to my mother iluminada,
my wife Imelda,
and my children kim deunice,
ken dainiel, and
‘karla denise
Engineering Tapleot
Mathematics Vol. 1 Contents
Table of Contents
Part 1: Algebra & Advanced Math..
Lawof Natural Numbers
Law Equality
Inequality
Laws of Exponents
Properties of Radicals
Logarithm.
Polynomials.
Factor Theore
Remainder Theorem,
Binotnial Theorem
Pascal's Triangle.
Proportion
Quadratic Formul.
Partal Fraction
Variation
Arithmetic Progression.
Geomettic Progression
Harmonic Progression.
Work problems
Age Prodlems.ii.ion
Digit Problems...
Number Problems
Clock Probiers..
Mixture Proble
Motion Problems
Sui
Perenttion wn e
Combination
Probability p e
Matices and Determinant is Dh
CCeamer’s Rule ner cnoneonen 29)
Complex Number... 30)
3
Vena Diagram,
PROBLEMS
Set 1— Conversion
S:t 2 Exponentsand Radicals
Set - Fundamentals in Algebra
Set 4 Logarithm, Binomial Theorem, Quadratic Equation,mm — Tableor Engineering
Contents Mathematics Vol. 1
Set5~ Age, Midture, Work, Clack, Number Problonis ond
Set ~Motion, Variation, Percent, Miscellaneous Problems 105
Set 7 ~ Progression, Matrix, Determinant, Venn Diagram, 17
Set 8 = Permutation, Combination, Probability, “ 17
Set 9
168
Complex Numbers, Vectors
Part 2: Plane & Spherical Trigonometry.
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY
Functions of Right Trangle seu ane ZE
Pythagorean Theoret cance sacn
‘Trigonometri Identities,
basic Identities, ee
Fythaypnean Relations. ee
Summ ara Difference of Two Angles
Double Angle Formutas i
Half Angle Formilas. xc. Ns
Powers of Functions
Product of Functions
Sum and Difference of Functions
Oblique Triangles.
Sine Law.
Cosine Law: is
Law of Tangent nyc
Mollweide's Equation
Angles,
Properties of Triangle
‘Area,
Median.
Altitide i:
Ange BICCOF ssn
SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
Spherical Tangle ran
‘Areaof Spherical Triangle
Right Spherical Triangle,
Napier's Rules.
Oblique Spherical Triangle i Pe errgre ents 188)
Law of Sines son T 8S
Lawof Cosines oon dB
Naper's Analogies 188
‘The Terrestrial Sphere ‘ 189
‘Engineering
Mathematics Vol. 1
PROBLEMS
Set 10 - Angles, Trigonometrie Identities & Equations.
Set 11 — Triangles, Angle of Elevation & Depression .
Part 3; Plane Geomeny,
Definitions
Triange:
‘Theoremson Triangles.
‘Ares of Triangle.
Quadelaterals nnn
Recangle, Square, General Quadrilateral
Patalletogram, Rhombus, Trapezoid.
Cyetic Quadrilateral
Polygens
Theorems in Polygon
Regular Polygons
Circ
Theoremson Circles
‘Area of Ciele ss
Secor ane Segment of a Cele.
Parabolic Segment
Spondrel
Ellipse
Radiusof Circles;
Clivle Clicumscribed About a Triangle .
Cincle inscribed in « Triangle.
Ginsle Escribed About a Triangle.
Giele Circumscribed About a Qundsletera..
Giro inserted ins Quactriateral
‘Area ky Approximation :
Trapenokal Rule oeesnon
Siripson’s One-Thitd Rule..eonn
‘Area by Coordinates enssnnnnn
PROBLEMS:
Sel12- Triangles, Quadtrilaterals, Poly gore.
Set13 «Circles, Parnbola, Ellipse, Miscellaneous FigP Table of
TV contents
————$$$_$_—_————— Ess ei
Part 4; Solid Geometry...
Polyhedirons
Regular Polyhedrens
Platonic Solids,
Prom,
Rectangular Paallelepiped, Cube.
