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Shell UIO Specification of Group Standard For Lifting and Hoisting Operations in Europe
Shell UIO Specification of Group Standard For Lifting and Hoisting Operations in Europe
Shell UIO Specification of Group Standard For Lifting and Hoisting Operations in Europe
Group Standard
for
lifting and hoisting operations
in Europe
CMS DOCUMENT CONTROL BOX
Field Name Field Description
Name Specification of group standard for lifting and hoisting operations
Organisation NAM
Content Owner
van den Berg, Gerard B NAM-UIO/T/SL
(Authority to Issue)
Custodian Verhoef, Peter NAM-UIO/T/SL
Document Custodian van der Vliet, Geert NAM-UIO/T/SL
Author(s) Verhoef, Peter NAM-UIO/T/SL
CMS Number NAM-LIFHOI.SP.01
Doc Number EP201405203036
Revision Number 1
Cross References N/A
First Issue Date 02-09-2010
Issue Date 09-05-2014
Review Date 09-05-2017
External No
Document Type Specification
Valid For NAM
UPBM Process N/A
UPBM Sub-process N/A
Discipline Logistics
Expertise Lifting & Hoisting
Used In UP Process 14
Used In Discipline Logistics
Used in Expertise Lifting & Hoisting
Language English
Risk Domains Health, Safety, Environment, Finance, Legal, Asset Integrity, Social
Safety Case (UK) No Applicable Roles N/A
HSE MS Risk Management
ISO 14001 N/A
Security Restricted
Export Control Not subject to EAR no US content
User guideline preface
Upstream International Operated (UIO) documents for Europe (Documents) are based on the experience
acquired during their involvement with the design, construction, operation and maintenance of processing
units and facilities, and they are supplemented with the experience of Shell UIO companies. Where appropriate
they are based on, or reference is made to, international, regional, national and industry standards.
The objective is to set the recommended standard for good design and engineering practice applied by Shell
UIO companies in Europe operating an oil refinery, gas handling installation, chemical plant, oil and gas
production facility, or any other such facility, and thereby to achieve maximum technical and economic benefit
from standardization.
The information set forth in these publications is provided to users (high and middle management) for their
consideration and decision to implement. This is of particular importance where the Documents shall not cover
every requirement or diversity of condition at each locality. The system of Documents is expected to be
sufficiently flexible to allow individual operating companies to adapt the information set forth in the
Documents to their own environment and requirements.
When contractors or manufacturers/suppliers use the D documents they shall be solely responsible for the
safety, quality of work and the attainment of the required design and engineering standards. In particular, for
those requirements not specifically covered, the principal will expect them to follow those designs and
engineering practices, which will achieve the same level of integrity as reflected in the Documents. If in doubt,
the contractor or manufacturer/supplier shall, without detracting from his own responsibility, consult the
principal or its technical advisor.
The right to use the Documents is granted by Shell UIO companies in Europe only.
Contractors/subcontractors and manufacturers/suppliers shall perform all services and work and supply all
materials in accordance with the relevant standards.
Subject to any particular terms and conditions as shall be set forth in specific agreements with users, Shell UIO
companies in Europe disclaim any liability of whatsoever nature for any damage (including injury or death)
suffered by any company or person whomsoever as a result of or in connection with the use, application or
implementation of any Document, combination of Documents or any part thereof, even if it is wholly or partly
caused by negligence on the part of such Shell UIO companies. The benefit of this disclaimer shall insure in all
respects to Shell UIO companies and/or any company affiliated to these companies that shall issue the
Documents or require the use of the Documents.
Without prejudice to any specific terms in respect of confidentiality under relevant contractual arrangements,
the D documents shall not, without the prior written consent of Shell UIO companies in Europe, be disclosed by
users to any company or person whomsoever and the Documents shall be used exclusively for the purpose for
which they have been provided to the user. They shall be returned after use, including any copies, which shall
only be made by users with the express prior written consent of such Shell UIO companies in Europe.
The copyright of the Documents vests within the Shell Group. Users shall arrange for the Documents to be held
in safe custody and Shell UIO companies in Europe shall at any time require information satisfactory to them in
order to ascertain how users implement this requirement.
This document is aimed for support of high and middle management, who are directly involved with
lifting and hoisting operations, hiring and call out of lifting and hoisting services, procurement of
lifting and hoisting equipment and safety of lifting and hoisting operations.
The main objective is that, regardless of location, if each step of the process outlined in this guidance
is followed and suitably applied then every lifting and hoisting operation should be carried out in a
safe manner because it is:
Completed within an appropriate management system;
Properly planned;
Risk assessed;
Supervised; and
Completed with competent personnel and the proper equipment.
The set-up of this Standard is in line with the ever-occurring steps of the process for planning and
managing lifting and hoisting operations:
Define;
Plan;
Execute;
Learn and record.
Separate chapters are dealing with the load to be handled (chapter 7), give rules and regulations for
the lifting and hoisting equipment (chapter 8) and the requirements with regards to training and
competence of personnel (chapter 9).
Part 2, starting at chapter, 10 contain practical guidelines and working practices. Alternative practices
should only be adopted where they would guarantee an equivalent or greater level of safety.
Based on historical experiences, good practices or incident investigation, within Shell UIO
operations there are Shell UIO specific requirements being compulsory. Being Shell specific
obligations not backed-up by rules and regulations, they are highlighted in this Standard with
the Shell logo.
Where individual HSE cases define lifting and hoisting operations more restrictively, the local HSE
case shall be followed. In situations where a contractors requirements exceed this Standard, then
their standard shall be followed.
The need for compliance with this Standard at contractor installations performing Shell UIO work
should be evaluated and made a contractual requirement where deemed necessary.
If Shell UIO counts a contractors hours and HSE incidents, then that contractor must either comply
with this Standard or demonstrate that its own standards, procedures, and or guidelines provide
comparable assurance that the hazards associated with lifting and hoisting operations are being
managed to a level equal to this Standard or to a higher level of safety.
Doc. Nr.: Revision. Nr.: Date: Custodian: Page:
NAM-LIFHOI.SP.01 1 09/05/2014 Peter Verhoef 9 of 143 pages
Electronic copies to be obtained from the Shell UIO CMS website Printed copies are uncontrolled documents
1.2 Legislation and hierarchy of Standards
Local law and regulations shall always be accounted for in the adoption of this Standard, and where
in conflict will always prevail above this Standard. This Standard includes regulations and guidelines,
which through references in this text, have adopted and comprise the Standards, specifications and
guidelines as set in the Shell Group HSSE & SP Control Framework (Health, Security, Safety, the
Environment & Social Performance, section 04 lifting and hoisting). The latest versions of the
references shall be used unless otherwise agreed. Other recognised industry standards shall be used
to supplement local regulations where these are incomplete and provided that it can be proven that
they satisfy or exceed the requirements and guidelines as set forward in this Standard.
Deliberate failure to comply with the Life-Saving Rules and/or any HSSE procedures on site will result
in disciplinary action, up to and including termination.
1.4 Terminology
Throughout the industry both the words lifting and hoisting are used as if they are
interchangeable. Although both lifting and hoisting involve moving a load vertically, there is a clear
difference:
Hoisting is an activity during which the load is suspended and hangs freely, e.g. by means of a
crane, chain hoist, beam clamp, etc..
Lifting is an activity during which the load is lifted in a controlled and guided manner, normally
spoken from the bottom of the load, e.g. by means of a forklift truck, screw jack, hydraulic
jack, etc..
In this Standard the words lifting and hoisting are used as appropriate and consistent as practically
possible. In some specific situations and for some operations a widely used term or common
expression might be so naturalised, that it was decided to stick to that specific and commonly used
expression.
In order to write this Standard as consistent as possible, a separate chapter gives an overview with all
terms and definitions being used in this Standard. In order to overcome the fact that within the
industry for one role, responsibility or piece of equipment more than one term is in use, the overview
with terms and definitions also contains a column showing synonymous terms for the ones used in
this Standard.
The diagram includes the main categories, however is not limited to the categories mentioned.
Diagram 1:
Hoisting: chap. 8.2 Chain work chap. 8.4.1 Cargo Carrying Units (CCU)
Mobile cranes chap. 8.2.2 Slings (chain) Containers
Tower cranes chap. 8.2.3 Shackles Skids
Loader cranes chap. 8.2.4 Plate clamps Skips
Offshore cranes chap. 8.2.5 Eye bolts & swivel rings Drum racks
Portal / Overhead cranes Wedge sockets Gas cylinder racks
chap. 8.2.6 Hooks Pipe racks
Side booms chap. 8.2.7 Pad eyes and bolts Frames
Hoists chap.8.2.8 Beam clamps Big bags
Chain lever hoist Sheave blocks Netting
Chain block Beam trolleys Baskets
Jaw winch Miscellaneous Turnbuckles
Winches chap. 8.2.9 Slings (wire rope) chap. 8.4.2 Pallets
Synthetic slings chap. 8.4.3
Lifting: chap. 8.3
Forklifts chap. 8.3.2 Beams: chap. 8.4.4
Reach truck Hoisting beams
Motor pallet forklift Spreader beams
Stacking truck Equalising beams
Jacks chap. 8.3.3 Spreader frames
Construction site lifts chap. 8.3.4
Vehicle loading flaps, loading and Suspended baskets chap. 8.4.5
unloading systems chap. 8.3.5 Personnel carriers chap. 8.4.6
Cable system
Portal system Miscellaneous: chap. 8.4.7
Hook arm skid system Pallet hooks
Earth moving machines Clamps
chap. 8.3.6 Fixed hoisting beams & monorails
front loaders chap. 8.4.8
Remark: whenever the manufacturer of a lorry loading crane, earth moving equipment, or tele
handler has equipped the machine with a hoisting function and the lorry loader, earth moving
machine or tele handler is being used for hoisting operations, the operations shall be fully compliant
with this Standard!
Any organisation that requires a load to be moved by means of lifting and hoisting equipment and
does not have its own cranes or lifting and hoisting equipment has two basic options:
1. Renting a crane and or lifting and hoisting equipment
2. Contracting an independent contractor to move the load, a contract job.
There are several reasons due to which it is important to highlight and explain the main differences
in rental of equipment versus contract jobs:
Responsibility for the planning, preparing and controlling of the lifting and hoisting operations
Knowledge and understanding of lifting and hoisting operations of the Person In Charge
Differences in responsibilities for insurances.
1.6.1 Rental of equipment
Under the terms of a standard hire agreement for lifting and hoisting equipment, the equipment and
the personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operations are the responsibility of the renting
organization. The renting organization becomes responsible once the crane leaves the public road in
order to access the site or the equipment is being delivered on site and signed off for acceptance.
The renting organization shall appoint a Person In Charge being responsible for the full planning, all
needed control measures and all the personnel and equipment involved.
In addition in most situations the renting organization is responsible for arranging insurances such as:
loss of damage to plant, lifting and hoisting equipment, loss of damage to the goods being moved,
and continuing hire rates whilst equipment is unable to work as a result of loss or damage and legal
liability.
(Insurance issues are not part of this Standard and are only mentioned to address awareness for the
difference between a contract lift and rental of equipment).
For lifting and hoisting operations being carried out with rented equipment, it is important to note
the following:
In this situation, the contracted company is responsible for the full planning, all needed control
measures and all the personnel and equipment involved, through his Person In Charge.
For lifting and hoisting operations being carried out as a contract job, it is important to note the
following:
The contracted company is responsible for planning, preparing, performing and supervising the
lifting and hoisting operations as described in the chapters 2 up to and including 7 of this
Standard;
The contracted company shall make sure that all lifting and hoisting equipment are fully in
compliance with applicable rules and regulations. This is described in chapter 8 of this
Standard;
The contracted company shall make sure, that all personnel is, trained and certified according
rules and regulations as described in chapter 9.
It is important to note that a standard hire agreement only becomes a contract job when the
contracted company accepts liability for planning and supervising the lifting and hoisting operations.
Specifying the correct type of contract will ultimately improve safety and ensure that the correct
system of work is adopted.
Under contract lifting and hoisting conditions, the principal still retains certain liabilities and
therefore should hold adequate insurance to provide protection against incidents arising from:
Own negligence;
Inadequate or unstable ground conditions;
Inadequate or incorrect information supplied in connection with the goods being moved.
Carry out all work in accordance with Specify that all lifting and hoisting
rules, regulations and this Standard operations shall be undertaken in
Appoint the Person In Charge and make accordance with this Standard
him known to everyone involved Point out to the contractor that he is
Define, Plan, Risk Assess and Supervise obliged to appoint a Person In Charge
the operations Inform the contractor with all requested
Ensure that rented equipment is of information, such as site conditions and
suitable type and capacity maximum ground bearing pressure
Check credentials of the company
supplying the equipment
Check certification of equipment to be
used
Check competence of personnel involved The contractor shall
Appoint the Person In Charge
Define, Plan, Risk Assess and Supervise
the operations
Work with certified equipment
Ensure the competence of personnel
involved
2.1 Manager
A manager is the individual who is designated by the business leader as accountable for the
performance of a discrete asset, set of assets, team or operation within a business or function. The
manager assigns roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the HSSE Control Framework to
individuals within their organisation. The term manager is a functional description of the role rather
than a job title - the job title usually reflects the type of asset, team or operation being managed - for
example refinery or chemicals site manager, cluster manager, retail network manager, project
manager, fleet manager, general manager shared services centre, country controller, office director.
The Person In Charge is defined as a specifically identified person who is designated by their
company as having the required level of competency to plan and supervise the specific lifting and
hoisting operation as described below.
The Person In Charge should have the practical skills, theoretical knowledge and ability to carry
out risk assessments, produce and assess lifting and hoisting plans, conduct pre-operational
meetings and have the supervisory skills and experience required to organise the specific lifting
and hoisting operation.
Typical examples of a Person In Charge are offshore engineer, vessel master or deck officer, dive
supervisor, shift supervisor, offshore installation manager, maintenance supervisor, construction
manager, project manager etc..
The Person In Charge may or may not supervise the lifting and hoisting operation, but is the focal
point of authority for the safety and technical aspects of the operation.
Based on the three specific tasks that need to be addressed, a competent lifting and hoisting team
should always consist of at least three team members, one person for each task mentioned.
Leader of this team is always the person who has the responsibility of relaying the load movement
signal to the appliance operator; the signaller/banksman.
Only under exceptional circumstances and upon completion of a thorough risk assessment lifting and
hoisting operations are allowed to be carried out by a two man lifting and hoisting team.
