what youre Evonik Oil Additives
Edison? Horsham, Pennsylvania
thinking
Dr. Martin Greaves
The Dow Chemical Co.
65 Advertisers Index
70 Automotive Tribology Horgen, Switzerland
The upcoming Bolt Michael D. Holloway
66 Resources ALS Tribology
Highland Village, Texas
Keep up to date with the latest 72 Cutting Edge
Tyler Housel
technical literature available in INOLEX, Inc.
Looking at lube in a new light Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
print and online.
Dr. Robert Jackson
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
Dr. Zulqar Khan
Bournemouth University
Poole, Dorset,
United Kingdom
Royal Manufacturing Co.
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Shawn McCarthy
Ocean State Oil, Inc.
Riverside, Rhode Island
Dr. Mary Moon
Presque Isle
Innovations, LLC
Yardley, Pennsylvania
William Nehart
Calumet Specialty
Products Partners, L.P.
Apple Valley, Minnesota
Jason Papacek
POLARIS Laboratories
Indianapolis, Indiana
Dr. Mehdi Shaei
Novelis Global Research
& Technology Center
Kennesaw, Georgia

This Months Factoids: Dr. Kook-Wha Koh Paula Vettel

Chrysan Industries, Inc. Novvi, LLC
Elementary, my dear Watson. Emeryville, California
Plymouth, Michigan
Andras Korenyi-Both Jeff Walkup
Tribologix, Inc. Gram & Juhl
Golden, Colorado Englewood, Colorado

Copyright 2016 Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. All Rights Reserved. TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY (USPS 865740)
TLT magazine is owned and published in print and electronically by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE). Vol. 72, Number 4, (ISSN-1545-858), is published monthly
The views set forth in this magazine are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of STLE. Material from TLT magazine by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers,
may be reproduced only with written permission from STLE. TLT magazine assumes no liability or responsibility for any 840 Busse Hwy, Park Ridge, IL 60068-2376. Periodicals
inaccurate, delayed or incomplete information. For more information, contact us at TLT@stle.org. Postage is Paid at Park Ridge, IL and at additional mailing
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2 APRIL 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

 WERE NAVIGATING
THE TRENDS
SO YOU DONT
HAVE TO.

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PRESIDENTS REPORT
Dr. Martin Webster
A soccer fans conundrum
STLEs 2016 Annual Meeting is like the English Premier League
so little time, so much to see and do.
I AM WRITING THIS COLUMN A FEW WEEKS
AFTER THE SUPER BOWL. Despite the fact that
I do not follow American football, I look forward
to either hosting or attending a Super Bowl
party with a group of friends. Regrettably this
year I was boarding a plane just as the game
started and was not able to join the 112 million
viewers who witnessed the Denver Broncos vic-
tory over the Carolina Panthers in the Super
Bowls Golden 50th Anniversary match.
Thinking back on previous Super Bowls,
each game has been distinctly different. In
some, even to my inexperienced eye, the out-
come appears set from fairly early on in the
game. In others the match remains in conten-
tion right up to the end. I think it is the fact
that the outcome of individual games and
entire league championships are unpredict-
able that makes following sports such a
popular and entertaining pastime.
Of course, being originally from the UK I
follow that other form of football referred to
as soccer in U.S. parlance. Since my arrival in
the U.S. it has become increasingly easy to
follow the English Premier League, as many of
the games are now shown live and on demand
on U.S. sports channels. One of the English
Premier Leagues top teams, Manchester
United, has recently claimed that it has a
worldwide following of 659 million, including
79 million in the U.S. These numbers are dis-
puted, and the denition of a follower is
vague. However, even if the number is an
overestimate, there is no doubt that, like
many sports, soccer operates in a global mar-
ket. Recently this has been reinforced in our
family even more, as my eldest son, who
works in Vietnam, is still able to follow his
favorite teams, and we get to compare notes
when he calls home.
The English Premier League consists of 20
teams, and on most weekends during the soc-
cer season there are 10 games that can be
watched, in addition to cup matches and vari-
ous European championship matches. Although
4 APRIL 2016
some fans may try, it is not really practical to
watch all the games. My strategy has been to
watch Tottenham Hotspurs (the Spurs), the
team I have followed since my youth, and a
couple of other big-team matchups. However,
this year my strategy has had to change.
The English Premier
League has been quite literally
turned upside down. At the
time of this writing, a team
called Leicester City has been
leading the championship for
much of the season. This is
made remarkable by the fact
that it is a team that has never
before been in contention for
the English Premier League ti-
tle and last year narrowly
missed being relegated down
to the lower Championship Di-
vision. Furthermore, some of
the leagues most famous
teams, such as Manchester
United and Chelsea, are strug-
gling in midtable or lower and have been
beaten by opponents that they typically would
be expected to win against relatively easily.
These matches have been very unpredictable
and highly entertaining to watch, making my
selection of matches to view even more com-
plex than previous years.
One interesting outcome of this is that I
have been watching and am now familiar with
players and teams that I would otherwise not
have been exposed to. Indeed, the Leicester
City players have gradually become house-
hold names beyond Leicester Citys normal
fan base. My favorite team, the Spurs, is in
second place, hotly pursuing those Leicester
City upstarts. Each weekend is eagerly antici-
pated as we count down to the nal matches
of the season.
STLE has its own Premier League event in
the form of our annual meeting. The 2016
event is May 15-19 in Las Vegas, and I am fac-
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
ing a similar dilemma to my soccer-viewing
conundrum. The multiple technical tracks,
education courses, exhibits and Commercial
Marketing Forums force me to decide up front
which events I will participate in. It simply is
not possible to see it all!
In previous years I have ap-
plied the same approach used
to guide my soccer viewing
habits. Thus I have naturally
gravitated to those sessions
most relevant to my immediate
interests, seeking out items
that focus on fuel economy,
energy efciency and friction
and wear fundamentals. How-
ever, this year I will be taking a
leaf from my more recent soc-
cer viewing playbook and will
look out for some xtures that
I would not normally partici-
pate in. I am already anxious to
learn some new things, and I
am sure it will be highly enter-
taining. I invite everyone to join me in Las
Vegas to take on the challenge of trying out
something different. You never know, it may
lead to a whole new business, technical or
scientic insight that would have otherwise
never occurred to you.
If you are able to attend, keep an eye out
for me. If you nd me wearing a white T-shirt,
dark shorts and donning a hat with a logo of
a cockerel standing on a soccer ball, you will
know that my favorite team succeeded in its
bid to win the English Premier League. I may
also nd it difcult to refrain from ushering
the Spurs fan chant of, Come on, yer Spurs!
Martin Webster is a senior
research associate for
ExxonMobil Research and
Engineering in Annandale, N.J.
You can reach him at martin.n.
webster@exxonmobil.com.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
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FROM THE EDITOR
Evan Zabawski
Hiram Hydes
unheralded handiwork
A signicant milestone nearly lost to obscurity.
THE TOWN OF TRURO, NOVA SCOTIA, has its
place in history as the birthplace of Stanelds
unshrinkable drop-seat long johns, popular-
ized during the Klondike Gold Rush. Truros
fame as the Hub of Nova Scotia is due to its
location at the junction of major rail lines,
highways and power transmission corridors.
However, one of its residents, stagecoach
operator Hiram Hyde, achieved a historical
lubricant milestone that receives no recogni-
tion, even in his home town.
Hyde was born in Sandy Hill, N.Y., in 1817
and moved to Quebec City when he was 16; it
was there he met shipping magnate Samuel
Cunard who hailed from Nova Scotia. In 1841
Cunard made Hyde a mail coach driver on the
Halifax-Pictou stage run, which ran through
Truro. Normally the 104-mile (167 km) run took
two days, but Hyde managed to cut it down to
17 hours. Throughout his 25-year career, Hyde
revolutionized stagecoaching in Nova Scotia,
a career highlighted with the honor of car-
rying Prince Edward in his six-horse Concord
Coach during the Princes 1860 royal visit.
A diverse and progressive man, Hyde
encouraged construction of the Nova Sco-
tia Railway seemingly against his own self-
interest, then later supplied cord wood to the
railway. He was one of the founders of the
Nova Scotia Electric Telegraph Co., which built
the rst telegraph system through Northern
Nova Scotia.
Hyde also invested heavily in parafn oil
(kerosene), which was invented by fellow Nova
Scotian Abraham Gesner in 1846 as a cheaper
and clearer burning alternative to the whale
oil being used as an illuminant to light the
streets at night. Gesners process originally
rened the liquid fuel from coal, bitumen and
oil shale. Hyde earned a patent for his own
improved mode of and improved apparatus
6 APRIL 2016
Hyde was apparently undeterred by the
strong odor and led British patent 2669 on
Nov. 27, 1855, titled An improved manufac-
ture of lubricating oils, which described a
process beginning with cold-pressing castor
oil (to remove stearine), then melted, washed
and dried using steam. Next, the warm castor
oil is added to coup oil, and to this compound
oil is added an equal part of a light hydrocar-
bon oil (manufactured according to his patent
from three days earlier) and mixed using a
jet of steam. The mixture is then allowed to
cool, and lastly exposed to sunlight or gentle
heat for a week or two until it becomes clear,
after which it will be t for use. Not a terribly
productive recipe.
On this same day he also led patent
number 2668, a historic patent titled An
Can Stock Photo Inc. / Karidesign
improved manufacture of lubricating com-
pound. The process being to place 7 lbs.
of elastic bitumen para, or East India caou-
A kind of oil-tea, if you will. tchouc, or African-rubber in a sieve cloth bag
and placing it in a 100-gallon vat of coup oil
at any temperature varying from 80-150 F.
for manufacturing oils from coal, but the With the occasional agitation or application
discovery of petroleum soon made the pro- of pressure to the sieve cloth, All the pure
cess obsolete, as kerosene was more easily part of the added hydrocarbon is dissolved
produced from petroleum. and combined with the oil. The nal mixture,
Switching his focus to petroleum, Hyde a kind of oil-tea, if you will, is then passed
began experimenting with coup oil. Coup oil through a ne wire gauze sieve and allowed
is the designation of the rst oil extracted to rest until it becomes perfectly brilliant,
from coal as described in Luther Atwoods U.S. and is then t for use.
Patent No. 9,630, Improvement in preparing Truro, it appears, also is home to the rst
lubricating oils from March 29, 1853. Atwoods patented oil additive.
naming was inspired by the recent coup dtat
of Napolon III (nephew and heir of Napolon
Evan Zabawski, CLS, is a
I). Atwood lost interest in this new oil extract, business development/
due to its repulsive and disagreeable odor, reliability specialist for ALS
and decided to distill and rene Canada Tribology in Calgary, Alberta,
pitch from the petroleum found near Petro- Canada. You can reach him at
lia, Ontario. evan.zabawski@alsglobal.com.
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG
Eciency from
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HEADQUARTERS REPORT
Edward P. Salek, CAE / Executive Director
Were doing what youre thinking
A new survey points to effective workforce
development programs as the key to making
organizations like STLE more valuable.
Can Stock Photo Inc. / jirsak
STLES STRATEGIC PLAN emphasizes the or-
ganizations role as a workforce-development
partner. Thats not surprising, given our reputa-
tion for excellence in technical education. What
will present a challenge, however, is delivering
on that commitment in ways that meet the
changing expectations of our customers.
Insight into those expectations comes
through the 2016 Environmental Scanning
Project, conducted by Association Laboratory
Inc. (ALI), a leader in the eld of association
research and strategy. A total of 293 senior
executives from the association community
identied the key trends across a range of
ve topics from the perspective of their orga-
nizations members.
Regarding workforce development, one of
the ve areas, more than two-thirds of senior
association executives are concerned about
growing demand for online and virtual train-
ing opportunities. And an increasing percent-
age are concerned about conguring and
pricing education and credentialing prod-
uctsreecting a growing need to nd afford-
able and convenient means of ensuring a
well-trained workforce. Work/life balance and
supporting members career-development
goals also are concerns of a substantial por-
8 APRIL 2016
Replacing experienced
technical staff is one
of the most prevalent
concerns facing STLE
members and their
organizations.
tion of association executives.
Late last year, ALI also surveyed STLE
members about their expectations and out-
look and came up with very similar results.
Workforce issues, such as replacing experi-
enced technical staff with younger workers,
remain one of the most prevalent internal
concerns facing STLE members and their or-
ganizations. Consistent with the 2016 Outlook
Survey results, time and budgetary restric-
tions continue to be leading professional de-
velopment concerns.
Affordability and ease of access are hall-
marks of projects STLE is emphasizing in re-
sponse to the clear message sent via these
surveys. The highly regarded technical educa-
tion Webinar program is the rst of three
initiatives that are in line with this need.
These one-hour Webinars are normally held
twice a month and cover a variety of topics in
the eld. All online presentations are con-
ducted live but are also recorded for viewing
at your convenience. Webinars are priced at
$39 members/$59 non-members.
If you prefer live education and interaction,
STLE Local Sections offer another cost-effec-
tive option. Many groups conduct at least one
full-day education program each year as well
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
as monthly meetings with a technical speaker.
New or revitalized sections are operating in a
number of areas in the U.S., including Minneap-
olis-St. Paul, Virginia and Louisiana.
A third option is the TLT Best Practices se-
ries. These compilations of past TLT articles are
organized around such technical areas as Lu-
brication Fundamentals, Oil Analysis and Met-
alworking Fluids, with more on the way. Best of
all, they are available as a free download at
www.stle.org, where youll also nd details on
the Webinar series and section activities.
To support longer-range career develop-
ment, another concern cited in the ALI survey,
STLE has launched a project known as Educa-
tion 2.0. This initiative is intended to identify
the technical areas that a lubrication industry
professional needs to know and to offer a con-
sensus guide to the most authoritative sources
available to acquire that knowledge. Watch for
more news about this robust new education
initiative at the 2016 STLE Annual Meeting and
in periodic announcements starting mid-2016.
This effort by STLE is consistent with cur-
rent thinking about best practices in continu-
ing professional education. Speaking at a
meeting of association executives recently,
ALI president Dean West emphasized, We
need to evolve our organizations to be suc-
cessful in this anticipated future, or else as-
sociations will be relegated to the sidelines of
professional and industry life. They will be out
of date and irrelevant.
STLEs leadership and staff have accepted
this relevancy challenge. The refreshed ver-
sion of our strategic plan puts education front
and center during the next three years. For
members and prospective members, it will
mean that you can count on STLE to deliver
on the learning portion of our Connect/Learn/
Achieve value proposition.
You can reach Certied
Association Executive Ed Salek
at esalek@stle.org.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
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TECH BEAT
Dr. Neil Canter / Contributing Editor

Flip-op coatings:
Impart surface versatility
A new method prepares all four coating types using a exible,
layer-by-layer spray-coating technique.

A VERY ACTIVE AREA OF RESEARCH IS THE

DEVELOPMENT OF COATINGS that can ren-
der surfaces superhydrophobic. The
objective from the lubricant standpoint
is to facilitate water repellency so that
problems that can occur during the op-
eration of machinerysuch as corro-
sion and premature lubricant failure
are minimized.
In a previous TLT article, a model
was developed that explains the move-
ment of a water jet on a superhydro-
phobic surface.1 Researchers prepared a
superhydrophobic surface that contains
KEY CONCEPTS
A ip-op coating is
is prepared
by placement of different
molecular functionalities at
opposite ends
e s of the coating.
Four
Fou possible ip-op coatings
ha e been developed
have d l d through
the use of a layer-by-layer
d
deposition
t technique.
t h
The coatings displayed good
performance after being
evaluated in a series of tests.
Flip-op coatings enable the attraction of one type of
liquid and the repulsion of a second type of liquid through
positioning of different molecular functionalities at different
ends of the coating.
microscopic ribs and cavities. They
found that better drag reduction and
lower friction occurs if the water moves
parallel to the ribs and cavities rather
than perpendicular to them.
STLE Fellow professor Bharat
Bhushan, Ohio Eminent Scholar and
Howard D. Winbigler professor of
mechanical engineering at The Ohio
State University in Columbus, Ohio,
says, Four different coatings can be
prepared that provide combinations of
superhydrohilicity, superoleophilicity,
superhydrophobicity and superoleo-
phobicity. These coatings can be used
to modify a surface so that it can attract
or repel oil and water.
Of interest to the lubricant indus-
try is the potential use of a superhy-
drophilic/superoleophobic coating that
repels oil and can be used as a way to
clean up oil spills. One important con-
cept is the use of a ip-op coating
that can allow water to penetrate but
repel oil.
Bhushan says, Flip-op coatings
enable the attraction of one type of
liquid and the repulsion of a second
type of liquid through positioning of
different molecular functionalities at
different ends of the coating. The use
of a uorosurfactant adhered to an om-
niphilic polymer creates this effect by
having the high surface tension head
groups near the polymer surface and
the lower surface tension tail groups at
the air interface. The result is that oil
droplets are repelled by the tail groups,
but water droplets penetrate through
the coating to the head groups.
In a non-ip-op coating, the wa-
ter molecules are not able to penetrate
through the coating. Previous meth-
ods for developing ip-op coatings
have not worked due to a number of
problems. Bhushan says, In past work,
researchers have tried to repel one liq-
uid at a time but have encountered
difculties in preparing single-layer
coatings. Developing a polymer binder
that can hold all of the components in
a coating together has proved difcult.

10 The most abundant element in the human body by weight is: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon or calcium. A.
 Can Stock Photo Inc. background / ia_64
Figure 1 | As many as four layers can be applied to form ip-op coatings using a layer-by-layer deposition technique. The schematic shows the
composition of a superhydrophilic/superoleophobic coating. (Figure courtesy of The Ohio State University.)
Compatibility is a problem along with
how to optimize the properties of the
coatings.
There is a need for a new technique
for developing ip-op coatings to ex-
ploit their versatility. Such an approach
is now available.
LAYER-BY-LAYER DEPOSITION
Bhushan, in collaboration with his
colleague, postdoctoral researcher Dr.
Philip Brown, has developed a method
for preparing all four coating types
through the use of a exible layer-by-
layer technique. He says, We found
that coatings can be prepared by ap-
plying as many as four distinct layers
in sequence to a glass slide with dimen-
sions of 25 10 millimeters. The layers
are each introduced through the use of
a spray coating technique.
The base layer is a polydiallyldi-
methylammonium chloride (PDDA)
used as an anchor layer because it
strongly adheres to glass. The second
layer is untreated hydrophilic silica
nanoparticles that impart roughness to
the coating. Bhushan says, Roughness
is a key element that imparts toughness
to the coating and ensures that the
coating remains thin and transparent.
The third layer is a second coating
of PDDA which produces the super-
hydrophilic/superoleophilic coating.
To prepare the other three coatings,
the appropriate functional layer or top
layer is introduced. In Figure 1, the
top layer is a uorosurfactant used in
the superhydrophilic/superoleophobic
coating.
Bhushan says, The overall thick-
ness of these coatings is 630 nanome-
ters, but it has not been optimized. We
believe that thinner coatings can be
made as part of improving the perfor-
mance of these coatings.
The researchers did a series of tests
to analyze the properties and perfor-
mance of the coatings. Among the test
run is assessing the wear resistance
of the coating using a ball-on-at tri-
bometer on the macroscale and on the
microscale (with the assistance of an
atomic force microscope). The coatings
showed good performance compared to
a soft coating containing PDDA and a
functional layer.
The superhydrophilic/superoleopho-
bic layer displayed good oil repellency
by exhibiting a contact angle for hexa-
decane of 157 degrees. Bhushan says,
The No. 1 issue that we need to evalu-
Oxygen.
ate is the durability of the coatings.
Coating applications are dependent
upon the composition of the functional
layer. Bhushan says, One of the advan-
tages of this layer-by-layer deposition
approach is that one functional layer
can be substituted for another to enable
the end-user to tailor the properties of
the coating to a specic application.
The next area Bhushan intends to
explore is impregnating particles into
plastic sheets to improve their perfor-
mance properties. Additional informa-
tion can be found in a recent article2 or
by contacting Bhushan at bhushan.2@
osu.edu.
REFERENCES
1. Canter, N. (2014), Gaining a
better understanding of superhy-
drophobic surfaces, TLT, 70 (8),
pp. 10-11.
2. Brown, P. and Bhushan, B. (2015),
Bioinspired, roughness-induced,
water and oil super-philic and
super-phobic coatings prepared
by adaptable layer-by-layer
technique, Scientic Reports, 5:
14030, DOI: 10.1038/srep14030.
11
TECH BEAT

Evaluation of a new lubricant additive:

Crumpled graphene balls
The wear performance of this additive at a low treat rate in PAO is
superior to a commercially available 5W-30 engine oil.

