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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    9 views27 pages

    Fluids 2008

    Uploaded by

    Kristen Keller
    Pre-examination material

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 27
    Monash University Semester One 2008 Examination Period Faculty Of Engineering EXAM CODES: MEC 3451 TITLE OF PAPER: FLUID MECHANICS I EXAM DURATION: ‘3 hours writing time READING TIME: 10 minutes THIS PAPER IS FOR STUDENTS STUDYING AT:( tick where applicable) OI Berwick © Clayton © Malaysia «C1. Off Campus Leaming Open Leaming O Caulfield O Gippsland O Peninsula Enhancement Studies OF Sth Africa Pharmacy OF Other (specify) During an exam, you must not have in your possession, a book, notes, paper, calculator, pencil case, mobile phone or other materiaV/item which has not been authorised for the exam or specifically permitted as noted below. Any material or item on your desk, chair or person will be deemed to be in your possession. You are reminded that posscssion of unauthorised materials in an exam is a discipline offence under Monash Statute 4.1 No examination papers are to be removed from the room. AUTHORISED MATERIALS CALCULATORS Byes. ONO OPEN BOOK O yes NO SPECIFICALLY PERMITTED ITEMS. @ ves No if yes, items permitted are: graph paper Candidates must complete this section if required to write answers within this paper STUDENT ID DESK NUMBER INSTRUCTIONS ANSWER ANY FOUR QUESTIONS. ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS. A FORMULAE AND TABULATION SHEET IS PROVIDED AT THE END OF THE PAPER. Page 1 of 27 Question 1 (Total: 25 marks} Figure 1: Flow through a tapering bend. (2) As shown in Fig. 1, a citcular pipe bend, which is in the horizontal plane, tapers from a diameter «di = 500 mm atthe inlet to a diameter d2 = 250 mm at the outlet, cuming the flow through an angle 45°. Measurements of the pressure at the inlet and outlet reveal that the pressure py at the inlet is 40 kN/m* and p2 at the outlet is 23 KN/m?. If the pipe is carrying oil with density = 850 kg/m?, determine the magnitude and direction ofthe resultant force on the bend when the volumetric flow rate of the ol is 0.45 m7. (10 marks] 2-077 poundary layer ecge a a @ Figure 2: Flow over a thin plate. (b) Figure 2 shows a free stream of fuid flowing over a lat plate. The velécity ofthe free stream is uniform V = ui In addition, i is also possible to assume thatthe pressure is uniform such that i does not exert a net force on the plate and that the plate is sufficiently thin such that only shear stresses arise due to the flow over the plate. Starting from an integra! formulation of the linear momentum conservation equation and drawing an appropriate control volume for your analysis, show thatthe drag, force thatthe plate exerts on the fluid can be expressed as Dap [atrium] dy. o Inthe above b isthe width ofthe plate. w (y) the Velocity profile in the boundary layer and é the boundary layer thickness, [15 marks] Ques (Total: 25 marks} 2 A source of strength 10 m?/s at (1,0) and a sink of the same strength at.(—1,0) are combined with a uniform flow of 25 m/s in the ~. direction. (a) Show that the stream function for the combined flow can be expressed as 2 fran! (2) tan! (2) - = fan ( 25) -taet(2)] 25 ® [8 marks} (b) Determine the length and width of the Rankine body formed by the flow. You may wish to use the fact that 4 tan’ ae du Trad de 8) 2 marks} (©) Find the difference in pressure between a point far upstream inthe flow and the point (1,1). Assume the density p = 1000 kg/m’. (5 marks} Question 3 (Total: 25 marks) pn Figure 3: Couette flow: flow between two horizontal long and infinitely wide parallel plates, the bottom plate held stationary and the top plate moving at constant velocity U. (a) Stanting from the lubrication approximation o the Navier-Stokes equation, derive the velocity profile for the steady, incompressible laminar flow between two infinitely wide horizontal plates wherein the Upper plate moves at constant velocity U and the bottom plate is held stationary, as shown in Fig. 3. ‘You may assume thatthe gap between the plates is small compared to the