Pyramids...
Frustum of a Pyramid
Vinge :
Cones rscsn
Right Cirsular Cone.
Frustum of a Right Cireular Cone
Sphere
Spherical Segment
Splierical Sector.
Spherical Lune and Wedge.
Spherical Poly EONS nan
Spherical Pyramiel
Sol ofRevaition (apps Trans
Elipsoid
&Prolate and Oblate Spheroid..
Parabolid of Revolution...
Prismatoid sono
Prismoidal Formula ee
Similar Sol discs
PROBLEMS:
Set 4 ~ Prisms, Pyramids, Cylinders sunsrinn er sn IB
Set 15~-Spheies, Prismatoid, Solids of Revolution, Misc.
Part 5: Analytic Geometry...
PLANE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
Gatti Cartitate’5)tem cy ecto Ue
Distanve Benween Tie points 335
Strigh? Line 335
Slope of a Line 36
Standard Fyustions.of Lanes, i 336
Angle Between Two Lino, i 2
Distance from a Point ta Line Weeinaaa
Distance between Two Parallel Lines 338
Divisivi of Line Segment, i, 338
point ofa Line Segment 338
Engineering
Mathematics Vol.
‘Area of polygon by Coordi
Conie Sections
General Equation of Conies
Circle
Parabola
Ellipse
Hyperbole
Variations of Problems in Canics
‘Targents and Normals to Conics.
Polar Coordinate System.
Distance etween Two poin! i
Relationship baoeon ate Polar Coordinate 250
Polar Curves
SPACE ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
‘Space Coordinate Systems
Rectangular Coordinates
Cylindrical Coordinates
Spherical Coordinates...
‘Table of
contents V
3DGapls
PROBLEMS
Set 16~ Points Lines, Cicles 7
Set 17 = Parebol, Ellipse, Hyperbola, Polar, Space 7
Part 6: Recent Board Exams 397
PROBLEMS is
Set 18 ~ Recent Bourdl Exains. 7
Sot 19= Necent Bosrd Exams 2. Bs‘Table of
VI contents
Engineering
Mathematics Vol. 1
Engineering Partl = y
Mathematics Vol. 1 Algebra and Advanced Math
art
ALGEBRA & ADVANCED
MATH
BASIC Leta, by and ¢ be any number,
LAW 1. Law of closure for addition:
OF atl
NATURAL 2, Comniutative law for addition:
NUMBERS atoaben
3, Associative law for elation:
ar Orda (rd re
4, Law of elosure for multiplication
nb
5. Commutative law for multiplication
iative law for multiplication
abe) = (ab)
7. Distributive Law
‘alb-+ 0) = ab ac
BASIC 1, Rellesive property
LAWS OF aaa
EQUALITY 2, Symmetse property
Ika =4, then b=a
3, Transitive pro
Wan band
equal to thi
4 Tfa=ba b+. That is if
equals are acided fo equals, the results are equal
5, lfn=band c=d, then ac= bd. Thatis, if equals
are multiplied to equals, the results are equal.
: then a~ ¢. That is, things2 Part
Algebra and Advanced Matt
INEQUALITY
Theorems
on,
Inequalities
OTHER
IMPORTANT
PROPERTIES
IN ALGEBRA
LAWS OF
EXPONENTS
(INDEX LAW)
Engineering
Mathematics Vol. 1
A stalcment that one quantity Is greater than oF less
than another quantity
Symbols used in inequality
neh ausgreater than
bifand only if-<-b
Ma, then-aS0
If-a<0,then <0
Ika >b,c<0, then a? b, o> d, then (+c) >(b+d)
Ika>b,c>d, and, b, c.>0, then ac> bi
S era
if1>0,8>0,0>0,then Let
a8
1 ax0=0
Iaxt=0, then eithers orb =O or both and b
Leased
Lastors) Ba
py and
oe oa!