GRAPHENE IS KNOWN TO EXHIBIT A HIGH Research has looked at developing droplets produced by a humidier and
DEGREE OF LUBRICITY, and the frictional materials that can achieve coefcient then squeezed in all directions through
properties of uorinated graphene at of friction values below 0.005, which a process called capillary compression.
the nanoscale were discussed in a pre- is known as superlubricity.2 A previous Heat is applied during the evaporation
vious TLT article.1 The structure of TLT article discussed simulations done process to reduce graphene oxide to
graphene is two-dimensional sheets of by sliding graphene against a diamond- graphene leading to the formation of
carbon organized into hexagonal hon- like-surface (DLC). Superlubricity was crumpled graphene balls exhibiting a
eycombs. detected at the nanoscale for the rst diameter of a few hundred nanometers.
time when graphene particles wrapped
around the DLC surface to form nano-
scrolls.
K Y CO
KEY CONCEPTS
ONC S The lubricity benet of graphene The process for crumpling
has been observed in the materials use graphene starts with
Crumpled graphene balls as a solid lubricant, but most lubricant
demonstrate greater stability
st ility inn applications involve the use of a uid. the preparation of its
dispersions with base stocks Forming stable dispersions of solid lu- derivativegraphene oxide
bricants has proven to be difcult. In
such as PAO due to their
most cases, solid lubricants will either
that is readily dispersible
resistance to aggregation. drop out of solution orif evaluated in water.
at the nanoscaleaggregate into larger
Testing for friction and wear
particles that do not impart lubricity.
shows that crumpled graphene Jiaxing Huang, associate professor Crumpled graphene balls exhibit a
balls exhibit better performance
f e of materials science and engineering at rough surface texture with a reduced
over a longer time
ti e frame
frra e than
th n Northwestern University in Evanston, area of contact when placed on a sur-
other types of graphene Ill., says, We have recognized the limi- face. But they become strain-hardened
disp si .
dispersions. tations in dispersing various forms of enabling them to maintain the crum-
graphene in liquids. One option that pled shape.
Better
etteer results
esults for friction
fr ction and
a d we are evaluating is crumpling gra- Huang says, The important aspect
wearr are found
undd with a 0.1%
0. % phene into balls. of crumpled graphene balls is that van
dispersi
disp
dispersion
si n off crumpled
crumpl
um led The process for crumpling gra- der Waals attraction between particles
phene starts with the preparation of is very weak because the contact area
graphene balls in PAO compared
compar d
its derivativegraphene oxide that between balls is low, even when they
to a commercially
erci lly available
a a lable is readily dispersible in water. Huang are compressed. In a similar manner to
5W-30 engine
i e oil.l. continues, Graphene oxide sheets are crumpled paper balls, graphene balls of
suspended in nebulized, aerosol water a similar shape do not stack, and as a

12 The Periodic Table organizes elements according to: alphabetically, increasing atomic number, order of discovery or increasing atomic weight. A.
consequence, resist aggregation.
Huang also points out that crum-
pled graphene balls contain a great deal
of free volume and solvent-accessible
surface area inside enabling them to
readily absorb solvents such as mineral
oil. He feels that upon application of
stress, the crumpled graphene balls can
then release the oil leading to a high
degree of surface wetting.
Huang and his colleagues have now
evaluated the lubricity properties of
crumpled graphene balls in a lubricant
base stock and compared them to a com-
mercially available 5W-30 engine oil.

LOW TREAT RATE

Huang and his collaborators, profes-
sor Yip-Wah Chung and professor Q.
Jane Wang (both STLE members),
sonicated crumpled graphene balls
into 4 cSt polyalphaolen (PAO) and
compared the dispersion produced to
the results seen with graphite platelets,
reduced graphene oxide sheets and
carbon black. All of the additives are
used at treat rates of 0.01% and 0.1%
by weight. Once sonication is nished,
all four carbon sources are completely
dispersed in PAO.
But the agglomeration was detected
in the graphite platelets, reduced gra-
phene oxide sheets and carbon black
after only a few hours. Huang says, In
contrast the crumpled graphene ball-
based dispersion is stable and remains
stable for one to two days. Even when
crumpled graphene balls start to sedi-
ment over time, a uniform dispersion is
re-established when the uid is agitated.
An image of a 0.1% dispersion of
crumpled graphene balls in PAO is
shown in Figure 2.
Friction testing and wear reduction
measurements are done using a pin-
on-disk tribometer. Huang says, We
measured the coefcient of friction
at the two additive treat rates over a
time frame of 2,000 seconds. At high-
er concentrations only the crumpled
graphene ball dispersions displayed a
constant coefcient of friction around
0.11. The coefcient of friction results
for the other three carbon sources in-
creased at the higher concentration and
Figure 2 | Crumpled graphene balls display greater stability in dispersions with hydrocarbon
base stocks (such as shown in this image of a 0.1% dispersion in PAO) that leads to superior
friction and wear results. (Figure courtesy of Northwestern University.)
the longer the experiments were run.
This is an indication that the disper-
sions for graphite platelets, reduced
graphene oxide sheets and carbon
black started to fall apart due to ag-
glomeration.
Similar results are seen in the wear
testing. All of the carbon sources be-
sides crumpled graphene balls display
signicantly higher wear rates at 0.1%
due to agglomeration. The researchers
then evaluated the 0.1% dispersion of
crumpled graphene balls versus a PAO-
based, commercially available 5W-30
engine oil. In pin-on-disk testing, the
crumpled graphene ball dispersion dis-
played better friction performance and
wear test results by a margin of 15%
versus the commercial engine oil.
Huang says, We intend to evalu-
ate the temperature dependency of the
crumpled graphene ball-based uid to
determine the stability of dispersions
at extreme temperatures. In general,
colloidal dispersions are sensitive to
temperatures.
Additional information can be
found in a recent reference3 or by con-
tacting Huang at jiaxing-huang@north-
western.edu.
REFERENCES
1. Canter, N. (2015), Frictional
properties of uorinated graphene
at the nanoscale, TLT, 71 (2),
pp. 12-13.
2. Canter, N. (2015), Superlubric-
ity: Seen at the macroscale for the
rst time, TLT, 71 (10), pp.
10-11.
3. Dou, X., Koltonow, A., He, X.,
Jang, H., Wang, Q., Chung, Y. and
Huang, J. (2016), Self-dispersed
crumpled graphene balls in oil for
friction and wear reduction,
Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 113 (6), pp.
1528-1533.

Increasing atomic weight. 13

TECH BEAT

New alloy for low-temperature

applications
This material works well at low temperatures and exhibits higher levels
of toughness and strength as the temperature drops.

FINDING METAL ALLOYS THAT HAVE

GREATER TOLERANCE TO DAMAGE is a
longstanding objective of researchers.
A high-entropy alloy exhibits tensile strength values that
Two factors considered are evaluating increase by 70% as the temperature drops to the boiling
an alloys resistance to deformation
(strength) and resistance to fracture
point of liquid nitrogen.
(toughness).
Traditional alloys have been pro-
duced by mixing a dominant element adding carbon to iron produces a steel equal percentages of aluminum, mag-
with small percentages of secondary alloy that is stronger. Better corrosion nesium, scandium and titanium was
components that can upgrade perfor- resistance is achieved by mixing iron discussed.1 The researchers claim that
mance in certain areas. For example, with chromium and nickel. at the time of their work, this alloy ex-
In the search for better performing hibits a higher strength-to-weight ratio
materials, researchers turned to mix- than any other existing metal.
ing more than two elements together, Ritchie says, High-performance al-
KEY CONCEPTS
but led to the formation of metallic loys that exhibit high levels of tough-
A high-entropy alloy prepared glasses. Robert Ritchie, H.T. & Jessie ness and strength combined with good
Chua Distinguished Professor of Engi- ductility at low temperatures have been
with equal parts
p of chromium,
neering in the department of materials hard to identify. The reason is that as
maanganesee, iron,
manganese, ir , cobalt
b ltt and
a d science & engineering at the Univer- the temperature drops, most metals will
nickel shows
nickel sho s excellent
e celle t tough-
to gh- sity of California, and faculty senior lose ductility and become more brittle.
ness at low temperatures. scientist, material sciences division of With the growing use of natural gas,
Lawrence Berkeley National Labora- there is a need for better constructed
Thee performance of this
th alloy
ll y tory in Berkeley, Calif., says, The ef- tanks to handle liqueed natural gas.
at low temperatures is due to a fort in combining ve to six elements Ritchie says, Exploring the many po-
combination of slow-moving
slow-movingg together leads to sufcient confusion tential combinations of high-entropy
andd fast-moving
t g dislocations
ddislocatt ons in the solidication of the alloy that alloys is a promising direction for us
the end result is a glass as opposed to because this alloy type has the potential
that
that
at work synergistically.
a polycrystalline material. to exhibit an exceptional combination
The
The researchers
reseea che s hope
h pe too Interestingly, further research has of strength and toughness.
found that putting ve or more ele- Determination of the mechanical
d vel p a strategy
develop st t gy for
ffor system-
st -
ments together can lead to the forma- properties of a high-entropy alloy has
atically evaluating
evaluati g the large
tion of a single-phase crystalline ma- now found a material that not only
number of high-entropy alloys terial that is known as a high-entropy works well at low temperatures but
nott yet
y t under
d r evaluation.
ev luati . alloy. In a past TLT article, the prepara- exhibits higher levels of toughness and
tion of such an alloy based on mixing strength as the temperature drops.

14 The rst synthetic metal discovered was: uranium, radium, plutonium or technetium. A.
SYNERGISM OF MECHANISMS
Ritchie and his collaboratorswho
studied the mechanical properties of
a high-entropy alloy containing equal
percentages of chromium, manga-
nese, iron, cobalt and nickelfound
that the alloy is present in a single-
phase, face-centered cubic structure
and demonstrates exceptional proper-
ties, particularly at low temperatures.
He says, This alloy has been known
for about 10 years, but very little was
done to study its mechanical proper-
ties prior to fairly recently. We nd
that the toughness of this alloy ex-
hibits numbers that are off the chart
and are comparable to the very best
cryogenic steels currently used, which
are austenitic stainless steels and high-
nickel containing steels.
The toughness value that the re-
searchers obtained exceeds 200 mega-
pascals-m1/2. This figure remained
relatively constant when measured at
temperatures ranging from room tem-
perature (293 K) down to 77 K. Ritchie
says, At this time, the lowest tempera-
ture we can measure at is 77 K, which
is the boiling point of liquid nitrogen.
We are hoping in the future to deter-
mine how to measure the toughness of
this alloy at the boiling point of liquid
helium, which is 4 K.
The alloy also exhibits excellent
tensile strength values in the range of 1
gigapascal that increase by at least 70%
as the temperature drops from 293 K
to 77K. Tensile ductility also increases
over that temperature range by approx-
imately 25%.
The researchers next turned to trans-
mission electron microscopy (TEM) to
determine what makes this high-entropy
alloy so special. Ritchie says, Data from
TEM shows that a combination of slow-
moving and fast-moving dislocations (or
defects in the metal crystal) work syn-
ergistically to enable the high-entropy
alloy to exhibit excellent toughness,
strength and ductility at low tempera-
tures. Some dislocations move slowly
while others occur early to enable the
material to exhibit exceptional ductility
at low temperatures.
Figure 3 | A high-entropy alloy displays outstanding properties at low temperatures due to a
synergism between fast-moving dislocations and the slow planar slip of dislocations shown.
(Figure courtesy of the University of California and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.)
Figure 3 shows TEM images of the
slow planar slip of dislocations going
through the high-entropy alloy. How-
ever, Ritchie and his co-workers ob-
serve that at cryogenic temperatures,
the preferred deformation mode for
this alloy is twinning where the atomic
arrangements in adjacent crystalline
regions form mirror images of one
another. He says, This mechanism
is even more potent for inducing
strength and ductility.
Another unusual aspect of this
high-entropy alloy is that its tough-
ness is due to both intrinsic toughening
and extrinsic toughening mechanisms.
Ritchie says, Intrinsic mechanisms
operate in advance of a crack tip to
provide resistance to microstructural
damage while extrinsic mechanisms
act behind the crack to prevent it from
growing within the metal crystal.
Further work needs to be done to
commercialize this alloy, which could
take decades, according to Ritchie. He
says, Very little is known about what
other high-entropy alloys may exist
and have exciting, perhaps unprec-
edented properties. They represent a
black hole, and nobody knows yet
what is out there. We hope to develop
the right scientic strategy in the future
for systematically examining this vast
Technetium.
spectrum of unexplored materials.
Additional information can be
found in two recent articles2,3 and by
contacting Ritchie at roritchie@lbl.gov.
REFERENCES
1. Canter, N. (2015), High-entropy
alloys, TLT, 71 (3), pp. 14-15.
2. Gludovatz, B., Hohenwarter, A.,
Catoor, D., Chang, E., George, E.
and Ritchie, R. (2014), A
fracture-resistant high entropy
alloy for cryogenic applications,
Science, 345 (6201), pp. 1153-
1158.
3. Zhang, Z., Mao, M., Wang, J.,
Gludovatz, B., Shang, Z., Mao, S.,
George, E., Yu, Q. and Ritchie, R.
(2015), Nanoscale origins of the
damage tolerance of the high-
entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi,
Nature Communications 6, 10143,
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10143.
Neil Canter heads his own
consulting company, Chemical
Solutions, in Willow Grove, Pa.
Ideas for Tech Beat can be
submitted to him at
neilcanter@comcast.net.
15
20 MINUTES WITH
By Rachel Fowler / Associate Editor
Wolfgang Braun
This scientic analyst discusses coatings and bearings.
WOLFGANG BRAUN The Quick File
Wolfgang Braun is an analyst, advanced bearing
analysis, for Schaefer Technologies AG & Co.
KG. He studied physics at the University of
Wrzburg in Germany from 1992-1998. He was
a scientic assistant from 1999-2002 for the
department of physical chemistry at the
University of Erlangen-Nrnberg where he
received his doctorate in natural sciences.
Braun was then a scientic ofcer for the
department for functional materials in
medicine and dentistry from 2003-2006. Since
then he has been in product development at
Schaefer Technologies AG & Co. KG.
TLT: Which aspect of your academic
education is benecial for current
research?
Braun: The focus during my university
time was solid state physics, especially
surface science. So from the beginning
of my scientic work, I had to deal with
surfaces. It was an atomic view. How do
physical vapor deposition (PVD) metal
layers grow? How are their properties
inuenced by the substrate in the case
of very thin layers? How does this
inuence the interaction with small
molecules? This work is documented
in several publications, mainly in Sur-
face Sciencea journal devoted to the
physics and chemistry of interfaces
and in the doctorate theses with the
title Adsorption and Coadsorption of
16 Although heavier elements exist in stars, the heaviest element that may be produced by fusion in a star is: helium, carbon, silicon or iron.
Wolfgang Braun
Small Molecules on Transition Metals
and Ultra Thin Transition Metal Layers.
I extended my knowledge concern-
ing surfaces and coatings during my
work for the department for functional
materials in medicine and dentistry. The
work was focused on PVD-coated titani-
um layers as well as calcium phosphates
It is necessary to combine
developments from
different research areas
and to be open-minded to
break new ground.
deposited by electro-chemical process-
es. This work was published amongst
others at the European Conference on
Biomaterials in 2005 in Sorrento, Italy.
Additionally, engineering services were
provided concerning corrosion, durabil-
ity and heat treatment, retrospectively
important topics for my later work.
TLT: Was the change from academic
to industrial work a great challenge?
Braun: Not at all. For this reason, the
lab for functional materials was ac-
credited, and we offered services for
external customers. Some of these
services also are available at Schaefer
Technologies AG & Co. KG (see Figure
1). The main change was the step into
industrial product development.
TLT: What are your main interests
and key responsibilities in terms of
research and development in your
current role in the industry?
Braun: Since I joined the company, one
of my main tasks and interests is to
look for new technologies and adapt
the suitable ones to enhance our prod-
ucts. It is necessary to combine devel-
opments from different research areas
and to be open-minded to break new
ground. My earlier experience in vari-
ous subjects such as medical technics,
A.

Figure 1 | Schaefer Technologies AG & Co.
KG company logo.
surface science, coatings and quite a
number of analytical methods from
x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to
atomic force microscopy helps a lot.
TLT: What would you describe as the
main developments within bearing
manufacturing in the last 10 years?
Braun: Coatings and other methods to
enhance the properties of acting surface
are strongly increasing. Additional im-
provements concerning manufacturing
precisions are made, and new methods
for quality inspections are implement-
ed. Since 2005 the focus for bearing
improvements was focused more and
more on friction reduction. Thus, the
interaction of the surface and the lu-
bricant is important. Parallel further
developments concerning the models
were essential to understanding the
mechanism in more detail and in mak-
ing much better predictions.
One driving force from market view
was the strong increase of wind energy.
The challenges involved with that, like
large bearings and unspecic load situ-
ations, have lead to investment in test
capacity. Schaefer acts as cutting edge
with our large bearing test rig Astraios.
TLT: What do you think are
the challenges within bearing
manufacturing in the
upcoming years?
Braun: As I mentioned before, challeng-
es include the accuracy for the product
and also for the analytic methods in-
creased. So for further development we
focus more and more on very specic
interaction details, partly depending
strongly on the application parameter.
We can describe that as a shift from the
macroscopic view to a more microscop-
ic or atomic level view. For example,
rst the geometry played the main role
in tribology. Later they focused on the
lubricant by adding additives and mak-
ing further improvements. Up to now,
in electrohydrodynamics theory, the
gradient of velocity is fully pictured in
the oil lm. But more often, also due to
different coatings, we observe different
friction in fully separated surfaces un-
der comparable conditions so that the
question of the interaction of the lubri-
cant with the surfaces gets of interest
(see Figure 2). And from here on it gets
complex because from the surface site,
we have to deal with different material
(chemical) properties and also with
slightly different roughness. On the
other site we have to deal with lubri-
cants. Thereby we often do not know
the exact composition, especially when
additives are included.
We also will see new challenges
from the market. Starting in the au-
tomotive industry with the upcoming
e-mobility and the further reduction
of CO2, the weight of our product is
important. There are two possibilities
to manage that: new hybrid designs re-
Figure 2 | Different friction forces for different surfaces with similar roughness but
different chemistry.
Iron.
ducing the common metal part to the
minimum or high capacity materials
with the possibility for downsizing. But
besides CO2, the whole exhaust emis-
sion is to be improved further; thereby
oil free bearing solution may be asked
for in the future.
These media-lubricated or dry-run-
ning systems also might play a rising
role in other industrial applications like
hydropower.
TLT: What knowledge do you think
would be necessary to solve the
upcoming challenges?
Braun: We need a deeper view of the
interaction between surfaces and lubri-
cants. How the bearing surface is n-
ished may affect the performance. It is
not sufcient to describe the surface by
simple geometric parameters like mean
roughness. Also more sophisticated
descriptions by values of the Abbott
curve will leave a wide scope of differ-
ent characteristics as soon as chemi-
cal properties have to be taken into
account. Besides material and coating
properties, the manufacturing pathway
also can modify the surface chemistry.
17
Due to the process, different strains will remain or the surface
will be activated for favored adhesion partners. If we have the
knowledge to understand these differences and processes, we
can distinguish between the surfaces and are able to create
tailor-made surfaces for each application (see Figure 3).

TLT: Does that mean that one can think about new
manufacturing methods as well?

Braun: In the rst step, we still keep the methods we have, but
to understand their different impact on our product we need
a closer collaboration between the manufacturing units and
the product development. This also leads to the opportunity
of breaking new ground. The result can be that in some cases,
tailor-made products with less or no supplementary cost can
be produced. And on the other side, processes leading to the
desired surfaces can be realized.
Figure 3 | VG 320 oil works well with coated surfaces but bad
TLT: What role can surface engineering, especially with steel surfaces.
nanocomposite coatings, play in enhancing performance,
reliability and durability of bearings in harsh operational
conditions?
teracting systems. The load leads to a certain compression up
Braun: If we talk about oil-free solutions, the surface, for ex- to a certain depth in material. The propagation of these com-
ample, needs to be protected against corrosion. This can be pressions over the intermedia layer will be a challenge for the
done with coatings, but then we have more complicated in- coating adhesion strength, especially if it is highly repetitive.
With nanocomposite coatings, I combine two effects con-
cerning the word nano. First of all, nano is related to the grain
sizes. A very ne grained metal is more robust, the crack
propagation is reduced and stress maxima distributes better.
ACME-HARDESTY Second, some nanoparticle ller, homogeneously distributed,
RENEWABLE, SUSTAINABLE, can affect the material properties strongly. Many improve-
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Fatty Alcohols Fatty Acid Esters energies or best adhesion to special additives.
Fractionated Methyl Esters
Castor Oil & Derivatives:
12 Hydroxy Stearic Acid CO Fatty Acid TLT: As a bearing manufacturer, you can mainly affect
Hydrogenated Castor Oil Ricinoleic Acid the material and the surface, but as you described, the
Methyl 12 Hydroxy Stearate Sebacic Acid
interaction also is necessary to the lubricant, correct?
New Product:
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Braun: Yes, and on to a more atomic view of the process in
Its only Bio.Logical. to contact us: lubricated contacts, a close collaboration to lubricant sup-
(800) 223-7054 acme-hardesty.com pliers also is necessary. A tailor-made bearing also needs a
tailor-made lubricant since we are talking about sophisticated
applications.
For the day-to-day business, we can focus on a few lubri-
cants and optimize our products to the best interaction.