length ofthe plates. State the boundary conditions you use clearly. Explain the physical origin of each term in the velocity profile you derive. (7 marks} Figure 4: Viscous film of oi! falling by gravity along a vertical wall, (b) Consider steady, incompressible, parallel, laminar, two-dimensional flow of a film of oil falling slowly down an infinite vertical wall as shown in Fig. 4. The oil film thickness ish, and gravity acts in the negative z-direction (downward in the figure). There is no applied (forced) pressure driving the ow —the oil falls by gravity alone. You may neglect changes in the hydrostatic pressure ofthe sur- rounding {() Show from the incompressible continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates that the vertical velocity ‘woof the oil film is only a function of the transverse coordinate x. State your assumptions clearly. (i) Simpify the Navier-Stokes equation to show that for this flow, the z-momentum equation reduces o wu ay ‘where w is the veil velocity (velocity in the z-direction, p the density of the fui, the viscosity of the fluid and gis the gravitational acceleration. Again, state your simplifying assumptions clearly @ [Question 3 continued overleaf... ii) Solve Eq, (4) to obtain the velocity profil. State the boundary conditions you use clearly (iv) By normatising the vertical velocity w by pgh?/y1 and the transverse coordinate x by the oil film thickness f, obtain an expression for the normalised velocity profile and skeich the normalised velocity profile. [18 marks} Question 4 (Total: 25 marks) (a) Water (density = 1000 kg/m and viscosity j1 = 0.001 kg/ms) is fowing steadily in a $ cm diameter horizontal pipe made of stainless stel at a volumetric flow rate q = 0.006 mts. Determine the pressure drop Ap, the head loss p/og and the required pumping power input W = gdp for flow ‘over a 80 m long section of the pipe ifthe relative roughness of the pipe is 0.0006, (6 marks] (©) Oil which has density p = 860 kg/m? and kinematic viscosity v = 10-% m/s flavs over a thin plate 1.25 m wide and 2 m long, The free stream velocity U is 3.0 mys. Determine the boundary layer thickness at mid-length ofthe plate. Use this to calculate the shear stress and hence toal double-sided resistance ofthe plate exerted on the fluid. The following relationships may be used: Laminar fiow: and Cry = 25 foe Rep e510. (5) Rey where 5 is the boundary layer thickness and Cy. is the local friction coefficient, Note that the average friction coefficient over the entre plate is c= f Crate oy Inthe above, 8) [9 marks} Figure 5: Schematic illustration ofa ball hit horizontally with a backspin, (©) A ball with a mass of 0.1 kg and diameter of 6 em is hit horizontally at 60 kimyh with a backspin of| 44800 spm, as shown in Fig. 5. Determine ifthe ball wll fall or tise under the combined effect of gravity and lift due to spinning shortly after being 1 kg/m? and viscosity 1 1073 {kg/ms. What happens ifthe ball is hit with a topspin? You may find the accompanying chart in Fig. 6 useful, [10 marks] [Question 4 continued overleaf. Og, ~~ el f, ce, | BD fev'ro* 6! seals oll : | ae. f | % i Veen | smooth phere | i 0.2) Rez Duero! ise % Figure 6: Variation of lift and drag coefficienis (Cp = Fo/[3p¥*(nD*/4)] and C, = Fis [Jov?(x02/4)) of a smooth sphere of eiameter D withthe dimensionless rate of rotation wD/2V Gis the density, «isthe rotation speed, V isthe linear velocity, and, Fp and Fy, are the lift and drag forces, respectively). The chart applies for a Reynolds number Re = VD/y = 6 x 10*, where v is the kinematic viscosity Question ; {Total: 25 marks} Saxo Figure 7: Air flow through a converging nozzle, (a) Ait at | MPa and 600°C enters a converging nozzle, shown in Fig. 7, with a velocity of 150 ms. ‘You may assume the flow to be steady, one-dimensional and isentropic. For each ease when when the back pressure is @)0.7 MPa, and, Gi) 04 MPa, determine whether or not the flow atthe throat is choked and caleulate the mass flow rate for a nozalé. throat area of SOcm?, The constant pressure specific heat and the specific heat ratio of air are cy = 1.005 lakgK and k = 1.4, respectively. For the mass flow