Conditions that need to be addressed strictly for this exception are:
1. Lifting and Hoisting operations are categorised as Routine;
2. Both members of the two man team, the appliance operator and the signaller/banksman,
are competent, skilled and experienced and have confirmed to the Person In Charge that
operations can be carried out safely;
3. Normal working, surrounding and weather conditions.
In this situation the first team member operates the appliance and the second combines the tasks of
attaching the load, relaying the load movement signals to the operator and detaching the load.
All tasks of the Person In Charge can be delegated to a lifting and hoisting supervisor.
Taking over the responsibility and acting on behalf of the management of the organization requiring
the load to be moved is not possible, unless the lifting and hoisting operations are contracted as
contract job. (See chapter 1.5.2)
Operating the appliance requires full attention of the operator who shall never be charged with
additional roles or responsibilities such as e.g. holder of the Permit to Work or being responsible for
keeping by-passers out of the working area.
2.9 Signaller/banksman
According to the ISO 15513 standard, a signaller is a person responsible for relaying the signal from
the slinger to the crane driver.
Within the offshore industry a more common name is banksman. For other synonymous names
please check the overview with terms and definitions in the last chapter of this Standard.
The signaller/banksman is a competent person positioned so that he has an unrestricted view of the
load and the crane operator.
The signaller/banksman is responsible for ensuring the load is properly prepared for the hoisting
operation and the hoisting area being clear of personnel and obstructions; relaying instructions to
the crane operator via hand signals or radio during operations; and maintaining an overview of the
hoisting operations area, including potential areas where the boom may come in contact with a fixed
equipment or structure.
The signaller/banksman is the sole signaller at any given time, has a direct line of sight of the load at
any time and adheres to a clear process. If a handover to another signaller/banksman is required he
informs the Person In Charge as well as the appliance operator clearly about the handover.
There may be a requirement for the signaller/banksman to assist in the preparation of the load,
for example with guidance on slinging activities. However, the signaller/banksman shall not
handle rigging activities himself and shall not touch the load during the lifting and hoisting
operations.
2.10 Slinger
According to the ISO 15513 standard, a slinger is a person responsible for attaching and detaching
the load to and from the crane load-attachment and for the use of the correct lifting gear and
equipment in accordance with the planning of the operation for proper positioning of loads.
The slinger is responsible for initiating the planned movement of the crane and load to the
signaller/banksman.
Article: 3.2.5:
All lifting operations must be properly planned, appropriately supervised and carried out to protect
the safety of workers.
This article within European law, makes it is a regulatory requirement and an important safety
enhancement that prior to any lifting and hoisting operation being carried out, plans shall be
produced and risk assessments shall be carried out. The level of planning and risk assessment
increases with the complexity of the lifting and hoisting operations, as does the required level of
supervision.
All lifting and hoisting operations entail the same four basic process steps:
1. Define
2. Plan
3. Execute
4. Learn and record.
Every lifting and hoisting operation shall be risk assessed and planned by the Person In Charge before
the work begins. The Person In Charge will ensure that appropriate controls are in place for those
hazards identified in the written risk assessment such that the risks are managed as an integral part
of the Lift Plan.
3.1.2 Determine the scope of work
The Person In Charge must begin the planning process by determining the scope of work - defining
what is to be done, who should be involved, how the lifting and hoisting operations will be
conducted. This may require an initial Lift Plan, sketches, notes etc. If additional technical support
is required, it should be obtained before proceeding.
Having identified a requirement for a lifting and hoisting operation it should be established if the
particular operation has been carried out before on that site, as a Risk Assessment and Lift Plan
may already exist. If a particular Risk Assessment and Lift Plan do exist then they should be
assessed to confirm that they are still applicable; changes to personnel, site layout or work
environment could all result in the need for a reassessment of hazards. Assuming that significant
changes have not taken place, lifting and hoisting operation may proceed under the requirements of
the Lift Plan, subject to the normal approvals. If the lifting and hoisting operation has not been
carried out before then a Risk Assessment shall be carried out and a Lift Plan prepared.
Lifting and hoisting operations shall be categorised to reflect increasing risk and consequent
increasing level of control required.
For each category there is a suggested set of planning and control measures, together called Lift
Plan. This information has been laid out in the form of a flowchart as shown hereafter and is
designed to be guidance only, which can be amended and customised to suit asset or location
requirements.
In order to facilitate the operational planning, an advised lifting and hoisting operation planning is
given after the flowchart.
The categorisation of lifting and hoisting operations is designed to give the Person In Charge
additional guidance in terms of the risk assessment, planning, supervision and the competence
requirements of the personnel performing the lifting and hoisting operation.
When using the flowchart, one shall always start the process having a clear sight on the risks
involved. Risks involved determine how the operation will be categorised. Hoisting operations of e.g.
coiled tubing reels or drilling tower segments weighing more than 25 tons, shall always be
categorised as non-routine complex/critical even if they are executed every second week on a
regular basis.
In case additional guidance is needed, contact your Shell lifting and hoisting focal point, Technical
Authority (TA), Subject Matter Expert (SME), or Principal Technical Expert (PTE).
Routine
Non - Routine
2: Simple / basic lifting and hoisting operations Lifting and Hoisting operation planning.
Using only one hoisting appliance. Permit to Work
Stable load with known and evaluated weight, shape and Risk Assessment dedicated to the operations.
centre of gravity. Simple sketch showing operations to be executed, prepared
Centre of gravity below the hoisting point. by a competent person. (e.g. signaller/banksman, offshore
Sufficient working area and ample headroom. crane operator or, lifting and hoisting focal point)
Standard rigging arrangements. Toolbox talk
Not within sensitive, difficult or restricted areas. 10 questions for a safe lift
Risk assessment (generic): Number of risk assessment: Number of risk assessment: Number of risk assessment:
WEIGHT OF LOAD(S):
ALL OPERATIONS REQUIRE THE FOLLOWING TO BE CONSIDERED BUT THIS LIST IS NOT EXHAUSTIVE
Weight, size, shape and centre of gravity load Working under suspended loads
Method of slinging, attaching, detaching the load Overturning, load integrity, need for tag lines
Availability of approved hoisting points on the load Environmental conditions including weather
Maximum radius of hoisting the load Experience, competence & training of personnel
Level and firm ground conditions Number of personnel required for task
Area for setting up with outriggers fully extended Communication requirements
Access and emergency escape routes Lighting in the pick-up and lay down area
Number and duration of lifts, hoists Initial and final load positions & how it gets there
Visibility of the load Proximity hazards, obstructions, path of load
Hoisting over live equipment Suitability and condition of equipment
Conflicting tasks in area Pre-use inspection of certified equipment only
METHOD (S) OF COMMUNICATION TO BE USED
PLANNED BY
The lifting and hoisting plan, Lift Plan, is intended to clearly identify the Person In Charge of
planning the lift, the lifting and hoisting operation to which it relates, step-by-step users instructions
for carrying out the lift, the equipment required, and the activity assigned to each person. For
routine lifts, the Lift Plan may be generic in nature but will still be reviewed prior to each lift, or
before a series of similar lifts.
A sample lifting and hoisting operation planning has been shown on the previous page.
It contains a list of possible considerations as an aide mmoire. Not all will be relevant to each and
every task, but the list will prompt you to address something you may have previously overlooked.
Note: if a documented Lift Plan already exists, it can be re-used, but only after review to ensure
that provisions are made for any change in circumstances.
Whenever applicable, Lift Plans shall specify critical conditions under which work shall not be
continued, including unplanned loss of communications, and the associated contingency plans for
ensuring a safe situation is created, if the lift is stopped.
Whenever the lifting and hoisting operations deviates from the Lift Plan, the operations shall
be stopped and made safe. The Lift Plan shall be adjusted to the new circumstances and
approved by the Person In Charge before the operation continues.
The Risk Assessment shall address, but is not limited to, the following risks and hazards:
Hoisting over live equipment;
Number and duration of lifts;
Hoisting of personnel;
Conflicting tasks in area;
Environmental conditions, including weather and permissible limits;
Lighting in the pick-up and lay down areas;
Proximity hazards, obstructions, path of load;
Working at height;
All risks associated with the location must be considered during preparation of the lifting and
hoisting activities (refer to Chapter 3: Planning and preparing for safe lifting and hoisting operations).
Lifting and hoisting activities may not pose any risk to the activities at the location, nor may the
activities at the location pose any risk to the lifting and hoisting activities.
Sources:
Directive 89/391/EEC - measures for promoting improvement of the health and safety of
employees at work.
Directive 92/91/EEC - minimum requirements for improvement of the protection of the health
and safety of employees in the mining industries who mine minerals by means of drilling.
Especially on the use of synthetic slings in an offshore environment, the following shall be taken into
account:
Using synthetic slings for loading and back-loading of cargo or any other dynamic
hoisting situation is never allowed;
In case the load to be hoisted can be subject to snatch or shocks, synthetic slings shall
never be used;
It is recommended that wire rope slings have preference over synthetic slings in an
offshore environment.
In case of complex/critical lifting and hoisting operations, such as e.g. subsea operations,
decommissioning operations or very heavy operations, slings manufactured from a fibre (such as
Dyneema) are allowed under the following conditions:
1) Manufacturing of the slings in compliance with applicable Standards;
2) Slings tested, certified and being used for the specific operation only;
3) Whenever relevant subject to approval of Marine Warranty Surveyors.
4.2.2 Ground conditions
Access roads shall be strong enough to withstand axle loads of mobile lifting and hoisting equipment.
Ground condition shall be suitable to support the crane under fully loaded conditions. The ground
should always be firm and level. For mobile lifting and hoisting equipment, ground stabilising
mechanisms must be provided if necessary, by means of road access plates, mats or dragline boards
When there is no specific information available about the subsoil structure, the maximum
allowable surface pressure shall not exceed 10 tonnes/m2 under all circumstances. Mobile
cranes shall be equipped with outrigger plates making sure that ground bearing pressure will
never exceed 10 tonnes/m2. These outrigger plates shall be used at all times to prevent the
equipment toppling over!
Ground bearing pressure can be decreased through the application of larger mats.
Outrigger plate
Mat
The mats under the outrigger plates shall be positioned fully horizontally and placed under the
outrigger in a central position.
Special attention must be paid to disturbed soil (filled-in trenches and ditches) or in the vicinity of
foundations.
Within one (1) metre of concrete foundations: the maximum allowable surface pressure shall
never exceed 5 tonnes/m2.
Driving and / or erecting equipment in basements and on floors in buildings is prohibited. This may
only be permitted after an expert has performed a calculation, and driving and / or erecting of the
equipment can take place in accordance with a dedicated risk assessment based on this calculation.
Level subsoil
The access road and the subsoil must be sufficiently level for the lifting and hoisting equipment. The
manholes and manhole covers in the access road may pose a risk with regard to insufficient strength
and unevenness.
Subsoil that is not sufficiently level can result in the impossibility to erect the crane according to
manufacturers instructions.
The crane may not be erected too close to the edge of an excavation.
Important: B shall at least be equal to or larger than A.
4.2.3 Height
One of the external surrounding factors having impact on lifting and hoisting activities is height.
Height restrictions might be caused by:
Overhead power cables;
Pipes, bridges, steel constructions or buildings;
Surrounding.
Overhead Power Cables:
Any presence of overhead power cables or overhead electricity lines shall be identified, risk assessed
and dealt with in the Lift Plan. The requirements regarding the safe distance to the electric lines or
cables shall be included in the Lift Plan.
Overhead power cables shall be considered live, unless declared dead and safe by the operator
of the line.
Working near overhead power cables is possible without permits when no parts of the lifting and
hoisting equipment (in all possible configurations) or load to be handled can ever fall within 30
metres from the centre of the electric line. This is known as the danger zone.
When working parallel to overhead power cables, a string of warning markers should be erected at a
safe distance from the cables. The string should be supported on posts at convenient intervals and
each post should carry the warning notice: Danger overhead electricity lines
If any part of the lifting and hoisting equipment or load being handled will be within 15 meters
of overhead lines or if access to the work site passes beneath an overhead power line, lifting
and hoisting activities are only allowed after:
Consulting the operator of the line and
Having work instructions in place, that are clear, risk assessed and communicated with
everyone involved in the lifting and hoisting operation.
The operator of the line is usually the local Regional Distribution Company or National Grid. The
owner's name will often be posted on the support pole or tower. If in doubt call the local Regional
Electricity Company office.
All distances should be measured at ground level from a position estimated by eye to be vertically
under the outer most conductor at a tower or pole position.
For setting up work instructions obtain the Health and Safety Executive Guidance note GS6
"Avoidance of danger from overhead electric power lines" and apply the guidance information it
gives you.
Pipes, bridges, steel constructions and buildings
Lifting and hoisting activities near and under pipes, bridges, steel constructions and buildings shall be
identified in the Lift Plan. The requirements regarding the safe working distance to these
obstructions and additional control measures should be an integral part of the risk assessment.
Special arrangements and safety precautions shall be taken to protect critical pipes or other
constructions.
Note: Hoisting operations over active or energised process equipment containing hydrocarbon shall
be categorised as Complex/Critical lifting and hoisting operations at all times; refer to Chapter 3.
Height restrictions might also be the result of the risk assessment of the location (see paragraph 4.1),
when working in the vicinity of flares for temperature reasons.
4.2.4 Lifting and hoisting over buildings and installations
Lifting and hoisting activities over buildings, installations and pipes should be avoided as much as
practically possible. If, for any reason, there is a need for lifting and hoisting operations over
buildings, installations or pipes, this shall be risk assessed and all safety measurements written in the
risk assessment shall be followed up.
Before starting lifting and hoisting operations, all people in buildings or installations shall be
evacuated and the work site shall be clearly marked indicating that entry is prohibited during lifting
and hoisting operations!
4.2.5 Lifting and hoisting within buildings and installations
Working with machinery equipped with internal combustion engines in enclosed areas is not
permitted unless fully risk assessed. Requirements mentioned in the risk assessment shall be
followed strictly.
Diesel combustion engines are not permitted in enclosed areas.
If there is a need for internal use of machines equipped with a diesel engine (e.g. a mobile crane), full
ventilation to the outside shall be provided.
4.2.6 Miscellaneous
Free space
When erecting cranes and working with machines, entrapment dangers to people should be avoided.
An entrapment danger can arise when equipment is erected in the vicinity of fixed objects.
A safe distance of at least 0.5 metres must be maintained at all times between any moving part of
cranes (with a special attention for the counterweight during slewing around) and surrounding
objects.
If the distance is smaller than 0.5 metres, safety precautions must be taken in the form of stationary
or rigid barriers (no tape).