You can reach Wolfgang Braun at w.braun@schaefer.com.

18 APRIL 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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SCHOLARSHIP RESEARCH

The Effect of High Viscosity Index on

Fuel Economy with Bio-Derived Hydraulic Oils
Chris Jaudon*, Robert Jackson* and Tom Gallagher+
*Department of Mechanical Engineering and +Department of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences
Auburn University, Auburn, Ala.

Editors Note: This month TLT proles the 2015 recipient of The E. Richard Booser Scholarship Award,
Chris Jaudon (Auburn University). The Booser scholarship is awarded annually to undergraduate students
who have an interest in pursuing a career in tribology. As a requirement for receiving an STLE scholarship,
students are given the opportunity to participate in a tribology research project and to submit a report
summarizing their research. For more information about the Booser scholarship, visit www.stle.org.
Chris Jaudon is a junior at Auburn University in chemical engineering also pursuing a tribology minor.
The Booser scholarship has allowed him to conduct his research in Dr. Robert Jacksons Mechanical Engi-
neering Tribology Lab. Jaudon is president of Auburns Tribology and Lubrication Sciences student
organization. He also enjoys volunteering his time coaching youth sports in the Auburn community.
Jaudon plans to graduate in May 2017. You can reach him at ctj0008@auburn.edu.

INTRODUCTION
Renewable, biodegradable uids that
can keep up with the increasing de-
mands of friction efciency and wear
protection that are required in the lu-
bricants industry are becoming more
highly sought after. Marine and for-
estry applications help drive this de-
mand because they can be particularly
sensitive to the dangers of mineral
oil lubricant spills. This study aims
to compare new high viscosity index
bio-derived hydraulic uids to more
traditional hydraulic oils on the basis
of lubricity and wear protection. Fluids
that have lower viscosity at cool start
up temperatures, but can maintain
that viscosity to achieve volumetric
efciency and wear protection at high
temperatures improve efciency in hy-
draulic systems.1 High viscosity index
(VI) uids are benecial in lubricating
hydraulic systems because they are able
to maintain their viscosity at high op-
erating temperatures. Recent studies
have shown that very high VI uids can
improve lm formation and friction
characteristics.2 To investigate these
benets this study utilizes ball-on-disk 80 N and a rotational speed of 0.1 m/s
friction tests as well as a fuel economy for two hours. In order to check re-
eld study using the most recent model peatability, each test case was repeated
of a popular industry skidder. The skid- three times.
der is used in the forestry and logging
industry to transport freshly cut logs
to a central location. The combination
of lab and eld measurements allows
for an accurate evaluation of the possi-
bilities of fully formulated bio-derived
lubricants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The hydraulic uids studied were bio-
derived ISO 46 base oils with viscosity
indexes of 223, 204 and 147. These
were tested against the manufacturers
recommended petroleum based oil, an
SAE 10 oil with a VI of 114. A Bruk-
Figure 1 | Bruker UMT used to perform ball-
er-UMT friction testing machine was
on-disk test.
utilized to perform a ball-on-disk test
(see Figure 1). A steel ball was on an
E52100 steel disk. For Stribeck curve This test was also repeated twice at
testing, coefcient of friction data was 100C, but with new uid and ball and
collected for a constant load of 30 N disk samples. A heat lamp that operat-
and rotational speeds ranging from ed on a temperature control maintained
1-400 rpm. The disc was unloaded and the temperature. A Bruker Dektak150
then reloaded with a constant force of stylus prolometer was used to mea-

20 The color of molten sulfur is: yellow, red, blue or silvery white. A.
Figure 2 | Bruker Dektak 150 stylus used to Figure 3 | Average coefcient of friction at 80 N load and 0.1 m/s.
measure disk surfaces.

sure the wear on the surface of each

disk (see Figure 2).



The eld test portion was performed

using a forestry skidder that featured
the most recent technology in that area.
Each hydraulic uid was tested eight

times with each run consisting of 10
approximately half mile laps. The runs 
alternated loaded and unloaded laps to
simulate typical logging operation. The
logs were used consistently throughout
each test and to ensure repeatability
even though weight was lost from bark
and water, the standard was tested at
   
the beginning and end of the runs. Af-
ter each of the eight tests the fuel con-
Figure 4 | Average wear track width in micrometers.
sumption was recorded.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the friction test shown
in Figure 3 indicate the bio-derived


uids are able to outperform or match

the friction performance of the tradi-
tionally engineered product at room
temperature. When the temperature is 

increased to 100C the friction slightly
increases in the standard oil while the 

high VI uids are able to improve fric-
tion performance. At high temperatures
the bio uids maintain more of their
viscosity while it is possible the stan-
dard oil viscosity falls below its optimal
operating range.    
Figures 4 and 5 show the wear
widths and depths that were measured Figure 5 | Average wear track depth in micrometers.

Red. 21


Figure 6 | Plotted wear scar data measured by the prolometer for Figure 9 | Skidder lowering logs after loaded lap.
Bio 1.

    


Figure 7 | Fuel economy average consumption in gallons per minute.

Figure 10 | Skidder pulling logs.

after the ball-on-disk test. Bio uids 1 and 3 fail to achieve

the same wear protection as the standard oil in the room tem-
perature test, but bio uid 3 in particular is able to provide
superior wear protection when the temperature rises to 100C
(see Figure 6). One possible mechanism for this is the extreme
pressure additives inside the bio uid are only activated at the
high temperatures sometimes encountered in the operating
ranges for hydraulic systems.
Figure 7 shows the average fuel consumption, while Fig-
ure 8 presents GPS data that shows the course on which the
skidder pulled the logs (see Figures 9 and 10). The results of
the fuel consumption study are very consistent. Little or no
change in fuel economy occurred when switching between the
different hydraulic oils. There are two possible conclusions to
be drawn from these results. The rst is that the viscosity in-
dex of hydraulic oils does not have an effect on fuel economy.
Figure 8 | Aerial view of skidder course. This conclusion is most likely premature and a more accurate

22 The color that white phosphorus glows when oxidizing is: purple, blue, white or green. A.

Figure 11 | Chris Jaudon operating the skidder.
conclusion would be that fuel economy
is not affected by viscosity index in the
skidder specically. The majority of
the skidders hydraulic system engage-
ment occurs from the operation of the
grapple during the raising and lower-
ing of the logs, which accounts for a
small portion of the fuel consumption
(see Figure 11). Other equipment that
is more hydraulically driven than the
skidder could still see a difference.
CONCLUSION
Overall, this study shows that bio-
derived lubricant technology is on par
with and has the potential to surpass
their traditional counterparts. High VI
uids appear equipped to achieve low
friction and wear at operating temper-
atures. While long-term wear perfor-
mance needs to be further investigated,
from a fuel economy perspective the
bio-derived hydraulic oils can be used
interchangeably with the petroleum
Green.
product. The key is that these new
uids simultaneously provide a more
environmentally responsible option.
The combination of environmental and
tribological benets warrants more use
and investigation of these bio-derived
uids.
REFERENCES
1. Herzog, S., Placek, D., Simko, R.
and Neveu, C. (2002), Predicting
the pump efciency of hydraulic
uids to maximize system per-
formance, SAE Technical Paper
2002-01-1430, DOI:10.4271/2002-
01-1430.
2. Dardin, A., Hedrich, K., Ml-
ler, M., Topolovec-Miklozic, K. et
al. (2003), Inuence of polyal-
kylmethacrylate viscosity index
improvers on the efciency of
lubricants, SAE Technical Paper
2003-01-1967, DOI:10.4271/2003-
01-1967.
23
LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS
Dr. Robert M. Gresham / Contributing Editor

Lifestyle balancing
Better management of your professional and personal lives can
afrm your values while increasing your productivity.

Can Stock Photo Inc. / styf22

THE FIRST TIME I HEARD THE TERM lifestyle balancing I was on a ski trip. One of our
group members, a marketing executive from a large pharmaceutical company, was
talking about this new employee program for their employees. I thought, cynically,
that this was just more corporate feel-good gobbly-gook.
But as I began to think about it, highly effective people do just that. First, by
lifestyle balancing we primarily mean balancing work life and home life. This unfor-
tunately requires a high level of self-discipline, but when you take a look at highly
effective people, that is one trait you can readily identify with and is common to
them all. They have the self-discipline to manage time effectively. This doesnt mean
coming up with some magic percentage break like 40% work, 60% home. Rather,
it involves constantly analyzing the things before you and focusing your time and
intellect toward that which you can manage most effectively.

24 The most abundant metal in the Earths crust is: magnesium, aluminum, silicon or iron. A.
 Harvard Business School used to else. He got to see what life was like
have a so-called mail box test to teach on the job. Sometimes he brought his
managers how to manage their time ef- homework if I knew I was going to stay
fectively (today it would be an email for a while. And we got to spend time
test, I suppose). But heres the idea. together. On the other hand, if he had
Suppose you just came into the of- a soccer game or some other activity
ce at 8 a.m. from a one-week vacation. important to him, I wouldnt hesitate
Your boss comes in and tells you that to leave the ofce a little early to watch
you must give a marketing presenta- him play.
tion to the board at 9 a.m. The phone At halftime during my sons games,
then rings and your plant manager while going to get a hot dog and drink,
tells you there was a re at the plant I might be thinking about work. Once
and one employee was killed this becomes a habit, you al-
and three badly burned. most arent aware you are
The phone rings again doing it. But a word of
and your wife tells A balanced caution: I dont mean
you your son just fell to condone those
down the steps and lifestyle leads to obnoxious people
broke his arm, but the so-called loudly babbling on
the ambulance is their phones in inap-
on the wayyou get productivity propriate places. Nor
the idea. There are no cycle. do I mean constantly
truly right answers, but texting people at work
the key is to identify what while Im supposed to be
you can delegate, what you can watching my son play soccer.
have no measurable impact on, what The point also is when you are doing
only you can do and so forth. Then something, concentrate on that, but
take action. when there is downtime, dont waste
The second key trait is much like that time. The other key here is that all
todays overworked term multitasking this must be in an appropriate balance.
but not necessarily simultaneously. Additionally many companies have
The idea here is to try to keep your jogging trails and exercise rooms so em-
mind reasonably engaged virtually ployees can manage their time as well
at all times. For example, while you as their tness while at workit also
are doing something repetitious like helps to build relationships with other
mowing the lawn, you can be thinking employees, something harder to do
through a presentation you will have to with so much digital communication
make or resolving a family problem and people working from their homes.
not just robotically mowing in circles. Further, I had a friend whose wife had
While driving down the road you can serious back surgery and needed him to
be thinking about resolving a tough help with her recovery. He was able to
customer problem or a problem your set up a special secure computer system
son is having at schoolnot listening so he could work from home yet manage
to talk radio or music. Some people his lab work with his technicians and co-
talk about doing their best thinking workers. This was years before working
while in the showerthats another from home had become commonplace.
good example. So why is lifestyle balancing impor-
Companies can do a lot to make this tant? A balanced lifestyle leads to the
easy for their employees. For example, so-called productivity cycle. The idea
they can make it easier for employees is that if a woman (or man) is doing
to come in on nights and weekends things consistent with her values, she
when there is a need. With my son in will feel good about herself. If she feels
tow, I used to go to the ofce on many good about herself and what she is do-
Saturday mornings while on the way ing, then she will want to do more of
to the hardware store or somewhere it, which makes her more productive.
Aluminum.
Being more productive, as long as it
is consistent with her values, usually
makes a person feel good about herself
and generally more successful.
And so it goes round and round. Life-
style balancing has a lot to do with the
values part of the equation. The values
have to include both work life and home
life. It would be impossible to work for
a company you consider unethical, dis-
honest, crooked or the likeespecially
if they encourage you to behave that
waywell, unless those are your values,
too. Likewise, you cant work effectively
if you feel your family life is paying a
heavy price for you career. Where are
you on the productivity cycle? What
does your lifestyle look like?
Interestingly, STLE plays a role for
its members in the productivity cycle.
Clearly the various industry awards
STLE presents to members increase
their professional standing and should
enhance the individuals feelings about
herself. Serving on various committees
teaches skills in meetings and project
management, which should enhance
a persons sense of contribution and
self-worth, and those same skills can
equally be applied on the job or in an
administrative committee, civic, church
or synagogue activity. Many members
bring their families to the STLE an-
nual meeting and then go on vacation
together afterward, which shows life-
style balancing. Indeed many mem-
bers talk of STLE as a family. Certainly
a highlight of the annual meeting is
the renewal of friendships made over
the years, not only with the individual
member but often, at least in my expe-
rience, with their families as well.
All of this reinforces our collective
values and makes us more effective not
only at home and on the job but intrin-
sically as individuals. I would encour-
age you to get out the scales and see if
you are in balance.
Bob Gresham is STLEs director
of professional development.
You can reach him at
rgresham@stle.org.
25
WEBINARS
Stuart F. Brown / Contributing Editor

Shale energy development

trends and utilization
Hydraulic fracturing is the production
method broadly used in Pennsylvania.

AMIDST ALL THE FRACAS ABOUT FRACKINGOR HYDRAULIC FRACTURING of underground

shale depositsit helps to get an idea of what gas and oil drillers are actually
doing down where the sun doesnt shine.
Shale energy deposits exist in many locations around the world, but so far the
U.S. has led the way in harvesting the rock-bound hydrocarbons. A lot of visitors
make the trip to Pennsylvania these days to see how its done. There lies the vast
Marcellus deposit containing about 500 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of recoverable
natural gas, which is a supply sufcient to provide for the gas needs of the entire
U.S. for 20 years. The Marcellus is the countrys largest producer, putting out
about 35% of the yearly total (see Figure 1).

The Marcellus Shale has an estimated

500 TCF of recoverable gas, a 20-year
supply for the entire US.
Can Stock Photo Inc. / homydesign

Figure 1 | The depth of the Marcellus, the countrys largest producer. (Figure courtesy of Penn State
Universitys Marcellus Center for Outreach and Research.)

26 The lightest metallic element oats on water. This element is: lithium, beryllium, boron or sodium. A.
 MEET THE PRESENTER

This article is based on a Webinar originally presented by STLE University on Nov. 19, 2015. Trends in Shale
Energy Development and Utilization is available at www.stle.org: $39 to STLE members, $59 for all others.
David Yoxtheimer, a registered professional geologist (P.G.), is a hydrogeologist and extension associate
with Pennsylvania State Universitys Marcellus Center for Outreach and Research (MCOR). He also serves as a
liaison to advise stakeholders on key environmental issues.
Prior to joining MCOR, he spent 18 years as a consulting hydrogeologist with expertise in water supply
development, karst hydrogeology, geophysical surveying, environmental permitting, shale energy geology
and integrated water resource management. He earned his bachelors of science degree in earth science from
Penn State University where he is currently completing his doctorate in geosciences.
You can reach Yoxtheimer at day122@psu.edu.
David
D id Yoxtheimer
Y th i

Figure 2 | This cross-sectional drawing shows the anatomy of a typical shale formation. (Figure courtesy of Penn State Universitys Marcellus Cen-
ter for Outreach and Research.)

This presentation draws on a Webi-
nar given on Nov. 19, 2015, by David
Yoxtheimer, hydrologist and extension
associate at the Pennsylvania State Uni-
versitys Marcellus Center for Outreach
and Research, a research organization
focused on shale energy.
To date the Marcellus Shale has
produced 10 or 11 TCF of natural gas,
leaving much more to be recovered
from the remaining reserves. Shale
energy production has shown strong
growth over the past ve years. Run-
ning along a southwest/northeast axis
in the Marcellus is a line known as
the wet/dry gas boundary. There are
220,000 acres of shale to the west of
that line containing methane and also
a liquid natural gas, which includes
ethane, propane and butane, along
with some oil. There are 210,000 acres
of shale east of the wet/dry boundary
containing mostly methane.
Figure 2 shows the anatomy of a

Lithium. 27
Figure 3 | Gas and oil production. (Figure courtesy of Penn State Universitys Marcellus Center for Outreach and Research.)
typical shale well. Multiple strings of
steel casing are each surrounded by a
sheath of specially designed cement
sealant. Such wells go down vertically
until they have reached a depth about
1,000 feet above the shale formation.
At this point special mechanical fea-
tures of the drill bit enable it to make
a transition from drilling vertically to
drilling horizontally.
Once the drill is pointed laterally it
can pierce the shale for a distance of
10,000 or more feet. Sending the bit
sideways for thousands of feet greatly
increases the wells contact with the
reservoir and the amount of hydrocar-
bons it produces.
Efciency is everything to compa-
nies drilling for hydrocarbons. One of
the keys to drilling efciencyespe-
cially in the Marcellus Shaleis for rig
operators to select an underground tar-
get zone that will yield more hydrocar-
bons from the ground per time spent
drilling. Drillers working on the Mar-
cellus deposits like to make the 90-de-
28 APRIL 2016
gree turn from vertical to horizontal
in the lower portion of the shale layer,
where exploration has shown that the
brittleness and porosity of the rock per-
mit drilling more feet per day.
Situated at a lower depth than the
Marcellus Shale and beneath it is the
Utica-Point Pleasant Shale, which
contains an estimated 800 trillion cu-
bic feet of gas and 2.0 billion barrels
of recoverable oil. About 9,000 wells
have been drilled to date in Pennsylva-
nia. The Utica-Point Pleasant Shale is
actually a bigger eld than the Marcel-
lus and could meet U.S. hydrocarbon
needs for 30 years. Lowered gas and oil
prices, however, have reduced explora-
tion spending in these two basins.
Theres a reason the production
method in broad use in Pennsylvania
is called hydraulic fracturing. After a
drill has turned the corner from a verti-
cal to a horizontal path, crews send a
perforating gun down the hole, where
it punches hundreds of dime-sized
openings in the steel casing forming
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
the wells exterior walls. Next the crew
sends water, sand and a mix of chemi-
cals under high pressure down the
well, where it ows outward through
the perforations and forces its way at a
pressure of about 10,000 psi into holes
and cracks in the shale layer, greatly
increasing their surface area. Once the
pumps are shut down, the ow revers-
es with pressurized fracking uid and
new gas and oil owing back up to the
wellhead where it can be captured and
rened into saleable energy products
(see Figure 3).
Technical advances over the past
several years have greatly increased the
productivity of gas and oil wells. A well
that would have produced three million
cubic feet of gas per day a few years
ago can now produce more than 10
million cubic feet today. The trend has
been toward making a greater number
of perforations per foot in well casings.
For a 5,000-foot section of horizontal
well, current practice is to divide it into
about 200 three-foot intervals, each of
W W W. ST L E .O RG
 r P r o j e c t
You
Your focus is our focus. Join our team at STLE 2016
for these engaging technical presentations designed to
address key formulating challenges and enable you to
succeed in your market:
 Improving equipment reliability and uid longevity
with versatile formulation building blocks for gear oils
 Eliminating varnish in gas turbine lubricants with a
game-changing solution
 Lowering friction and enhancing durability in
automotive and industrial gear oil applications
 Optimizing lubricity in synthetic metalworking uids
 Surpassing performance attributes of existing food
grade greases with a novel solution

We at Dow are fully committed to collaborating with you

to enable your formulating success. We specialize in
energy efciency, extended lubricant performance, food
grade solutions, varnish elimination, re resistance, and
environmental acceptability.
Come talk to us at Booth 301 at STLE 2016 and join
the conversation on LinkedIn.

www.dowatstle.com

The DOW Diamond Logo is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company

 Figure 4 | Water use in fracking operations. (Figure courtesy of the EPA Hydraulic Fracturing Study Workplan, Penn State Universitys Marcellus Center
for Outreach and Research.)
which are fractured individually. By
spacing the perforations more closely,
drillers are able to inject a greater vol-
ume of uid and proppant (a special
type of sand) into the shale formation.
As the liquid component of fracking
uid ows back into the well casing
and up to the surface, the sand stays
behind in the fractured zones, holding
the cracks open so that hydrocarbons
can continue to ow out of the shale.
As the landscape above becomes popu-
lated with fewer drilling rigs, hydrocar-
bon output stays the same, thanks to
the large efciency increase the new
methods bring. Its a combination of
longer laterals with more perforation
and fracturing intervals.
Water gets consumed in abundance
during frack drilling (see Figure 4). It
is used at the rate of 1.0 to 1.1 mil-
lion gallons per 1,000 feet of lateral
well completed. In the northeast re-
30 APRIL 2016
gion, surface water is used for fracking,
while groundwater prevails in the west.
Once drillers stop pumping uid down
a fracking well, the pressure release per-
mits uid to begin owing back up the
well and to the surface. These quantities
can range from 5%-50% of the initial
amount of uid originally injected into
the well. Fracking uid additives consist
of 1% or less of the total uid volume.
Fracking operations often rely on
eets of heavy trucks to bring water
to drilling sites where it is mixed with
chemical additives that can include a
friction reducer, a scale inhibitor and a
biocide. A typical well can require about
1,000 truck trips of water. The high cost
of all that trucking has led some drill-
ers to construct local pipelines to carry
water to and from well sites.
At a mountainous Pennsylvania
location, drillers studied the cost of
trucking in all the water needed for
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
fracking about 100 wells and conclud-
ed that it would be about $20 million
when truck fuel and maintenance and
access road upkeep were factored in.
Further study revealed that they could
build a 12 km pipeline through the area
at a much lower cost of about $10 mil-
lion, which was the chosen method. On
jobs such as this one in the Marcellus
basin or in the nearby Appalachian ba-
sin, about 90% of the uids used are
recycled and used on the next fracking
job. In parts of Texas where lots of dis-
posal wells exist, just 10%-20% of the
uid might be recycled with the rest
pumped back in an injection well.
You can reach free-lance
writer Stuart F. Brown at
www.stuartfbrown.com.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
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O 46 registered and pending trademarks appearing in these materials are those of r.t.
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FEATURE ARTICLE
Dr. Nancy McGuire / Contributing Editor

Minding the
metalworking
uids How the right tests,
consistent monitoring
and accurate records
reduce machine down
time and maintenance
costs.