rate, you may use the relationship: AMapy VERT) [r+ = ry mat aE where A is the area, po the stagnation pressure, To the stagnation temperature, R the gas constant, k the adiabatic index and Ma the Mach number. (18 marks} © ‘Supersonic flow (Ma > 1) Qt Figure 8: Enthalpy-entropy (-s) diagram for flow across a normal shock. (b) Figure 8 shows an enthalpy-entropy (hs) diagram for flow across a normal shock, The Fanno line, which can be obtained through the use of mass and energy conservation, is the locus of states that have the same enthalpy and mass flux (mass flow per unit area). [Question 5 continued overiea (Starting from the steady flow energy equation in the absence of any heat and work interactions and potential energy changes. constant, 0) vi it wherein V is the velocity, show that the equation for the Fanno line in differential form is given by ade di - Vv? ap You may wish to assume that the shock a very thin such that there isa negligible change of duct area across the shock, for which case mass conservation stipulate pV = constant. (12) (ii) Using Eq. (11) above together with the relationship Tds = dh-vdp, (13) ‘wherein 7 is the temperature, v the specific volume and p the pressure, show thatthe point of maximum ‘entropy on the Fanno line (point a in Fig, 8) for the adiabatic steady flow of fuid in a duct corresponds to the sonic velocity. Hinr: For Ma = 1. the speed of sound ¢ = V; in other words, show that the above ‘relationships reduce to the retationship for the speed of sound: «ay where p is the density. (7 marks} 10 Question 6 (Total: 25 marks} T he Figure 9: Schematic depiction of a hydrautic jump in a rectangular horizontal channel ‘Water discharging into a 10 m wide rectangular horizontal channel from a sluice gate is observed to hhave undergone a hydraulic jump as depicted in Fig. 9. The flow depth and velocity before the jump are 0.8 m and 7 mys, respectively. Below, take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m, () Write down the mass, momentum and energy conservation relationships between Sections | and 2, ‘which correspond to the sections in the channel before and afier the hydraulic jump, respectively. (6 marks) (6) From these conservation relationships, derive the depth ratio across the hydra -1+ Jivere 2 2 (sy sis (4 marks] (©) What is the necessary condition of the upstream Now for the hydraulic jump 10 occur? Confirm that this is indeed true for this case. [3 marks} {(@) Determine the flow depth and the Froude number afier the jump. [3 marks] {€) Caleulate the head loss nz and the dissipation ratio (head loss to specific energy ratio before the jump). What does the dissipation ratio tell you? (4 marks} (O Determine the wasted power production potential due to the hydraulic jump, ie.. the power dis- sipation due to the head loss you calculated in the previous part (this is equal to the mass flow rate rmuhiplied by gh, wherein gis the gravitational acceleration), [2 marks] (8) Why are the effects of a hydraulic jump wasteful? Determine the temperature rise in the water if the potential energy you calculated above is converted to thermal energy. The specific heat capacity for ‘water is 4180 J/kgK. [3 marks] Question 7 (Totat: 25 marks} You are manager of the Pump-a-Lot company whose best selling water pump, Pump A, is one that has impeller diameter Ds = 6.0 cm. The performance data of Pump A whilst operating at n4 = 1725 spm (G2 = 180.6 reefs) is shown in Table 1. The marketing research department of the company is however proposing the introduction of a new larger pump design that will be used to pump liquid refrigerant R+134A at room temperature, ‘The pump is to be designed such that its best efficiency point occurs as close as possible to a volume flow rate of Qa = 2400 cm/s and at a net head of lig = 450 cm (of R-134A), Using pump scaling laws, you therefore wish to determine if a geometrically scaled-up pump could be designed and built to meet the given requirements. Specifically, (a) Using the performance data in Table 1. plot the pump performance curves (head, efficiency and brake horsepower curves) of pump A in both dimensional and dimensionless form. In the latter