Areas open to public
Lifting and hoisting operations over highways, railways, rivers or other places to which the public has
access should be avoided at all times. If this is not possible, permission must be obtained from the
appropriate authority and the area should be kept clear of traffic and persons.
Railways
Without permission it is not allowed to work within a specific safety zone or safety profile of the
railways.
Always consult local laws and regulations before planning of lifting and hoisting operations near
railways.
More than 1 machine
If there is a possibility of multiple machines entering one another's working range, agreements must
be made to prevent the machines or loads from coming into contact with each other. The activities
must be characterised as 'Complicated lifting and hoisting operations' (refer to Chapter 3).
Hoisting operations through hatches, small deck openings, roofs and in shafts
Hoisting operations through hatches, small deck openings, roofs and in shafts should be categorised
as Complex/Critical lifting and hoisting operations.
Control and safety measures shall be fully in line as per Chapter 3 of this Standard.
Under no circumstances shall lifting and hoisting operations exceed the limits applicable for the
vessel, crane or installation.
4.3.2 Sea-state
Offshore cranes can be used up to a certain sea-state. The crane operator must ensure that the
Rated Capacity Indicator (RCI) is set to the appropriate sea-state and that any alteration in sea-state
during cargo handling operations is taken into account and the RCI adjusted accordingly.
4.3.3 Temperature
Extreme cold weather can have a negative effect on safety of lifting and hoisting operations. Always
be aware of the chill factor during high winds.
-15C. to -30C. Refer to the equipment manual and avoid shock loading
For critical operations, lower the crane capacity by 25%
-30C. to -40C. Refer to the equipment manual
All cranes be de-rated by 40% for all hoisting operations
Below -40C. All lifting and hoisting operations to be suspended.
Even for emergencies check the equipment manual.
4.3.4 Other weather conditions
Other weather conditions can cause reduced visibility and the risk of an uncontrolled lifting and
hoisting operation. Rain, fog and snow are such examples where environmental conditions are
affecting safety of lifting and hoisting operations in a negative way.
Special care should be taken during thunderstorms. Crane booms can act as lightning rod and be
struck by lightning. At the first signs of lightning crane activities must be suspended, the boom must
be lowered and personnel should leave the area immediately.
Apart from the risk of impact, there is also a risk of unexpectedly high wind gusts during
thunderstorms.
The capacity of grade 8 and grade 10 chain is reduced by temperature according to the following
table:
Synthetic slings
The materials from which synthetic slings are manufactured all have a different resistance to
chemicals. Seek the advice of the manufacturer or supplier of the sling if there is any probability of it
being exposed to chemicals.
It should also be noted that the effects of chemicals increase with rising temperatures. The
resistance of synthetic slings to chemical reactions and temperatures is summarised below:
In general, it can be stated that wire rope can be used in a safe manner up to 100oC. From 100oC,
dependent on the end connection of the cable and the wire rope grease used, a reduction must be
applied. Consult the directions for use from the manufacturer / supplier for this purpose.
4.7 Lighting
Lifting and hoisting operations during hours of darkness bring in additional risks that shall be risk
assessed.
It is a legal requirement to have suitable and sufficient lighting on every workplace. All roads,
manoeuvring areas, yards, pedestrian areas, and anywhere traffic movement take place, should have
suitable and sufficient lighting for safety. Lights should be kept in good working order, and the covers
kept clean.
Areas near junctions, buildings, plant, pedestrian routes and areas, and places where vehicles or
mobile plant regularly move, all need particular attention.
Where lights are placed can be very important. Tall vehicles can block light, even when it comes from
windows or lamps that are high on posts, or on walls, ceilings, canopies and so on. Lights should be
placed over the space between vehicle bays, rather than over the centre of the bay where a tall
vehicle could block them.
If crane operators and signaller/banksman have to look towards strong lights, place and angle the
lights so that they do not dazzle the operator either directly or by his mirrors.
Necessary lighting shall be provided to ensure a well-lit working area for the members of the lifting
and hoisting team and for all the people in the vicinity of the job. Special attention must be paid to
the visibility of the signaller/banksman and the load.
In both mentioned situations the synthetic parts will work as an isolator to the load and electricity
charged on the load cannot flow away, even with an earthing on the crane.
All personnel assigned to the lifting and hoisting operation shall attend this toolbox talk.
The Person In Charge ensures that all personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operations fully
understand the risk assessment, the lifting and hoisting plan and all needed control measures to
carry out the operations safely.
All personnel should have the opportunity to review the findings of the risk assessment and the
details of the lifting and hoisting plan to ensure that everyone clearly understands and agrees with
the methods and control measures to be used.
All personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operation shall have their individual responsibilities
clearly allocated.
Application of the 10 questions for a safe lift to the lifting and hoisting operation shall be covered
during the toolbox talk.
The Person In Charge shall ensure that lifting and hoisting operations are
conducted in strict accordance with the approved plan. Any variation from
the agreed lifting and hoisting plan shall result in the job being made safe,
stopped and reassessed to ensure continued safe operation.
The work area shall be closed off, to prevent crushing or clenching people by the load or lifting and
hoisting equipment.
The barrier can be made using red/white or black/yellow marking tape, but it is preferable to use
physical barriers.
Entrance to the closed area is prohibited without permission of the lifting and hoisting operator or
signaller/banksman.
During the preparation, setting up or the installation of the lifting and hoisting appliance the working
area shall be closed for people who are not involved with preparing operations. It shall be clear for all
people (e.g. by means of barriers, signals, warnings) before entry of the working area.
1. The working range, with all moving parts of the lifting and hoisting equipment shall be
closed by a physical barrier at all times;
2. When the lifting and hoisting operations starts, the area, from where the load is being
picked-up until the area where the load is going to be landed (the travel path of the
suspended load), should be closed by a physical barrier;
3. For occasionally hoisting outside the fenced off area, a dedicated person must walk at
safe distance of the load to keep anyone passing by at a distance and to indicate the
danger.
Personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operation shall have an escape route at all times in case
of an unexpected movement of the load or the equipment.
Persons shall not be permitted to enter the lifting and hoisting area or to board or leave the hoisting
appliance without first obtaining permission for the signaller/banksman or crane operator.
Tag lines shall be made of a suitable non rotating synthetic rope, preferably a 100% polyester braid
on braid (braided core covered with braided cover) rope. The use of ordinary polypropylene rope is
strongly discouraged due to its rotating properties.
The length of the tag line shall be sufficient given the characteristics of the hoisting operation and at
least long enough to keep persons clear from the dangers of the load, equipment or other hazards.
The end of the rope shall be secured against fraying, but knots shall not be used at the free end of
the rope.
When handling long loads, baskets or other awkward loads, ensure that taglines are attached to
assist with the control and handling of the load when required by the risk assessment.
If several tag lines are necessary, additional personnel can be involved in the operation as slinger.
Tag lines should be used to keep control of a load, not to gain control over a load.
In assessing the risks during the planning, special attention must be given to the following aspects:
Working at height during connecting and disconnecting the load;
Effects of weather on the workplace of the slinger(s), such as rain, snow and strong winds;
Weight of the accessories that are going to be used to connect the load. The weight of the
accessories shall be added to the weight of the load and results in the total weight of the load
to be handled by the appliance(s).
The load shall be connected to the lifting and hoisting accessories fully in line with users instructions
of the load, the lifting and hoisting accessories and according good rigging practices.
Improvising or deviating from the users instructions is not permitted.
The signaller/banksman shall ensure himself, that: the load is secure and properly balanced
and that the load path is clear of obstructions and personnel;
The cargo manifest offshore including load weights is reviewed with the crane operator;
Loads, containers and open baskets are inspected for deficiencies and to ensure goods are
properly stowed;
Escape routes have been identified should a problem develop during the lifting and hoisting
operation;
The hoisting area and receiving corridor are clear of obstructions and unassigned personnel.
The signaller/banksman shall be sure that the lifting and hoisting accessories are unlocked and free
from the load before the lifting and hoisting appliance or the hook is moved away from the load and
cannot spontaneous hook the load!
It is forbidden in all circumstances to pull the hoisting accessories from under the load by means of
the lifting and hoisting appliance.
Any incidents taking place during the lifting and hoisting operation shall be reported to the HSE focal
point within 24 hours.
After the operation is completed, any barriers shall be removed and the area made tidy.
The Person In Charge should ensure that the significant learnings and improvements identified from
lifting and hoisting operations are recorded and communicated to all relevant parties.
Except for being a correct working practice to learn and record, it is also recommended in case of
future similar operations.
Especially for non-routine simple lifting and hoisting operations that can be expected to be carried
out again in the near future, by learning and recording it might give reason to categorise them as
routine operations in the future.
For any rigging operation, the first order of business is to determine forces (loads) and their
direction, magnitude, load-bearing surfaces, method of connection, required support, effects of
motion, etc. After these factors are determined, equipment selection will follow for safe handling
and installation of the load.
To determine the above factors, everyone involved in lifting and hoisting operations must know
something about fundamental engineering principles such as determination of stresses, effect of
motion, weight of loads, centre of gravity, and factor of safety.
Mass is a measure of the amount of material in an object, weight is the gravitational force acting on a
body (although for trading purposes it is taken to mean the same as mass), force is a measure of the
interaction between bodies and load usually means the force exerted on a surface or body.
Mass
Mass is a measure of the amount of material in an object, being directly related to the number and
type of atoms present in the object. Mass does not change with a body's position, movement or
alteration of its shape unless material is added or removed. The unit of mass in the SI system is the
kilogram (abbreviation kg) which is defined to be equal to the mass of the international prototype of
the kilogram held at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) near Paris. Mass can also
be defined as the inertial resistance to acceleration.
Weight
In the trading of goods, weight is taken to mean the same as mass, and is measured in kilograms.
Scientifically, however, it is normal to state that the weight of a body is the gravitational force acting
on it and hence it should be measured in Newton (abbreviation N), and that this force depends on
the local acceleration due to gravity. To add to the confusion, a weight (or weight piece) is a
calibrated mass normally made from a dense metal.
So, unfortunately, weight has three meanings and care should always be taken to appreciate which
one is meant in a particular context.
In lifting and hoisting it is standard practice to indicate capacities of lifting and hoisting equipment as
well as the weight of the load in (metric) tons (or kilograms).
The weight of the load must be known in order to choose the correct hoisting or lifting equipment.
The mass can be determined by:
Calculation;
An indication on the load;
The information in the loads lifting and hoisting instructions;
Estimation.
7.2.2 Centre of gravity
Jobsite accidents are caused by the lack of understanding that whenever a load is hoisted, the center
of gravity of the load will place itself vertically below the hook, regardless of the arrangement of the
slings, lift beams, or other attachments. The reason is based on the fact that the sum of the forces
and moments needs to be zero for a body in equilibrium.
The centre of gravity of a body is that point on the body through which the weight of the body could
be considered to be concentrated for all orientations of the body. For a body whose weight per net
volume is uniform, the centre of gravity lies at its centre. The centre of gravity is the location where
the centre of the objects entire weight is theoretically concentrated and where the object will
balance when it is hoisted. For a balanced hoist, the objects centre of gravity is always in line below
the hook. The manufacturers normally provide the centre of gravity locations of equipment, reactors,
heat exchangers, and vessels.
However, manufacturers drawings typically have more information than just the centre of gravity
location, and the engineer needs to sift through all of the information and identify what is relevant.
In some cases, unfortunately, there is not enough information. When this occurs, conservative
assumptions will need to be made to proceed with the study at hand. The engineer is responsible for
contacting the appropriate people and validating the assumptions.
After the centre of gravity is determined, the loads that each hoisting point receives can be
determined.
The centre of gravity (and mass) is determining the lifting equipments capacity (e.g. a fork lift truck)
Load within the forklift Load outside the forklift Load table showing forklift
trucks capacity trucks capacity trucks capacity
The positioning of the centre of gravity is important in relation to the stability of the load before,
during and after moving the load.
Load with a high centre of High centre of gravity High centre of gravity
gravity. Attached on top = Attached at bottom =
Stable during hoisting. Unstable during hoisting.
For liquids and granulates, a changing centre of gravity could cause instability (dynamic and static)
The loads strength and composition also play a role in this respect.
Several examples are illustrated below:
Two legged sling, directly attached to the load Bundled load using two slings
Load must be strong enough Load must be strong enough
Attachment points must be strong enough Additional forces due to internal angles
Additional forces due to internal angles Additional forces due to wrapping of slings
Risk on inward shifting of the slings
For connecting the load to the hoisting appliance we have to deal with one of the following
circumstances:
Load without any provisions to connect hoisting accessories;
Load having provisions to attach temporary attachment points for hoisting accessories;
Load equipped with purpose designed hoisting points;
Work equipment having permanently installed attachment points for the hoisting accessories.
Lifted and hoisted equipment.
7.3.2 Load without any provisions to attach hoisting accessories
In the absence of suitable hoisting points, the main options are to attach slings by passing them
through or around the load. Passing through a suitable aperture has the advantage of making the
load captive but care is needed to ensure that the material around the aperture is strong enough to
take the whole load. Passing around the load has the advantage of giving the load better support by
cradling it, but care is needed to ensure it is securely attached and cannot slip or fall out.
7.3.3 Load having provisions to attach temporary attachment points for hoisting accessories
Some loads are equipped with provisions for removable threaded eye bolts to be screwed into the
load as an attachment for hoisting slings or have pre drilled holes in order to bolt on hoisting lugs or
padeyes.
Equally, the item may be part of an assembly which was previously hoisted as a whole or conversely
it may be an assembly of components each of which was previously hoisted separately during
building of the assembly.
In the latter case, care is needed to check whether any hoisting points are adequate for the whole
assembly or just the individual component. A typical example is a motor and pump on a bed plate.
There may be an eyebolt hole in the motor and another in the pump, each adequate for its
respective component but together not adequate for the whole assembly.
Similarly the top half of a large gearbox may have hoisting points, but they are probably just for
hoisting the top, not the whole gearbox.
There are no specific rules and regulations for the threaded eyebolt holes or pre drilled holes to bolt
on padeyes. Before using them they shall be inspected to make sure they are fit for their intended
use.
Removable threaded eyebolts, pad eyes that can be bolted on a load, hoisting caps or any other
temporary attachment to a load that can be used to connect the load as an attachment for slings,
etc., is an accessory for lifting and hoisting. Accessories for lifting and hoisting shall comply with
the European Machinery Directive, bear the CE mark and shall be marked with:
Safe Working Load;
A unique identification number;
A valid certification date.
All above mentioned hoisting points are deemed to be part of the load.
It is recommended to mark the load with the weight and instructions for hoisting.
These purpose designed hoisting points require a pre-use check.