PROPERLY MAINTAINED METALWORKING FLUIDS (MWFS) PROVIDE LUBRICITY,

COOLING, and corrosion inhibition, and they ush chips and other debris
KEY CONCEPTS
away from the work surface. Unlike hydraulic or lubricating uids,
metalworking uids are exposed to the shop environmentthey can
Metalworking operations are
pick up microbes, dust and other contaminants in a way that other
highly individualized
individualiz d and require
req ire a
uids dont. Keeping uids in good shape requires knowing the sources
h h degree of uid customization.
high of performance-limiting problems, knowing how to prevent them and
Water-dilutable uids and straight catching problems in the early stages.
oils need different types of There are numerous ASTM standard test methods covering many of
the condition monitoring protocols used for MWFs, but the real issue
monitoring.
is that the variety of demands on MWFs is greater than those placed
Fluid managers and vendors work on, say, engine lubricants. Its a wide open market, and end-users work
with metal shop staff to match with whatever provides the best performance, says STLE-member Neil
uids to operations
perations and keep Canter, principal at Chemical Solutions in Willow Grove, Pa. He notes
that metal shops rely heavily on longstanding relationships with their
uids in good condition.
uid vendors and management services, which can provide testing
services and recommendations.

32 The only element in the halide family that is a liquid at room temperature and pressure is: chlorine, iodine, uorine or bromine. A.

Can Stock Photo Inc. / sspopov
WATER-DILUTABLE
FLUID WARNING SIGNS
Regular monitoring and maintenance
are especially important for water-
dilutable uids, which are gaining in
popularity. These fluids, which in-
clude synthetics, semisynthetics and
emulsiable (also known as soluble)
oils provide more cooling than straight
oils do (see Oil and Water: Types of Met-
alworking Fluids). Cooling is critical
in high-speed, high-throughput and
high-friction operations. But these u-
ids require consistent monitoring for
levels of antifoam additives, biocides,
corrosion inhibitors, emulsiers and
reserve alkalinity boosters. Some water-
OIL AND WATER: TYPES OF METALWORKING FLUIDS
A wide range of metalworking uids is required for the many different types
of metal alloys and machining operations. Denitions for specic metalwork-
ing uid types can be found in ASTM D2881-12 (2014).1 Machine shops often
use more than one uid to meet their needs.
Straight oils are most commonly used in medium- to heavy-duty machin-
ing such as broaching (an operation that removes a thick layer of metal).
These mineral-based oils may be blended with additives to supplement their
performance. When an application mainly requires lubricity, straight oils do
the job. This is the only metalworking uid type not diluted with water.
On the other end of the spectrum are water-based synthetic uids. These
uids are mainly used for nishing operations like grinding where their
main function is cooling. Synthetic uids provide a small degree of lubricity
through the use of ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymers.
In between are the emulsiable oils and semisynthetic uids. Emulsi-
able oils are based on mineral oils and are used for medium- to heavy-duty
applications requiring lubricity. Unlike the straight oils, they can be diluted
with water to enhance their cooling capabilities. Advantages of these oils
include good cost performance and ease of waste treatment.
Semisynthetics are the most versatile metalworking uids, combining
water and oil base stocks with a variety of additives. These uids are micro-
emulsions that can have an oil content between 5%-50%.2 The versatility of
semisynthetics allows you to use one uid for several applications, adjusting
the amount of water to t the usage.
The type of uid you choose depends on the metal alloy, the machining
operation and the preference of the operator.
Bromine. 33
based uids require checking every day
or two to prevent bacteria and fungus
from taking hold. The primary driver
for condition monitoring (CM) fre-
quency is the metalworking operation.
A given MWF is likely to need more
frequent CM when used in one appli-
cation than in another. For example,
an MWF used for a high-speed, tight
tolerance operation will have more in-
tense CM requirements than the same
uid used for a slower speed operation
producing parts whose nishes and di-
mensions are more forgiving.
Water-dilutable uids are sold as
concentrates and diluted on-site. The
resulting mixture can be 90%-95% wa-
ter, but concentrations can change over
MWFs are exposed to
the shop environment
where they can pick up
microbes, dust and other
contaminants in a way
other uids dont.
time due to degradation, contamination
and water evaporation. Thus, concen-
tration monitoring and topping off are
critical to good operations.
Some shops contract with fluid
management services to keep up with
this, but other companies rely on staff
to perform these services in-house. Best
practice uid maintenance requires
6-10 tests, Canter says, and most of
these are easy to perform. Monitoring
for pH, conductivity, concentration,
total alkalinity, microbes and dirt are
pretty standard, he notes.
Microbial contamination, bacteria
and fungi in particular, is a key concern
with these uids. A sump containing
a water-based MWF that sits idle over
the weekend can smell like a barn full
of rotten eggs on Monday, especially if
it has a lm of tramp oil (hydraulic and
lubricant oils that stray into the sump)
covering the surface and a pile of cast
34 True or false: The most common isotope of hydrogen has no neutrons.
iron chips lining the bottom. This phe-
nomenon, in fact, is sometimes referred
to as Monday Morning Odor (MMO).
However, systems without a trace
of tramp oil also produce MMO. The
mechanism is the same, regardless of
the presence of an oil layer. Microbes
produce a bouquet of foul smelling,
volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
and hydrogen sulde (H2S) continu-
ously. When recirculation pumps are
operating, the MWF is well aerated and
the malodorous molecules are oxidized
before they escape. When systems are
shut down, oxygen in MWF is depleted
quickly, and VOCs and H2S accumulate
in the stagnant MWF. When pumps are
restarted on Monday morning, these
gases escape before they can be oxi-
dized. The result is MMO. It invariably
takes several hours of ventilation and
MWF recirculation to clear the air after
Monday morning gas-release. H2S (rot-
ten-egg odor) is produced by sulfate
reducing bacteria-anaerobic bacteria
that get their energy by reduction sul-
fate to H2S. However, aerobic bacteria
scavenge the oxygen out of the MWF
and thereby create conditions appropri-
ate for aerobic bacteria to grow. Both
aerobes and anaerobes produce waste
metabolites that contribute to the od-
iferous MMO bouquet.
Even a thin lm of hydraulic or lu-
bricating oil can seal off a tankful of
uid from contact with air. This cre-
ates an ideal environment for a diverse
community (recent genetic testing has
shown that MWFs can contain >1,000
different species of microbes) for bacte-
rial growth and biodeterioration activity.
Other signs of a poorly maintained
water-based uid include hard water de-
posits, staining and corrosion of parts
and tools, uid foaming and emulsions
that separate. Tramp oil often contains
antiwear additives (such as zinc dial-
kyldithiophosphates, ZDDPs) that can
demulsify the metalworking uid. Hard
water not only leaves mineral deposits;
it can interfere with emulsiers in much
the same way that it leaves a soap scum
ring around your bathtub. Filters and
conduits can become clogged with metal
chips, dirt and bacterial or fungal colo-
nies. Foaming can become a problem
in high-speed milling operations when
antifoam additive levels drop too low.
STRAIGHT OIL STRATEGIES
Straight oils, commonly used in
heavy-duty machining operations,
are not diluted, but they do contain
various additives. They provide more
lubrication than cooling, but when
they fail to lubricate, friction and heat
buildup can actually cause the oil to
catch re. Under severe conditions,
hot metal chips can weld themselves
to tool tips and manufactured parts.
Straight oils dont have the same
foaming and bacterial problems as wa-
ter-dilutable uids, says STLE-mem-
ber April Stevens, industry manager
for metalworking at Monson, an Azelis
Americas company (formerly Colonial
Specialty Chemicals), a specialty chem-
icals distributing company that focuses
on the lubes, metalworking and grease
markets. However, she continued, you
do get viscosity changes, contamina-
tion from tramp oil and cleaners, oxi-
dation and depletion of EP and lubric-
ity additives. Fluid monitoring involves
measuring additive levels, clarity, color,
copper corrosion and ash point, and
checking for the presence of water.
Richard French, environmental
team leader at Bristol Industries in
Brea, Calif., notes that his companys
operations use mostly straight-oil u-
ids. Bristol, which manufactures nuts
and other fasteners for the aerospace
industry, deals with hard metals, in-
cluding steel, superalloys and titanium.
Their processes include stamping sheet
metal, cold-forming and screw machin-
ing. Were selling a threaded hole, he
says, explaining that the operations
require the heavy-duty performance
characteristics of oil-based uids.
In Bristols 180,000 square foot
building, only about 10 machines use
water-based uids, French says. They
only use about six types of MWFs in
order to control inventory and mini-
mize the complexity that arises from
keeping track of multiple safety and
environmental requirements.
Fluid maintenance at Bristol in-
A.
volves keeping tap life recordshow
many threaded parts can a tap pro-
duce before its performance begins to
decline? A degraded oil provides less
lubricity between the tap and the nut,
causing the tap to work harder and
wearing it down. Tool operators keep
an eye on oil color and watch for signs
of cloudiness, both of which indicate
a buildup of metal particles in the oil.
Vendors promoting new products
are asked to provide a report contain-
ing lab analysis results and summa-
rizing the characteristics of the uid,
French continues. They also are asked
to provide a sample of the uid, which
is tested on one of Bristols machines
to see if it meets the performance stan-
dards required by the operation.
Bristol used about 24,000 gallons of
metalworking uid in 2015 (and dis-
posed of about 14,000 gallons), and its
low-maintenance monitoring routine
seems to work well for the company.
Bristol did have to replace about 4,000 Figure 1 | Cutting uid sprayed on a milling machine. (Photo courtesy of Glenn McKechnie.)
gallons of oil once, French says, when
an oil-handling crew in the plant ac-
cidentally mixed a batch of recycled
high-sulfur oil with the recycled met- at POLARIS Labs headquarters in In- cutting), the speed and throughput of
alworking oil. Lab testing might have dianapolis, Ind. Customers dont want the operations and the properties of the
prevented this problem, but good con- to pay for scrap, he adds. uid itself (see Figure 1).
tainer labeling practices and worker Preventing problems can save mon- Condition-based maintenance not
training are effective as well. ey by letting you use uids, especially only saves money, but it helps prevent
Bristol contracts with a uid man- water-dilutable uids, longer before over- or under-treating uids, says Pa-
agement company that helps it keep having to replace them, explains Ste- pacek. For example, adding too much
current on uids with better perfor- vens. She notes that keeping bacteria antifoam can actually increase the
mance and a longer run life, as well as and fungus at bay requires regular amount of foam. Some additives affect
complying with environmental regula- monitoring of additive concentrations the pH of the solution, so if you over-
tions. French noted that the company (some additives serve as nutrients to treat, you could damage the surface
requests fluids without chlorinated microbes) and pH levels. Tramp oil not nish of the parts you make. Surface
parafns, which pose a waste disposal only promotes bacterial growth, but it nish is usually a principal concern
problem. (Editors note: For more on also can break down metalworking for machined parts, he notes.
the EPAs ruling on chlorinated paraf- uid emulsions. Letting uid problems Keeping an eye on things, includ-
ns, see the special industry report in get out of hand can reduce tool life and ing keeping good records, prevents you
the March 2016 TLT.) cause health problems for shop work- from disposing of a uid before the end
ers, she says. of its operational lifetime, but it also re-
WHY MONITOR? Regular uid monitoring and test- veals developing trends that could force
Regular and consistent monitoring ing is a key element of condition-based you to replace the uid earlier than
of MWFs can help you spot deterio- maintenance. Rather than topping off usual. A batch of uid that requires
ration in the early stages, so you can additives and replacing uid batches on more and more frequent topping off of
head off a potential problem before a a xed schedule, these steps are taken the additives, or one where the addi-
batch of defective parts forces you to when the uid requires it. This varies tives do not stay emulsied in the uid,
shut down operations to correct the based on the nature of the metal (e.g., might be an indication that the uid is
problem, says STLE-member Jason steel versus aluminum or titanium), the reaching the end of its useful life.2
Papacek, director of technical services type of operation (grinding, forming, Testing new uids gives you an idea

True. 35
of how they are going to performhow
much water hardness or tramp oil they
will withstand, for example. Much of
this information is available from the
uid manufacturer, but metalworking
operations tend to be highly individual-
ized, and each operation introduces its
own variables into the mix.
WHO DOES THE TESTING?
Because metalworking uids rely heav-
ily on proper maintenance, lab and on-
site testing is an important factor in
keeping the process in control, says Pa-
pacek. Metalworking uids tend to be
specialized, and their applications are
highly process- and site-dependent. Us-
ers customize the component balance
and additives to their own processes,
and they often do their testing on-site,
he says.
Commercial testing laboratories
generally turn samples around in one
to ve business days, depending on
how routine and complex the tests are.
A concentration by refractometer or
pH test might take just moments; mi-
crobial culture tests (bacteria, fungus,
mold) will take longer as it takes time
to grow the microbial colonies.
Some tests can be done in the metal
shop, using paper test strips, premade
test kits or handheld devices. For very
small operations, a visual (and odor) in-
spection of the sump could be sufcient.
Larger sumps or central systems might
require monitoring every day or two.
Large operations maintain in-house
labs, complete with uid experts on
staff, for more sophisticated testing and
troubleshooting. Manufacturing op-
erations have high throughput, which
makes it worthwhile to have an in-house
lab for quick feedback, notes Papacek.
Independent testing labs routinely
augment lubricant test reports with
recommendations based on the data.
However, for MWF samples, they pro-
vide only the test data, Papacek says.
Metalworking uid testing represents a
small part of POLARIS Labs business,
and most of the labs metalworking
customers are end-users, rather than
metalworking fluid manufacturers,
who have their own labs. Some end-
36 APRIL 2016
Figure 2 |
A compact
pH meter.
(Photo courtesy
of www.lodi.gov/
Storm_Drain_De-
tectives.)
users send in troubleshooting samples
when theres a problem, but others send
monthly or quarterly check samples to
validate results from their in-house
laboratories and eld tests.
Fluid distributing companies often
offer testing services, but Stevens and
Papacek agree that this aspect of the
business is shrinking as oil distributors
move out of the metalworking uids
market. Canter concurs, noting that
many high-speed machining operations
require the cooling that water-dilutable
uids provide. Because these uids are
sold as concentrates, their performance
depends in part on factors introduced
by the end-user, including water quali-
ty, dilution levels, specialized additives,
reactive metal residues and tramp oil
contamination.
Figure 3 | Person pouring a fruit juice
WHAT DO YOU TEST? sample onto a refractometer plate.
The level of sophistication of your uid (Photo courtesy of Lyza at
testing regimen depends on the size www.ickr.com/photos/lyza/.)
and throughput of your operation and
the specic requirements of the metals,
processes and uids you deal with. (See
Reference 3 for a comprehensive review of has gotten out of control.
metalworking uid properties and testing.) Handheld refractometers are a rela-
Fluid testing can be as simple as dip- tively inexpensive and easy way to
ping a paper pH test strip into the sump determine concentrate levels in uids
and matching the color change against a that are diluted with water (see Figure
reference chart, although handheld pH 3). Numerical readings from the refrac-
meters give you more precise readouts tometer are multiplied by a uid-specif-
with almost the same speed and ease of ic factor provided by the uid manufac-
use (see Figure 2). When pH readings turer. This factor is sometimes modied
fall below about 8.5, it is typically a to account for practical experience in
clear indication that microbial activity the shop.
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All trademarks used herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of Exxon Mobil Corporation or one of its subsidiaries unless otherwise noted.

Figure 4 | A turbidimeter that tracks changes in uid clarity.
(Photo courtesy of www.lodi.gov/Storm_Drain_Detectives.)
Particle counters can stave off problems with metal chips
and nes, as well as dirt and dust. Particles larger than 10 mi-
crons can clog lters and recirculating systems, and particles
smaller than 10 microns destabilize emulsions. Some particle
counters can measure particles as small as a few tenths of a
micron across.
Dip slidespaddle-shaped devices with a coating of agar
or other microbial culture medium on one endare the sim-
plest means of microbial testing. As the name suggests, you
dip them into the uid. Afterward, you allow the slides to
incubate and count the microbial colonies. Simple micro-
bial colony counts can be done at an in-house lab, but you
might have to send samples out for more sophisticated tests
including adenosine triphosphate measurement by enzymatic
luminescence spectros-
copy (ASTM Test Method
E2694), measurement of
dissolved oxygen (DO)
The time you invest in testing is much less
and catalase testing. The than the time you spend xing problems.
data can then be used in
time to guide preventive
action. Taking samples requires some basic user training
you have to be careful not to cross-contaminate samples.
Samples should be taken from a sampling or drain valve or
obtained by dipping an unused bottle more than ve centi-
meters below the surface of the bulk uid.
EP additives contain sulfur, chlorine and phosphorus com-
pounds, Stevens says. Tests for these components are more dif-
cult to do on-site, but you can send samples to a testing lab
or your metalworking uid supplier for tests.
Large-scale operations and manufacturers that develop and
benchmark new metalworking uids rely on in-house or com-
mercial testing laboratories to identify and quantify specic
chemical components of a uid or its contaminants. Titration
methods can provide precise information on reserve alkalin-
38 Which of the following elements is an alkali metal: sodium, calcium, carbon, zinc or platinum?
ity levels and mineral components in the water, including
hard water cations (calcium and magnesium). Conductivity
measurements test for electrolytes (e.g., chloride ions) that
can lead to corrosion problems.
Testing labs also can identify nitrogen-containing com-
pounds, including amines, amides and ammonium salts that
come from oxidation inhibitors, emulsiers, surfactants, pH
buffers, biocides and microbial activity. Relatively benign nitro-
gen compounds can be transformed into toxic or carcinogenic
compounds under high heat and pressure conditions, so uid
developers keep an eye on them using chemical analysis.
Spectrometers provide ultra-precise monitoring of color
changes (a sign of possible microbial or tramp oil contami-
nation or uid degradation). Turbidimeters track changes in
uid clarity, an early warning signal of particulate contamina-
tion or emulsion breakdown (see Figure 4). Viscometry keeps
tabs on lubricity changes in straight oils. The effectiveness of
corrosion inhibitors can be monitored using standardized cast
iron chips (ASTM method D4627).
Tramp oil levels can be measured using an acid split test
to separate the oil and water phases of an emulsion. This test
procedure enables end-users also to determine how much free
oil (oating on top of the MWF) and entrained oil are present.
HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The motivation for good uid maintenance is mostly econom-
ic, says Stevens. However, worker safety and environmental
issues also factor in.
From an environmental standpoint, the fact that microbes
nd water-based uids tasty can actually be a benetthats
what biodegradability is all about. However, you dont want
the biodegradation process to start until you nish using the
uid, so monitoring and maintaining biocide levels helps
keep microbe levels under
control.
Despite all scientific
evidence to the contrary,4
ofcials with the U.S. EPAs
Ofce of Pesticides Pro-
grams, and consequently
MWF formulators and end-users, are perennially concerned
about hexahydro-1,3,5-tris (2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine and
other biocides. However, regulations limit the ingredients that
can be used to manufacture the uids, which eases the burden
on end-users.
It is commonly (and erroneously) believed that dermatitis
(one of the most common worker safety problems) is caused
by bacteria and fungi growing in the uids. Prof. E.O. Ben-
nett did a substantial amount of work testing this erroneous
theory and found that irritant contact dermatitis was invari-
able a reaction of the skin to various chemicals, and was not
caused by microbial infection. Conditions that are unfriendly
to skin are excessive MWF concentrations, high pH or alkalin-
ity, contaminants (e.g., cleaners and tramp oils) or overuse
A.
of additives (e.g., microbicides or rust users have good machine enclosures the uids condition and performance.
preventives). Certain dissolved metals and mist collectors to keep the problem Fluid testing can help prevent over-
also can cause dermatitis. Numerous contained. In the end, the best preven- treatment as well as under-treatment by
microscopic cuts and abrasions caused tive measure is good personal hygiene. giving an accurate picture of additive
by metal particles in MWFs can ren- levels over time.
der workers susceptible to irritation. WORTH THE EFFORT The result is fewer defective parts,
Allergic reaction to one or more MWF Diligent MWF monitoring and mainte- longer tool life, less waste disposal
component molecules can result in al- nance more than makes up for the time and better working conditions for
lergic contact dermatitis. and expense it requires. The time you employees.
Even uids in good condition can invest in testing is much less than the
cause skin irritation, however. Addi- time you spend xing problems, says
tive concentrates for water-containing Canter.
uids tend to be highly alkaline, and In addition to heading off problems Nancy McGuire is a free-lance
some coolants can irritate skin. Protec- in the early stages, testing can extend writer based in Silver Spring,
tive gloves, hand creams and protective the amount of time you use a uid by Md. You can contact her at
clothing can counteract this. Most end- basing the replacement schedule on nmcguire@wordchemist.com.