case, plot the efficiency as a fraction. Identify also the best efficiency point (determine the head, capacity and power coefficients as well as the efficiency at this point). [16 marks] (b) Calculate the required pump disineter Dp, rotational speed rg and brake horsepower bhp» for the now larger pump. [9 marks] At room temperature (20°C), the density of water and R-134A are 998.0 kg/m? and 1226 kg/m?. re- spectively. ‘Table 1: Performance data for Pump A (water) operating at 1725 pm and room temperature. Quo) Hy tom 4H) 100 180-32 200-185 S4 30017570 400 «17079 500150 BI 600 95 66 700 5438 MEC 3451: Fluid Mechanics I Formulae and Tabulation Sheet Physical Constants Gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s? Universal gas constant Ry = 8.314 J/molK Physical Properties Air Density pa = 1.20 kg/m? Viscosity Hair = 18.1 x 10°* Pas Gas constant Ry, = 0.287 ki/kgK Adiabatic index ha = 1.4 Water: Density pase: = 998 kg/m? Viscosity Hamer = 1.00 10° Pas Mercury: Density pi = 13,546 key? Definitions & Theorems Rotation and Vorticity Vectors : Reynolds Transport Theorem DB ayy _ OBev Di” ar Bemoulli's Equation ‘Stream function “Table 1: Stream function in different coordinate systems Moron | Coordinate system | Velocity component J | Recangularwitn w= 0 ae 2 | ent so dependence 3 3 £ | cynical wihw 0 2 tad no epee Cylindrical wit, = 0 i E [perecrmton 5 | speica wins =0 2 and zo gdependence Dimensiontss Groups Bond Number Drag Coefcien Friction Coefficient Friction Factor Froude Number Lift Coefficient Mach Number Reynolds Number Strouhal Number Weber Number 4 ‘Turbomachinery Pump Power P= P8Ohy Brake Horsepower bhp = wT Net Positive Suction Head Pump Head Hp = (hy— Ii) ( 8 Flow (or Capacity) Coefficient Head Rise Coefficient Power Coefficient Pump Efficiency Pump Specific Speed if oP (a0) ore CH (ght D2" (gh) ‘Turbine (Shaft) Power ‘Turbine Head Turbine Efficiency ‘Turbine Specific Speed Pipe Losses and Moody Friction Factor Chart Pipe losses an ey “raqun sproutay soo'000%0 = 4 1o0'000'0 = $+ sOISISPE~Z OIG ISTE Z MIBISPE Z A) and Laplacian ‘operator (94) for the various coordinate systems Cylindrical coordinates ton Bae! Baye Ba, (Pa) | _1_ asin), _1_ te rsind 86 rsind Op a(apsing) a |.-( 1 @ Fsind Op Conservation Equations Mass Conservation in Integral Formulation a £ as f vada =0 a lev? les i % 2 %+v.vy=0 Continuity Equation ‘Table 3: Continuity equation: dp/t+¥-pV = 0 Cartesian coordinates Ge oe , 8 2 ys 2 ww Ft ROY HO GO ‘Cylindrical coordinates (a BL oye t 2 ome © wy, BEB onys? 2 ome 2 wo Spe coos COST Dp ee rpg se=eErE OEE eS oey BO) Fane wo OO Fenw 9 OH) =0 Linear Momentum Conservation in Integral Formulation a & fevers [ vov-aaa= Si Fer ah? Jes” x ‘Cauchy's Equation sev oy]=8 ors Euler's Equation o[Z-vev-v Navier-Stokes Equation }- 1 ey Psa OF Jere Potential Flow Velocity-Potenial V = V9 “Table S: Various base planar potential flows Flow field description Velocity potential Stream function Thiform flow at small angle @ with the ¢ = U(zcosa-+ysina) y= U(yeosa - sina) Source or aink ‘i n> 0: source = Lior <0: sink = Free vortex > 0; counterclockwise £0: clockwise Doublet ‘Velocity components u=Ueosa Compressible Flow, Speed of Sound Perfeci/Ideal Gas Law Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas 2 © = constant e Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Volume Isentropic Flow Relationships A ( ' yn Po 1+ (= 1)/2]Ma* Flow Across a Normal Shock piv = pas Pa pe eet Pee -«-) (+ May a (k++ 1) Maz ate DMaE +o Ve Critical Temperature, Pressure and Density Ratios for Air i Toleava Be +a- Ma =0.733 | Polen 20 Compressible Flow Tables ‘Table B.1: Isentropic Flow of a Perfect Gas (k=1.4) ‘Column 1: Mach number Ma Column 2: Pressure ratio p/po Column 3: Density ratio p/p Column 4: Temperature ratio T/To Column 5: Area ratio A/A* Note that inthe above. the subscript 0 denotes stagnation properties and the asterisk superscript denotes critical properties. 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Gate ie 2 Me phe vy Te om omn ome om so 366 ast a an an 3% am 38 an on ie aa 39 ax 30 396 a8 0 ja foe 405 4a a a au 416 8 a 42

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