Once the load is installed there is no formal obligation to keep these attachment points for hoisting
maintained. However: in those situations they are going to be used for removal of the loads after
several years or a longer period of service, these hoisting attachment points shall be thoroughly
inspected by a competent person. Inspection to be supported by a check with the original Technical
Construction File and most of the time done by means of Non Destructive Testing.
7.3.5 Work equipment having permanently installed attachment points for the hoisting
accessories
Work equipment can also be equipped with all kinds of purpose designed hoisting points
permanently fastened to the load to connect hoisting accessories such as slings and shackles.
This work equipment is frequently transported from one working location to another working
location and hoisted to and from transport and into its final position.
Just some examples are:
Components of a drilling tower;
Sand catchers;
Frames with pumping units;
Subsea equipment;
Portable Offshore Units;
Cement silos;
Generator skids;
Machinery.
The manufacturer of the work equipment shall construct and deliver onto the market above
mentioned equipment fully in compliance with the European Machinery Directive (2006/42/EC).
He must have a Technical Construction File and by means of the declaration of conformity the
manufacturer declares the provisions for hoisting are fit for purpose and of adequate strength.
The manufacturer shall deliver users instructions and he is obliged to inform on a safe way of hoisting
in these instructions (Directive 2006/42/EC, ANNEX I, article 1.7.4.2).
The owner of the work equipment shall instruct his employees on the safe way of working and using
the work equipment, including the safe way of hoisting.
All lifted and hoisted equipment and their components shall be capable of withstanding the stresses
to which they are subjected, both in and, where applicable, out of use, under all conditions provided
for and in all relevant configurations, with due regard, where appropriate, to the effects of
atmospheric factors and forces exerted by persons. This requirement must also be satisfied during
transport, lifting and hoisting.
The owner of the lifted and hoisted equipment must specify the intended use.
The user is obliged to observe these instructions.
The following shall be prominently and indelibly marked on lifted and hoisted equipment:
Maximum gross weight;
Empty weight (tare);
Effective loading capacity;
Identification number;
A valid certification date, preferably mentioning the date until it is safe to use them.
An instruction must be supplied with or attached to the equipment (or instructions must otherwise
be known). These instructions shall indicate the safe way of hoisting the equipment.
Remark:
Cargo Carrying Units and transport holders being used or intended to be used in an offshore
environment shall meet all requirements of EN - 12079: 2006, Offshore containers and associated
lifting sets, parts 1,2 and 3.
EN - 12079: 2006, part 1: Offshore containers - Design, manufacture and marking;
EN - 12079: 2006, part 2: Lifting sets - Design, manufacture and marking;
EN - 12079: 2006, part 3: Periodic inspection, examination and testing.
Lifted and hoisted equipment is excluded from the Machinery Directive, but shall meet requirements
of international standards or industry bodies.
Diagram 2:
In all cases, the manufacturer shall supply a user instruction that defines the permissible operating
conditions, design criteria, testing and maintenance requirements and inspection requirements in a
language agreed for safe use on the location.
All lifting and hoisting equipment shall be marked or labelled with the date of the last
inspection and preferably the date of the next inspection. In case this mark or label is not
present, not readable or not fully clear, the equipment shall not be used.
Whenever a colour coding system is in use, it must be in accordance with regional or international
accepted safety signs and colour codes, such as the IMO (International Maritime Organisation)
system.
Where possible, colour coding should be standardised across operator and contractors in the same
operational area. The correct colour code should be prominently displayed at the worksite.
Be aware of potential conflicting colours in a colour coding system. In many locations a particular
colour is used to denote equipment unsuitable for the job. This colour should not be used in a
colour coding system.
United Kingdom, Ireland and Netherlands use red as warning colour for equipment taken out
of service.
In Norway white indicates that the equipment shall not be used. (regulated in NORSOK R-003)
8.1.9 Documentation registration
A lifting and hoisting equipment register system shall be in place for the registration and recording of
the following data for all lifting and hoisting equipment:
Manufacturer and description;
Identification number;
Working Load Limit (WLL);
Date when the equipment was first taken in use;
Particulars of defects and steps taken to remedy them;
Inspection schedule;
Dates and numbers of certificates of tests, inspections and name of person who performed
these;
Due dates for previous and next inspection;
Maintenance Log.
Cranes with malfunctioning or not working Safety Critical Elements, such as limit switches and
Rated Capacity Indicators, shall be taken out of service.
For those situations, that there is a need to use a crane with malfunctioning or not working Safety
Critical Elements, their shall be an approval for use of the crane by a Technical Authority level 1, and
the hoisting operations shall be categorized as non routine complex critical operations.
Hooks
For dynamic hoists, the use with tugger winches on the rig floor and moon-pool areas, safety
hooks having two barriers preventing unintentional release shall be used at all times.
Two barrier locking can be achieved by:
1. The use of safety hooks with a built in mechanical safety lock;
2. Hooks with a locking pin construction on the safety latch or mechanical secondary
locking.
8.2.2 Mobile cranes
Frequency inspection: every 12 months.
Special requirements:
Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons;
Rope management system;
External optical and acoustic signaling by overload;
Mobile cranes equipped with an option to use a load chart without using the outriggers,
shall never use this option. Working without outriggers in use is strictly forbidden.
8.2.3 Tower cranes
Frequency inspection: every 12 months.
Special requirements:
Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons;
Rope management system;
Inspection directly after assembling before first use at the workplace.
Loader cranes equipped with hoisting function shall be treated as mobile crane; see chapter 8.2.2
8.2.5 Offshore cranes
Frequency inspection: every 12 months.
Special requirements:
Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons;
Rope management system;
Offshore cranes used for hoisting of personnel with a suspended basket or transferring
personnel by personnel carrier shall be certified for such hoisting and clearly marked on the
outside of the crane;
The latch on the main hook and whip-line hook shall always be fitted with a lock-pin to
prevent unintentional opening of the latch;
Any crane ball or block shall be painted in a fluorescent orange colour that is easily
visible.
8.2.6 Portal / overhead cranes
Frequency inspection: every 12 months.
Special requirements:
Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons;
Rope management system.
8.2.7 Side booms
Frequency inspection: every 12 months.
Special requirements:
Crane book if capacity equivalent to or greater than 2 tons;
Rope management system.
8.2.8 Hoists
Requirements mentioned here after are applicable for:
Chain lever hoist;
Chain block;
Jaw winch.
Besides excavation work, hydraulic excavating and earth moving machines can also be used to move
free hanging loads.
Root Cause Analysis of incidents related to lifting and hoisting operations within the E&P sector,
indicates that as much as at least 80 % of incidents are related to human errors. These can, for
example, be incomplete organizing of the operation, incorrect operation with regards to equipment
and procedures, incorrect or incomplete maintenance or incomplete securing of the area where the
lifting and hoisting operation takes place.
It cannot be assumed, so must be assured, that all personnel involved are aware of:
How the lifting and hoisting operation is to be performed;
The risks involved;
The operation being performed according to local rules, regulations and procedures.
This can be achieved if the people involved understand why plans and procedures are as they are and
consequently realize that this is the safe way to do the operation. Involved personnel should feel
ownership of the plans and recommended practices that are in use.
Employers are legally obliged to assure that all personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations
are trained, have the required experience for the type of operations to be undertaken, and be
formally assessed as competent.
Personnel who must be adequately trained in the safe planning and operation of lifting and hoisting
equipment, appropriate to their role and specific to the type and model of lifting equipment being
used, are as follows:
Person In Charge;
Lifting and hoisting supervisor;
Offshore crane operator;
Mobile and crawler crane operator;
Tower crane operator;
Mobile tower crane operator;
Overhead travelling crane operator;
Operator of vehicle loading crane;
Operator of vehicle loading crane with hoisting function 10 tonmeter;
Operator of reach truck;
Operator of reach truck with hoisting function 10 tonmeter;
Operator of earth moving machine;
Operator of earth moving machine with hoisting function 10 tonmeter;
Forklift truck operator;
Rigger;
Signaller/banksman;
Slinger.
Although training and competence requirements differ from country to country, it is legally required
in all countries that personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations shall:
Have a minimum age of 18 years;
Be appropriately trained and have demonstrated competence in their role;
Have a valid certificate in line with the role they have within the lifting and hoisting operations;
Have evidence available on the workplace at first request, e.g. by means of a duly signed and
stamped record in their PSL (Personal Safety Logbook) of the above.
Certain private organisations also offer operator certification programs. Generally, these involve
some training followed by a testing process. Remember that while most certification involves testing,
not all testing merits the description certification. Certification, in fact, is only as good as the
process by which it was created, as well as the certification expertise of the organization offering it.
The key here is to remember that certification is not necessarily synonymous with skill or
competence.
For that reason, Shell UIO encourages the X-border acceptance of certificates of competence of
personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations, provided the level of the certification program
ensures a safety level accepted by Shell.
An example of such a system is given in chapter 9.5 giving competency and training requirements for
The Netherlands.
9.3.1 ISO/FDIS 15513
The International Standard ISO/FDIS 15513 gives competency requirements applicable for the
selection, training, assessment and verification of crane operators, slingers, signaller/banksman and
their assessors.
Certificates issued by training schools and training institutes that comply with the ISO/FDIS 15513
Standard will be accepted by Shell UIO.
OMHEC has produced a number of guidance documents, one of them being OMHEC Guidance for
Training Standard, giving guidance for the training of personnel involved in offshore lifting and
hoisting operations; crane operator, rigger, signaller/banksman and slinger.
Certificates issued by training schools and training institutes that comply with the OMHEC Guidance
for Training Standard normally will be accepted by the regulatory authorities on a X-border basis.
9.3.3 OPITO
OPITO The Oil & Gas Academy is the industrys focal point for skills, learning and workforce
development. The Academy is a self-sustaining, employer and trade union led organisation
committed to developing and sustaining a safe, skilled and effective workforce now and in the future.
While OPITO does not actually deliver the training to meet industry standards, it is responsible for
the quality and content and ensures this through a rigorous approvals process.
Certificates issued by training schools and training institutes that comply with OPITO Standards for
lifting and hoisting will be accepted by Shell UIO.
9.3.4 Other standards
The training and competency requirements identified in this Standard are meant to be rigorous but
not limiting. Persons trained to other, equivalent standards may also be deemed competent.
Independent third party analysis, not older than two years, shall demonstrate a training standard to
be of higher level than the ones accepted in this Standard.
On the following pages, the competency and training requirements for The Netherlands, United
Kingdom, Ireland and Norway are shown. These requirements shall be compliant to the applicable
HSSE & SP training matrix.
In case the HSSE & SP training matrix and this Standard are not aligned with each other, the
requirements as set in this Standard shall apply!
Onshore
Wet- en regelgeving bij Certificate of
Person In Charge Legal requirement.
hijsen en heffen attendance
Issued by SEVT or
Lifting and hoisting supervisor Uitvoerder hijswerken Industry standard.
SOMA
Mobile and crawler crane operator Machinist mobiele kraan TCVT/W4-01 Legal requirement.
Tower crane operator Machinist torenkraan TCVT/W4-02 Legal requirement.
Machinist mobiele
Mobile tower crane operator TCVT/W4-06 Legal requirement.
torenkraan
Werken met een Examiner shall be
Overhead travelling crane operator Shell requirement.
bovenloopkraan SSVV approved.
Werken met de Examiner shall be
Operator of vehicle loading crane Shell requirement.
autolaadkraan SSVV approved.
Operator of vehicle loading crane
Machinist autolaad kraan
with hoisting function 10 TCVT/W4-04 Legal requirement.
met hijsfunctie
tonmeter
Werken met een verreiker Examiner shall be
Operator of reach truck Industry standard.
voor heffen en hoogwerken SSVV approved.
Operator of reach truck with Machinist verreiker met
TCVT/W4-07 Legal requirement.
hoisting function 10 tonmeter hijsfunctie
Veilig werken met Examiner shall be
Operator of earth moving machine Industry standard.
grondverzetmachine SSVV approved
Operator of earth moving machine Machinist grond-
with hoisting function 10 verzetmachine met TCVT/W4-05 Legal requirement.
tonmeter hijsfunctie
Werken met een Examiner shall be
Forklift truck operator Industry standard.
vorkheftruck SSVV approved.
Rigger of Technisch OPITO approved
Rigger Industry standard.
specialist institute.
TCVT/W4-08 or
Hijsbegeleider of verplaatsen
Signaller/banksman Examiner shall be Industry standard.
van lasten
SSVV approved.
TCVT/W4-08 or
Hijsbegeleider of verplaatsen
Slinger Examiner shall be Industry standard.
van lasten
SSVV approved.
Remark: within Dutch legislation and training requirements for operators, riggers, banksmen and
slingers it is documented that there is a hierarchy: those having a higher level of competency are
certified for roles and responsibilities at lower levels.
Onshore
Law and regulations NVQ level 3; CPCS
Person In Charge Legal requirement.
on lifting & hoisting accredited
Lifting and hoisting supervisor; LOLER planning & NVQ level 3; CPCS or
Industry standard
LOLER focal point risk assessment CITB accredited
NVQ level 3; CPCS or
Mobile and crawler crane operator Crane operator Industry standard
CITB accredited
NVQ level 3; CPCS or
Tower crane operator Crane operator Industry standard
CITB accredited
NVQ level 3; CPCS or
Mobile tower crane operator Crane operator Industry standard
CITB accredited
Overhead travelling LEEA, CITB or CPCS
Overhead travelling crane operator Shell requirement.
crane operations accredited
Vehicle loading crane LEEA, CITB or CPCS
Operator of vehicle loading crane Shell requirement.
operations accredited
Operator of vehicle loading crane LEEA, CITB or CPCS
Shell requirement.
with hoisting function 10 tonmeter accredited
Operator of reach truck NVQ level 2 Industry standard.