REFERENCES
1. Please see ASTM D2881-12 (2014) at www.astm.org/Standards/D2881.htm.
2. Development of Guidelines for Using and Maintaining Metalworking Fluids, White paper sponsored by STLE, May 2008, by Neil Canter.
3. Brinksmeier, E., Meyer, D., Huesmann-Cordes, A.G. and Herrmann, C. (2015), Metalworking uidsMechanisms and performance, CIRP Annals
Manufacturing Technology, 64 (2), pp. 605-628. DOI: 10.1016/j.cirp.2015.05.003 (open access).
4. Passman, F., Canter, N., Rotherham, R., Byers, J. and Eachus, A. (2016), MWF biocides part II: Science vs. ction, TLT, 72 (3), pp. 46-57.

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Sodium. 39
PEER-REVIEWED

The Inuence of Total Acid Number of Ester Oil

in Tribological Behavior of DLC Contacts
JINZHU TANG,1,2 QI DING,1 GUANGAN ZHANG,1 and LITIAN HU1
1
State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
2
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China

Manuscript received Nov. 24, 2014

Manuscript accepted Feb. 21, 2015
KEY WORDS
Review led by Gary Doll Solid Lubrication Wear; Boundary Lubrication; Biodegradable Oils; Acidity; Oxidative
STLE Degradation

Editors Note: While it may be
quite common for a condition
monitoring program to include
acid number as parameter for
conrming oxidation of a uid,
it is relatively unknown that
this parameter also may hint
changes to the coefcient of
friction. This months Editors
Choice paper investigates
such changes with steel and
diamond-like carbon coat-
ings using a biodegradable
synthetic ester lubricant. The
ndings show a denite bias
that is dependent on the two
materials in contact, which
supports the need for differ-
ent additive technologies to
suit.
Evan Zabawski, CLS
Editor
ABSTRACT
The synergetic lubrication effects between diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings and lu-
bricating oils have draw much attention for the past decades, and promising results have
been reported between DLC and biodegradable synthetic ester, which might be a potential
solution in energy conservation and environmental protection. However, the challenges lie in
that the synthetic ester oils exhibit lower oxidation stability than the hydrocarbon oils and
are prone to produce organic acids in the aging process. Thus, investigating the tribologi-
cal behavior of DLC coating in acidied ester oil is meaningful to the long-term reliability
of ester-lubricated DLC contacts. In this article, the friction and wear behavior of DLC
DLC, DLC/steel, and steelsteel contacts in acidic ester oils with different total acid values
(TANs) is systematically studied. It was found that acidication of ester oil showed certain
benecial tribological effects for the self-mated steel and DLC contacts but could cause severe
wear loss on steel counterparts with a special polished appearance for steelDLC hybrid
contacts. By focusing on the properties of the tribolm formed on the contact surfaces, a
possible tribological mechanism was discussed. Finally, it was proposed that the steelDLC
contacts exhibited low tolerance to organic acids and thus the additives that could dissipate
the produced organic acids are a critical component in lubricating oils that were tailored
for the steelDLC contacts.
INTRODUCTION
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are well known for their excellent tribological
properties and thus have been widely used in various mechanical systems, including
automobile engines and rolling bearings (Franklin and Baranowska (1); Kalin, et al.(2)).
Because DLC-coated surfaces are usually lubricated by oils or greases, the compatibility
and effectiveness of lubricants on DLC are crucial for the performance of mechanical
systems. Accordingly, for the past decades, studies have focused on the reactivity of
DLC with traditionally additives, such as zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate and molybdenum
dithiocarbamate, investigating possible reaction products and their effects on tribologi-
cal performance (Topolovec-Miklozic, et al. (3); Mistry, et al. (4), (5); Equey, et al. (6);

40 Which of the following elements is a halogen: potassium, aluminum, carbon, oxygen or chlorine? A.
Gangopadhyay, et al. (7); Vengudusamy, et al. (8); de Barros
Bouchet, et al.(9); Kalin and Vizintin(10)).
On the other hand, environmental concerns over the use
of petroleum-based products and traditional additives con-
taining S and P have led to increased interests in biodegrad-
able lubricants and additives, and relative research about the
synergetic effects between DLC and environmental friendly
lubricants has been conducted (Minami, et al. (11); Simic, et
al. (12); Kano, et al. (13); Jia, et al. (14); Tasdemir, et al. (15);
Kano (16); De Barros Bouchet, et al. (17); Bobzin, et al. (18);
Bouchet, et al. (19); Simic and Kalin (20), (21); Kalin, et al.
(22); Kalin and Simic (23); Makowski, et al. (24); Habchi, et
al. (25); Matta, et al. (26)). A series of compounds containing
OH or COOH were investigated, including glycerol mono-
oleate, glycerol, acetic acid, lactic acid, alcohols, synthetic
ester, and some vegetable oils. Promising alternatives to tra-
ditional lubricants for DLC contacts were reported, such as
glycerol mono-oleate and trimethylolpropane ester.
However, biodegradable synthetic esters show lower sta-
bility than the hydrocarbon oils and are prone to produce
organic acids due to oxidation, aging, and hydrolysis during
storage, transportation, and utilization (The vegetable oils
originally have a large amount of fatty acids.) For instance,
Ashraful, et al. (27) found that the total acid number (TAN)
values increased proportionately with storage time. The TAN
values for pure palm oil methyl ester, jatropha methyl es-
ter, and coconut oil methyl ester increased from about 1.0
to about 3.0 mg KOH/g during the 12-week storage period
at room temperature. Similar results were also obtained by
Obadiah, et al. (28). According to ASTM D4625 (30C/50
weeks), they found the TAN of Pongamia biodiesel rose up
to 6 mg KOH/g. High temperature could also accelerate the
acidication of ester oil. After oxidizing at 150C for 60 h,
Wu, et al. (29) found that the synthetic ester oil would be
highly acidied with increased TAN values from 0.04 up to
13.24 mg KOH/g. Furthermore, they found that the tribologi-
cal properties of the ester oil were signicantly inuenced by
the produced organic acids for steel contacts. Thus, investigat-
ing the inuence of organic acids on the tribological behavior
of DLC contacts is meaningful for the long-term use of the
DLC contacts in synthetic ester oils.
Recently, a series of studies on the adsorption mechanisms
and tribological effects of fatty acid on DLC were reported
by Simic, et al. (12), and Simic and Kalin (20), (21). They
conrmed that fatty acids could adsorb chemically and physi-
cally on DLC surfaces to create a protective layer, as they did
on steel. However, the acid concentration in their study was
so low ()0.67 wt%) that the oil acidity is much lower than
typical acidity of highly oxidized ester oil as reported by Wu,
et al. (29). Moreover, the contacts used in their study were
self-mated steel and DLC contacts to verify the actual reactiv-
ity of the DLC coating. However, in practice, the DLC/metal
contacts are the most used mating combination in mechani-
cal system such as a DLC-coated bucket tappet with a steel
cam and a DLC-coated piston ring with a steel cylinder in
Chlorine.
an engine system. Thus, systematic works are still needed to
comprehensively study the friction and wear behavior of dif-
ferent DLCsteel mating combinations in acidied ester oils
with a wider range of acidity. Then it be possible to provide
guidelines to adopt the best coating and lubrication strategy
for mechanical systems, especially those for which high reli-
ability and long service life are the major concerns.
In this article, a systematical study on the effects of organic
acids on the tribological performance of different DLCsteel
mating combinations is reported. A series of synthetic ester
oils with different TAN values were prepared to simulate the
different degrees of degradation of the ester oil. By focusing
on the material characteristics of the formed tribolm on DLC
and steel, the special friction and wear behavior of DLC/steel
contacts are discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL
Material Preparation and Characterization
In this study, tribological tests were performed using a ball-
on-disk testing conguration. Both the balls and disks were
coated with DLC coatings. The balls were commercially avail-
able, standard bearing steel balls (AISI 52100) with a diameter
of 6 mm, a hardness around 850 HV, and a surface roughness
of Ra )0.03 +m. The disks were bearing steel (AISI 52100)
disks, which were ground and polished to a nal roughness Ra
of 0.02 +m (measured with a prolometer). Some of the steel
disks were used as steel specimens in the tribological tests,
and some were further coated with DLC through a commer-
cial UDP650 magnetron sputtering deposition system (Teer
Coatings Ltd., UK). The deposited DLC coatings were non-
hydrogenated DLC without dopping elements. After tting
the Raman spectra of the as-deposited DLC according to
Ferrari and Robertson (30), the G peak position was around
1550 cm-1 and the ID/IG ratio was around 1.0, which gave the
sp3 content around 12% in the prepared DLC coating. A thin
Cr interlayer was deposited to enhance the adhesion between
the DLC and steel substrates.
The basic properties of the deposited DLC coating are
listed in Table 1.
The inuence of ester structure on the boundary lubrica-
tion of DLC coatings is still less clear and esters with com-
plex molecular structures are not easily puried. Thus, for
TABLE 1THE BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DEPOSITED DLC
COATING
Item Properties
Substrate AISI 52100 bearing steel
Coating method Physical vapor deposition (PVD)
Thickness (mm) 2.0
Surface roughness, Ra (nm) 14 5
Hardness (GPa) 16
Youngs modulus (GPa) 900 50
sp3 Content Around 12%
41
simplicity, the base oil used in this study was chosen from the
group of monoesters with a straight-chain structure. For the
monoesters, long chains are needed to ensure enough viscos-
ity and low volatility for the tribological tests, and the oleic
acid esters could be in liquid state at room temperature due
to the unsaturated structure. Therefore, n-butyl oleate with
a viscosity of 6.8 mm2/s at 40C was chosen as the base oil
rather than diesters or polyol esters. To simulate the different
degrees of degradation of the base oil, oleic acid was added
at a series of concentrations of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 wt%, which
corresponded to the TAN values of 1.99, 5.96, 9.93, 13.90,
and 17.87 mg KOH/g.

Tribological Test
Boundary lubrication friction tests were carried out using a
reciprocating ball-on-disk friction tester (UMT-2MT, CETR)
at room temperature (2427C) and in open air (relative hu- Figure 1 | Friction coefcients of steelsteel, steelDLC, and DLC
midity of 2040%). A load of 15 N was applied through a DLC contacts for different TAN values.
stationary loading system, which resulted in an initial average
Hertzian contact stress of about 1.0 GPa. The sliding stroke
was 5 mm and the frequency was 5 Hz, which provided 0.05
m/s of relative contact velocity. The theoretical minimum lm
thickness (hmin) and dimensionless lambda (h) ratio were
calculated using Eqs. [1] and [2]. The calculated h parameter
was 0.04, which states that the lubrication regime was bound-
ary lubrication(h < 1).

 
hmin U h 0:68  0 0:49  w  0:073  
0 D 3:63 0 00 aE 1 e 0:68k [1]
R ER E0 R0 2

hmin
D q ; [2]
Rq1 2 C Rq2 2

where R' is the reduced radius of curvature, U is the entrain-

ing surface velocity, W is the normal load, E' is the reduced
Youngs modulus, do is the dynamic viscosity, _ is the pres-
sureviscosity coefcient, Rq1 is the surface roughness of the
ball, and Rq2 is the surface roughness of the disc.
The test duration was 45 min, resulting in a total sliding
distance of 135 m for each experiment. All experiments were
repeated three to ve times to ensure statistically relevant
results and the average values are presented in Figure 1 and
Figure 2. The same amount of oil, about 0.2 ml, was spread on
the disk before the mating surfaces were brought in contact,
and no additional oil was supplied to the contact after start-
ing the experiment.
To investigate the inuence of paired materials, three mat-
ing combinations were designed; that is, steelsteel, steel
DLC, and DLCDLC combinations. In the steelDLC com-
bination, the steel specimen was always the upper ball. The
worn volumes were measured by a MicroXAM 3D proler
(ADE Phase-Shift). The specic wear rate coefcient K was
calculated for the ball using the equation by Archard and
Hirst: K = V /FS, where V is the wear volume, F is the normal
Figure 2 | Wear rates of the disks in steelsteel, steelDLC, and
DLCDLC contacts for different TAN values.
load, and S is the total sliding distance. The worn surfaces of
the steel ball were observed by an optical microscope. Micro-
Raman spectroscopy (Lab JY.HR800, Horiba, with 532 nm
laser excitation) was used to evaluate structural changes in
DLC coatings after tribological tests.
RESULTS
Friction and Wear
The coefcients of friction (COFs) and the average wear rates
for three material combinations at each TAN value are pre-
sented in Figures 1 and 2. As shown in Figure 1, for all tested
liquid lubricants, the COFs of steelDLC contacts were the
highest, and the ones for DLCDLC contacts were the lowest.
Additionally, quite different behaviors can be observed as

42 Which of the following elements is a transition metal: sodium, magnesium, aluminum, manganese or lead? A.
Figure 3 | Variation in COF with respect to time for (a) steelsteel, (b) steelDLC, and (c) DLCDLC.
a function of TAN values for the different materials combina-
tions. For steelsteel contacts, the COF was approximately
0.10 under the lubrication of the original ester oil. When
oleic acid was added, the COF was gradually decreasing with
an increase in TAN values. At 17.87 mg KOH/g, the COF was
lowered to 0.08, which was about 15% lower than that with
base oil alone. In steelDLC contacts, the coefcient of fric-
tion with just the base oil being used was approximately 0.10.
Adding a small amount of oleic acid (1 wt%, 1.99 mg KOH/g)
could slightly reduce the friction. However, a further increase
in TAN values would raise the COF as shown in Figure 1. In
DLCDLC contacts, the COF was approximately 0.07 under
the lubrication of the base oil, and across the whole range
of additive concentrations the COFs for DLCDLC contacts
remained at around 0.07, exhibiting weak dependences on
acid concentration. The observed trends of the TAN values
and friction coefcients for DLCDLC pairs are similar to
previous studies (Simic and Kalin (21)).
The relationship between the TAN values and the aver-
age wear rates of the disks is presented in Figure 2. It can
be observed that the DLC coatings, whether paired with a
steel ball or DLC-coated ball, exhibited much better antiwear
performance than the steel in both the original ester oil and
acidic ester oil. Additionally, the addition of oleic acid shows
nearly no inuence on the wear rate of steel or DLC at 1.99
mg KOH/g. However, with the increased TAN values, the wear
rates show obviously different variation trends for different
material combinations. For steelsteel contacts, the wear rates
were drastically increased to around 4.4 10-8 mm3.(N.m)-1
when the TAN values were above 5.96 mg KOH/g. These re-
sults show that the high TAN values could effectively decrease
the friction but result in high wear rate for the traditional
steelsteel contacts.
In steelDLC contacts, the average wear rate of the DLC
disks was approximately 1.2 10-8 mm3.(N.m)-1 in the origi-
nal ester oil, which was higher than that of the DLC disk in
DLCDLC contacts (8 10-9 mm3.(N.m)-1). However, adding
the oleic acid could effectively lower the wear loss of DLC in
the steelDLC contacts. At a TAN value of 17.87 mg KOH/g,
Manganese.
the value of the wear rate could be reduced to 4.7 10-9 mm3.
(N.m)-1, which was about 60.8% lower than that in original
ester oil alone and was even lower than that of DLCDLC
contacts under the same conditions. In DLCDLC contacts,
similar to the COFs, the wear rates showed a weak depen-
dence on TAN values, and only a slight reduction in wear rate
could be observed when the TAN values increased from 1.99
to 17.87 mg KOH/g.
Figure 3 shows the COF variation with respect to time
for the three contacts. It was found that the acidication of
ester oil shows less impact on friction evolution for DLCDLC
contacts than that for steelsteel contacts. The COF curves
of DLCDLC contacts in original and acidied oil exhibited
nearly the same evolution process, which increased from 0.05
gradually to 0.07 after the running-in process. The running-
in process may be correlated with the wear of DLC contacts.
After a period of wear, the DLC-coated ball and DLC disks
may reach a stable contact area and thus a stable COF. Because
the oleic acid showed a slight inuence on the wear of DLC
coating (Figure 2), similar COF evolutions were observed for
DLC contacts in original and highly acidied oil.
Surface Analysis
Figure 4 shows microscopic images of wear scars on the
counterball for the steelsteel, steelDLC, and DLCDLC
contacts lubricated with ester oil at various TAN values. It is
seen that in steelsteel and DLCDLC contacts, increasing the
TAN had little effect on the diameter of wear scars, whereas
in steelDLC contacts an obvious increase in the wear scar
diameter could be found when the TAN was increased.
It is noteworthy that an increase in TAN could result in
morphological changes in the wear scars. For steelsteel con-
tacts, the highly adhesive wear character is clearly depicted in
Figure 4a. However, such phenomenon was eliminated at high
TAN values, and the wear surface exhibited a microgroove
morphology. For steelDLC contacts, in original ester oil, mi-
crogrooves dominated in the wear scar on the steel ball that
was paired with the DLC-coated disks. At lower TAN values,
some smooth areas could be found in the center of the wear
43

Figure 4 | Optical images of wear surfaces of balls for different frictional pairs: (a) steel
steel, (b) steelDLC, and (c) DLCDLC.
scar as seen in Figure 4b. At high TAN
values, an enlarged wear scar could be
observed with an extremely smooth
surface. For DLCDLC contacts, the
appearance of the worn surface did
not change with increased TAN, and
the wear damage remains at a very low
level.
Figure 5 presents the 3D surface
images and prole curves of the wear
44 Which of the following elements is a noble gas: hydrogen, helium, oxygen, uorine or phosphorous?
tracks on the disks for three contact
combinations, when lubricated with
base oil and oil with a TAN value of
9.93 mg KOH/g. As shown in Figure
5a, the prole curve of the wear tracks
for steelsteel combination in original
ester oil is rough with wide protruding
peaks on the steel surface, which might
be due to the material transfer, plastic
ow by shear, and aggregation of wear
debris, showing a typical adhesive wear
mechanism. However, as can be seen
from Figure 5b, in acidic oil, the wear
track prole changed from wide, pro-
truding peaks to narrow, deep grooves,
which is characteristic of abrasive wear.
As shown in Figure 5c, for steelDLC
contacts, severe abrasive wear occurred
on the DLC in original ester oil, as evi-
denced by some deep grooves on the
wear tracks. However, in the acidic oil,
such abrasive wear could be effectively
relieved as shown in Figure 5d. From
Figures 5e and 5f, it can be seen that
the wear of disk in DLCDLC contacts
was the lowest compared to other two
combinations. The sliding track was
very smooth, with small signs of abra-
sive wear in the sliding direction.
Raman Analyses of Worn Surfaces
Raman spectroscopy is recognized as a
convenient way to obtain the detailed
bonding structure of DLC lms. Figure
6 shows the Raman spectra obtained
from the as-deposited DLC and wear
track after sliding tests in the original
ester oil and acidic oil. All of the spec-
tra show a broad band between 1100
and 1750 cm-1, typical of amorphous
carbon. The obtained spectra were de-
convoluted by the BWF C Lorentzian
pair into two main Raman bands, one
located at 1550 cm-1 (G band) and
the other at 1360 cm-1 (D band). The
program FITYK was applied for peak
tting using the LevenbergMarquardt
algorithm for nonlinear least-squares
optimization. Figure 7 summarizes the
tting results of G peak position and
the ID/IG ratio.
In Figure 7, it can be observed that
the G peaks shift to higher frequencies
and the ID/IG values increase for all
DLCs lubricated by original ester oil,
which correlates with graphitization.
It can be observed that the G peaks
shift to higher frequencies with the in-
creased ID/IG ratio for both steelDLC
and DLCDLC contacts lubricated by
base oil, implying that the DLC coat-
ing graphitized during friction in base
oil. Additionally, it is noteworthy that
the graphitization degree of DLC in
steelDLC contacts is higher than that
A.
in self-mated DLC contacts. Compared
to original oil, it is shown that the DLC
coatings lubricated by acidic ester oil
experience a lower graphitization pro-
cess for both DLCsteel and DLCDLC
contacts. However, it is interesting to
nd that in DLCDLC contacts, the
DLC coating exhibited a lower degree
of graphitization after friction than the
as-deposited DLC, indicated by the
lowest G peaks position and the ID/IG
ratio. This means that the DLC struc-
ture at the topmost of the contact sur-
face may experience a de-graphitization
process; that is, the bonding structure
transforms from sp2 to sp3 in acidic
oil, which is distinctively contrary to
the conventional understanding of
structural variation tendencies of DLC
materials during friction under oil lu-
brication or dry conditions.