(in 10.1F w i, then n
4. (ay! = =a then
5. (ite) (provided 1 20)
en (a
Engineering
Mathematics Vol. 1
PROPERTIES OF
RADICALS
PROPERTIES OF
LOGARITHM
POLYNOMIALS
Expanding
Brackots
va
2. ae = Mae = ary”
3. Wa)
4 Mani = Yb
5 Mt é povanatbn bee
1, logy MN= 10g «M+ logs N
M
2. tog, Mt = log .M~ log. N
By 7B 8
3 logs M"
4. loga=1
5. _log, a” =xlog,a=x
6. “log,1=0
7, tflog yM=N, then a=
8, Ii log.M=log, N, then M=N.
9. log. M= in
€= 271828... (Naperian logarithm)
10. log io M=log M (Common logarithm)
11, log M= log M/ logn =InM/ Inn
12, If log,x=a then x= antilog,, «
log eM
13, a= antilog, x
1A, log ig 4250. = Jog (1000 « 4.25)
= log 1000 + log 4.25
logo 4250 = 3 + 06284 = 3.6284
3, the integral par, is called the eharwcteristic
0.6234, a hon-negati decimal fhacton part, i ealled
the mantissa
By multiplying wo brackets together, each, tern in
fone bracket is multiplied by cach term of the other
bracket,
(abr que
id wit lt ber Ud toe
»4 Part
Algebri and Advanced Math
Engineering
Mathematics Vol. 1
Factorization
Special
Products
and
Factoring
Division of
Polynomials
Esantle
Selation f
Soliion
Factorization is the opposite process of expanding
brackets, The usual process includes changing a tong
expression without any brackets to a shorter
expression that incluces brackets
Ind = Ge 4 4 = 2x2— Be $2) = Ax I(x-1)
. few y) ext
(et yP ests Qey tye
(eyes ay 4?
(ea yeataste fer stt lays ebay
weeps (rt yey +)
Paps (eay)ie try ty)
= (PAP = (= PEs VA) t
=(erya-yerr ey ty)
Carrying out the division of polynomials is no
different, in principle, to numerical division
Consider the following example
Divide x= 10.8-9.x-20 by x4.
By long division
Yo +4y4 ox + 15 remainder 40
x-4)Me10R-9x- 20 Latex aat
darters ae
3.62 x= Ge
4 1Sy sx = 15
remainder > 40,
BY SYNTHETIC DIVISION
Write the ceefficients of the terms, supplying zero as
the coefficient of the missing power
1 0 40 9 20 [4
416 24 60 :
T 4 6 6 4
The quotient is x9 + 4x2 + 6r +15 remainder 40.
Engineering
Mathematics Vol, 1
Fortl = g
Algebra and Advanced Math
Factor
Theorem,
Eunste
Silat
Remainder
Theorem
Eine
Slaton
Biemte
Seton
BINOMIAL
THEOREM
Properties
Consider a fonction fi), f(t) =O thon (1) ea
fector of fit). 1Ff(-3) = 0 thea (: +3) is @ factor of f(s),
Use of factor theorem cen produce the factors of an
expression ina trial and error manner,
Factorize 239 + Sx?-x- 6
fs) “29.4 5x =x 6
fa)=20)+507-()-6=0,
hence (x1) is factor
fea)= Yelp + 904) Fl) -6
ence (t +1) is nota factor
2) = 20) + 52F- @)~6= 28,
hence (¢ -2) is nota factor
i + 52} (2)- 6 =0,
hence (x +2) s.a factor
fe3/2)= 23/2) +3(3/2)- (3/2) -6=0,
hence 2x +3 a factor.
ft
Thus, 2e + 5x8 4-6 = (x1) +2) 2x43)
Ufa polyponsial fx) is divided by (x — r) until a remainder
ish eee esta erenaiiet
Tef(e) =D then (is a factor of 2),
Find the remainder when xt 10x? - Sy ~ 20is divided
byx-4
fg) = t= 10x? = 9-20
x-4
Remainder = (4) = 4 - 10(4)* -9(4) -20
Remainder = 40
Find k such that r ~3 is a factor of &4>~ 6x2 + 2kx - 12.
Remainder ~ (3) = i) - 66)? + %@)
Expansion of (x +b)"
The number of terms in the expansion 1+ 1,
The first termis a” & the last termis b",
‘The exponent of adescends linearly from to 0,6 Parti
Algebra and Advanced Math
Engineering
Mathematics Vol. 1
Pascal's Triangle
term of
(a+ 0)"
Exam
Solatioe A
Solecioe E
“The exponsntar ascends nearly from Oto,
5, The sum of the exponents of aand bin any of the
terms is equal ton,
6. The coefficient of the second term and the second
from the last term is 71,
Used to determine the coefficients of the terms in a
binomial expansion,
(a+b
(a+b
(a+ be
Grp 1
(ein a
(ay 1...
term = a
Gre
(DI
To get the middie term (for even value of n),
setr=2 +4
Find the 3+! term in the expansion of (27+ y)*.
Using the properties and Pascal's triang!
(ty = G8 + SGN y+ 100)
se Saty + 1oxy?
Using the formula:
nt
1 term = —____—_
C=
re3 0 ne 5
a= hey
Engineering Pati 7
‘Mathematics Vol. 1 Algebra and Advanced Math
Coefficient of Noxt (Coefficimtof previous term)(exponentofs)
Term a
(exponentofy) +1
Eranble Expand completely the expression (x+y).
Station By principle, the first term Is x*, the second term is
8y7y, ‘The variable part of the third term isx*y>,
Thecoeficient of the thitel term is, = $2 = 28
ie
34 term = 28 x49?
am term= 229) ys ip = 56.48
sem Say ony
(te Per yt Buy +360ey +70ry
+560 + 8 ih + Bxy> yh
‘Sum of Coofficiont To get the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of
of Variables. (ax + by +...) substitate 1 to each of the variables
HY
Brample Find the sum of the coéfficient of the variebles in the
expansion of (2+ 3y
Site Sum = (1) +3(1) ~ 1} = a= 65,536
Suample Find the sum of the cocflicient of the variables in the
‘expansion of (3x 5)°.
Statin Note that the last term in the expansion of (x ~5)*is
constant and is equal to (-5)' = 15,625. This value
must be subttacted from the result after substituting
for the variable x.
‘Sum of coefficients= [3(1) ~5]"- (5)' =-15,561g Pata Engineering
Algebra and Advanced Math Mathematics Vol. 1
PROPORTION Froportion isa statement of equality between two
Mean Proportional
Properties of
Proportion
ralios,
In the following proportion:
acb=erd ot
band carecalled the means
‘and d arecalled the extremes
{fis the fourth proportional toa, and c.
In the ratio a/b, @ is called the antecedent and b is
called the consequent
ab
‘The mean proportional to two terms a and b
1, Proportion by inversion
rf é
E then
ba a ¢
2. Proportion by alteration
en rae
IES then Sar
3. Proportion by composition
MS! tenth ete
bd d
4, Proportion by division
Engineering
Mathematics Vol. 1
QUADRATIC
FORMULA
Properties of
Roots
PARTIAL
FRACTION
Improper.
Fraction
Proper
Fraction
Partl
‘Algebra and Advanced Math
a BrtCHO
For the quadratic equation 4
where B~ 4AC iscalled the discriminant,
If B? = 4AG, the toats are equal.
IE#2> 4AC, the roots are real, unequal.
If B? < 4AG, the roots are Imaginary,
Ifthe roots of the quadratic equation Ax? + Bx +C=0)
are xyand x, then
B
‘Sum of roots, 1 +9
Product of roo!
mae
Functions of ¢ that can be expressed in the form
B(s)/Q(2), where both P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials
of x, is known as rational functions.
A rational function is said to be an improper fraction
if the degree of P(x) is greater than or equal to the
degree of OG).
387
Improper Fractions; >
Improper fractions may be expressed as the sum of a
polynomial and 2 proper fraction.
For example
pl G7
‘A rational funetion is known as 9 proper fraction if
the degree of P(x) is less than the degnee of Q(0).
2x8 44y=5.