Operator of reach truck with hoisting
NVQ level 2 Legal requirement.
function 10 tonmeter
Earth moving
Operator of earth moving machine NVQ level 2 Industry standard.
machine operations
Operator of earth moving machine
NVQ level 2 Legal requirement.
with hoisting function 10 tonmeter
Forklift truck safe LEEA, CITB or CPCS
Forklift truck operator Legal requirement.
operations accredited
OPITO, LEEA, CITB
Rigger Rigging Legal requirement.
or CPCS accredited
Slinging and OPITO, LEEA, CITB
Signaller/banksman Legal requirement.
signalling or CPCS accredited
Slinging and OPITO, LEEA, CITB
Slinger Legal requirement.
signalling or CPCS accredited
Onshore
Law and regulations Legal requirement as
Person In Charge DAT approved
on lifting & hoisting per NORSOK R003
Law + regulations on
Lifting and hoisting supervisor lifting & hoisting + DAT approved Industry standard.
one of G1, G2 or G5
Legal requirement as
Mobile and crawler crane operator G1 mobile crane DAT approved
per NORSOK R003
Tower crane operator G2 tower crane Legal requirement as
DAT approved
per NORSOK R003
Legal requirement as
Mobile tower crane operator G1 mobile crane DAT approved
per NORSOK R003
Legal requirement as
Overhead travelling crane operator G4 overhead crane DAT approved
per NORSOK R003
Legal requirement as
Operator of vehicle loading crane G8 lorry crane DAT approved
per NORSOK R003
Operator of vehicle loading crane Legal requirement +
G1 mobile crane DAT approved
with hoisting function 10 tonmeter Shell requirement.
Forklift truck over 10 Legal requirement as
Operator of reach truck DAT approved
ton per NORSOK R003.
Operator of reach truck with Legal requirement +
G1 mobile crane DAT approved
hoisting function 10 tonmeter Shell requirement.
Legal requirement as
Operator of earth moving machine Training cert. DAT approved
per NORSOK R003
Operator of earth moving machine Legal requirement +
G1 mobile crane DAT approved
with hoisting function 10 tonmeter Shell requirement.
Forklift truck class Legal requirement as
Forklift truck operator DAT approved
T1 T5 per NORSOK R003
Training module Legal requirement as
Rigger DAT approved
No. O-3.2 per NORSOK R003
Training module Legal requirement as
Signaller/banksman DAT approved
No. 1.1 +2.3F per NORSOK R003
Training module Legal requirement as
Slinger DAT approved
No. 1.1 +2.3F per NORSOK R003
For personnel who are involved in the use of offshore cranes, training can be based on OMHECs
Guidance for Training Standard, issue October 2008. See also industry requirements as per
Samordningsrdet for kran, truck og masseforflytningsmaskiner and KOSARs training plans.
Refresher training must be provided at prescribed intervals to ensure skills do not decline. Particular
attention must be given to personnel who do not undertake lifting and hoisting activities regularly.
All members of the lifting and hoisting team as well as all other personnel involved in lifting
and hoisting operations shall wear appropriate type of safety gloves at all times during the
operations.
It is a legal requirement that the signaller/banksman is readily identifiable from other personnel, by
all those involved in the lifting and hoisting operation and especially the crane operator. For that
reason the signaller/banksman shall wear high visibility clothing (vest, jacket or waistcoat) at all
times. High visibility clothing must be clearly marked to indicate the signaller/banksman.
Recommendation as good practice: participants in lifting and hoisting operations and their roles can
be made known through the wearing of special clothing, such as high visibility coveralls, high visibility
or reflective vests and special coloured hard hats or hat covers.
Usage of high visibility vest with reflecting strips may be forbidden when a supply vessel is alongside
the platform and using light reflection systems to support his positioning (DP-mode) systems. Check
with Captain and OIM for approval.
It should also be recognized that if people are not fit for the job, due to psychological factors or
physical conditions (especially fatigue), they should be excluded from lifting and hoisting operations.
The objective of the OMHEC working group communications is to provide guidance for systems,
protocols and methods of communications in lifting and hoisting operations, and raise the level of
safety during lifting and hoisting operations offshore.
This practical guideline is fully compliant with the OMHEC practical guidance on communication for
safe lifting and hoisting operations.
The crane operator must interrupt the ongoing manoeuvre in order to request new instructions
when he is unable to carry out the orders he has received with the necessary safety guarantees.
The operator must be able to recognise the signaller/banksman without difficulty. The
signaller/banksman shall be clearly identified, preferably by distinctive clothing such as a high
visibility vest or jacket. The distinctive clothing shall be brightly coloured, all of the same colour and
for the exclusive use of signaller/banksman.
(European Council Directive 92/58/EEC on the Minimum Requirements for the Provision of Safety
and/or Health Signs at Work, ANNEX IX, Article 2.6).
10.5.1 Blind lifts
Blind lifts should be avoided as much as reasonably possible (see also the remark in chapter 3.1).
However if blind lifts are unavoidable, communications should be given the highest attention during
the risk assessment.
In connection with blind lifts, there shall always be at least two persons (signaller/banksman and
slinger) who have visual contact with the load and each other, and have radio contact with the
hoisting appliance operator. Any closed circuit television that monitors the work area is considered
to be an aid, and not a replacement for either of these persons
The signaller/banksman shall place himself in a position where he has clear visual contact with the
appliance operator and can give the stop signal manually in the event of radio equipment failure.
Communication from the signaller/banksman to the crane operator should be continuous, two way
and confirmative by repeating the command. This is particularly important during blind lifts.
Radio contact shall be established and maintained at all times between one of the persons being
lifted, lifting appliance operator and signaller/banksman.
10.5.3 Transfer of personnel by personnel carrier
Radio communication should be established on an agreed radio frequency and maintained during the
transfer operation. Radio communication needs to be established between the crane operator and
the persons in charge of the vessel/installation both to and from which the transfer is being
undertaken.
The crane operator should have a good view of the transfer areas, the personnel to be transferred
and the signaller/banksman/deck officer at the two transfer locations.
The crane operator might have access to the following instrumentation communicating the state of
the hoisting operation.
Line out meter this indicates the length of wire rope out and can also give an indication of
the weight of the load suspended.
Load Moment Indicator, giving information on weight of the load, percentage of crane
capacity being used and radius of the load.
Closed circuit camera television trained on the cable drum(s). This allows the crane operator
to see the correct spooling of the wire on the drum and indicates speed of rotation, thus
indicating speed of lowering or hoisting the load.
Closed circuit camera television on the crane boom. This allows the crane operator to have a
vertical view on top of the load and area just around the load. Especially useful for the
landing area of the load.
Cameras and instrumentation can be used as an aid, but only the signaller/banksman should be in
charge of directing the load.
The use of cameras shall never give reason to replace a member of the lifting and hoisting team.
By the time the toolbox talk or Last Minute Risk Assessment meeting occurs, all communications
equipment should have been tested. At the toolbox talk, the users of the radio equipment should
confirm testing.
10.7.2 Selecting Radio Channels and establishing links
If possible, identify a channel that will only be used by the team involved in the lifting and hoisting
operations. This will help avoid cross talk from other personnel, nearby ships in the vicinity, cranes
on other operations etc. Cross talk can be disruptive to the whole team and will jeopardise safety.
Where there is more than one crane working in the vicinity, ideally, each crane should be allocated a
separate radio channel. This is particularly important when working simultaneously with vessels.
If it is not possible to use a unique channel, use of call signs for each crane, winch or lifting team
member, will assist in identifying caller and receiver. The call sign should precede any radio
communication to avoid confusion.
Code words shall be short and give clear instructions and must be confirmed during the planning.
As an example:
Code words and actions.
Code word Action
Start To indicate the start of a command
Stop To interrupt or stop a movement
End To end the operation
Pick up Start hoisting the load
Hoist Raise the load
Lower Lower the load
Boom up Raise the boom
Boom down Lower the boom
Slew right Slew to the right, from crane operator position
Slew left Slew to the left, from crane operator position
Slowly Slow movements
Slack off Release tension in the wire to release the hook
Hook free Information only to the crane operator
Above list is not exhaustive as specific types of cranes, such as knuckle boom cranes, need more
crane specific instructions. Crane specific instructions must be agreed upon during the planning and
fully known to all members of the lifting and hoisting team.
Continuous communications are recommended, by giving the initial instruction and then talk to the
crane operator repeatedly to reassure him that the line of communication is still active.
Any person using the radio should avoid keeping the transmission button pressed for unnecessarily
long periods. The radio might be the only quick way to contact vital lifting and hoisting team
members.
Lifting should stop if there is an interruption to communication, for example if a third party breaks
into the transmission.
10.7.7 Acknowledgement and understanding
Good practice indicates that communications should be positively acknowledged. The receiving
operator(s) should indicate understanding of the message by repeating or in a slightly different form
of words as the instructions received.
Distraction is a risk factor. Accordingly, communication should be clear and limited to what the crane
operator has to do.
Discussion or explanation as to why the lifting and hoisting operations are being conducted in a
certain way should be held at the risk identification stage, or the toolbox talk, but not when the
operations are underway. If there is a need for discussion then stop the operations and deal with the
issue.
10.7.8 Care and safety
Always check that the batteries are fully charged prior to booking out the radio for a shift. Ensure
that the radio microphone is not exposed to rain. If a plastic carrying case offering full protection of
the radio is not available, a simple precautionary measure such as a small plastic bag or a piece of
cling film around the microphone will ensure that it is remained in a dry condition.
Do not carry radios in pockets. Always ensure that they are carried in protective holsters attached to
the body by either shoulder lanyard or waist belt. Apart from maintaining the integrity of the radio
this will ensure that the radio does not become a dropped object if dislodged when working at height
or climbing ladders.
Where both arms are used at the same time, they must be moved symmetrically and for giving one
sign only.
(European Council Directive 92/58/EEC on the Minimum Requirements for the Provision of Safety
and/or Health Signs at Work, ANNEX IX, Article 1).
Whatever hand signals are to be used should be displayed, for example inside the crane cabin,
around the operational area, mess rooms and so on. It is good practice to have laminated copies of
the standardised hand signals to be used available and provide easy access to them.
There should always be a line of sight between the signaller/banksman and the crane operator.
Lifting and hoisting operations must cease if visual contact is lost and only recommence when a clear
line of vision is re-established. Cease lifting and hoisting operations if inclement weather or darkness
impairs the ability to see the signaller/banksman and operations cannot continue safely!
10.9.1 Recommended hand signals
Hand signals for lifting and hoisting operations are regulated by means of European Council Directive
92/58/EEC on the Minimum Requirements for the Provision of Safety and/or Health Signs at Work.
In practice however, the listed hand signals in this Council Directive do not cover all possible
movements of lifting and hoisting appliances. Due to technical and on-going developments and
improvement of cranes, they are being equipped with more and more technical features. That will
require more and more hand signals for the communications.
This is an additional reason to recommend the use of radio equipment for communications, backed-
up with hand signals for emergencies in case radio equipment fails.
Lifting and hoisting operations over live facilities will require more rigorous controls due to the
inherent hazards associated with these operations.
Generally, lifting and hoisting over live facilities should be avoided at all times.
Only in exceptional circumstances will this restriction be lifted, but strict procedures shall be
followed and there shall be additional controls in place.
Having procedures in place is a legal requirement as per European Council Directive 2009/104/EC
concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the use of work equipment by workers
at work. ANNEX II, article 3.2.5 reads as follows:
All lifting operations must be properly planned, appropriately supervised and carried out to protect
the safety of workers.
In particular, if a load has to be lifted by two or more pieces of work equipment for lifting non-guided
loads simultaneously, a procedure must be established and applied to ensure good coordination on
the part of the operators.
A load can be handled simultaneously by two or more lifting and hoisting appliances in various ways:
Hoisting a single load using two cranes;
Hoisting a single load using more than two cranes;
Taking a load from a horizontal position to a vertical position or vice versa;
Using two or more chain lever hoists and or chain blocks;
Any combination using a crane and a separate winch for hoisting;
Combination of wire rope puller with a lever hoist;
Hoisting portal or gantry in combination with a tailing crane;
Floating sheer legs using two blocks;
Etc etc.
It is vitally important that an accurate assessment is made of the load liable to be imposed on each
appliance.
During the whole operation there should be a full appreciation of how and to what extent this load
situation can vary should the load come out of level or should one or more cranes have to boom up
or boom down, travel or slew, resulting in the hoist ropes coming out of the vertical.
Special rigging may also be necessary to suit the maximum variation in load distribution and angular
loading which may result during the lifting and hoisting operation.
Lifting and hoisting appliances should be suitable for multiple operations. Users instructions should
be consulted for this at all times.
12.3 Categorising operations using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances
Working with two or more lifting and hoisting appliances shall, as a minimum, always be categorized
as Non Routine complicated operations.
Depending on the complexity of the task at hand and the risks identified in Task Risk Assessment,
additional safety precautions should be considered.
The cranes and lifting and hoisting accessories to be used should be selected to have a capacity
margin greater than that needed for the proportional load when handled as a single lift.
Each crane, at the required boom length and operating radius, shall be capable of hoisting 75% of the
total load.
If load sensors are being used, each crane need only be capable of hoisting 25% above its estimated
share of the weight.
If a load is non-symmetrical, the centre of gravity will not be in the middle of the load, but closer to
one end. In this particular situation it is likely that one crane will be positioned to lift over half of the
load weight.
12.6.2 Hoisting a single load using more than two cranes
In this situation the load is divided across more than two cranes.
Hoisting a load, which is suspended from three points, is always in a static determined position.
Related to the centre of gravity of the load, there can be two situations:
1. The load is equally divided over the three suspension points
2. The load is not equally divided over the three suspension points
Whatever the actual situation, it will be necessary to determine the exact position of the centre of
gravity by calculation. In case the load is not equally divided over the three suspension points, each
crane will have a different load.
Hoisting a load that is suspended from 4 (or more) points is always in a static undetermined position
and extremely hazardous. It is impossible to determine how the load will be divided between the
All lifting and hoisting operations using more than two appliances shall be classified as Non Routine
Complex/Critical. All associated risks shall be assessed and consequent level of control required
shall be strictly adhered to.
12.6.3 Taking a load from a horizontal position to a vertical position or vice versa
When erecting a pressure vessel or a structural component from a horizontal position to a vertical
position a tailing crane is often used. During this type of operation, the relationship between the load
attachment points and the centre of gravity is very important.
It is essential to accurately calculate the position of the centre of gravity and the actual load exerted
on both cranes. As the load changes from horizontal to vertical, the lead crane will absorb more of
the load, until the total weight of the load is fully transferred to the lead crane.
12.6.4 Using two or more chain lever hoists and or chain blocks
When using more than one chain block or chain lever hoist, each individual hoist unit should be rated
to a capacity of at least 100% of the load.
Planning and control measures for this category, including defined procedures and drawings or
sketches, need to be in place. If two or more lever hoists are used to share the load during hoisting
operations, careful consideration of the operation is necessary as there is the potential to overload
one of the hoists (beyond the working load limit) or under load one of the hoists (below 10% of the
working load limit).
Always check the users instructions in case chain lever hoists or chain blocks are used for horizontal
or oblique traction. As not all types and brands are designed for this type of operation In case users
instructions are not clear on this, it is forbidden to use chain lever hoists and chain blocks for this
operation.