DISCUSSION
SteelSteel
According to the existing lubrication
mechanisms for fatty acids, the carbox-
yl group in oleic acid molecules could
be chemically and physically adsorbed
onto the steel surface to form orderly
and closely packed molecular multilay-
ers, preventing direct contact between
frictional pairs (Simic and Kalin (21)).
Furthermore, a tribochemical reaction
may occur between fatty acids and
the fresh metal surface, resulted in
Figure 5 | Noncontact 3D surface proler images and prole curves of the wear tracks on
a metallic soap layer with low shear disks in (a), (b) steelsteel, (c), (d) steelDLC, and (e), (f) DLCDLC contacts, when lubricated
strength, which is in favor of friction with original ester oil (a), (c), and (e) and acidic ester oil with TAN values of 13.90 mg KOH/g
reduction. (b), (d), and (f).
In original ester oil, the boundary
lubrication lm is formed by physi-
cal adsorption. The formed boundary the wear mechanism of the steelsteel DLCDLC
lm can be easily removed from a solid contacts changes from adhesive wear to As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the
surface. Once the boundary lubricant abrasive wear after the addition of oleic coefcient of friction of the DLCDLC
layer is broken down, the steel disc and acid. Additionally, a higher concentra- contacts was not affected by the pres-
steel ball directly contact, which eas- tion of oleic acid could accelerate the ence of the oleic acid at the considered
ily leads to cold-welding and adhesion formation and increase thickness of the TAN, and the wear of the DLC de-
under sliding condition. Acidication metallic soap layer. Thus, an increase in creased slightly with increased TAN.
of original oil leads to the formation of TAN could result in a lowered COF as Similar trends were also found by Simic
a boundary lm of acid molecules with shown in Figure 1. However, due to the and Kalin (21). As seen from the non-
higher adhesion strength, which weak- low shear strength, the metallic soap contact 3D surface proler images of
ens the adhesion effects between steel layer will be rubbed away during slid- the wear tracks for the DLCDLC com-
contacts. Moreover, the formation of ing and continuously reformed by fur- binations (Figures 5e5f), the worn
metallic soaps with low shear strength ther chemical reaction, so that the wear surface of the DLC discs lubricated by
could further reduce the friction. Fig- rate of steelsteel contacts increase at acidic oil is smoother and shallower
ures 3 and 4 also clearly show that higher acid concentration. than that lubricated by original oil.

Helium. 45
Figure 6 | Raman spectra of as-deposited lm and the wear tracks on DLC in DLCDLC and steelDLC contacts, when lubricated with original
ester oil and acidic ester oil, respectively.

Simic and Kalin (21) proposed that fatty acids could adsorb the conjugate degree of conjugated double bonds, leading to
chemically and physically on DLC surfaces by creating an a red shift in the G band with a decrease in the ID/IG ratio,
ester bond to form a protective layer that prevents direct me- as illustrated in Figure 8. Therefore, although the low wear
chanical contacts and thus reduces the wear of coatings. The rates of DLC in the present results were mainly due to the
Raman results could further conrm the mechanism that was excellent antiwear ability of DLCs, the slightly improved wear
proposed for fatty acids adsorption by Simic and Kalin (21). resistance in acidic oil might be attributed to the formation
From Figure 6, it is obvious that the graphitization of DLC of the chemisorbed boundary lm, and the formed boundary
occurred in original oil, which has been recognized as the lm could suppress the graphitization of DLC during friction.
self-lubrication mechanism for DLC material. However, in To further study the formation mechanism of chemisorbed
acidic oil, not only was graphitization prohibited, but the oleic acid boundary lm on DLC coating that was proposed
tested DLC surface exhibited a lower degree of graphitization,
which was conrmed by the red shift in the G band and the
decreased ID/IG ratio.
The Raman spectra of amorphous carbon are character-
istic of two typical modes, the G peak around 15801600
cm-1 and the D peak around 1350 cm-1. The G peak indicates
the stretching vibration of the pairs of sp2 carbons in C=C
chains and aromatic rings, whereas the ID/IG ratio is related
to the size of aromatic cluster (grain size of graphite) La (see
Robertson (31) for details). It is common believed that a high
ID/IG ratio is attributed to an increment in number, size, and
order of sp2 aromatic clusters from an initial amorphous
sp2-bonded carbon network, and an increase in the G peak
position indicates a strong presence of the sp2 sites relates to
the ordering and conjugation of C=C bonds. During friction,
the polar oleic acid molecules could chemisorb and saturate
the dangling bonds of the surface carbon atoms by creating
an ester bond. The formation of such an ester bond destroys Figure 7 | Variation in G peak position and ID/IG ratio of as-deposited
the aromatic ring structures of graphite clusters and reduces DLC and DLC after friction.

46 Which is the best conductor of electricity: hydrogen, magnesium, nitrogen, oxygen or chlorine? A.
Figure 8 | Schematic representation of the chemical adsorption of fatty acid molecules onto a DLC surface during friction.
by Figure 8, time-of-ightsecondary ion mass spectrometry
(TOF-SIMS) analysis was performed on the worn surface of
the DLC disk in DLCDLC contacts lubricated by pure oleic
acid. A TOF-SIMS 5 from ION-TOF GmbH (Munster, Ger-
many) was used. A Bi3+ liquid metal ion gun operating at a 30
keV beam voltage with a 45 incident angle was used. Charge
compensation with an electron ood gun was used during the
analysis cycles. Negative ion mode spectra were calibrated on
the C, CH, C2, and C2H peaks. The sample was cleaned
by acetone before the TOF-SIMS analysis.
As shown in Figure 9, it is interesting to nd that the in-
Figure 9 | ToF-SIMS surface analyses: negative ion spectrum ob-
tained (a) outside the wear track and (b) inside the wear track for
DLCDLC contacts after friction test.
Magnesium.
tensity of the oleic acid peak (C18H33O2-) in the wear track
region is much stronger than that obtained outside the wear
track region. Thus, the higher amount of C18H33O2- in the
wear track could be ascribed to the absorbed oleic acid mo-
lecular on the DLC surface, as described in Figure 8.
SteelDLC
Based on above boundary lubrication mechanisms of oleic
acid on steel and DLC surfaces, it can be concluded that a
metallic soap layer with low shear strength could be tribo-
chemically formed on the steel surface, which could reduce
the friction by decreasing the adhesion of the contacted steel
surfaces at the expense of increased wear loss, whereas for
DLC coatings, a chemisorbed boundary lm of oleic acid
could be formed, which could suppress graphitization and
maintain the structural stability of DLC coating during fric-
tion, leading to a slightly improved antiwear ability. However,
the tribological effect of organic acid for steelDLC contacts
is different from that of DLCDLC and steelsteel contacts.
In original oil, due to the weak interfacial adhesion
strength between DLC and steel, severe abrasive wear was
observed on the surfaces of steel ball as shown in Figure 4b.
Additionally, as seen from Figure 7, the DLC coating in the
steelDLC combination experiences a much higher graphiti-
zation than the DLCDLC combination does in base oil. This
may be due to the much higher hardness of the DLC coating
(16 GPa) than steel (7 GPa), which results in severe abrasive
wear on steel balls and thus generates a lot of wear partials
between contact surfaces. As reported in Ding, et al. (32),
the high contact pressure exerted by wear particles between
sliding contacts could lower the threshold of graphitization
transformation and result in a high degree of graphitization
of DLC. The graphitization process has been recognized as
an important friction reduction mechanism for DLC in un-
lubricated conditions, because the graphitization is helpful
for the formation of the transferred carbonaceous lm on the
counterpart. However, in the present study, no transferred
47

Figure 10 | Schematic representation of the formed tribolm and
corresponding contact mechanisms in (a) steelDLC and (b) steel
steel frictional pairs under the lubrication of acidic ester oils.
tribolm was found on the counterpart as shown in Figure 4.
Therefore, at least for the present study, the graphitization of
DLC is not the main aspect that governs friction.
In acidic oil, the wear scars on the ball exhibited a special
appearance that the diameter of wear scars is drastically raised
with an extremely smooth surface, and such a tendency be-
comes more pronounced with an increase in TAN. We propose
that a hard vs. soft contact was formed between the DLC
and the metallic soap lm on steel surfaces, as illustrated in
Figure 10a. Similar to the process of chemical polishing, the
soft metallic soap lm is easily rubbed away and continuously
regenerated by further chemical reaction, thus generating the
Figure 11 | Images of the wear scar on steel balls in steelDLC contacts lubricated by (a) original oil, (b) oil with 7 wt% n-butyl alcohol, and (c)
oil with 7 wt% oleic acid.
48 APRIL 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
special appearance of the wear scar.
It is notable that there is a sudden transition in wear be-
havior from a TAN value of 1.99 to 5.96 as presented in Figure
4b. An explanation for the transition may be the fact that
a low acid concentration (TAN: 1.99) could not generate a
continuous soap layer on the steel surface. Actually, a similar
transition for steel contacts could also be observed. In Fig. 4a,
the adhesive wear behavior still existed on the wear scar of the
steel ball at a TAN of 1.99 and disappeared at a TAN of 5.96.
The mechanism also explains the decreased wear rate and
lower degree of graphitization of DLC coatings in acidic oil.
Moreover, a decrease in contact pressure, which is ascribed
to increased contact size, could further decrease the wear of
DLC. In contrast, for steelsteel contacts, oleic acids have
no obvious effect on the diameter of the wear scar because
the metallic soap lms are formed on both the steel disc and
steel ball surfaces, forming a soft vs. soft contact as shown
in Figure 10b.
Additionally, we investigated the wear of steelDLC con-
tacts in ester oil in which n-butyl alcohol was added, because
the n-butyl alcohol as another main product of the base oil (n-
butyl oleate) was degraded. As shown in Figure 11, although
a smooth area could be found in the center of the wear scar
when the alcohol was added, such a smoothing effect is much
less signicant than the oleic acid at the same concentration.
From the above discussions, it can be concluded that al-
though the acidic oil exhibits certain benecial effects in the
tribological behavior of self-mated steel or self-mated DLC
contacts based on different tribological mechanisms, for
DLCsteel hybrid contacts, acidication of oil not only has
no effect on friction reduction but also results in severe wear
loss on steel counterparts. In practice, the deterioration, ag-
ing, and hydrolysis of ester oil could generate various organic
acids, and considering the sensitivity of steelDLC contacts
to organic acids, the tolerance to acids for steelDLC contacts
is lower than that of self-mated steel or DLC contacts. Thus,
under ester oil lubrication, the additives that could dissipate
the produced organic acids such as overbased detergents are
W W W. ST L E .O RG
 71st STLE
Annual Meeting & Exhibition

May 15-19, 2016

Ballys Las Vegas Hotel
Las Vegas, Nevada (USA)

Technical and professional development

you cant get anywhere else!
When it comes to advancing your career and upgrading
your technical knowledge, STLEs Annual Meeting &
Exhibition is a singular event in the lubricants industry.
1,600 of your peers in the lubricants community are
expected to participate in STLEs 71st Annual Meeting
& Exhibition. Please join us in Las Vegas for a unique
experience that blends the best of industry education,
technical training, professional certication and
new technologies.

PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS
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Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, info@stle.org, www.stle.org, 847-825-5536
crucial for steelDLC contacts; otherwise, such a tribological
contact design might increase the oil renewing frequency and
thus raise the maintenance costs.
CONCLUSIONS
For all tested liquid lubricants, the COFs of steelDLC con-
tacts were the highest, whereas those for DLCDLC contacts
were the lowest. In steelsteel contacts, the COFs gradually
decrease with increased TAN, wheras the COFs of DLC
DLC contacts showed a weak dependence on TAN values,
and across the whole range of TAN, the COFs remained at
around 0.07.
The oleic acid exhibits quite different tribological mecha-
nisms for DLC and steel: For steelsteel contacts, friction
reduction was achieved by the formation of a metallic soap
layer on steel surfaces, which decreased the adhesion between
contacted steel surfaces; for DLC coatings, a chemisorbed
boundary lm of oleic acid could be formed on the DLC sur-
face, which suppressed graphitization and maintained the
structural stability of the DLC coating during friction, lead-
ing to slightly improved antiwear ability. However, for steel
DLC contacts, a hard vs. soft contact was formed between
the DLC and the metallic soap lm on steel surfaces, which
resulted in severe wear loss on the steel counterparts with a
polished appearance.
The steelDLC contacts showed lower tolerance to organic
acids than that of self-mated steel or DLC contacts. Therefore,
the overbased detergent additives that could dissipate the pro-
duced organic acids are a critical component in lubricating
oils that are tailored for the steelDLC contacts.
FUNDING
The research was nancially supported by the National Ba-
sic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant No.
2011CB706603) and Applied Basic Research Project of Qin-
gdao: Youth Program (Grant No. 14-2-4-85-JCH).

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50 Which element is expected to be most similar in properties to sodium: aluminum, sulfur, potassium, calcium or iron? A.
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B. (2005), Boundary Lubrication Mechanisms of Carbon Coat-
ings by MoDTC and ZDDP Additives, Tribology International,
38(3), pp 257264.
10. Kalin, M. and Vizintin, J. (2010), Real Contact Temperatures as
the Criteria for the Reactivity of Diamond-Like-Carbon Coatings
with Oil Additives, Thin Solid Films, 518(8), pp 20292036.
11. Minami, I., Kubo, T., Nanao, H., Mori, S., Sagawa, T., and Oku-
da, S. (2007), Investigation of Tribo-Chemistry by Means of
Stable Isotopic Tracers, Part 2: Lubrication Mechanism of Fric-
tion Modiers on Diamond-Like Carbon, Tribology Transactions,
50(4), pp 477487.
12. Simic, R., Kalin, M., Hirayama, T., Korelis, P., and Geue, T.
(2014), Fatty Acid Adsorption on Several DLC Coatings Studied
by Neutron Reectometry, Tribology Letters, 53(1), pp 199206.
13. Kano, M., Yasuda, Y., Okamoto, Y., Mabuchi, Y., Hamada, T.,
Ueno, T., Ye, J., Konishi, S., Takeshima, S., Martin, J. M., Bouchet,
M. I. D., and Le Mogne, T. (2005), Ultralow Friction of DLC in
Presence of Glycerol Mono-Oleate (GMO), Tribology Letters, 18
(2), pp 245251.
14. Jia, Z., Xia, Y., Pang, X., and Hao, J. (2011), Tribological Be-
haviors of Different Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings on Nitrided
Mild Steel Lubricated with Benzotriazole-Containing Borate Es-
ters, Tribology Letters, 41(1), pp 247256.
15. Tasdemir, H. A., Wakayama, M., Tokoroyama, T., Kousaka, H.,
Umehara, N., Mabuchi, Y., and Higuchi, T. (2013), Ultra-Low
Friction of Tetrahedral Amorphous Diamond-Like Carbon (ta-C
DLC) under Boundary Lubrication in Poly Alpha-olen (PAO)
with Additives, Tribology International, 65, pp 286294.
16. Kano, M. (2006), Super Low Friction of DLC Applied to Engine
Cam Follower Lubricated with Ester-Containing Oil, Tribology
International, 39(12), pp 16821685.
Potassium.
17. De Barros Bouchet, M. I., Matta, C., Le-Mogne, T., Michel Martin,
J., Sagawa, T., Okuda, S., and Kano, M. (2007), Improved Mixed
and Boundary Lubrication with GlycerolDiamond Technology,
Tribology-Materials, Surfaces and Interfaces, 1(1), pp 2832.
18. Bobzin, K., Bagcivan, N., Theiss, S., and Yilmaz, K. (2011), Hy-
drogen Content Variation for enhancing the Lubricated Tribologi-
cal Performance of DLC Coatings with Ester, Surface and Coat-
ings Technology, 205, pp S89S93.
19. Bouchet, M. I. D. B., Matta, C., Le-Mogne,T., Martin, J.M., Zhang,
Q., Goddard, W., Kano, M., Mabuchi, Y., and Ye, J. (2007), Su-
perlubricity Mechanism of Diamond-Like Carbon with Glycerol.
Coupling of Experimental and Simulation Studies, Journal of
Physics: Conference Series, 89, p 012003.
20. Simic, R. and Kalin, M. (2013), Comparison of Alcohol and
Fatty Acid Adsorption on Hydrogenated DLC Coatings Studied
by AFM and Tribological Tests, Strojniski Vestnik -Journal of Me-
chanical Engineering, 59(12), pp 707718.
21. Simic, R. and Kalin, M. (2013), Adsorption Mechanisms for
Fatty Acids on DLC and Steel Studied by AFM and Tribological
Experiments, Applied Surface Science, 283, pp 460470.
22. Kalin, M., Simic, R., Hirayama, T., Geue, T., and Korelis, P. (2014),
Neutron-Reectometry Study of Alcohol Adsorptionon Various
DLC Coatings, Applied Surface Science, 288, pp 405410.
23. Kalin, M. and Simic, R. (2013), Atomic Force Microscopy and
Tribology Study of the Adsorption of Alcohols on Diamond-Like
Carbon Coatings and Steel, Applied Surface Science, 271, pp
317328.
24. Makowski, S., Weihnacht, V., Schaller, F., and Leson, A. (2014),
Ultra-Low Friction of Biodiesel Lubricated ta-C Coatings, Tri-
bology International, 71, pp 120124.
25. Habchi, W., Matta, C., Joly-Pottuz, L., De Barros, M. I., Martin,
J. M., and Vergne, P. (2011), Full Film, Boundary Lubrication
and Tribochemistry in Steel Circular Contacts Lubricated with
Glycerol, Tribology Letters, 42(3), pp 351358.
26. Matta, C., Bouchet, M. I. D. B., Le-Mogne,T., Vachet, B., Martin,
J.M., and Sagawa, T. (2008), Tribochemistry of Tetrahedral Hy-
drogen-Free Amorphous Carbon Coatings in the Presence of OH-
Containing Lubricants, Lubrication Science, 20(2), pp 137149.
27. Ashraful, A.M., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M. A., Rahman, S. M. A.,
Habibullah, M., and Syazwan, M. (2014), Study of the Effect of
Storage Time on the Oxidation and Thermal Stability of Various
Biodiesels and Their Blends, Energy & Fuels, 28(2), pp 10811089.
28. Obadiah, A., Kannan, R., Ramasubbu, A., and Kumar, S. V.
(2012), Studies on the Effect of Antioxidants on the Long-Term
Storage and Oxidation Stability of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
Biodiesel, Fuel Processing Technology, 99, pp 5663.
29. Wu, Y. X., Li, W. M., Zhang, M., and Wang, X. B. (2013), Oxida-
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logical Behavior, Tribology International, 64, pp 1623.
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Spectra of Disordered and Amorphous Carbon, Physical Review
B, 61(20), pp 1409514107.
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terials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 37(46), pp 129281.
32. Ding, Q., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Wang, S. C., Hu, L., and Xue, Q.
(2011), Improved Tribological Behavior of DLC Films under
Water Lubrication by Surface Texturing, Tribology Letters, 41(2),
pp 439449.
51
NEWSMAKERS
TOP STORIES
SECOND-GENERATION ELEVANCE
BIOREFINERY TECHNOLOGY
In collaboration with several partners,
including the special contribution of
Versalis under a strategic partnership
started in early 2014, Woodridge, Ill.-
based, Elevance Renewable Sciences,
Inc.a high-growth company that cre-
ates novel specialty chemicals from nat-
ural oilshas successfully completed
scale-up of a second-generation biore-
nery technology of the companys
olen metathesis technology utilizing
ethylene and natural oil feedstocks.
The ethenolysis process advance-
ment represents an important milestone
for the development of a second-genera-
tion metathesis technologythe rst of
its kindenabling an enhanced product
portfolio from natural oils metathesis.
Catalysts produced by XiMo AG
were used at Soneas manufacturing
facility in Budapest, Hungary. The run
52 Which of the following elements is expected to be most similar to tin: hydrogen, calcium, copper, bromine or lead?
represented a scale up of 40,000 times
what had been previously demonstrat-
ed in the laboratory and the largest
ever usage of Schrock (molybdenum/
tungsten) catalysts for metathesis with
ethylene and a renewable oil.
This signicant accomplishment
advances the interests of several of our
partners and demonstrates the advan-
tages of working together, says Mel
Luetkens, COO at Elevance. Elevance
is pleased to be at the center of this col-
laboration and to be advancing these
important developments for our part-
ners and us. It is another validation of
Elevances technology and the value that
we bring to our partner relationships.
XiMo AG, a company focused on
the development and application of
proprietary metathesis catalysts, and
Elevance began working together in
January 2011, carrying out successful
demonstrations that make the molyb-
denum- and tungsten-catalyzed me-
tathesis of natural oil esters commer-
cially competitive. Soneas, formerly
known as Ubichem Pharma Manufac-
turing, is a professional chemical ser-
vice provider with pilot and commer-
cial scale manufacturing facilities.
The advancement was partially
funded by and supports a wider strategic
partnership between Versalis, the chemi-
cal subsidiary of Eni, and Elevance
which includes the joint development
of Elevances ethenolysis technology.
ASTM CRUDE OIL SAMPLING
STANDARD HELPS SHIPPERS, LABS
A new ASTM International standard will
help shippers, laboratories, regulators
and others who need to safely take
samples of volatile crude oils in transit.
According to ASTM-member Da-
vid Murray, the introduction of a new
sampling toolthe manual piston cyl-
inderhas allowed for more sampling
of live crude oils and crude-condensate
mixtures, which are too volatile to
sample using conventional containers.
A.
The manual piston cylinder allows for ment of laboratory staff. a molecule called adenosine triphos-
sampling at low-pressure points and in With science and innovation at phate (ATP), the central energy carrier
sealed environments. the center, LuminUltra is constantly present in all forms of life. Second-gen-
The most important aspect of the looking for new ways to optimize its eration ATP tests take ve minutes to
new standard is the ability to capture products and create new ones so that perform and provide users with instant
live crude oil and condensate samples customers have access to the latest results on the total microorganisms
in sealed containers, which minimizes and most advanced microbiological present in a given sample.
the potential for loss of components monitoring tools. Test kits have been Visit www.luminultra.com to learn
during sampling, handling and trans- optimized to test for any type of water, more about rapid biological monitor-
port to the laboratory for testing, wastewater, organic uid or chemi- ing solutions and how they can be put
says Murray, the principle consultant cal product through the detection of to work.
at Omnicon Consultants Inc. This
minimizes the risk of test results being
biased by the sampling method used,
thereby providing results that are repre-
sentative of the source material.
The new standard (D8009, Practice
for Manual Piston Cylinder Sampling
You Use It.
for Volatile Crude Oils, Condensates Calcium, Barium Sodium Sulfonates
and Liquid Petroleum Products) is un-
Neutral, Overbased, Natural, Synthetic
der the joint jurisdiction of ASTM Inter-
national Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels and Lubricants,
Oxidized Waxes and Petrolatums
and the American Petroleum Institutes Various acid values, esters and soaps
Committee on Petroleum Management.
Rust Preventive Packages
LUMINULTRA EXPANDS PORTFOLIO Calcium or barium sulfonate-based
LuminUltra Technologies Ltd., based in Water displacing and water-emulsiable
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada,
has further expanded its portfolio of
Emulsier Packages
advanced microbiological control so-
lutions for metalworking uids and
Soluble and semi-synthetic bases
industrial lubricants to provide even For naphthenic and parafnic base oils
more powerful testing capabilities.
While its cutting-edge products Metalworking Processing Additives
have historically enabled total biomass Corrosion inhibitors, amides and
measurements to be completed in lubricity additives
minutes, its new Differential QGO-M
(dQGO-M) test protocol distinguishes
between bacterial, fungal or mixed bio- Gelled Calcium Sulfonates
burdens just as quickly as the QGO-M Oil, solvent and water soluble
test detects total bioburden.
dQGO-M was built upon and
serves as the ideal complement to its We Manufacture It.
standard QGO-M method for total
biomass quantificationa method
compliant with numerous ASTM stan-
dards (including E2694, D7687 and
D4012). By revealing contaminated
product on the spot and further ren-
ing the results to determine the nature
of the contamination, uid manage- ISO 9001-2008