Proper Fraction; = —
Be y6x? Bxzo Patt
Algebra and Advanced Math
Seamee
Method of
Resolving Proper
Fraction into
Partial Fraction
Case!
Engineering
Mathematics Vol. 1
Proper fractions such as can be expressed as
the sum of partial fraction provided that the
denominator will jactorize. Consider the following
examples
23. 2 2er-4- x8 Case
x 2x-$ ax=4) r= 4)
Ifwwe reverse the process:
$82
4)
‘Thus, the fraction can be expressed or
2.3 casell
esolved Into partial fractions >
resolved Into pa a
The method of resolvins jartial fraction is more
EA) dibraee sue eloy eraapias
chisel melee
6-2) 72
Bx + 2K 41 er
Gy Gy Gay
4 Ge
(e-1)(@? =x+1)?
ut Case lV
eel Brel eae a
(aay YS Ga)
The following are the different eases of fractions that
‘can be resolved into pattial fraction
Factors of the denominator ail linear, none repeated,
3x24 32y—51
Mt 2)8 43)
€
BP +320-51 = A(x = Ile 3) + Bla 1)(0 +3)
+Qx-1(e-2)
Engineering
Mathematics Vol. 1
Part1
Algebre-and Advanced Math
This equation is an identity; hence itis true for any,
yalueof x.
To solve for A, get x=1;A=4
To solve for B, set x= 2 B=5
To solve for C set x=-3; C= -6
11
Factors of the denominator all linear, some repeated
dr2s7x+8_ A,B, Cy D
Hay CF HF
Axi + 7e B= A(et 2) + x(x + 2) Cafe +2)-* Dx
cs
Expand and equate the cooffic
solve for A, B,C, and D
ts oF Tike powers to
Some factors of the denominator. quadral
repeated
WaP ste i2e+22 A, Bre
STO ey
GG OG 2045)
atx8 + Udy? De +22 = ACS +4) 07-22 +9)
+ G+ Ole +12 -2¢+3) + (De + A + 1) +4)
Expand and equite the coefficients of like powers to
solveforA, B,C, D, and E
Some factors of the denominator quadratic some
repeated
Bree
a8)
“Gad
Sx'- 9p) + 601-915 +64 = A(x? x +4
4 (Bx + Qr(at-3x +4) + (Dx + Bx
Expand and equate the coefficients of like powers to
solve for, B, C, D, and E
Partial fractions are often used to help simplify «
separate problem such as one involving integration.2 Parti
Algebra and Advanced Math
Engineering
Mathematics Vol. 1
VARIATION
Direct Variation
Inverse Variation
Joint Variation
ARITHMETIC
PROGRESSION
AP,
nl” term of AP.
‘Sum of n terms
of AP.
[etse J
2x? +5x-3
A mathematical function that relates the values of
one variable to those of other variables.
If is directly proportional toy, then,
xy or x=hy
k= consiant of proportionality
Iftis inversely proportional to y, then,
1 k
xe or ya =
y
vy
If x is directly proportional. to y and inversely
proportional tothe square of z, then,
y,
ed
xe H or vert
oa Al
A sequence of numbers in which the difference of
‘any two adjacent terms is constant,
Ex, 4,7, 10, 13,16... (common difference = 3)
Fle
= common difference
d= ar~ a) = ay —ay= 67 Ay ete,
$=sum of all the terms
maa r(n-tjd
OF ty ane (0 m\d
sate)
a, ea)
Engineering
‘Mathematics Vol. 1
GEOMETRIC
PROGRESSION
GP.
n termof G.P.
Sum ofn terms,
of GP.
Sum of Infinite
Geometric.
Progression
(GP)
HARMONIC
PROGRESSION
Esanple
Solution
WORK
PROBLEM
Erampe
Parti
Algebraand Advanced Math 29
‘A sequence of numbers in which the ratio of any two
adjacent terms is constant.
Ex 26,18,
(common ratio, r= 3)
Common ratio,
ay(e?=1)
ra
ant
I-r
whenr> 1
“)
Se
when <1
Fora geometric progression where -1