12.6.5 Any combination using two or more lifting and hoisting appliances
Whatever the combination of lifting and hoisting appliances used, users instructions should always
be consulted and strictly adhered to.
Crane barges, floating sheer legs and heavy lift construction vessels for example have their own rules
for using them in a tandem hoist as agreed with their certifying authority.
12.7 Execution
For a safe execution, the following issues need attention:
The hoisting accessories being used to connect the load with the hoisting appliance shall be of
sufficient capacity. Special attention is needed when working out of the vertical;
Always have only one person giving signals for both lifting and hoisting appliances, having
direct sight and permanent radio contact to the appliance operators;
the personnel involved must work in unison and position themselves to avoid being trapped or
crushed;
Prior to starting the operation, ascertain that both load lines are in the vertical without side /
off loading of the boom;
Upon signal, both cranes to hoist slowly, to either the calculated weight tolerance limit or until
the load is free, and STOP;
The lifting and hoisting supervisor to confirm that the full load has been transmitted prior to
authorizing the lift to continue. The safe load indicator accuracy and the integrity of the
braking mechanism to be verified before the operation continues;
Keep a close eye on hoist lines and make sure they do not come out of the vertical during the
whole operations.
Raising or lowering the load and slewing of the cranes may only be undertaken at the signal
from the signaller/banksman and at the previously agreed speed.
Due to the above situations, questions come up about the requirements and the way forward
regarding the planning of these activities in line with regulations and this Standard.
As it is a the legal requirement that all operations shall be planned and appropriately managed, there
might arise an idea, that a full set of control measures needs to be in place for each and every time a
new load is going to be raised or lowered. This is certainly not the requirement and will result in
unworkable situations. The ultimate reason for setting up a Lift Plan is always working towards the
safest way of execution.
This guideline is intended to give some operational back-up in setting up a Lift Plan that is
compliant with the Shell Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting as well as the regulations.
During defining and planning of an extensive amount of lifting and hoisting operations it is advised to
split-up between Routine en Non-Routine operations.
All Non-Routine operations shall be planned according the Standard and have their own Lift Plan.
Routine operations on the other hand can be combined. On the operation planning sheet make an
overview of all items that need to be hoisted (scaffolding material, pipe work, general steelwork,
valves, small pumps, motors etc) including the weight or range of weights involved.
Conduct a Risk Assessment or use the general Risk Assessment.
In addition to the above prepare a plot plan of the location and show clearly the position of the
crane(s) to be used for the Routine operation. Around the crane, circles can be drawn showing a
specific radius and the maximum load to be hoisted at that radius. It is advised to show 3 different
circles.
Having the operation planning, Risk Assessment and plot plan available during the toolbox talk the
Person In Charge is perfectly able to explain and show to the members of the lifting and hoisting
team:
Where to set up the crane;
What loads are within the planning;
Maximum needed hoisting capacities at specific radii;
Environmental conditions that need to be taken in account (e.g. obstructions during setting up
of the crane, specific danger areas etc.)
In case the crane is operating from one position during a whole week, and provided the members of
the lifting and hoisting team do not switch during the week, having one toolbox talk covering a whole
week (of only Routine hoisting) operations will do.
If during the day or somewhere in the overall period of the hoisting activities the crane needs to be
set-up on another location, this new location shall be shown on the plot plan as well.
Crane operator to be instructed that setting up of the crane and hoisting operations are only allowed
from the pre-determined positions.
Variation from the pre-determined set-up positions of the cranes shall result in the job being
stopped, reassessed and having a adequate measures in place to ensure continued safe operations.
A plot-plan giving an overview of all cranes on site is regardless the categorisation of the activities.
If two cranes are on site, both for extensive Routine hoisting operations, they should be drawn on
the plot plan as indicated above.
On the other hand, one plot plan can also show one (or more) crane(s) for Routine operations and a
crane for Non Routine operations.
This also allows to clearly show situations where cranes are being set-up in such a way that the crane
booms might come into each others working areas.
Those overlapping areas need to be shown on the plot plan, risk assessed and measures must be in
place to prevent crane booms colliding with each other.
The use of mobile cranes mounted on marine vessels requires special arrangements. The position
and operation of the crane on the marine vessel affects the stability of the combination, and this has
to be taken into account.
It is the duty of the contract holder to ensure that any marine vessel, where hoisting operations are
undertaken offshore, has equipment which complies with the marine vessels classification societys
rules and this procedure.
Consider a truck crane on a vessel. All loads from the crane will be impressed on the deck at the
outriggers. The typical deck construction will rarely be able to carry these loads from a large crane.
Therefore steel grillages will have to be installed on deck to transfer the outrigger loads to the
internal structure.
Crawler cranes present a similar challenge. The best advantage can usually be gained by setting the
crane with the crawlers in the longitudinal direction. The spacing of the transverse trusses is
commonly in the range of 1.5 to 3m, so the crane can usually be located such that the crawlers bear
directly over three or more trusses.
The outrigger or crawler track loads are calculated in roughly the same way as for a crane installation
on land. Once the cranes reactions are known, the vessel structure can be analysed by a naval
architect or structural engineer.
The vessels classification society or a naval architect shall verify that the vessels deck is strong
enough, under all operating conditions.
For securing the crane on deck (sea fastening) see under chapter 14.4.
It should be especially noted that mobile cranes are particularly sensitive to external influences such
as environmental effects, vessel movements, and dynamic loading. There are several types of mobile
cranes initially designed for land-based operations, which can be considered for hoisting operations
offshore. Not all, however, are equally suitable, e.g., a wheel-mounted crane, will not be suitable,
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Electronic copies to be obtained from the Shell UIO CMS website Printed copies are uncontrolled documents
because of tyre floatation effects and shorter wheelbase. It is not as stable as a tracked/crawler
crane for the same duty and/or operating conditions. The suitability of a mobile crane for use on a
marine vessel shall therefore be carefully appraised according to service requirements, type of
marine vessel and operational requirements.
Factors for consideration when selecting mobile cranes for use offshore are as follows:
Cranes, which operate with outriggers deployed, shall have the facility to withstand any high
pressure generated in the outrigger's hydraulic system, arising from dynamic hoisting
operations.
Booms shall have adequate torsional stiffness, rigidity and lateral stability for the service
specified. Box section booms of the type used on ram luffing/telescoping cranes are not
considered suitable.
Mobile cranes fixed, tied-down or pedestal mounted shall still be considered as mobile cranes.
There shall be a critical assessment of the strength and failure mode sequence of the tie down points
and of the cranes primary load path elements The calculations of all forces transmitted to the
marine vessels structure and the sequence of failure report in conjunction with the hoisting
operations that the mobile crane is intended to be used for, shall be assessed and approved by the
marine vessels Classification Society, Naval Architect or warranty surveyor.
If load charts for the specific situation are not available, estimating the hoisting capacities is very
difficult, if not impossible. Depending on the boom length and operating radius, the marine service
capacities may be on the order of 90% of the land service capacities or less than 50% of the land
capacities.
First, the vessel will continually move as the crane hoists and swings its load, thereby failing to
provide the firm and level support that is required by the normal load chart.
Second, the movement of the vessel and crane can result in the development of dynamic loads that
are not considered in standard crane design.
Crane load charts normally cannot be developed by the crane user. The most significant reason for
this is that most crane users do not have enough information about the crane to accurately assess its
structural and mechanical limitations. Many components of the crane will be stressed differently
when the crane is out of level. Determination of the cranes capacity requires detailed knowledge of
the strength of all of these components.
Some crane manufacturers publish marine service load charts for some of their models. If such charts
are not available, then the manufacturer must be contacted for assistance.
The master of the marine vessel shall demonstrate that the agreed weather criteria are met at all
times during hoisting operations.
In all cases when the agreed values are exceeded the hoisting operations shall be stopped
immediately and the boom lowered onto a boom rest. Crane activities can only resume when the
weather criteria fall below the agreed values.
Never:
Sling tubes of different diameters;
Sling a mixture of tubulars, angle, flat bar etc.;
Tighten the choke by hammering as this will increase the effective sling angle thus weakening
the sling.
15.4 Storage
Tubular stacks should be segregated by pipe posts;
The bottom stow of tubulars should be individually chocked or secured by other mechanical
means to stop movement.
The load carrier should be in the form of a container (i.e. basket) or frame of suitable design and
comply with regulations and accepted standards:
Offshore: an applicable international standard for offshore containers;
Onshore: the European Machinery Directive.
16.2 Slinging
When moving scaffolding material and boards whereby a suitable load carrier cannot be used, the
following general guidelines for slinging should be followed:
Always keep scaffold boards and scaffold tubulars in separate bundles. It is not allowed to
bundle scaffolding boards and scaffolding tubulars together in one bundle;
Polypropylene, polyester or nylon ratchet straps shall be used to make bundles and to prevent
slipping;
The slings shall be wrapped round twice and choked around the load. The slings should be
choked in the same direction. Appropriate rope grips/clamps and tie-wraps shall also be
applied to ensure the security of the slinging arrangement;
The slings ideally should be positioned at equal distance, approximately 25% (of the total
length) in from either end of the bundles;
In order to prevent single boards or single tubulars falling out of the bundle, do not bundle
different lengths of boards or different length of tubulars together. Make separate bundles of
tubulars all having the same length and separate bundles of boards all having the same length;
Other associated equipment, e.g. clips, clamps, swivels etc. should be sacked or containerised
and never be allowed to be hoisted on top of a bundle;
Whenever possible, transit path of taglines should be confirmed clear, before lifting and
hoisting operation starts;
Taglines shall be closely monitored during lifting and hoisting operations and prevented from
snagging.
Transit slings must be removed from the equipment, to which they are attached as soon as
practicable, placed in a designated quarantined storage area and returned.
A formal system is required to manage the use of transit slings to ensure that they comply with all
relevant legislation and can be identified.
For safety reasons and liabilities every FIBC should meet or exceed the standards recommended by
the European Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container Association (EFIBCA).
Relevant EFIBCA test standards being:
EFIBCA 005 Safety Factor 5:1; single trip.
For one filling only and not reusable.
EFIBCA 004 Safety Factor 6:1; standard duty.
Semi reusable for a limited number of fillings and discharges. An FIBC of this
category cannot be reused if damaged.
EFIBCA 003 Safety Factor 8:1; heavy duty.
Multi trip and reusable.
It is recommended that all FIBCs meet the following standard: NEN-EN-ISO 21898:2005.
FIBCs shall never be used for the transportation of anything other than the cargo for which they
were designed.
FIBCs for repeated use shall be documented, checked and inspected regularly as hoisting equipment.
The certificate data must be mentioned on a label, which forms an integral part of the FIBC and is
sewn in the FIBC. The label must contain the
following information:
Manufacturers name and address;
Month and year of manufacture;
Type of Bag i.e. Cross Corner Four Loop;
Test standard;
Test certificate date and number;
FIBC Class, depending on the Safety Factor;
Safety factor;
Working Load Limit, WLL.
Before handling one shall check the general condition for structural damage or disintegrating marks
possibly caused by environmental conditions or exposure to UV radiation from the sun.
Any bag that shows any sign of wear or damage on any of the hoisting loops shall never be hoisted.
18.3.1 Hoisting with cranes or hoists
The hooks, spreader bars or other devices used for hoisting should have rounded edges and/or
protective covers. Safety hooks with an integrated safety latch shall be used to prevent the hook
from accidentally slipping off the loop. Hooks should have a sufficiently large radius to prevent
squeezing the loop.
When the FIBC is suspended, the loops must be vertical, or at a maximum angle as allowed by the
instructions on the label, without any twists or knots.
FIBCs should not be pushed into a stack as this can cause damage to the sides or the back of the
FIBC.
If FIBCs are stored outside, attention should be paid to the top closure. Be sure the top closure is
properly tied off. FIBCs should be covered with waterproof, U.V. protected material to avoid water
collecting on top of the FIBC and to prevent damage from sunlight.
Be sure FIBCs are not standing in water and stored on proper and even surface.
Using FIBCs in an offshore environment is only allowed under the following strict conditions:
FIBCs to be ordered from a FIBCA member and only after consultation of the manufacturer
and being advised on the FIBC to be used, given the specific application.
Only FIBCs in accordance with EFIBCA Standard 005 with a safety factor 5:1 shall be used.
To be sure that weather or sunlight had no negative influence on quality and strength, only
new FIBCs shall be used from a recent production batch.
FIBCs to be used for a single trip only. Single trip meaning: from filling point to supply base,
from base to supply vessel, from supply vessel to offshore installation.
FIBCs shall be used to a maximum of 66,6% of their Safe Working Load in order to overcome
dynamic forces in the offshore environment.
Instructions for use at all times pre dominate any practical and general guidance for the safe use of
lifting and hoisting equipment.
Before using chain blocks and chain lever hoists, it is the responsibility of the lifting and hoisting team
performing the hoisting operations to ensure the hoist is in working order and safe to operate.
The following pre-use checks should be made:
Is the Working Load Limit adequate for the load;
Is the hoist tagged or marked with:
Working Load Limit;
A unique identification number;
A valid certification date.
Suspension hook and load hook. Ensure hook safety latch is fitted and functions correctly and
the swivel operates without restriction. Check also for obvious opening-out of either the load
hook or the suspension hook;
Check load chain for distortion, corrosion and any other form of damage. The chain linkage
should all appear to be in a straight line. If the chain gives the appearance of having a spiral
the hoist has been overloaded whilst the chain was twisted;
Check end stop being fitted on chain lever hoist and dead end being connected on the chain
block;
Check for build-up dirt in the pocket wheel;
Check for correct operation of the selection lever on the lever hoist and the chain wheel on the
chain block;
When spinning the chain wheel or operating the lever, the ratchet should sound crisp;
Body assembly should show no signs of misuse, cracked casings, loose bolts or other damage;
When installing hoists it is essential to ensure that the structure from which it is suspended is
adequate for the load it is intended to carry. This load should include the weight of the hoist itself
together with any attachments such as slings, shackles, trolley etc.
When using a hook suspended hoist, the top hook should be attached to its support in such a manner
that the support fits freely into the seat of the hook and does not exert any side thrust upon the
point.
For trolley suspension, ensure the trolley is correctly set for the beam width.
After installation a check should be made to ensure that the hand and load chains hang freely and
are not twisted or knotted. In particular, special care should be taken with multi-fall blocks to ensure
that the bottom block has not been turned over between the falls of chain imparting a twist to the
load chain. If this has occurred the bottom block should be turned back until the twist is removed.