ment programs can be optimized on 4302 James P. Cole Boulevard, Flint MI 48505 (810) 785-3165
the y without the need for multiple sales@additivesinternational.com www.additivesinternational.com
return trips to the site or the involve-

Lead. 53
Inside NYCOs new production unit.
CHEVRON ORONITE RECEIVES
FIRST DEXOS1: 2015 APPROVAL
San Ramon, Calif.-based, Chevron Oroni-
te has achieved an important milestone
by receiving the rst dexos1:2015
approval from General Motors (GM)
for additive technology used in its
newly released OLOA 55516 product.
Building on our legacy of strong
PCMO technology, OLOA 55516 is
ready to deliver the latest dexos1 per-
formance requirements while simulta-
neously meeting ILSAC GF-5 and API
SN standards, says Barbara Smith, vice
president, products and technology,
Chevron Oronite. GMs new specica-
tion requires additional performance
and robustness that will help provide
fuel economy efciencies, improved
turbocharger performance and reduce
stochastic pre-ignition events in direct
injected small displacement gasoline
engines.
Oronite is fully committed to de-
livering innovative solutions globally
to meet performance needs of current
and new engine hardware technologies.
With this dexos1:2015 approval, we are
pleased to be the rst to meet GMs en-
54 Which element is usually classied as a metalloid: sodium, calcium, zinc, silicon or argon?
gine oil needs for their next generation
gasoline-powered hardware, says Teri
Crosby, global product line manager,
Automotive Engine Oils.
Current dexos1:2010 licenses ex-
pire Dec. 31. Oil marketers are encour-
aged to review their dexos1 product
portfolio and their licensing and tran-
sition needs. Oronite will be working
with its customers throughout 2016
and beyond to assist them with their
dexos1:2015 product upgrade needs
using the new OLOA 55516 additive
technology.
NYCO OPENS PRODUCTION UNIT
FOR LUBRICANT ADDITIVES
NYCO, based in Paris, France, announc-
es that it expanded its European opera-
tions with the commissioning of a new
production unit at its Tournai plant in
Belgium dedicated to the manufacture
of chemicals used as additives to boost
the performance of its range of syn-
thetic lubricants.
The unit is designed to be versa-
tile in the type of chemical reactions
it can accommodate. The additives are
primarily anti-oxidants and coking in-
hibitors and will be used both for inter-
nal consumption in combination with
NYCOs range of special high tempera-
ture ester base stocks and supplied to
lubricants blenders.
Eric Piveteau, general manager of
NYCO, is enthusiastic about the new
operation: This commitment is part of
our strategy to build NYCO as a true
partner of our demanding customers in
the market of synthetic lubricants. We
are not competing with the well-known
additive manufacturers but are bringing
to the market unique performance ad-
ditives that have shown a tremendous
synergy with our ester base stocks and
are not available from other manufac-
turers.
The new additives production facil-
ity bridges the gap between base stocks
and nished lubricants.
USDA RESERVES LOAN
GUARANTEE FUNDING FOR
BIOSYNTHETIC TECHNOLOGIES
Irvine, Calif.-based, Biosynthetic Tech-
nologies, LLC, developer of very high-
performance biobased oils used in
automotive and industrial lubricants,
A.
has received approval from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA)
on its phase one application for a loan
guarantee under the USDAs Bioren-
ery, Renewable Chemical, and Biobased
Product Manufacturing Assistance Pro-
gram (the 9003 Program).
The co-applicant with Biosynthetic
Technologies on this loan application
is one of the three largest U.S.-based
banks. In advancing Biosynthetic Tech-
nologies application into phase two,
the USDA has reserved funds that will
be used to guarantee 80% of a loan to
production facility located in Ghent,
Belgium.
This new facility is now manufac-
turing a variety of additive packages
to meet the growing demand for these
products in international markets.
IPAC additives are used to improve
performance and extend product life in
the automotive, heavy duty, industrial,
driveline, chemical and fuel additive
global industries.
By expanding our presence to Eu-
rope, we can give current and future
customers greater access to our high-
quality additive packages and com-
ponents, says Marcello Todaro, vice
president of international sales. Were
committed to providing the highest
level of service to a diverse group of
customers, including independent
blenders, multinational and state oil
companies and major oil marketers.

Polish up your forumlation

be issued by the bank to Biosynthetic
Technologies to build a commercial-
scale manufacturing plant.
The fact that Biosynthetic Technol- for optimal performance
ogies project was advanced to phase
two by the USDA in this funding round
is a great vote of condence and point Lexolube Synthetic Esters upgrade your MWF
of validation. We are pleased that the
9003 Program was expanded recently Efficient machining Worker friendly
to include renewable chemical projects High flash point Long tool life
and honored to be the only chemical
project selected under this program Biodegradable Low VOC
to date, says Allen Barbieri, CEO. He
adds, Biosynthetic Technologies is
thankful to the USDA, Congress and
many other champions of this program.
We now look forward to delivering a
PARTS INSPECTION LAB
project that creates U.S. manufacturing A GREAT
jobs and strengthens both the agricul- SURFACE
tural sector and the environment, as FINISH!!
intended by Congress in the creation
of the 9003 Program. Finally, we are
anxious to begin lling the tremendous
demand for these products, including
the many commercial supply agree-
ments we have secured.
The project nancing will be used
to construct a full-scale commercial
manufacturing facility that will be co-
located within a major existing chemi-
cal complex. The plant will produce
20 million gallons (67,000 MTs) of
Biosynthetic base oil per year, giving
Biosynthetic Technologies tremendous
expansion potential.

IPAC OPENS ADDITIVE Improve your fluid with environmentally friendly

PLANT IN BELGIUM
Synthetic Ester ingredients from INOLEX
Dublin, Calif.-based, International
Petroleum Products and Additives Com- +1 215 271 0800 | www.lexolube.com/metalworking
pany, Inc., (IPAC) announces its newest

Silicon. 55
The phosphoric acid partial ester Additin RC 3760, previously shipped only from Mannheim, will also now be produced at the LANXESS site in Epi-
erre, France. (Photo courtesy of LANXESS AG.)
LANXESS: STRONG SYNERGY EFFECTS
AT RHEIN CHEMIE ADDITIVES
Specialty chemicals company LANXESS
in Cologne, Germany, successfully
combined all its additive-related busi-
ness segments in the new Rhein Chemie
Additives business unit (ADD) in early
2015.
One synergy effect is the more ef-
cient utilization of phosphorus plants
operated by the company at various
sites worldwide. Following a compre-
hensive efciency analysis, the phos-
phoric acid partial ester Additin RC
3760, previously shipped only from
Mannheim, will also now be produced
at the LANXESS site in Epierre, France,
effectively doubling manufacturing
capacity for this product. Additin RC
3760 is a proven anticorrosion and
antiwear additive with a long history
of success in metalworking uids, hy-
draulic and industrial oils.
We use an identical manufactur-
ing process in France, explains Mar-
tin Swe, head of the Lubricant Addi-
tives business line in LANXESS ADD
56 APRIL 2016
business unit. The product fullls the
same specications and quality require-
ments as the Additin RC 3760 shipped
from Mannheim. However, there is one
difference; while we have to buy phos-
phorus pentoxide in Mannheim, we are
backward integrated in France even as
far as processing elementary phospho-
rus, meaning we have a more secure
position.
The expanded capacities give
LANXESS new opportunities. The
company can utilize its phosphorus
chemistry plants at both sites more ef-
ciently, and adapt Additin RC 3760
for use in even more additive packages.
TIMKEN RECEIVES GEAR
CONTRACT FROM U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
North Canton, Ohio-based, The Timken
Co. has received a multiyear contract
from the U.S. Department of Defense to
provide engineering and supply Phila-
delphia Gear main reduction gears
(MRGs) for the Navys next generation
of Arleigh Burke DDG 51 class ships.
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
The xed-price contract includes op-
tions which, if exercised, could bring
the cumulative value of the contract to
more than $1 billion over its life.
Weve worked alongside the U.S.
Navy for many decades and are proud
to continue supplying our engineering
expertise and Philadelphia Gear prod-
ucts and services for this important
class of multimission ships, says Carl
D. Rapp, vice president of the Power
Systems group for Timken. Philadel-
phia Gear won the contract to supply
MRGs for the restart of the DDG pro-
gram in 2010 and, through the years,
we have strived to deliver a quality
product on time and provide eet sup-
port globally wherever the Navy serves
our nation. More than 60 DDGs are in
service today.
As a result of our work with the
Navy, our teams are prepared to meet
the challenge of building reliable pro-
pulsion drives to support the demand-
ing mission requirements of the DDG
class for years to come, Rapp says.
While no specic quantities were pro-
W W W. ST L E .O RG
vided in the contract issued by the De-
partment of Defense, Rapp anticipates
that Timken will provide Philadelphia
Gear MRGs for new DDG ships over
roughly the next decade.
FORMATION OF THE UNAMI GROUP
STLE-member Bill Tuszynski an-
nounces the formation of The Unami
Group (www.unamigroup.com), a business
consultancy and sales agency serving
the specialty chemical industry with a
focus on lubricant raw materials and
additives.
A company strength is new busi-
ness development both by aiding
clients in identifying and commer-
cializing new technologies and prod-
ucts and in nding new applications
for existing products. The company
provides services in market research,
competitive intelligence and technol-
ogy assessment. The Unami Group
also is serving as sales agent for Func-
tional Products, Inolex Chemical Co.
and Ivanhoe Industries at selected ac-
counts. Prior to forming The Unami
Group, Tuszynski served as a manag-
ing partner at Ivanhoe Industries.
PROMOTIONS & TRANSITIONS
ADDITIVES INTERNATIONAL HIRES
VICE PRESIDENT
Additives International, based in Flint,
Mich., announces that Darren C. Mylie
has been appointed vice president sales
and operations.
Mylie was previously the execu-
tive vice president for Kimes Tech-
nologies International. Prior to that
he was the director of procurement for
Sika Corp., Lapp USA and Engelhard
TLT T R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N
T E C H N O LO G Y
TLT is interested in hearing from our readers. Let us know whats happening in your company. If you have
news about a new employee or if someone in your company has been recognized with an award or any
other interesting items, let us know. Please send us your news releases and photos for publication in News-
makers to TLT Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, rfowler@stle.org.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
Corp. (BASF). keting and branding oil additives. His
Mylie earned a newly created position expands upon
bachelors of sci- the successes weve helped companies
ence degree in achieve throughout Europe and Asia
management and and will greatly benet similar compa-
accounting from nies in the Americas.
SUNY Platts- Kohlers responsibilities include
burgh, a mas- marketing, licensing and new busi-
ters of business ness development for DYNAVIS, an
Darren Mylie
administration additive technology thatformulated
in supply chain in premium hydraulic uids and mar-
management from Atlantic Interna- keted by DYNAVIS licenseesboosts
tional University and a masters of productivity and efciency of hydraulic
business administration in administra- systems in mobile construction or sta-
tion-business management from Mt. St. tionary industrial equipment.
Mary College. Mylie also is a Certied
Professional in Supply Management MIDCONTINENTAL CHEMICAL CO.
and Certied Purchasing Manager from HIRES DISTRICT MANAGER
the Institute for Supply Management. Olathe, Kan.-based, MidContinental
Chemical Co., Inc., announces the ap-
EVONIK INDUSTRIES OIL ADDITIVES pointment of Matt Mannette as district
DIVISION EXPANDS TEAM manager for its
Drew Kohler is joining Evonik Industries southern region
effort as marketing manager DYNAVIS of the U.S.
Americas to help companies save mon- Mannette will
ey by utilizing play a key role
more efcient hy- in developing ef-
draulic systems. fective strategies
Based out of and tactics to ex-
the U.S. in the pand both fuel
Evonik Horsham, and lubricant ad-
Matt Mannette
Pa. ofce, Kohler ditive sales in this
is focusing on assigned geogra-
helping compa- phy. He replaces Gary Lackore, who
nies become more Drew Kohler was promoted to national sales man-
protable with its ager. Mannette held various leadership
hydraulic equipment in South, Central positions within the retail, fuel and lu-
and North America. bricants business units of his previous
Drew brings application knowl- employers.
edge plus experience with construc- Well rely heavily on Matts years of
tion and agricultural equipment and experience, knowledge and leadership
manufacturing to Evonik Industries, to help us grow our business, says
says Dr. Oliver Eyrisch, director of mar- Lackore.
Want to be recognized in TLT?
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY APRIL 2016 57
NEW PRODUCTS
NEW DRIVES LARGE PITCH LEAF
CHAIN SERIES
The Timken Co. introduces a new line of
Drives Leaf Chain to address global de-
mand for heavy-duty large pitch leaf chain.
The company now offers a complete series
of Drives large pitch leaf chain in sizes BL12
through BL20. Large pitch leaf chains are
used in saddle cranes and front-end loaders
found in rail yards and ports throughout the
world. Timken manufactures Drives leaf chain
using high quality steel at its Drives chain
facility in Fulton, Ill.
The Timken Co.
North Canton, Ohio
(234) 262-3000
www.timken.com
NEW DIESEL EXHAUST FLUID NOZZLE
Husky Corp. introduces a new version of its highly successful X family of nozzles for safe
and economical dispensing of diesel exhaust uid (DEF). The X DEF Nozzle contains all of
the models standard functionality and features, coupled with components compatible with
dispensing urea-based DEF, which can be corrosive to aluminum and other materials. The X
DEF Nozzle contains 100% ISO-recognized DEF-compatible components including a stainless
steel spout, polymers and O-ring materials. The nozzle contains an automatic
shut-off feature, Huskys Streamshaper to reduce splash back, a
three-notch hold open clip lever and a plastic handguard de-
sign. Even with those features the X DEF is lighter and less
expensive than comparable DEF nozzles. The Husky
X DEF nozzle is made with UL-recognized compo-
nents. It is offered with three-quarter NPT or
BSPP thread. It is ideal for retail outlets and
commercial customers including vehicle
dealerships, repair shops, oil change fa-
cilities, eet-service centers and other
locations that regularly dispense DEF
from bulk tanks or above ground stor-
age systems.
Husky Corp.
Pacic, Mo.
(636) 825-7200
www.husky.com

     
 
 
  

 


 
 
   
 


  
   
         
  


 


 

 

 

  

58 APRIL 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

NEW APP FOR MOUNTING BEARINGS
SKF announces the introduction of a new app for its proven SKF Drive-up Method for mounting bearings. Developed for ease of use in the eld, the
app is offered in both iOS and Android formats and can be used on smartphones and tablets. Complementing SKFs recognized SKF Drive-up Method
PC software, the app is available for download from the Apple app store and from Google Play. Unique to SKF, the app enables the user to achieve ac-
curate adjustment of spherical roller and CARB toroidal roller bearings mounted on tapered seatings. The correct t is attained by controlling the axial
drive-up of the bearing from a pre-determined starting position. The method incorporates the use of an SKF hydraulic nut tted with a dial indicator,
as well as a highly accurate digital pressure gauge mounted on the selected pump. When utilizing the app on either a smartphone or tablet, the user
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W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY APRIL 2016 59

SOUNDING BOARD Reprinted from Oct. 2010.

Who was the greater scientist/inventor:

Leonardo da Vinci
or
Thomas Edison?
In Round One of TLTs Great Science
Smackdown, we pit Leonardo da Vinci
against Thomas Edison. Comparing
two titans, particularly given their
different eras, is a daunting task, but
in the end TLT readers gave the nod
to Leonardo, 60% to 40%. Both men
have their admirers, but readers gave
the edge to da Vinci for the enormous
breadth of his endeavors and for the
fact that he lived in essentially a pre-
scientic age and had a smaller body
of work from which to build. In next
months Smackdown, we pit sciences
two greatest physicists: Isaac Newton
and Albert Einstein. Well also reveal
Leonardo da Vinci the ranking when we asked readers Thomas Alva Edison
to evaluate the contributions to Man-
kind of all four giants.

Edison was the greater inventor/
scientist because he brought more of
his inventions to fruition than did da
Vinci. Some of da Vincis visionary
works are obviously unsound,
something he would have discovered
using a more rigorous scientic
methodthe hallmark of great
scientists.
da Vinci lived at a time before many
scientic principles were widely
accepted, yet he created many of
the concepts upon which scientic
principles were later based.
While da Vinci was brilliant, he was
ahead of his time. Edison was the
man of the moment, and he was
responsible for moving technical
advances quickly into an environ-
ment that needed the immediate
impact his inventions provided.
da Vinci was ahead of his time and
set the table for future innovators
like Edison.
Edison had a never-say-quit
attitude and was very thorough in
trying things.
Thomas Edison was more of a
hands-on type of guy. He worked
with physical items and not just
theories or ideology.
Although da Vincis ideas eventually
came to be, Edisons inventions were
useful within his lifetime and gave
birth to an ongoing enterprise, GE.
Leonardobecause of the pre-
scientic time in which he lived and
the sheer scope of his work. He
didnt have people helping him as
Edison did.

60 Which of the following is a non-metal: lithium, calcium, tin, nitrogen or titanium? A.


da Vinci | Flying machine
In every era there is a forerunner
for which we cannot comprehend.
Without light there only remains
darkness.
Leonardo wins overall because his
knowledge expanded to all the
sciences and construction at a time
when it was outright dangerous to
think the way he thought.
All evidence supports that da
Vincis work was done for the love of
science.
Leonardo da Vinci was the greater
inventor because he was advanced in
knowledge for his era.
da Vincis mechanical mind was
way ahead of his time.
Leonardos thinking was revolu-
tionary. Just look at his paintings
they are truly a sign of this.
da Vinci mastered all the sciences
and invented things that spanned
many more elds than those of
Edison. Even though many of his
ideas were shunned at the time,
decades later their importance was
recognized.
Edisons inventions changed the
way people lived during the time he
was working. His work had immedi-
ate impact during his lifetime and
laid the groundwork for future
inventions.
Edison had more industrial inven-
tions to be used by the masses.
Much of da Vincis work outside of
anatomy was not reduced to practice
and was speculative in nature. Edison,
while not given to theory, reduced a
substantial amount to practice.
da Vinci visualized many designs
that he never built but which
worked when built by others. Edison
often built hundreds of models to
develop one that worked.
Both of them were great inventors. I
can say that Thomas Alva Edison
patented more than a thousand
inventions. He contributed to Ameri-
cas and Europes technological
proles: electricity industry, the
phone system, the phonograph,
lms, etc.
Edison gave us the principles of
mass production.
Nitrogen.
da Vinci triggered a great era. His
contributions cannot be replaced.
Edison was a hard worker, but he
was more of an empiricist than a
brilliant thinker. Someone would
have invented the light bulb and the
phonograph eventually. da Vinci
brought many useful concepts to life.
da Vinci envisioned ideas beyond
his time, allowing others to make
practical use of them. Edison,
although brilliant, took ideas and
made them practical. da Vinci was a
creator, Edison a maker (inventor).
Leonardo had no contemporaries
who were close to what he was
doing, while others were close to
what Edison was doing.
Neither da Vinci or Edison were
scientists. Edison was an inventor.
da Vinci was in todays terms an
engineer who specialized in military
fortications. He recorded and
analyzed the technology of his day.
Leonardo made great discoveries
while being hounded by the Church.
Edison did not have to struggle with
religious idiocy.
Edison | Electric lamp (light bulb)
61
SOUNDING BOARD
da Vinci | Mona Lisa
da Vinci, as far as conceptual
thinking is concerned, was way
ahead of his time.
Edison is credited with over 1,000
inventions leading to telecommuni-
cations, batteries, power generation
and electricity. His work led to the
society standards and industrializa-
tion that we know today.
Thomas Edison was more akin to
P.T. Barnum than a scientic giant.
He gypped Tesla, one of sciences
greatest minds, to make a buck and
push his ill-conceived DC systems.
Simply no comparison to the
far-reaching concepts of da Vinci.
Leonardo was under a lot of
pressure due to the times he lived in.
He was ahead of his time with
adventurous thinking. Helicopter,
catapult, biology, etc.
da Vinci had wonderful ideas, but
he never got them to actually work.
Edison often said that invention is
1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.
He had the 99%, da Vinci did not.
62 APRIL 2016
Although da Vinci was a genius and
much more well-rounded as far as
what he thought about, he was more
of a dreamer. Thomas Edison was
more task-oriented; he created
devices to solve a problem for a
specic application.
da Vincis contributions were
diverse and done at a very high
conceptual level. Edison was more
focused on cranking out new
products and doesnt seem like he
was as concerned with the science
behind them.
Hard to underestimate Edisons
contributions. Look at the areas he
inuenced and the industries he
created: electric light and power,
utilities, sound recording, motion
pictures. What would mass
communications be without him?
da Vinci had very little reference
information to provide a basis for his
ideas. He acted by creativity alone.
Leonardo had broader knowledge
and seems to have been less of a jerk
than Edison.
Both were great men. I give da Vinci
the edge for his aeronautical theo-
ries.
da Vinci conceived many new ideas.
Edison experimented or rened
existing ones.
Edison | Phonograph
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
da Vinci was an innovative thinker.
He had no contemporary equiva-
lents. With a more pragmatic nature
and an eye for commercial gain,
Edison had numerous contempo-
raries, such as Tesla. Edisons work
was evolutionary rather than
revolutionary.
Leonardo was more ahead of his
time than Edison.
da Vinci imagined and explored
without the tools available to
Edison. He laid the foundations for
future science.
Who was the greater
scientist/inventor:
Leonardo
Leonardo
eo a do da Vinci
c or
o
Thomas Edison?
L
Leonardo da Vincii 60%
Thomas Edison 40%
Based on responses sent to 13,000 TLT readers.
da Vinci innovated. Edison
invented.
Leonardo had very little human
knowledge upon which to build and
developed his models under the
religious threat of torture and death.
We use more of Edisons inventions
today.
Tough pair to select between. da
Vinci was conceptual and insightful,
Edison was doggedly determined
and insightful. The choice is
between developing the concept and
making it a practicable application.
Although I prefer to support those to
make something happen, I have to
lean slightly more toward da Vinci
on this one.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
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 SOUNDING BOARD

Leo developed concepts and made Tale of the Tape: Leonardo da Vinci vs. Thomas Edison
crude machines. Edison took
concepts and developed working Full name Leonardo di Ser Piero Thomas Alva Edison
models. Nickname da Vinci Wizard of Menlo Park
Born April 15, 1452 Feb. 1, 1847
da Vincis insights and contribu-
tions to anatomy, civil engineering, Died May 2, 1519 Oct. 18, 1931
optics and hydrodynamics have Ancestry Italian Dutch
broader benets today than the
inventions of Edison. Education Apprenticed with the 3 months of ofcial
artist Andrea di Cione school. Home-schooled
by mother
Edisons inventions had more
immediate and lasting impact. The Profession Painter, sculptor, Telegraph operator,
incandescent bulb that turned night architect, musician, inventor, entrepreneur
into day and the rst practical scientist, mathematician,
engineer, inventor,
picture system for sustained movies
anatomist, geologist,
changed the way mankind perceives cartographer, botanist,
reality, the past, etc., and there were journal writer
many, many more. Edison is out of
Most notable Mona Lisa, The Last Light bulb, phonograph,
fashion now due to his personality
achievements Supper, The Vitruvian Man motion picture camera
and titanic clash with the great
genius Tesla. Unnished Giant horse sculptor Direct current
business
There were no machines remotely Feuds Catholic Church Nikola Tesla
similar to Leonardos concepts.
Personal habits Vegetarian Infrequent bather
Edison provided useful applications
of his theories.
Ideas were more developed in the Edisons inventions were derivative.
Much of the work that da Vinci did 1800s and therefore easier to
was totally new and without any develop for Edison than in the 1400s da Vinci was into almost everything.
history to drive it. for da Vinci.
Tough call but it seems to me that
Other than inventing, Edison was Leonardos repercussions for Edison developed more things that
also an entrepreneur. He persevered civilization were deeper than the were (are) used in everyday life and
through his handicap and worked inventions of Edison. which have had a life-improving
long hours to realize his dreams. effect on more of the masses of the
Edisons invention of the light bulb worlds people.
Leonardo due to his broad areas of was the most important invention
expertise (ne arts, biology, mechan- after the discovery of re. My answer was based on the
ics, etc.). starting point each had. Leonardo
Edison seemed to do more with his did not have the contemporaries and
da Vinci had many of the same ideas. He put more of them into past to draw from.
ideas about hydraulic theory as action.
Pascal, but Pascal got credit because da Vincis inventions were based on
his were published. Leonardo created both exceptional past human experience. Edisons
art and the precursors to many inventions set up future human
Edison solved practical problems. modern inventions. experience.

Editors Note: Sounding Board is based on an email survey of 13,000 TLT readers. Views expressed are those of the respondents and do not reect the opinions of
the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. STLE does not vouch for the technical accuracy of opinions expressed in Sounding Board, nor does inclusion
of a comment represent an endorsement of the technology by STLE.

64 Who invented the Periodic Table, in what year and what was his nationality? A.
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66 Was Dmitri Mendeleev a bigamist? A.

 STLE LOCAL SECTION MEETING CALENDAR
Events listed here are local section programs. For further details and a full listing of other upcoming section events in your area, visit
www.stle.org. Meeting announcements can be sent to TLT Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, rfowler@stle.org.
APRIL 2016
STLE Central Illinois Section: Regulations Compliance/Cr
Replacement, Conict Minerals (Speaker: Chuong Dam), April
6, 5:30 p.m. (networking and dinner), 6:30 p.m. (speaker
presentation), Golden Corral, 3525 N. University St., Peo-
ria, Ill. Contact: Allison Labraaten, labraaten_allison@cat.
com.
STLE Northern California Section: Lubrication Fundamentals and
Fluid Management Seminar, April 7, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Red Lion
Hotel Oakland International Airport, 150 Hegenberger Rd.,
Oakland, Calif. Contact: Robert Mills at (510) 242-4275 or
email stle.norcal@gmail.com.
STLE Alberta Section: Lubricant Health Monitoring 2 (Speaker:
Lloyd (Tex) Leugner, AGAT Laboratories), April 11, 6 p.m.
(hospitality hour), 6:45 p.m. (dinner), 7:30 p.m. (speaker
presentation), Hotel Blackfoot, 5940 Blackfoot Trail SE,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Contact: Peter Neufeld, pneufeld@
suncor.com.
STLE Cleveland Section: Topic TBD (Speaker: STLE President Dr.
Martin Webster, ExxonMobil), April 13, 5:30 p.m. (registra-
tion and networking), 6 p.m. (dinner), 6:45 p.m. (speaker
presentation), Shulas 2, 6200 Quarry Ln., Cleveland, Ohio.
Contact: Leah Morris, lmorris@elcocorp.com.
STLE Chicago Section: Social Outing, April 16, 5:30-9:30
p.m. Join the Chicago Section for a night of great food and
laughs at Second City Theater, 1616 N. Wells St., Chicago,
Ill. Show time is 8 p.m. at the main stage. Dinner will be
before the show at Topo Gigio Ristorante, 1516 N. Wells St.,
Chicago, Ill. Fee is $55 per ticket and is open to the rst 50
participants. Sign up at www.chicagostle.org.
STLE Hamilton Section: Topic and Speaker TBD, April 19, 5:15
p.m. (hospitality hour), 6:15 p.m. (dinner), 7:15 p.m.
(speaker presentation), The Scottish Rite Club of Hamilton,
4 Queen St. South, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Contact:
Chris Webb, cwebb@hydrafab.com.
STLE Pittsburgh Section: Topic and Speaker TBD, April 19, 5:30-
8 p.m., Atrias Restaurant, 1374 Freeport Rd., Pittsburgh,
Pa. Fee is $31 and includes appetizers and desserts. Con-
tact: Walter Sloan, Walter.Sloan@sbco.com.
Yes, his divorce from his rst wife came through a month after he had married his second wife.
STLE Detroit Section: Commercial Vehicle Transmission Fluids
(Speaker: Donna Mosher, Eaton Corp.), April 20, 4:30 p.m.
(registration), 5 p.m. (speaker presentation), 6 p.m. (dinner),
Powers Court Building, Green Glass Building, 17199 N. Laurel
Park Dr., Livonia, Mich. Contact: Beth Zou, qzou@oakland.edu.
STLE Philadelphia Section: Automotive Seminar: GF-6
and PC-11, April 21, 12-4 p.m. This education seminar fea-
tures an update on two new engine oil specications. Sandy
Run Country Club, 200 E. Valley Green Rd., Oreland, Pa.
Contact: Stephanie Johnston, sjohnston@harrymillercorp.com.
STLE Houston Section: Golf Outing, April 26, 10 a.m. (check
in), 11 a.m. (lunch), noon (shotgun start), 6 p.m. (din-
ner), The Clubs of Kingwood, 1700 Lake Kingwood Trail,
Kingwood, Texas. To register or for more information, visit
www.stlehouston.com/2HoustonSTLE/Golf.shtml. Contact: Ron
Bertoldi, (281) 381-8505 or ron.bertoldi@sealandchem.com.
STLE Northern California Section: Marine Lubricants (Speaker:
TBD), April 27. Time and location TBD. Contact: stle.norcal@
gmail.com.
MAY 2016
STLE Central Illinois Section: Bio-Based Corrosion Inhibitors
(Speaker: Bob Dessauer, Cortec/Comet), May 4, 5:30 p.m.
(networking and dinner), 6:30 p.m. (speaker presenta-
tion), Golden Corral, 3525 N. University St., Peoria, Ill.
Contact: Allison Labraaten, labraaten_allison@cat.com.
STLE Alberta Section: Lubricant Health Monitoring 2 (Speaker:
Lloyd (Tex) Leugner, AGAT Laboratories), May 16, 6 p.m. (hos-
pitality hour), 6:45 p.m. (dinner), 7:30 p.m. (speaker pre-
sentation), Radisson Hotel Edmonton South, 4440 Gateway
Blvd., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Contact: Peter Neufeld,
pneufeld@suncor.com.
STLE Northern California Section: Inneum Trends (Speaker:
TBD), May 25. Time and location TBD. Contact: stle.norcal@
gmail.com.
STLE Hamilton Section: Golf Social, May 27, Burlington
Springs Golf and Country Club, 5235 Cedar Springs Rd.,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Contact: Mike Decker at
(905) 671-2355 or Greg Pottruff at (905) 671-2355.
67
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2016 ICMCTF CONFERENCE
The International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings
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68 APRIL 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
MICHIGAN METROLOGY ANNOUNCES
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W W W. ST L E .O RG
AUTOMOTIVE TRIBOLOGY
Dr. Edward P. Becker
The upcoming Bolt
Electric and hybrid vehicles are on the rise.
The growth in electric vehicles and plug-in
hybrids in the U.S. (see Figure 1) is quite
impressive over the last few years. Al-
though the 105,000 total units repre-
sents only 1.3% of all new vehicles in
2014, the growth rate suggests a bright
future for these vehicles.
The EPA classies the Chevrolet
Volt as a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
(as opposed to GMs classication of
extended range electric vehicle). The
Volt sold just over 18,000 units in
2014, making it the top-selling plug-in
hybrid. Although GM did briey enter
the electric vehicle market with the fa-
mous (or perhaps infamous) EV-1 in
1996-1999, the best-selling electric car
in 2014 was the Nissan Leaf. However,
that may be about to change.
The Chevrolet Bolt (not to be con-
fused with the Volt) was rst unveiled
as a concept car at the North American
International Auto Show in Detroit just
over a year ago. Scheduled to debut as
a 2017 model,2 the Bolt may be avail-
able by late 2016 in the U.S. Taking
such a vehicle from concept to produc-
tion in under two years would be quite
an accomplishment for GM.
Figure 1 | Historical production
of compressed natural gas (CNG)
vehicles, electric vehicles (EV) and
plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV).1
70 APRIL 2016
The Bolt is an all-electric vehicle,
and GM claims to achieve a 200-mile
(320 km) range on a single charge. Al-
though the Tesla Model S claims a
higher range (about 30% more), the
Tesla also costs twice as much as the
projected price of the Bolt. The Bolt
also claims a 0-to-60 mph (0-to-96
kph) time of under seven seconds
(compared to approximately nine sec-
onds for the Chevy Volt). This combi-
nation of range and performance is well
within the envelope of acceptance for
most consumers.
To achieve these numbers, the Bolt
includes a number of innovations. Of
interest to the practicing tribologist,
the drive unit includes a gear and shaft
mechanismbasically a transmis-
sionto vary the speed ratio between
the motor and the wheels. While most
electric vehicles drive the wheels di-
rectly from the motor, the use of a
transmission allows the motor to oper-
ate near its peak efciency more often,
thus increasing the range.
Another major step forward is the
Bolts regenerative braking system. Al-
though such systems are common in all
electric and hybrid vehicles, the Bolt
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
has an industry-rst system that is ca-
pable of bringing the vehicle to a com-
plete stop using only the regenerative
brakes. Of course, the car has friction
brakes, since there are limitations to
the regenerative system, but under
most normal conditions the driver will
be able to accelerate, cruise and stop
using only the accelerator pedal. The
energy that is usually dissipated as heat
in friction brakes will actually be con-
verted to electricity (basically the elec-
tric motor acts as a generator when
absorbing the excess energy) and, in
turn, recharge the batteries.
REFERENCES
1. United States Environmental Protection Agen-
cy Report EPA-420-R-14-023a, (October
2014), Light-Duty Automotive Technology,
Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy
Trends: 1975 Through 2014.
2. www.chevrolet.com/bolt-ev-electric-vehicle.html.
Ed Becker is an STLE Fellow and
past president. He is president of
Friction & Wear Solutions, LLC in
Brighton, Mich., and can be
reached through his website at
www.frictionandwearsolutions.
com.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
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CUTTING EDGE
Drs. Wilfred T. Tysoe &
Nicholas D. Spencer Figure 1 | Liquid conned within
a sphere-on-at contact. A mo-

Looking at lube
lecular rotor, thioavin T, whose
uorescence behavior (repre-
sented by halo) depends on vis-

in a new light cosity, has been added to the

lubricant.2 (Published by The Roy-
al Society of Chemistry.)

A uorescence-lifetime-based approach
allows viscosity measurements in situ in Figure 2 | Chemical structures
a lubricated contact. of the uids and the dye used in
the study.2 (Published by The
Royal Society of Chemistry.)
VISCOSITY IS A CRUCIAL PARAMETER IN FLUID-BASED LUBRICATION,
and yet it is a problematic quantity since, in the case of oils, it often
changes with shear rate and always changes drastically with pressure.
The way in which it does so has been the subject of a number of theo-
retical approaches, which have not been without controversy.1 However,
actually measuring the viscosity in a lubricated contact or indeed in a
rheometer at lubrication-relevant pressures and shear rates has not
been possible. Ideally it would be very interesting for tribologists to
know more than just a single value of the viscosity in the contact but
also the way in which it varies from the inlet to the outlet.
Janet Wong and her colleagues at Imperial College, London, UK, have
Figure 3 | Thioavin T lifetime measurements and corresponding
come up with an in situ approach to measuring viscosity that relies on
viscosity distribution in a point contact (max pressure = 530 MPa,
the properties of certain uorescent dyes2 known as molecular rotors.
rolling speed = 74 mm.s-1, lm thickness, measured by interferometry
Fluorescence occurs when a molecule is excited into a higher-energy = 170 nm), lubricated by glycerol. Dashed white circle is contact area
state by absorbing light, usually in the visible or ultraviolet region of (diameter = 150 +m).2 (Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
the spectrum. The excited molecule can then undergo internal relax-
ations to subsequently emit light at a lower frequency and thus with a
different color. The frequency of the emitted light is characteristic of This approach is innovative and potentially very signicant. By ju-
the molecule, but the time for the molecule to relax can be inuenced diciously choosing the molecular rotor structure, a very wide range of
by its environment. viscosities can be probed in a variety of uids. Hopefully the new experi-
Wongs group took advantage of this latter property since molecular mental data obtained in this way will facilitate the testing of models for
rotors have two component parts that can rotate relative to each other viscosity variation in contacts and ultimately facilitate the optimization
about a shared bond (see Figure 1). Any constraints put on this rotation of lubricants and tribological systems for energy saving.
(such as local viscosity) will affect the molecules uorescence intensity
and lifetime. In this initial study, the group from Imperial College used
a ball-on-disc setup (glass, steel or WC against glass or sapphire). The REFERENCES
apparatus was placed on an inverted uorescence microscope, incor- 1. Spikes, H.A. and Zhang, J. (2014), History, origins and prediction of
porating a 400-nm laser source to excite the uorescence. Thioavin T elastohydrodynamic friction, Trib. Lett., 56, pp. 125.
(ThT) was selected as a molecular rotor, and glycerol and IGEPAL (see 2. Ponjavic, A., Dench, J., Morgan, N. and Wong, J.S.S. (2015), In situ
Figure 2) were chosen as examples of Newtonian and shear-thinning viscosity measurement of conned liquids, RSC Advances, 5, pp.
liquids, respectively. Fluorescence lifetime was measured, rather than 99585-99593.
intensity, since it is independent of the lm thickness. In a separate,
static, pressure-dependent calibration experiment, the uorescence
Eddy Tysoe (left) is a Distinguished
lifetime could be correlated with viscosity.
Professor of Physical Chemistry at the
The results from this innovative setup are fascinating (see Figure 3).
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
For glycerol the ThT lifetime, and therefore viscosity, increases as the You can reach him at wtt@uwm.edu.
uid is drawn into the contact, dropping as it leaves. The circular symme- Nic Spencer (right) is professor of
try corresponds to the Hertzian pressure distribution. While the glycerol surface science and technology at
experiments showed constant viscosity behavior over a range of tested the ETH Zurich, Switzerland. You can
shear rates, IGEPAL displayed shear thinning, in that the ThT lifetime was reach him at nspencer@ethz.ch.
observed to drop, as shear rate was increased (up to 5 x 105 s-1). Both serve as editors-in-chief of STLE-afliated Tribology Letters journal.

72 APRIL 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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