The length of the load chain should be checked to ensure that the bottom hook will reach the lowest
position required without the load chain running fully out. If the load chain is permitted to run fully
out, unacceptable stress may be placed on the slack end anchorage or end stop, not being a true load
bearing component.
The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all
requirements for training and education of personnel involved in lifting and hoisting operations can
be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 9 of the mentioned Standard.
Check the load is free to move (not welded or bolted down) before commencing the hoisting
operation and that the landing area has been prepared.
Check the travel path is clear and that you have a clear view so as to avoid accidental hook
engagement or collision.
Raise the load just clear, and then halt the operation to check the integrity of the hoist and the
slinging method.
When operating hoists, ensure that the hoist operates smoothly and easily and with a distinctive
ratchet clicking sound. If it requires excessive force to operate the hoist, stop hoisting operations
and investigate. A hoist should always operate smoothly and easily; it is designed for one-man
operation.
19.6.1 Always:
Position the hoist directly above the centre of gravity of the load;
Ensure the load rigging seats correctly in the bowl of the bottom of the hook and allows the
safety latch to close;
Ensure the load is correctly balanced;
Ensure all restrictions have been removed, such as hold-down bolts etc.
Leave a suspended load unattended without back-up rigging; legally this is not permitted;
Exceed the Working Load Limit;
Use a chain lever hoist in a dynamic hoisting application; the changing loading may cause the
hoist to fail or slip.
19.6.4 Use of static rigging or multiple rigging points to avoid single point failure
Where a lever hoist introduces a single point failure into a hoisting arrangement, the use of static
rigging or some other means to eliminate the potential single point failure should be considered. This
is particularly important if a load is to be suspended on a lever hoist for an extended period. The
need for additional backup rigging should be identified as part of the Lift Plan and risk assessment.
Function test the hoist through its entire hoisting height and check the operation of the over-hoisting
limits before starting the actual hoisting operations.
Check the controls and ensure the operating buttons and levers are not sticky and that they return to
neutral on release.
In extreme cold weather conditions a de-icing agent may be introduced via the lubricator to prevent
the air motor freezing. Check and follow the instructions for the safe use of the equipment at all
times.
Care has to be taken when selecting hoists for this purpose, as not all hoists are suitable due to
the material of their brake discs.
The hoist model shall be clearly identified as suitable for subsea use by the manufacturer as
per instructions for use or after consulting the relevant manufacturer and written confirmation
of the suitability of their equipment.
Introduction of a system of marking chain lever hoists that have been specified and procured
for use sub-sea, clearly identifying them and differentiating them from other chain lever hoists
that may be present at the worksite;
Hoists used underwater should, on completion of the job, be returned to an approved
workshop and be completely stripped, purged of salt water, re-lubricated, re-assembled and
tested prior to further use.
As a general guidance, the operator is responsible for daily maintenance and pre-use inspections.
The owner of the forklift truck is responsible for routine maintenance, inspections and thorough
examination.
20.3.1 Pre-use specific checks for forklift trucks
In order to demonstrate the operational readiness, the following type of checks shall be completed
before the Forklift truck is used, each day:
Fork arms No cracks or distortion, evenly spaced on carriage plate and clips
engaged. No temporary fixes installed;
Load chart Clear load chart available
Carriage plate No obvious damage, end stops secure;
Back rest Load backrest extension secure and not damaged or distorted;
Mast No damage distortion or cracks. Inner channels or runners reasonably
clean and smooth;
Lift chain Free from damage or rust. All pins in place;
Hydraulics No damage or leakage from any point.
Wheels Undamaged. All nuts tight;
Tyres No excessive wear, cuts or foreign bodies. If pneumatic, tyre pressure
correct;
Lights, indicators All functioning;
Horn, acoustic signals Clearly audible;
Mast controls Lower-lift, tilt and side shift operating properly;
Hand parking brake Strong enough to prevent truck being driven;
Driving service brake work properly in both directions in both directions when tested
slowly;
Fuel power Adequate for shift; if LPG, cylinder secure and hoses OK;
It is recommended, as good industry practice, to provide each forklift truck with a checklist for the
pre-use inspections. The operator can use the checklist by simply ticking the checklist.
If controls do not operate properly, the operator is responsible for notifying the supervisor. Repairs
and adjustments shall be made before operations begin.
20.3.2 Maintenance, inspection and thorough examination
The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all
applicable rules, regulations and requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment can be found in one
Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 8 of the mentioned Standard.
Forklift truck operators shall strictly adhere to the following basic driving rules:
Do not start or operate the truck from any place other than from the Operators position;
Wear seat belts while operating their vehicles, also when cabin doors are closed;
Keep all parts of the body inside the operator compartment during operations;
Obey site traffic regulations;
Driving at a speed appropriate to the existing circumstances (space, load, lighting, surface
conditions, etc.) and at or below posted limits;
Rapid acceleration, hard braking and sharp cornering which increase the risk of load tipping
shall be avoided;
Ensure other personnel are not in the swing radius prior to performing turning manoeuvres;
Sound the horn when approaching cross aisles, doorways and other locations where
pedestrians shall step into the path of truck travel;
Verify sufficient headroom under overhead installations, lights, wiring, pipes, sprinkler systems
etc;
Ensure driving on suitable surfaces. Road humps, drains and rough or soft surfaces, shall be
avoided;
Movement with loads in excessively raised positions shall be avoided to minimise the danger
of toppling, especially on uneven surfaces and while cornering;
Care shall be taken at all times during operations to avoid pedestrians, other vehicles and hazards
within their area of operations. Operators shall only drive in areas where they are authorised to do
so. Forklift trucks shall only be used in areas where there is enough room for their safe operation.
Particular care shall be taken to ensure that forklift trucks used in aisles have enough room to
circulate and manoeuvre either loaded or empty. Sharp bends and overhead obstructions shall be
avoided as far as possible. Special care shall be taken to avoid hazards such as loading bays,
excavations, columns, pipe-work, racking and other plant. Forklift trucks shall not be operated on
excessive gradients.
Always keep in mind, that a forklift truck is primarily intended for the lifting of loads by means of the
forks instead of hoisting the load!
Attachments almost always affect rated capacity of the forklift truck. When a forklift truck is
equipped with an attachment, the rated capacity of the forklift truck-attachment combination shall
be established by the manufacturer.
Capacity, operation, maintenance and instruction plates, tags and a full users manual for the forklift
truck attachment combination shall be available at all times!
Based on rules and regulations, the use of after market attachments to forklift trucks is not
allowed, unless there is a clear and written approval from the manufacturer by means of the EC
declaration of conformity and the users instructions.
Driving forklifts trucks on public roads shall be kept to a minimum. When public road travel is
necessary, fork arms should possibly be removed, folded or protected in some way so that they do
not present a hazard to other road users. Where this is not possible, forks shall be painted or
otherwise made highly visible.
When parking at the end of a shift, make sure the forklift truck is tidy, with a clean cabin, without
debris in the mudguards or lifting mechanism and full with LPG or diesel for LPG and diesel powered
trucks.
Work equipment which is not specifically designed for the purpose of hoisting persons may be used
to this effect, provided appropriate action has been taken to ensure safety in accordance with
national legislation and/or practice laying down appropriate supervision.
This practical guidance applies to the hoisting of personnel by means of a suspended basket using
cranes.
This practical guidance does not apply to:
suspended baskets on lifting appliances (e.g. forklift trucks);
lifts for crane drivers;
moveable cabins;
manriding;
personnel/freight elevators;
helicopter hoisting;
medical evacuation;
specialist rope access activities.
21.2 Definition
A suspended basket is a device fitted out for the
transportation of persons to a workplace at
height by attaching the suspended basket using
its own hoisting accessories to a hoisting
installation (crane).
Because other solutions, such as using a mobile elevating working platform, are always possible, the
use of work baskets for working at height on lifting appliances such as forklift trucks are not
permitted.
21.5 Planning and preparing for the safe use of a suspended basket
Hoisting operations using a suspended basket shall always be categorized as non routine
complicated operations.
When a wire rope sling set is used to connect the suspended basket, the slings
must be connected to a master link or shackle so that the load is evenly
positioned between the sling legs. Only safety bow shackles, with nut and safety
pin as shown here after, may be used for this purpose.
A crane driver shall always be present at the normal crane control station when the basket is
occupied.
During operation the employer shall not require the crane operator and signaller/banksman to do
other work at the same time. During the operation they shall operate only one crane or direct one
suspended basket.
21.9 Checklist
Before starting the actual hoisting operation of the suspended basket a checklist shall be completed
fully and adequately and shall be signed by the operator as well as the occupant(s) of the suspended
basket.
The appendix at the end of this practical guidance gives a recommended checklist. Comparable
checklists used for the same purpose might be used.
The checklist must be archived together with the other documents relevant to the activities (permit
to work, risk assessment, specific plan and toolbox talk).
4. Communication:
Visual By radio
5. 1 items escape mask per person present? (Optional)
6. 1 items harness belt with short line per person present?
7. 2 items fire extinguishers present?( Hot work only)
8. Pre use inspection: is suspended basket in good condition?
9. Only work at height? (without getting out)
10. Crane not more than 25% of the workload? (50% for fixed crane)
11. Basket correctly secured? (secured against undesired weight loss)
12. Cable on winch correctly secured?
13. Hoisting cable on block correctly secured?
14. Hook in block correctly secured?
15. Master link of 4 legged sling correctly secured in hook? (secured against
undesired weight loss)
16. 4-legged sling correctly secured to the basket?
17. Safety harness belts are worn and secured?
18. Wind speed not in excess of 7 m/s (4 Beaufort)?
19. Entering/leaving takes place only on firm surface?
Use of the suspended basket without this obligatory inventory and check list is not
allowed.
Name operator : Signature :
Name user(s) : Signature :
Dept. Transport : Name: Signature :
Work equipment which is not specifically designed for the purpose of hoisting persons may be used
to this effect, provided appropriate action has been taken to ensure safety in accordance with
national legislation and/or practice laying down appropriate supervision.
This practical guideline provides guidance on operations that involve the transfer of personnel to,
from and around offshore installations by means of utilising suitable hoisting equipment and
personnel carriers.
They are intended to aid risk assessment and the development of appropriate procedures for the
safe transfer of personnel using personnel transfer carriers.
This guideline applies to both soft rope and rigid steel carriers but is not meant to favour any
particular make of personnel transfer carrier. All means for personnel transfer have a unique
hazard/risk profile and should be assessed separately, extending to the particular conditions on each
occasion of use and the wishes of the personnel being transferred.
This guideline specifically does not cover the following types of operations that use hoisting
equipment and personnel carriers:
Use of a crane with a suspended work basket or cage which is being used as a working
platform;
Equipment used for manriding and personnel transfer operations in and around the drilling area;
Rope access systems;
Any form of emergency evacuation equipment, such as Man Overboard Boat or fast rescue
boat, and its associated handling facilities;
Helicopter winching;
Purpose designed machinery for hoisting persons such as powered access platforms (cherry
pickers), personnel traverse platforms etc.;
Passenger lifts of all types;
Any personnel transfer operations between ships using the ships work equipment.
The offshore installation manager (OIM) of an installation/MODU and/or the master of a vessel
might decide to use a personnel transfer carrier for the transfer of people in cases where the use of
other means of transferring people is impractical or less safe and where the requirements set out in
these guidelines are followed.
It is not allowed to use personnel carriers for the purpose of routine crew changes in the open sea
when other methods of transfer are available. The normal method used to effect crew changes in
the open stretches of the North Sea to/from vessels/installations/MODUs fitted with helidecks would
be by helicopter transfer.
22.5 Responsibilities
The duties of personnel in supervising or involved in the personnel carrier transfer should be clearly
defined. The people likely to be involved are the OIM of the installation/MODU (if appropriate), the
master of the vessel involved in the transfer, the crane operator, the personnel being transferred,
the deck operatives at both ends of the transfer, the standby vessel, and any other person
nominated by the OIM or master to undertake specific duties.
Transfer operations shall be conducted under the appropriate permit to work system.
The cranes maximum allowable load shall be not more than 50% of the weight of the transfer carrier
with maximum load.
22.6.6 Rigging prior to transfer pre use check
It is vital that the transfer carrier is correctly rigged onto the crane prior to transfer and the rigging is
checked. The security of all shackles, safety slings and hooks should be checked. The crane hook
pennant should be of sufficient length to keep the hook well clear of the personnel being transferred.
Tag lines are often attached to the underside of the carrier to enable control of the swing when
raising and lowering the carrier. Consideration needs to be given to the length/position of the tag
lines to guard against the possibility of the tag lines becoming snagged.
22.6.7 Personnel carrier maintenance/testing/inspection
The personnel carrier should be in good condition at the time of use and checked before use. The
carrier should be marked with its working load limit (WLL). It should be appropriately certified with a
current certificate of test and/or inspection. The carrier must not be operated beyond its safe
working load.
Procedures should be available setting out methods of maintenance and storage together with
instructions related to inspection before use.
22.6.8 Training
Personnel being transferred should have sufficient instruction and training before the transfer takes
place. They should be aware of the appropriate method of holding on during the transfer and how to
disembark safely from the carrier on landing. If any persons are being transferred who have not
previously been transferred by the means being used, then someone who is experienced should
accompany them.
The transfer of any person should only be undertaken with their agreement. No one should be
transferred by personnel carrier against his or her wishes.
A trained crane operator who has experience of transferring personnel by carrier transfer should
operate the crane.
22.6.9 Communications
Radio communication should be established on an agreed radio frequency and maintained during the
transfer operation. Radio communication needs to be established between the crane operator, and
the persons in charge of the vessel/installation both to and from which the transfer is being
undertaken.
The crane operator should have a good view of the transfer areas, the personnel to be transferred
and the signaller/banksman/deck officer at the two transfer locations.
22.6.10 Briefing prior to transfer
All participants involved in the transfer should be briefed prior to the transfer to ensure that the
procedures to be followed are understood
This guideline does not apply to personnel/freight elevators, diving operations, helicopter hoisting,
medical evacuation and specialist rope access activities.
Using the manriding register, it is good practice to engineer manriding operations out of the job
whenever possible, or use alternatives.
The Shell UIO Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all
applicable rules, regulations and requirements for planning and preparing safe lifting and hoisting
operations can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 3 of the mentioned Standard.
For manriding operations, the winch operator, the signaller/banksman and the person in the
manrider must have experience with such operations and know the potential dangers.
23.4 Equipment
If there is no alternative to manriding the following equipment should be used with the listed safety
features:
Winch;
Harness;
Personal Protective Equipment, PPE;
Winches that are to be used for manriding must have the following features and settings:
Limited maximum pull, (counter balanced system for use on floating installations);
Independent secondary braking system;
Slack line shut-off mechanism;
Control lever returns to neutral (STOP), push lever away = pay out (LOWER),pull lever = heave
in (RAISE);
Crown block sheave designed for manriding. (Fall protection for whole assembly including
sheave);
Unobstructed emergency stop facility;
Wire rope termination to comply with current standards;
Spooling device;
Drum guard;
Upper and lower travel limit switches;
Emergency lowering facility.
23.4.2 Harness
Harnesses that are to be used for manriding shall:
Be of the full body type;
Harnesses should be of a type that will prevent an unconscious person falling out;
Fitted with 'D' rings for carrying hand tools;
Be equipped with a rescue or fall arrest lanyard;
Have safe system for tools aloft (lanyards etc.)
The use, maintenance, storage, checking, inspection and examination of riding belts should at least
comply with manufacturers instructions for use and must be in compliance with EN 813 (Personal
protective equipment for prevention of falls from a height) and EN 365 (Personal protective
equipment against falls from a height. General requirements for instructions for use, maintenance,
periodic examination, repair, marking and packaging).
23.4.3 Personal Protective Equipment
In addition to normal rig Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), wear a high visibility jacket or
manrider armbands.
Always fit and use a chinstrap on the hard hat.
23.4.4 Connecting devices
No hooks shall be used for manriding operations; only shackles of the bow type with pin, nut
and safety split pin are allowed;
Harnesses are to be attached directly to the winch wire by a shackle; hooks and lengths of
chain are not acceptable.
Overhoist protection placed 4 ft above manrider, e.g. oversized end link.
23.4.5 Secondary fall arrest equipment
Whenever practical, use an additional safety device attached to a safe part of the harness (fall
arrestor, inertia reel, line locker, pennant line).
The routines prepared by the manufacturer must be followed. If the manufacturers checklist does
not include the following points, these must also be dealt with:
Use anti-fall securing equipment on tools;
Functions test of the winch;
Test the emergency stop function;
Check the emergency heaving and lowering and check the brake;
Check the winch components visually with damage, leaks, etc. in mind;
Be very careful that the wire winds correctly onto the drum, so that the wire does not build up.
This may cause an uncontrolled fall for the person hanging in the manrider
Radio communication must be established before the manriding operation is begun, but the radio
shall not be the only type of communication used to convey signals.
If a signaller/banksman is used, there must be radio communication with both the winch operator
and the person manriding.
It is vital that communications between the winch operator and the person in the riding belt are clear
and continuous throughout the whole operation. Verbal instructions and hand signals must be used
between the person in the riding-belt and the winch operator and any signaller/banksman. Both
verbal and hand signals should be clearly understood and agreed by all parties before the start of the
operation. In addition, the Supervisor, winch operator and the signaller/banksman must be equipped
with radios as a back-up to verbal/visual communications.
Communication should be part of the risk assessment; toolbox talk and everyone involved shall be
fully familiar with the Radio Communication Voice Procedure:
Use a dedicated channel where possible.
Always speak slowly and clearly, never talk over or interrupt.
At the end of each communication say "over", only then is it safe for someone else to speak.
Never use the radio to have a chat with your mates.
Assign everyone a call sign and use it (winch control, manrider, driller etc)
Use continuous direction commands i.e., (up, up, up, up, up, / down, down, down, down/ stop,
stop, stop).
Remember no command = stop the winch.
If there are long periods of silence, call for a radio check with everyone involved.
If your radio stops working, contact the team by another means ASAP and get it replaced. If
you are the manrider use your hand signals to return to the rig floor.
Another regulatory requirement is that all lifting and hoisting operations must be properly planned,
appropriately supervised and carried out to protect the safety of workers.
It is not allowed (regulatory requirement in Norway) to use a barrel clamp for hoisting drums or
barrels between levels. It is only allowed to use a clamp to hoist drums or barrels from the load
carrier. For hoisting of drums and barrels between levels, they shall be placed in a suitable basket.
At all times, plant or platform and company specific procedures shall be followed.
The Shell UIE Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all
applicable rules, regulations and requirements for planning and preparing safe lifting and hoisting
operations can be found in one Chapter, we kindly revert to Chapter 3 of the mentioned Standard.
24.3.1 Points to consider when compiling the risk assessment
When compiling the risk assessment for handling and moving of barrels and drums, the following
points should be considered:
Can this task be completed safely?
What hazards will I encounter during the task?
How can I minimise manual handling during this task?
Are the contents of the barrel hazardous if spilt?
Do I need spill kits at the worksite / landing area?
Are there any obstacles / structures along the hoisting path which if contacted may cause
damage to the barrel if it is not protected?
Can the barrel be hoisted into another deck basket to provide protection for transportation
to the landing area?
The Shell UIE Operational Standard for lifting and hoisting is configured in such a way, that all
applicable rules, regulations and requirements for lifting and hoisting equipment can be found in one
Chapter.
Although we kindly revert to Chapter 8 of the mentioned Standard for all the requirements of lifting
and hoisting accessories the following points need to be highlighted:
All lifting and hoisting appliances and accessories shall fulfil the requirements of the Machinery
Directive 89/392/EEG, 98/37/EG or 2006/42/EG. The assembler/ supplier has to declare by
declaration of conformity that the equipment fulfils the essential safety requirements of the
mentioned directive. The declaration shall give a description and identification of the lifting
and hoisting equipment;
To act as visual conformation that the item complies with the relevant European Directives,
there shall be affixed to the item a CE mark;
All lifting and hoisting equipment must be accompanied by users instructions in the official
community language or language of the Member State in which it is placed on the market
and/or put into service;
All lifting and hoisting equipment shall be marked with the following information:
Working Load Limit, WLL;
A unique identification number;
Figure indicating the month and the year of the last inspection date and preferably the
next inspection date; (often referred to as valid certification date);
Safety instructions and warnings if applicable.
Examples of cargo deck baskets with drop front providing a non slip ramp which allows easy access
Only properly trained competent personnel shall carry out the operation.
The use of dedicated barrel hoisting devices having open sides and or not affording any protection to
the barrel if contact is made with installation structures or obstacles along the route is strongly
discouraged!
Manufacturers of synthetic slings as well as end-users have discovered the features of high
performance fibres for routine and non-routine hoisting operations.
This guideline specifically addresses the use of synthetic slings used for hoisting large structures e.g.
in an offshore environment modules and jackets, where the slings are connected directly to
structural members or being used in a subsea environment with a need to pass the splash zone.
Traditionally large structures utilize steel cable laid slings or grommets with the connection to the
structure by bespoke welded hoisting points, either padeyes or trunnions. By connecting the slings
directly to the structure the hoisting points can be avoided. This has particular advantage in very
heavy hoisting and platform decommissioning where offshore welding can be very expensive in time
and resources.
Although wire rope or chain could equally be used directly onto the structure, synthetic slings have
major advantages:
When compared to traditional slings they are approximately 10% of the weight in air and some
products will actually float in water.
The light weight makes the slings quicker and safer to install, particularly important for subsea
operations involving ROVs or divers.
Synthetic slings are more tolerant of tighter bend radiuses although there are restrictions and
they are prone to damage by sharp edges.
One of the most important user needs is the safe use of any lifting sling. Safe use requires awareness
and knowledge of the points of attention for the selection, use and maintenance of slings. Incorrect
use is seen as the predominant cause for (premature) sling failure.
This document is meant to give guidance only and refers to current criteria, legislations, regulations,
standards and other reference material that may be updated by the relative (governmental) bodies
from time to time.
Both sling manufacturers as well as end-users should verify the accuracy of the information and
perform their own assessment regarding the manufacturing, selection, use and maintenance of
synthetic slings.
Each synthetic material has its own unique properties. Certain synthetic materials perform better
than others in specific applications and environments. High temperature, UV light, acids, alkalis and
other chemicals, all of which are not uncommon in the Oil & Gas and offshore environment, can
adversely affect the strength of synthetic slings.
The material from which the slings are made shall be identified by the colour of the label itself on
which the information is marked. The following label colour shall be used:
Polyamide (PA) green
Polyester (PES) blue
Polypropylene (PP) brown
It is essential that the sling manufacturer be consulted for a specific application or before using in
and around chemical environments and for advice on care and storage of the slings.
25.2.2 High performance fibres
High performance fibres are being used increasingly for specific applications. For heavy hoisting
operations (25 ton up to a 16.000 tons jacket), offshore construction and decommissioning, subsea
and deep-sea, slings made from high performance fibres make a significant difference.
They are strong and lightweight. Most important, they do not absorb water. Whether wet or dry,
they have the same low weight and remain easy to handle unlike polyester slings, which will take
up water and become heavier. This makes it easier subsea, for example for divers to safely position
the sling around the load. Slings from a high performance fibre are less likely to break in harsh
conditions, since they are highly resistant to salt water, chemicals and UV radiation further
enhancing safety of the operation.
The European Machinery Directive are intended to remove barriers to trade between the member
states of the European Union and EFTA countries by the recognition of common safety requirements
within all of those member states. These regulations are the prime legislation for new lifting and
hoisting equipment being taken into service.
25.6.2 Standards
A harmonised Standard is elaborated on the basis of a request from the European Commission to a
recognised European Standards Organisation to develop a European Standard that provides solutions
The use of these Standards remains voluntary. Manufacturers, other economic operators or
conformity assessment bodies are free to choose any other technical solution that provides
compliance with the mandatory legal requirements.
25.6.3 EN 1492
EN 1492 specifies manufacturing methods and provides guidance on selection, use and maintenance
of webbing slings (Part 1) and roundslings (Part 2). The safe capacity of the slings is defined as
Working Load Limit (WLL). The standard also defines limits on applicability webbing slings between
25mm and 450mm (up to approx 50 T WLL) and roundslings up to 40 T WLL.
The use of the slings with capacities required for heavy hoisting operations is clearly outside the
scope of EN 1492. Nevertheless, the Standard forms a good basis for specifying requirements for
slings of greater capacity and should be followed where possible and deviations should be clearly
identified. The standard gives valuable guidance on minimum bend radii for the slings.
One notable requirement of EN 1492 is that the factor of safety is 7 (adopted in 1997 to reflect EU
Legislation).
25.6.4 ASME B30.9
The ASME B30.9-2010 safety Standard addresses slings fabricated from alloy steel chain, wire rope,
metal mesh, synthetic bre rope, synthetic webbing, and synthetic rop yarns in a protective cover(s)
The ASME B30.9 defines design factor as a ratio between nominal or minimum breaking strength
and the rated capacity of the sling. Rated capacities are based on a 5:1 design factor for synthetics.
In North America, for any wire rope or synthetic sling, the Design Factor is 5:1
In Japan, the Design Factor is 6:1
In Australia and most of Asia due to the heavy European influence, the Design Factor is 7:1
The wording of the Machinery Directive is such, that it contains provisions to permit a deviation from
the 7:1 Design Factor for engineered lifts.
Protection of the slings at potential sharp points on the structure, hook, fixed rigging and shackle
pins is essential and there are a number of products available for this purpose.
Round slings and flat webbing slings will stretch under load by approx. 3 - 5 %. This has to be strictly
considered as it may cause abrasion resp. damages at sensible surfaces. As prevention the use of
protective sleeves and edge protectors is recommended. In case of (intended) load movements
during lifting operations and resulting friction, e.g. during assembling or turning of goods, the surface
or edges of the load must be secured by protective sleeves or corner protectors, which will safeguard
the lashing device and leave sufficient space for movement and alignment without greater friction
If more than one sling is used to hoist a load, these should be of same type with preferably same
length in order to avoid different elongation behaviour and allow carrying ability over the full width
(employ smallest angle from the vertical or use spreader beam instead).
Whenever possible, single-leg slings should be considered when specifying slings. They are more
efficient at smaller D/d ratios. The eye splice at each end results in a limit to the shortest length
possible due to the length of each splice and the required spacing between splices.
Grommets perform at higher working loads than the nominal minimum break strength of the rope
itself, due to load sharing between the two legs of the sling. This increase in strength is expressed as
a multiplierthe grommet efficiency factor. Testing has shown that the efficiency factor is
dependent on the static bend or D/d ratio. Positioning of the splice also effects the grommets
efficiency factor.
25.10.2 Chafe protection
While high performance fiber synthetic ropes are inherently resistant to cutting, abrasion, and
chemical attack, either single-leg or grommet slings are available with chafe material for added
protection at weight bearing points and high-contact areas. Chafe material can be added during
fabrication and allows for removal/replacement to facilitate on-site inspection.
25.10.3 Specific gravity and flexibility
For subsea installations where subsurface load transfers from the initial handling crane to the
lowering winch are required (also known as the "wet handshake"), specific gravity and flexibility
become issues. High performance slings made with Dyneema fiber are extremely flexible and
neutrally buoyant in seawater making handling by ROVs for the load transfer much faster and easier
than extremely heavy and stiff wire rope. With synthetic lines, there is no need for the ROV to
overcome the extreme weight or account for the leverage of stiff, inflexible wire slings.
25.10.4 Bending efficiency factor or D/d ratio
The size of the pins, trunnions, and rigging hooks are important in designing the slings Where any
wire rope sling or grommet is bent round a shackle, trunnion, padear or crane hook, the breaking
load shall be assumed to be the calculated breaking load multiplied by a bending efficiency factor,
the D/d ratio.
For fibre rope slings, the bending efficiency may normally be taken as 1.00, provided the bending
diameter is not less than the minimum specified by the manufacturer
25.10.5 Eye size/length
The length of the eye and the diameter of the pin or weight-bearing surface affects the angle of the
leg in relationship to the body of the rope, and thus can have an effect on the strength of the sling
itself.
25.10.6 Interface with structure
For new builds the use of bespoke padeyes and trunnions are recommended as the primary interface
between structure and slings.
For de-commissioning purposes, there are clear advantages in connecting the slings directly to the
structure and this is considered acceptable provided the local stresses and load-path to the structure
are fully analysed. It is recommended that a finite element analysis is performed to address local
Where any such damage or deficiencies is present, remove the sling from service immediately and
make sure it cannot be used any longer by cutting the sling in two pieces.
With reference to paragraph 4.2.1 of the Shell UIO specification of Group Standard for lifting and
hoisting operations in Europe, the use of synthetic slings for any dynamic hoisting operation is not
allowed.
For non engineered hoisting activities through the splash zone as well as any other situation where
the slings may be subject to snatch or shock load, only slings manufactured of a high performance
fibre (High Modulus Polyethylene HMPE) may be used. These slings are mainly known as Dyneema,
Spectra or Plasma and shall be in compliance with the European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC.