Lc Hoa Vin

1. Tc gi: Nguyn Cng Vit

Ngun: thuvien-ebook

Li gii thiu

n chng hc (Sigillographie hay Sphragistique) l mn hc nghin cu v con du qua

cc i. Con du trn vn bn thng c 3 mc ch: 1. Bo m tnh xc thc ca vn
bn; 2. Khng nh quyn ch s hu ca vn bn v 3. Xc nh nin i ca vn bn[1].
V vy, nghin cu n chng hc c coi l phng php tm chng c (recherche des
tmoigrages) trong khoa hc lch s v c ngha quan trng i vi vn bn hc[2].

Vit Nam c mt truyn thng n chng lu i, cc th tch c chp rng cc Lc

tng c n ng dy thao xanh (ng n thao th). C th thy rng cc con du gm
tm c trong vn ha Hoa Lc, vn ha Bu Tr ch in cc hnh trang tr. Khi ch Hn
truyn vo Vit Nam th chng ta gp nhiu con du thi Hn nh du T ph huyn n
(hin c ct gi Bo tng B), cc con du tm c di ch Thiu Dng, Thanh Ha.
Hoc l chng ta tm thy cc phong n Qung Nam cho ta bit nh hng ca o
gio thi k sm.

Ta tm c nhng con du bng m no hoc bng ch in bng ch Pallava trong cc di

ch vn ha c Eo min Nam t th k VII n th k IX.

n thi k c lp th ta mi tm thy cc con du thi Trn nh Mn h snh n nm 1377

v Bnh Tng th chu chi n nm 1362. Chng ta hi vng l ngy cng tm c nhiu
con du ca th k XVI v trc.

T th k XV tr i, ta mi bit nhiu loi hnh con du. Tnh hnh n chng t th k XV

n th k XIX chnh l ni dung m Nguyn Cng Vit mun gii thiu trong quyn sch
ny.

Mun xy dng n chng hc th nhim v trc ht phi lm l cng b cc su tp n

chng (corpus sigillirum) ca cc thi k. y, Nguyn Cng Vit cng b cc corpus

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Lc Hoa Vin

sigillirum t th k XV n th k XIX nh th. Nguyn Cng Vit nghin cu cc n

chng ca nh vua v cc quan chc triu nh cng vi cc quan chc a phng.

quyn sch ny, Nguyn Cng Vit i su nghin cu cc chc quan trong cc th k
XV n XIX v nh vo con du, b khuyt nhiu iu cha bit, nht l cc chc quan
trong qun i. Ni chung, tc gi gip ngi c xc nh c nhiu v quan chc ch
ca cc i. S thay i ca n chng c tc gi gn lin vi cc cuc ci cch hnh
chnh t triu L n triu Nguyn, nhng cuc ci cch c tc gi m t k cng v
lm ni bt. Qua con du cng xc nh s thay i mt s tn t nh thi Ty Sn.
l nhng ti liu lch s chc chn m n chng hc em li.

Tm li, y l mt cng trnh nghin cu cng phu m tc gi hon thnh, c ng gp

ln cho vic xy dng b mn n chng hc Vit Nam. V b mn ny th y l cng trnh
u tin; khng c g c th so snh c, v th, c th cn mt s thiu st, nhng chng
ta c th hiu c. V vy, ti rt vui khi c gii thiu cng trnh ny vi cc nh nghin
cu, c bit l vi nhng ngi ham thch ti liu lch s. Ti tin rng l ti liu ny s em
li nhiu iu c ch v th v cho chng ta.

GS.H VN TN

Vin trng Vin Kho c hc,

Vin Khoa hc x hi Vit Nam

Li ni u

Di sn vn ha thnh vn ca dn tc Vit Nam bao gm hai mng t liu hin vt v t

liu th tch vi mt khi lng ln phong ph a dng tn ti song hnh v lun gn b
mt thit vi nhau. Chng ta tm thy khng t nhng on kinh, cu th, bi vn bng ch
Hn, ch Nm khc trn bia , chung ng, bin g ng thi cng c ghi trn giy,
la. Vn t Hn Nm cn c khc in, c trn kim loi nh v kh, vt dng, cng c sn
xut, tin ng, trn gm s v.v Trong kho di sn vn ha a dng c mt loi t
liu hin vt mang c th ring, l n chng m ta cn gi l n trin hay con du. n
chng bao gm c hin vt n tn v nhng vn bn, vn khc c in hnh con du. Trong
hnh con du ng c lp hay nm trong mt vn bn Hn Nm khc cng u c coi
l mt vn bn n chng hon thin.

cng trnh ny chng ti bc u cng b cc su tp n chng Vit Nam t th k XV

n cui th k XIX, cng vi kt qu nghin cu gii thiu nhng qu n in hnh, nhng
hnh du tiu biu h thng n chng cc loi trong b su tp m chng ti thu thp
c.

Nm trong khu vc chu nhiu nh hng ca vn hin Trung Hoa, n chng Vit Nam v
c bn c nhiu im gn gi vi n chng Trung Quc. Tuy nhin Trung Quc tng
truyn n chng c t thi Hong (khong nm 2500 TCN) v cc nh khoa hc
khng nh n chng Trung Quc c t cui Xun Thu Chin Quc (nm 770 - 255 TCN),
th Vit Nam cc nh kho c hc tm thy nhng n hoa vn (tin thn ca n chng
Vit Nam) c nin i khong th k XV - XVI (TCN) Hu Lc, Thanh Ha. Nu nh Trung
Quc, s pht trin v tn ti ca n chng mang tnh h thng lin tc, duy tr n tn
by gi vi rt nhiu tc gia, tc phm vit v n chng hc, th Vit Nam khng c c
s tng ng, thm ch b t on mt s i vua thuc nhng vng triu phong
kin khc nhau.

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Tri qua bao cuc khng chin chng xm lc oanh lit v c cc cuc ni chin m mu,
cng vi s tn ph nng n ca thin tai, bit bao n chng cc loi v vn bn c lu
hnh du phi chu chung s phn tro bi cng cung in, lu cc, th phng v.v Vi n lc
tm kim t Nam ra Bc chng ti cng ch gom gp c hn trm hin vt n chng v
ngt nghn vn bn c hnh du khc nhau, ch yu thi Nguyn. Kt hp vi nhng ti
liu chnh s, d s, t liu a phng, bi vit l t v nhng vn bn Hn Nm rch ,
chng ti bc u tuyn chn gii thiu s lc n chng Vit Nam t th k XV n cui
th k XIX.

Bt u t nhng qu n, l khi t liu hin vt qu gi quan trng trong vic nghin

cu, cng b n chng Vit Nam. Nhng qu n ny c cht liu, trng lng, hnh thc,
nin i v ni dung vn khc khc nhau v c chia thnh hai loi. Loi th nht sau khi
khc ch phn , n c em dng lun. Loi th hai sau khi khc ch phn , n
phi qua cng ngh c mi c dng. Gi tr ln nht ca hin vt n chng l tnh chn
thc ca nin i c khng nh hin vt: C nhng n gm hoa vn t ti hn
3.000 nm tui. Cng vi cc c vt khc, chng gn lin vi nhng nn vn ho c xa ca
dn tc Vit Nam nh vn ho Hoa Lc - Thanh Ho, vn ha c Eo - Nam b. Chng rt c
ngha trong nghin cu kho c hc, s hc cng nh bo tng hc sau ny. Song, thc
trng hin vt n chng hin cn vi s lng qu t s khng bao qut ht ton b h
thng n chng cc loi, cng cha i din cho n chng mi triu i, do vic
nghin cu hin vt n chng tuy quan trng nhng cng ch th hin mt mt trong
nghin cu n chng ni chung. V li mi mt qu n cho ra i mt hnh du - tc mt
vn bn c ng ngn gn; n th hin nt c th ring ca loi hnh n tn: lng thng
tin trong t thn vn bn c mt s hn ch nht nh. Vic nghin cu n chng bt buc
phi m rng n cc vn bn Hn Nm mang hnh du n, l mng t liu phong ph,
a dng ng vai tr quan trng trong nghin cu n chng.

Vn bn Hn Nm c lu hnh du c hai dng khc nhau: Th nht l dng vn bn c cht

liu bng giy hoc vi la, ngi ta dng n thm mc ng trc tip ln trn. Dng vn
bn th hai l nhng hin vt bng , g, kim loi, gm s c khc li trc tip hnh
du, hoc c khc, v li hnh du ri qua cng ngh c, nung m thnh. Trong dng
vn bn th nht - vn bn giy chim s lng ti a v gi vai tr chnh trong vic nghin
cu n chng.

Vn bn giy c nhiu loi khc nhau nh th tch sch v, ti liu hnh chnh, th php
tranh nh, tu s ba ch v.v Trong mng ti liu hnh chnh cng vn giy t l cn
lu nhiu hnh du quan n (n cng) nht. l nhng sc, chiu, ch, co, ch, d; mng
ti liu quan trng ny gn vi Hong v b phn hnh chnh thn cn nh vua. Hnh
du trn c ng ra t nhng Bo T ca vua hoc nhng n chng khc c ngha
quc gia trng i. Bn cnh l khi lng ln cc vn th hnh chnh khc c lm ra
t cc nha mn thuc cc c quan trung ng kinh nh h thng lc b, lc t, gim
st v.v vi my loi vn bn khc nhau theo cc con ng i khc nhau. Loi vn bn gi
ln Hong qua vn phng nh vua, loi vn bn gi n cc c quan ngang cp hay ti
cc chnh quyn a phng, qun doanh n v ngoi kinh , v mt loi vn bn gi cho
thuc vin cp di. Cc vn bn u c ng cc con du khc nhau vo ni quy nh
ca trng nha mn hoc ngi c thm quyn dng du. i vi cc chnh quyn a
phng, lc lng qun i v c quan dn s ngoi kinh th cng dng cc hnh thc
vn bn c tnh cht tng t. Tt c cc loi vn th hnh chnh ny u c tn gi ring
nh s, tu tp, t (t di, t trnh), sc, chiu hi v.v mi loi vn bn c cng mt ni
dung c lp ra gii quyt cng vic theo hnh thc hng dc m gi theo ngn ng vn
bn hc Hn Nm l bn chnh, bn ph hay bn lc v.v c xp chung gi l cc dng
vn bn. Mi dng vn bn c khi c lm hai hoc vi ba bn dng gi i v lu chiu,

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Lc Hoa Vin

i chiu. mi loi vn bn, dng vn bn u c du tch cng nhn khc nhau ng

nhng ch quy nh nh dng ghi nin hiu, ch tn ring, ch quan trng, ch ty xo v
ni gip phng.

mt s loi sch nh a b, sch ring ca dng h, sch in chng ta c th tm thy

tha tht mt s hnh du nh, n gin. Trn cc tc phm ngh thut th php, tranh
ha, bn giao ko mua bn v cc l s, ba ch chng ta cng tm thy nhiu hnh du
ln nh khc nhau. l nhng hnh du t n (n ring) thuc lnh vc vn ho ngh
thut, thng mi v tn gio tn ngng.

Cng nh n chng Trung Quc v cc nc khu vc dng ch khi vung, n chng Vit
Nam th hin r nhng chc nng ring bit ca n chng ni chung v mi loi n
chng ni ring. T ngha biu tng ca php ch quyn lc n chc nng khng nh
quyn s hu v khng nh tnh chn thc, n chng Vit Nam khng ch mang tnh php
l hnh chnh m cn th hin r tnh vn ho - x hi. Bt u t nhng Bo T ca Hong
dng vi ngha quc gia trng i n nhng qu n nh xu ca mt thng dn l c
mt h thng n chng hon chnh, c tn gi v cch dng ring bit. Qua nghin cu
thng k ta c th phn loi n chng Vit Nam thnh nhiu loi khc nhau l Kim ngc
Bo T, n c quan, Chng v Tn chng, Quan phng chc v, Kim n, k, Kim k,
Tn k - K v mng n tn t nhn. ng thi y cng phn chia r rt hai h thng quan
n v t n; trong quan n mang tnh php l hnh chnh nh nc c quy ch nht nh,
cn t n th hin tnh t do ngoi khun kh qui nh.

Tng ng vi ngha ni dung ca mi loi n, ngi ta t ra nhng quy c hnh thc

cho vic ch tc n chng tng loi ring bit. Nhng hnh thc c chm khc nm n
u tin phi k n nhng con vt thing theo nim tn gio nh long, li, quy, phng,
hoc l loi mnh th nh h, s t. Nhng hnh mung th khc cng cc hnh th n
gin nh tay quai, chui v v.v c chm, khc, c mi loi n khc nhau dng
nn bc tranh ngh thut sinh ng ca n chng Vit Nam.

Hnh thc mt n l iu quan trng nht trong vic ch tc n chng. Chnh n s cho
ra i mt hnh du trn vn bn c ni dung trn vn, bao hm c ngha biu tng ca
hnh th n mi loi. Chng ta s tm thy nhiu ho tit ng vin khc nhau vnh ngoi
mt s loi n m ch yu trong Bo T ca Hong , Hong tc v ni cung. N
khng ch mang ngha biu tng cho loi n m cn hm cha lng thng tin cao i
vi ngi tip nhn khi nhn thy hnh du trn vn bn. Nhng ci chnh y l ni dung
vn khc trn mi con du khc nhau. Vi s lng ch, th ch, b cc sp xp khng
ging nhau, mi hnh du th hin y ngha ni dung ca mt con du, n c coi
l mt vn bn hon chnh, c ng v nhiu khi kh su sc.

Khng c tham vng bin son thnh mt cun sch chuyn kho l lun v n chng Vit
Nam, y chng ti ch da trn c s t liu, thc trng hin vt n v hnh du trn vn
bn m t gii thiu n chng di gc ca ngi su tp v nghin cu. Thc t t
liu n chng thi L s, Mc v L Trung hng tm c qu t, nn vic gii thiu chc
chn khng y v bao qut ht c n chng nhng giai on ny. V vy b cc
cun sch chng ti c gng sp xp cn i trong vic phn chia chng mc.

n chng t thi L s n Ty Sn c tp hp vo chung phn th nht, trong n

chng thi L s, Mc v L Trung hng vi s t liu ch gii thiu mt cch khi
qut v s lc. Ring thi Ty Sn tuy ngn ngi nhng t liu v c bn bao qut c
n chng ca vng triu ny. phn I, bi cnh lch s ca n chng c trnh by
nh mt li dn ni gn vi thc trng n chng ca mi triu i. Ngi c chc s cm
thy thiu vng, s si, song thc t t liu khng cho php chng ti i xa hn khi cha c

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cn c chc chn.

n chng Vit Nam thi Nguyn phn II c gii thiu nhiu v chi tit hn cc thi k
trc. T liu thi k ny kh phong ph song cng cha th i din y ht mi
phng din ca n chng giai on ny, nht l xt v hin vt n chng. T Kim ngc
Bo T ca hong n n tn t nhn thi Nguyn, chng ti c gng dng li bc
tranh n chng thi Nguyn tng i hon chnh qua c th t nhiu hnh dung ra
phn no n chng cc triu i trc .

Chng ti tuyn chn gii thiu 223 hnh n v du minh ha trong b su tp m chng ti
thu thp c. nh minh ha gn vi ni dung gii thiu m t ca mi qu n hay hnh
du trn vn bn v c sp xp theo trt t triu i t thi xa n cui thi Nguyn.
Mi qu n, hnh du c nh s th t ring. Hin vt n c minh ha di cc hnh
thc sau:

Nu c 4 kiu th c ghi l: mt trn n (a), nm n (b), mt n (c) v du (d).

Nu c 3 kiu th ghi l: nm hoc mt trn n (a), mt n (b) v du (c).

Nu c 2 kiu th ghi l: nm n hoc mt trn n (a) v du hoc mt n (b).

nh minh ha gm hin vt, hnh du,vn bn ln hnh du c ghi l H. (hnh), th t t

H.1 n H.233. Kch c to nh ca nh minh ha lm theo hnh thc b cc cn i ph hp
vi mi trang sch phn mc ring, khng ph thuc vo kch c tht ca hin vt, hnh du
v vn bn.

Hin vt nh minh ha c gi chung l n, khng gi kiu cch phn loi loi hnh nh
Quan phng, k, Kim k v.v Tn n hoc du c t theo cch gi ca ni dung vn
khc ch Trin chnh vn.

Hnh du c th ng c lp hoc nm trong mt vn bn Hn Nm khc. Nu hnh du

nm trong mt vn bn khc s c ghi lin vi nin i ca vn bn v ch vit hoa ch
ghi nin hiu.

V vic vit hoa tn n, du, nhn danh, a danh, nin hiu, can chi v tn chc quan
trong ni dung vn khc n, du, chng ti tm theo mt quy nh ring, xin gii thiu vn
tt di y bn c tin theo di.

- Phn chnh vn: i vi ch Hn khc mt trn n, ch Trin mt n (i vi hin

vt) v ni dung ch trong hnh du (i vi du trong vn bn) khi phin m, ch vit hoa
i vi ch nin hiu, a danh, nhn danh v khng vit hoa tn chc quan. Khi dch, vit
hoa tn nin hiu, a danh, nhn danh, can chi v tn chc quan.

Ch thch nh: Tn n v du (gi theo phin m) vit hoa tn nin hiu, a danh, nhn
danh; khng vit hoa tn chc quan.

cng tc in n c thun li, chng ti khng in nh mu minh ha xen k trong phn

ni dung m chn 32 trang nh mu phn ph lc cui sch. Trong nhng nh no
trng lp vi nh en trng th xp trc v ghi s th t nh ging nh ni dung sch.
Cn s t nh mu thm vo dng tham kho th xp pha sau v cui phn ph lc.

n chng Vit Nam t th k XV n cui th k XIX c hon thnh, chng ti hi vng

l s khi u cho b mn n chng hc Vit Nam v mong mun s c nhiu ngi tham

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gia vi nhng bi vit v cng trnh k tip.

Trong qu trnh bin son cng trnh, chng ti nhn c s gip ca nhiu hc gi,
ng nghip trong v ngoi Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm, t H Ni qua Hu ti Si Gn -
Nam B, t nhng kin mang ngha hc thut n vic cung cp mt vi hnh du t
liu c th. Nhn y chng ti xin c by t lng tri n vi tt c, c bit l GS. H Vn
Tn ngi cho chng ti nhiu kin qu bu trong vic hon thnh cng trnh.

Thc hin cng trnh, chng ti cn nhn c s gip ca lnh o v cn b cc c

quan nh Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm, Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam - H Ni, Trung tm Bo
tn di tch c Hu, Trung tm Lu tr trung ng II - thnh ph H Ch Minh, Bo tng
Lch s Vit Nam - thnh ph H Ch Minh v c bit l Toyota Foundation ca Nht Bn -
n v ti tr cho vic bin son v xut bn cun sch ny. Nhn y chng ti xin c
by t li cm n su sc nht.

Qu trnh bin son cng trnh chng ti gp rt nhiu kh khn, tuy c gng ht sc
song chc chn cn khng t thiu st, chng ti xin c lnh gio kin xy dng b sung
ca qu c gi khi ti bn cun sch c sa cha hon thin hn.

Xin chn thnh cm n.

H Ni tit lp thu nm Gip Thn 2004

NGUYN CNG VIT

Tr Li Vi Trch Dn

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Lc Hoa Vin

PHN M U

KHI QUT V N CHUNG HC V N CHUNG VIT NAM

I. Khi lun v n chng v n chng hc

Trn th gii, cc quc gia, cc dn tc c lch s vn hin cng u tn ti h thng n

chng. Lch s xut hin n chng mi quc gia khc nhau c nhiu im khc bit,
song tu trung im thng nht c bn l s gn b mt thit gia lch s n chng vi s
hnh thnh v pht trin ca lch s thnh vn.

Trung Quc, ci ni ca vn ha ng phng c lch s thnh vn my nghn nm, s

ra i ca n chng cng gn lin vi s hnh thnh v pht trin ca lch s thnh vn
Trung Quc. n chng Trung Quc gi l T , tng truyn n chng xut hin t thi
Hong (khong nm 2500 TCN). C tch Trung Quc m tc gi sng thi Hn ghi li
v s xut hin rt sm ca n t trong sch Xun thu vn u khu: Hong thi hong
long ph trung hu t chng[6] (Thi Hong c con rng vng i bc a trong
c t chng). Sch Hu Hn th - T t tr h ghi li v ngun gc ca n chng Thi
Tam Hong khng c vn t, cai tr bng tt thng, t Ng tr v sau c th kh vn t,
n i Tam Vng (H Kit, Thng Thang, Chu Vn Vng v V Vng) tc ha Trin
vn, sau mi c t n[7]. Trong sch Dt Chu th - n chc gii cng ghi rng khi vua
Thnh Thang ui Kit, i hi ch hu, Thnh Thang nhn c ngc t v ln ngi
Thin t.

V s xut hin ca T n gn lin vi vic chnh thc pht minh v s dng vn t trong
qu trnh pht trin x hi Trung Quc c trn mi lnh vc. Vn gip ct thi n - Thng
c ngi ta coi l nhng vn t tng hnh sm nht Trung Quc nhng bn thn n li
b gii hn v ni dung v phm vi s dng, nn n khng th bao qut ht c vn t ni
chung ca thi k n - Thng. Nhng pht hin kho c hc tm thy chng tch thi n
An Dng - H Nam cng khng gip cho vic khng nh ngun gc n chng thi c mt
cch chnh xc. C kin cho rng l nhng di vt thi Ty Chu trn mt c khc hnh
vn t hoc ph hiu nhng khng th c nhn bit chnh xc c v trong khng c
g lin quan n n chng. Ngi khc li cho rng trong c tn hiu v n chng
Trung Quc. Tng t trong khai qut m tng thi Ty Chu tuy khng pht hin n t,
nhng c chng tch v ph tit ca mt chng th tc thuc t nc Trung Hoa. C kin
cho rng Tit () c nhiu loi dng v tn gi, n chng gi l T tit trn khc quan
danh, tn h dng lm tn vt

C th tin rng khi nguyn ca T n Trung Quc vo thi Xun Thu. Sch Quc ng - L
ng ch rng T, n d; T th, n phong th d (T l n, t th l sch c n nim
phong). Thi ngi Trung Quc vn dng th tre v v cy lm giy vit vn th c vic
cng ln vic t khi gi u dng dy buc li, ch nt buc ngi ta dng t bn nh
du ln trn lm tin. Khi tip nhn ch t nh du cn nguyn hoc khng c vt nghi
ng th cng vic truyn tin coi nh hon thnh. Dn dn nhng ch nh du bng
t bn c lm cn thn, k thut hn v c nhng k hiu truyn tin ring bit
trnh s gi mo. C th ni l lch s xut hin ca n chng Trung Quc, hoc ni
mt cch khc n chng sau ny tip thu tinh thn nh du bng bn t v ngi ta
lm ra loi hnh vn n gi l N phong, hoc Phong n, tc l v, vit ch tng
hnh trn khun t bn nh du lm tin.

Tri qua qu trnh pht trin, n chng tr thnh i tng nghin cu ca cc nh

nghin cu khoa hc x hi v vn ha ngh thut, c v tr mt khoa hc c lp gi l n

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chng hc.

n chng hc: Sigillographie - Theo cch gi ca gii nghin cu c s. n chng hc:

Sphragistics - Theo cch gi ca cc nh nghin cu Ng vn hc. n chng () theo
cch gii thch ca cc nh nghin cu Trung Quc ng i th ch n () c ch gc t
ch c () ngha l n xung di. Tng hnh ch l mt bn tay to n mnh xung mt
ngi nh b ang qu. V sau m rng ngha thnh ch n (l n chng) m ngy nay
ngi ta gi l con du, v khi ng du cn ng tc n mnh xung. Chng () ngha
gc l nh du, sau ny cng nh ch n n biu tng cho con du khi ng c lp v
l tn gi ca mt b mn khoa hc khi i lin vi ch n gi l n chng hc.

cc nc phng Ty, n chng hc tn ti vi ba chc nng chnh:

1. S kt thc (clore).

2. Khng nh quyn s hu (proprit).

3. Khng nh tnh chn thc (authentifier).

nhiu trng hp ba chc nng ny tn ti c lp, tch ri nhau, nhng nhiu khi chng
cng phi kt hp vi nhau trong mt loi hnh vn bn hon thin a nng.

cc nc phng ng m in hnh l Trung Hoa, n chng ngoi nhng chc nng

trn cn mt chc nng quan trng ni bt l biu tng ca php ch quyn lc, th hin
r nt ch php quyn qun ch chuyn ch phong kin phng ng.

S hnh thnh, tn ti v pht trin ca n chng gn b cht ch vi ch x hi trn

mi lnh vc chnh tr, tn gio, qun s, kinh t v.v Khi x hi c s bin ng, thay i,
phn chia giai cp, ng cp r rng hn xut hin cc loi hnh n chng khc nhau.
n chng khng ch mang ngha nh du tn vt lm bng chng m cn th hin r
chc nng biu th quyn lc, php ch, tng thm tnh php quyn ca giai cp thng tr.
y l l do c bn cho vic tn ti, pht trin v hon thin h thng n chng t nhng
thi k u ch phong kin.

Ni n quyn lc php ch ca giai cp thng tr x hi phng ng xa l phi ni n

Hong . Hong gi quyn ti cao nh ot tt c mi vic, thay tri hnh o, tr v
thin h. Chnh v vy, vic ch tc v s dng n chng ca Hong c c bit ch
trng, v i khi nhum cho n mu sc tn gio siu hnh. T vic chn cht liu qu nh
ngc to tc, n vic khc ch, chm hnh ri t tn, t l v.v cho n ngc, n vng.
Nh Trung Quc n ca vua c gi l T ri Bo, n c coi l bu vt ca quc gia v
tng trng cho quyn. L Thin t, Hong nhn mnh ca Tri, nn h cho ch
tc n qu khc ch c ni dung Vua nhn mnh Tri dng lm n truyn quc. V d
nh Ngc t Th mnh vu thin k th vnh xng (Nhn mnh Tri c sng lu thnh
vng)[8], i Tng th mnh chi bo (Bo n ca i Tng nhn mnh Tri)[9], Hong
phng thin chi bo (Bo n ca Hong phng mnh Tri)[10] v.v

Tnh php quyn ca n chng cn c th hin r h thng n chng trong t chc

chnh quyn t trung ng n a phng, t lc lng qun i n c quan dn s. Vua
v triu nh t cp, phong chc trao quyn cho vn quan v tng, ng thi l vic ban
cp n tn s dng trong cng v. l biu tng ca php ch quyn lc, m bn thn
ngi c giao nhn n tn v i tng lin quan phi chp hnh nghim cn, cp di
hay binh lnh cng nh qung i qun chng phi tun th tuyt i khi nhn thy hnh du
in trn vn bn m khng cn phi trng thy s hin din ca mt qu n c th no. Mi

Page 8
Lc Hoa Vin

mt loi n tn u c cch s dng ring c dng cho mt hay vi loi vn bn ch nh,

l nhng quy nh bt bin c lp thnh php lut m bn thn ngi nhn quyn
dng n phi chu trch nhim. i vi quan li tng lnh nh mt n tc l nh mt
chc v quyn lc, i vi Hong v triu nh mt T, Bo truyn quc tc l mt
ngi mt nc.

Trong thi k u x hi phong kin cc quc gia pht trin vi nn kinh t ngy mt
hng thnh, giao lu thng trng gia tng, cc th mi hnh thnh. n chng lc ny
khng ch cn l c trng ca c cu quyn lc quc gia na, m n pht trin ra ngoi
x hi gn vi kinh t th trng, tr thnh biu tng trong hot ng v sinh hot x hi
thng ngy ca tt c mi ngi trong cng ng x hi. T nhng k hiu nh du n
hnh du mang ngha tn vt lm bng chng pht trin thnh con du, n chng gn vi
giao lu thng phm hng ha. a s cc gia tc ln tham gia sn xut hng ha v bun
bn trn thng trng u c n tn ring. l nhng qu n nh c lm nhiu kiu
khc nhau c dng nh du vo mt s loi hng ha, ng du vo bn giao ko mua
bn, vo giy lm tin v.v n tn ny th hin r nhng chc nng khng nh quyn s
hu v khng nh tnh chn thc ca hng ha vt phm sn xut v vic bun bn trao
i vt phm hng ha . l nhng th m c x hi phng ng v phng Ty t c
ch kim u phi s dng nh dc liu, vi vc, qun o, trang sc v vn ha phm
v.v khng t c vt trang sc c in hnh du n cn c lu gi n ngy nay.

Trong lch s pht trin, n chng khng ch cn gn b ring vi quyn lc lut php hay
hot ng sinh hot x hi na m tr thnh mt b phn khng th thiu c ca
ngh thut iu khc, chm tr, hi ha, th php. iu ny thy r nhng quc gia ln
c nn vn minh sm nh Trung Quc. Ngh thut iu khc chm tr nhn t gc n
chng Trung Quc tht hon m v phong ph. Nm n a phn c lm theo hnh th
vt m ch yu l con th trong tn gio tn ngng hay biu tng ca cha t trong loi
vt nh rng, phng, h, s t, ra, ln, lc v.v l nhng hnh tng sng ng
tng trng cho ci cao c, uy quyn ca bc vng, cho ci p rc r uy nghi ca
Hong hu, ci mnh m hng trng ca i tng qun v.v i vi n tn t do ngoi x
hi th tnh sng to ngy mt c nng cao vi s a dng v hon m. T nhng cht
liu thin to c sn nh ngc, , sng, xng th, cc ngh nhn to tc ra cc qu n
nhiu dng v khc nhau. l nhng tc phm ngh thut sinh ng gp phn khng nh
trong s pht trin i ln ca ngh thut iu khc chm tr mi quc gia, dn tc. iu
ny khng ring g Trung Quc m cn thy mt s nc phng Ty v Hi gio.

Cng nh iu khc, hi ha v th php Trung Quc hu nh khng tch ri n chng.

Trn nhng bc tranh v th php khng ch thy mt m nhiu hnh du ng cc v tr
khc nhau, n l s hnh thnh phong cch c bit Thi th n ha ch c trong hi ha v
th php Trung Quc. n chng gp phn a hi ha v th php Trung Quc ln nh
cao gi tr ngh thut.

S thnh cng ca n chng dn n vic thng thc ngh thut khc n cng Thi th
n ha, ri t n tr thnh th tiu khin ca tng lp tr thc, quan li qu tc v
thng gia giu c ng thi. Thm ch khng t v Hong ng phng cng b
nhiu thi gian, tin bc cho vic ch tc, s dng v thng thc n chng cng Thi th
n ha. Ngi ta gi l T chng v Nhn chng, m i vi cc v Hong v
quan li, tr thc hay ch, n l nhng vt dng thn thit lun mang theo bn mnh.

Ngh thut khc n ngy mt tinh m, a dng, hnh thnh cc trng phi ring bit vi
nhiu Trin khc gia ni ting, cn n chng ni chung dn dn tr thnh i tng nghin
cu ca nhiu c nhn, nhiu trng phi; ri t xut hin nhng bi vit v tc phm

Page 9
 Lc Hoa Vin

v n chng. Qua nhiu giai on lch s di cc triu i phong kin khc nhau, ch tnh
ring Trung Quc c hng my trm tc gia v tc phm tiu biu vit v n chng hc.
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II. Khi lc v n chng hc Trung Quc

S xut hin ca n chng Trung Quc gn lin vi s pht trin ca lch s thnh vn
Trung Quc. Bn cnh C tin hc (Numismatics) v Minh vn hc (Epigraphics), n chng
hc (Sphragistics) l vin ln trong nn mng ca lch s thnh vn Trung Quc gip ch
cho cng tc nghin cu lch s ngn t.

Qua nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v n chng t c n nay, cc nh khoa hc Trung Quc
khng nh n chng Trung Quc c t thi Xun Thu - Chin Quc (770 - 255 TCN).

Thi Xun Thu, nn nng nghip, th cng nghip v thng nghip ca cc nc ch hu

ln pht trin mnh, giao lu thng phm phn thnh, cng ngh to c ng xanh
tin b, nhu cu trong kinh t x hi i hi dn n vic sn sinh ra n t lm tn vt bng
chng. Giai on ny xut hin vic ch to n chng bng ng v bng t nung. Cc
thi k sau , vic lm v s dng n chng ngy mt thnh, cho n by gi ngi Trng
Hoa cn lu gi c nhng hin vt v ti liu v n chng t thi Xun Thu - Chin
Quc. (H.1&2)[11]

Page 10
Lc Hoa Vin

T l cch gi ca n chng Trung Quc trc thi k Tn Thy Hong thng nht lc quc
tc l thi Tin Tn, giai on ny t vng cng qu tc n th dn u dng T khng
phn bit. Ch T n vn ng thi lc c nhiu kiu vit ch, c ch th ch qu n c
cht liu bng bn t, c ch th ch loi n c cht liu thuc kim loi. Ban u T n u
c lm t t bn v T n bng kim loi th c lm giai on sau, khi m x hi
pht trin.

Thi Tin Tn, c cu chnh quyn ngy mt hon thin, vai tr ca n chng bt u nh
hnh vi chc nng tn vt lm bng chng v tng trng ca quyn lc. ng thi quc
th ca trung ng vng tht v cc nc ch hu cng cc kh c ca cp di n th
dn u ng du n chng, kim ci coi l tn vt bng chng ca tn c. C cu quyn
lc cc cp cn tuyn b chnh lnh, chnh sch cho dn chng u dng n lm tn vt
quyn uy. Chnh ph trao quyn mnh cho quan li cp di cng phi ban cp n chng
coi l tiu ch ca chc v cp bc trong hot ng cng v.

Trong hot ng kinh t chc nng n chng c coi l tiu ch vt chng trong cc vic
thu thu, qun l ch quan, kim nghim thng phm, cm hoc khng cc loi vt phm
lu thng thng trng.

Giai on ny cng ngh to c ng pht trin, mt s t n chng c dng l n phi

tc l loi n cha qua c, nhng c khc ch trc tip ln n cn i a s l n c,
tc l khc ch ln n ri qua cng ngh c mi a vo s dng. Cng ngh ch c n
chng thi k ny ngy mt tin b v tinh m.

n vn trn c t ca cc nc giai on ny v th mo u ging nhau gi l Lc quc

c vn theo th ch i Trin, hnh thnh mt phong cch ring. Nhn tng th cng ngh

Page 11
 Lc Hoa Vin

to c khc hnh th v n vn thi Tin Tn t nhng thnh tu ln, nh hng nhiu

n qu trnh pht trin ca n chng cc giai on sau ny.
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. n chng thi Tn - Hn

Sau khi Tn Thy Hong thng nht Trung Quc xy dng quc gia trung ng tp quyn,
xy dng ci cch ch trn nhiu lnh vc trong c quy nh v vic ch tc v s
dng n chng. Quy nh n chng ca Hong s dng l phi ly ngc thch ca
nc S iu khc v phi gi l T (), quan li v ngi bnh thng dng n th gi l
n () v Chng (), cn t ra loi ph tit hp tha dng cho c cu chuyn mn,
thc thi ch gim qun n t, cm vic lm dng ch tc n chng khng theo quy
nh.

Ngc T ca Hong t giai on ny c coi l bu vt ca quc gia v tng trng cho

hong quyn, vic s dng v qun l gi gn Ngc T c thc hin theo quy ch nghim
cn, mt Ngc T tc l tng trng ca vic mt nc.

Thi Tn, n chng ca quan vin v trm h v hnh th cng tng t nh n chng
thi Chin Quc, nhng ch yu dng nguyn liu bng ng c, nm n thng lm
n gin. T n c to tc tinh m cn thn hn, nm n thng lm theo hnh th vt.

Page 12
Lc Hoa Vin

Khi Tn Thy Hong ln ngi Hong sai quan L T ch nh ra ch Tiu Trin trn c
s ch i Trin c quy chnh v gin ha hn. Hnh ch Tiu Trin thng khun theo hnh
vung, kiu ch in () nt ch linh hot, p hn, tuy khun vung nhng vn th
hin nt mm mi uyn chuyn. Ch Tiu Trin gn nh 100% c dng lm th ch khc
trn cc loi T, n, chng v danh t n trin xut hin t y ch tt c cc loi n
khc nhau c khc ch Trin. Danh t ny tn ti n ngy nay v truyn sang cc nc
khu vc qua giao lu vn ha trong c c Vit Nam. (H.3 & 4)

Sang thi Hn, x hi Trung Quc pht trin trn cc lnh vc, mi in chng ch c
thc thi c bn theo in chng ch thi Tn. Vn ha ngh thut pht trin mnh,
xut pht t thc t cng tc ch L th ra i do s sng to ca mt s th li trong cc
nha mn trung ng cng vi mt s hc gi quan li, L th chnh thc nhp vo rng
ngh thut th php Trung Quc.

n chng thi Hn s c c im quy ch hnh thc ging nh thi Tn, giai on ny s

pht trin hng thnh ca n chng c nhng im cng gn nh th php, tuy nhin n
vn mang nt c th ring bit ca th loi n chng. Mc d ch L ra i nhng
trong n chng vn dng ch Trin lm th ch khc trn n, ch c mt t n c khc
kiu Trin - L theo phong cch th php, ch yu dng trong gii ngh thut th php m
khng s dng trong cng tc hnh chnh.

n chng thi Hn phn ln c to c kiu Bch vn () tc l khc hoc lm

khun m khi ng du th s cho ra i mt hnh du c nn mu mc v nt ch s l
nhng nt trng nn gi l Bch vn.

Phong cch vn t trn n chng rt phong ph, ch yu v c sc l nhng kiu dng

vung vc ngay thng, oan trang y n. Th vn khc trn n chng rt sinh ng
vi ng nt cong khun vng va phi, nt m khng to qu, nt nh khng mnh qu,
ch mau ch tha nhng vn gi c s cn i hi ha, b cc t nhin nhng vn theo

Page 13
 Lc Hoa Vin

quy tc nht nh.

Hnh thc n chng thi Hn rt a dng vi nhiu dng kiu hnh vung, trn, ch nht.
Nm n c lm theo hnh th vt m ch yu l con th trong tn gio tn ngng Trung
Quc nh thanh long, bch h, huyn v, chu tc v hnh t linh long, ly, quy phng.
Ngoi ra nm n cng c khc chm mt s loi th khc nh s t, lc , nga, chim
v.v n biu tng s tt p hng trng vi nhiu ng tc cch iu sinh ng, n khng
nh s sng to ca cc ngh nhn khc n thi Hn.

Bt ha khc n vn ngoi th ch Trin v Trin - L, cc ngh thut gia thi Hn bin

ha cch iu thnh hnh cc mung th khc nh loi chim, loi c, loi trng hnh thnh
phong cch iu trng th n.

Vn khc trn n ngoi nhng c im c bn nh trn ngi ta thng dng nhng cu

ct ng nh Li nht, Xut nhp i ct, Nht hu thin vn v.v

in hnh n chng thi Hn vn l Ngc T ca Hong , khi Hn Cao T Lu Bang dit

Tn tin qun vo Hm Dng, vua Tn phi buc dy Ngc T truyn i vo c dng quc
gia cho Lu Bang v Lu Bang phong ngc t l Truyn quc t. Thi Hn cn lm
thm mt s ngc t khc dng vi ngha quc gia trng i l Hong hnh t,
Hong tn t, Thin t hnh t, Thin t tn t, v.v thng gi l Lc t. Cc ngc t
ny u c lm rt cng phu c nm hnh rng, h, hoa vn chm khc tinh xo v vn
khc u dng th ch Tiu Trin. n chng thi Hn khng nh s pht trin i ln v
chim v tr huy hong trong truyn thng lch s vn ha ngh thut Trung Quc. Ngy nay
ngi Trung Quc vn cn lu gi c mt s n chng giai on ny. (H.5 & 6).
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
5. 12-06-2008, 09:36#5

Page 14
Lc Hoa Vin

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2. n chng thi ng - Tng

Ch n chng n i ng - Tng ngy mt hon b hn cc thi k trc, vic ch

tc chm khc n, hoa vn v th ch cng c nhng quy nh r rng. n i V Tc
Thin nhn thy ch T () ng m vi ch Tc () tng trng cho s cht chc, cho
nn nm Din Ti nguyn nin (nm 694) i T thnh Bo () v quy nh cc loi n
chng v hnh thc, kch thc ln nh, dy mng v.v u c tiu ch nht nh. Giai
on ny s lng quan n tng gp bi (do ci cch, tng thm chc quan ?), quy nh
quan n nht lut dng Chu vn (). Chu vn cn c gi l Dng vn () tc
l nt ch c khc ni khi p vo mc son ng xung vn bn th nt ch s c mu
v khong trng l mu trng.

n i ng Trung Tng khng theo cch ca V Tc Thin li i Bo thnh T nh c,

sang i ng Huyn Tng i li gi l Bo v t y v sau n chng ca Hong
thng nht cch gi l Bo.

Thi ng - Tng phng thc to tc c khc thi Tin Tn v Hn, Bch vn c

thay th bng Chu vn. B cc nt ch trn mt du c ch trng, tit din mt du
ca n chng trc y cn nhiu khong trng, n y xut hin th ch mi lp
khong trng trn mt du. Tc l th ch khc trn du c ko di ra hn un khc
nhiu ln hnh thnh mt th ch gi l Thng phng i Trin ().

Giai on ny vn ha ngh thut pht trin ng thi vi s gia tng hon thin ca n
chng nn xut hin cc quan chc chuyn thu tng n chng trn c s thu tng th
php, hi ha v ngh thut phm cung nh. Hong thng xem cc cng trnh su
tp y (th, thi, ha) ban li khen ri ng T chng ca mnh ln. Thi, th, ha v n
cng pht trin to thnh s kt hp mt tc phm hon m nn t cu Thi th n ha
thng i lin nhau ch mt tc phm ngh thut hon thin. Bn cnh vic vit ch,

Page 15
 Lc Hoa Vin

v tranh, lm th l vic ch tc n chng. T mc ch sng tc ngh thut dn n

mc ch kinh t v t y hnh thnh ngh thut khc n. Ngh thut khc n pht
trin, ng thi xut hin nhng bi vit v tc phm v n chng.

Thi Bc Tng (960 - 1126) nhng tc gi khc n vit v thi th n ha ni ting u tin
phi k n u Dng Tu[12] (). Nm 1061 ng son b Tp c lc () gm 10
quyn, v nm 1066 ng phng mnh lm Bo n Hong tn hiu chi bo. Tip theo l
Tng Cng[13] () l ngi t chc cng trnh ln Kim thch lc () trn c s
Trin khc c kim gm trn 500 quyn. Tip na l M Phn[14] () l mt th php gia
kim n chng trin khc gia ni ting ng thi. Mt tc gia khc cng c sch s
Trung Quc nhc ti l Dng Khc Nht (), nm 1107 ng son sch Tp c n
cch () 1 quyn.

Thi Nam Tng (1127 - 1279) c Nhan Thc H () son C n ph () 1 quyn.

Khng Qu () lm sch Khng th tp c n ph () gm 4 sch. Cn phi
k n Trng ng () khc n Trng ng chi n () trn 4 cnh ca trng
ng c. y l mt trong nhng hnh n chng trn trng ng sm nht cn gi c
n nay, l mt trong nhng sng to u tin ca dng Trin th khc vo trng Trng
Quc. (H.7, 8 & 9)
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
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Page 16
 Lc Hoa Vin

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3. n chng thi Nguyn ( 279 - 1368)

Nguyn Th T Ht Tt Lit sau khi nh tuyn b quy nh vic dng vn t Bt T

Ba ca quc Nguyn Mng khp t nc Trung Hoa. Quy nh tt c n chng ca cc
quan li cc cp chnh quyn u phi khc theo th ch Bt T Ba. ng thi tng lp
qu tc Mng C lm n ring cng dng th ch Bt T Ba khc tn vo n c tc dng
nh ph hiu chuyn mn ring bit ca dn tc mnh. Do n chng thi Nguyn
xut hin mt hnh thc c o mi l Hoa gip (). n Hoa gip u l Chu vn ()
hnh thc thng lm hnh h l hoc hnh t b. Trn mt n vn th dng ch Hn th
Khi th khc tn h, pha trc th khc tn Hoa gip, loi ny cn c gi l Nguyn
gip () v rt thnh hnh vo thi Nguyn.

Tuy nhin, Hoa gip hoc n vn Bt T Ba chi lu hnh trong quan li, tng lnh v tng
lp qu tc Mng C, cn t n ca quan vin v qung i dn chng ngi Hn vn dng
n chng vn khc theo th Trin th.

Thi Nguyn vn ha ngh thut vn duy tr theo truyn thng c, s kt hp thi th n

ha hun c nn khng t nhng con ngi ti hoa ca lnh vc ny. Tiu biu l Tin
Tuyn () nm 1279 u thi Nguyn ng lm sch Tin th n ph (). Ng
Khu Din () cui nm 1287 lm sch C n thc (). Ng Phc Tn () nm
1311 lm sch C n s () , Ng Du () nm 1322 lm sch Ng Mnh T n ph
(), v sch Hn Tn n chng ph (). Chu Khu () nm 1359
lm sch n vn tp kho (). (H.10)
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
7. 14-06-2008, 10:09#7

Page 17
Lc Hoa Vin

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4. n chng thi Minh - Thanh (1368 - 1911)

Thi Minh - Thanh x hi Trung Quc pht trin n mc i ln nh im ca thi k phong

kin vi rt nhiu bin ng. Cc lnh vc pht trin mnh v tp trung ch yu thnh th.
Ngoi Bc Kinh v Nam Kinh cn xut hin hn 30 thnh th mi. Ni y hi t kh y
tinh hoa ca vn ha ngh thut Trung Quc ng thi trong c khng t cc Trin khc
gia v cc nh nghin cu n chng c ngi Hn v ngi dn tc khc.

n chng thi Minh - Thanh chia lm hai xu th thc dng v ngh thut. Trong giao lu
quan h x hi v kinh t xu th n chng thc dng ngy mt c ch trng hon thin
pht trin. Trong sinh hot x hi v hot ng vn ha ngh thut nhu cu dng n
chng cng cao hn, phong ph hn trc; khc n khng cn l cng tc ngh thut hoc
th tiu khin na m tr thnh mt ngh th cng nghip, lm k mu sinh ca khng
t ngi.

Thi k ny vic ch tc quan n u theo quy cch ch kh hon b. i vi quan n c

quy nh r v cht liu, hnh th, th ch khc n v.v Nh quan n t Hong n cc
quan ln trong triu dng cht liu bng ngc, vng, bc th ch dng theo th Thng
phng i Trin, n Tng qun c cht liu bng ng, th ch dng li Tiu Trin v.v

Quy nh ch n chng nh Thanh p dng nh nh Minh v s dng cc th vn t

Hn, Mn, Mng v Tng lm vn khc n, trong hai loi vn t Hn v Mn c s
dng khc quan n. T Bo T ca Hong n n chng ca quan li v tng lnh
cc cp u c quy nh ch tc v cht liu, hnh th, kch c, th vn t, ha tit nht
nh. Nh cc Bo T ca Hong lm c ln, nm lm hnh rng cht liu bng vng v
ngc. Bui u khc c ch Hn v ch Mn, ch Hn khc th Trin th, ch Mn khc
nguyn dng vn t Mn. n nm 1749 vua Cn Long cho i khc li hn hai mi Bo
T vn hai dng vn t Hn, Mn trong mt con du nhng ch Mn c khc un theo

Page 18
Lc Hoa Vin

li ch Trin, cn mt s Bo T truyn quc th vn gi nguyn nh c.

Ngh thut Trin khc thi Minh - Thanh pht trin mnh ngy cng khng nh nh cao
ngh thut ca n chng Trung Quc. Ngh thut hi ha, th php ngy mt tinh m c
tc ng mnh n s pht trin ca ngh thut Trin khc.

Ngi khc n khng ch l ngi to tc cng ngh sn phm, khng ch lm cc dng c

lm tn vt na m tr thnh nhng con ngi sng to ngh thut phm, lu thng vn
ha phm. Tc phm Trin khc c x hi tha nhn, lu truyn, t hnh thnh phong
cch ngh thut Trin khc. cc a khu kinh t pht trin, s lng cc Trin khc gia
nhiu v tp trung hn cc ni khc nn c s giao lu v k tc, t hnh thnh cc
trng phi Trin khc gia mi a khu. Nhng ngi khai sng trng phi Trin khc
ng thi cn l nhng nh th php, ha s, nghin cu ti gii; h ng gp khng nh
trong s pht trin ca n chng hc ni ring v vn ha ngh thut ni chung.

Thi Minh (1368 - 1664) c khng t tc gi, tc phm vit v n chng, hng trm tc gi
ni ting vi my trm tc phm ra i trong giai on ny. Tiu biu l L Chn ()
son Lch i t n ph () nm 1428; Dng Nguyn Tng () son Dng
th tp c n ph () nm 1587; Trng Hc L () son Kho c chnh vn
n loi () nm 1589; Lai Hnh Hc () son Tuyn Ha tp c n s (
) 8 sch nm 1596; T Tuyn () son T Tuyn n sch () nm 1605 v
T th n lc () nm 1617; Chu Gin () son n phm () gm 5 sch nm
1611; H Thng () son n s () nm 1623 ; H Th Phng () son Din l
ng n thng () 8 sch nm 1633. Ring nm Sng Trinh th 14 (1641) c
11 tc gi vi 11 tc phm vit v n chng, s hn c l Kim Thn Chi () son
b Kim th kho nh n ph () gm 8 u sch.

Sang thi nh Thanh (1644 - 1911) vic nghin cu n chng mi tht rc r vi my

trm tc gia tc phm khc nhau. Ni bt l cc tc gia H Chnh Ngn () vi 3 b n

Page 19
 Lc Hoa Vin

s s tp () lm nm 1645, n tn s tp () nm 1646 v n tn huyn lm

() hon thnh nm 1660. Ha Dung () son Ha Mc cng n ph ()
nm 1674, Thuyt Trin () nm 1675, n lc () v n gim () nm 1689. Ung
Co Kinh () son Hng thut hin n tn () nm 1683, v Hong Sn n
trin () nm 1696. Ba anh em Trng Ti Tn, Trng Ti t, Trng Ti Mu son
Trng th nht gia n tn () nm 1720 v Trin tm n php () nm
1738. Cao Phong Hn () son Ty vin n ph () nm 1734, Chng Tng
Mn () son Triu Phong Phu tin sinh n ph () 8 quyn nm 1735 v
hon thnh b sch ny vo nm 1745 vi 12 quyn tip.

Ch tnh ring i Quang T c 54 b sch ca 45 tc gi vit v n chng. Tiu biu l

Diu Cn Nguyn () vi Hn n ngu tn () v Diu th n tn (),
Dng Th Knh () vi n lm () v Dng th gia tng ng n ph (
). Ng Xng Thc () vi Trin vn hin n tn (). Ring b n lm ca
Dng Th Knh c ti 14 u sch, trong c 3 sch ni v quan n vi 115 hng mc
gm 690 n, 8 sch ni v T n vi 330 hng mc gm 2028 n, cn li 3 sch vi 192
hng mc gm 786 n, tng cng tt c l 3504 n c ni ti.

Khng ring cc nh nghin cu, vn ha m c gii tng l Trung Quc cng vit v n
chng. Thi Minh c ha thng Thch Long Thi () son b C kim n thng (
) nm 1627, Thch Tnh Khng () son n chng tiu tp () nm 1628. i
Thanh c Ha thng Thch Tc Hnh () son b Mc hoa thin n co ()
nm 1734 gm 5 quyn v lm tip 1 sch ca b ny vo nm 1745. Ha thng Thch
Trc Thin () son b Du h tam mui () in nm Quang T nguyn nin
(1875) gm 46 sch kho chng v 156 hng mc n. (H.11, 12, 13 & 14)
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Page 20
Lc Hoa Vin

5. n chng Trung Quc th k XX

Trung Hoa Dn Quc c thnh lp nm 1912 v tn ti n nm 1949. y l thi k

chin tranh, ni chin ko di trn t nc Trung Hoa, n hn ch rt nhiu s pht
trin ca vn ha ngh thut ni chung v n chng hc ni ring. Tuy vy n chng
Trung Quc vn tn ti v khng ngng i ln vi hng trm tc gia v tc phm mi. Tiu
biu l cc tc gia La Chn Ngc () son nhiu tc phm ln Khnh tht s tng t n
tc tp () nm 1912, T L phong n tp tn () nm 1927 , Ng
n () son Ty Am Tn Hn c ng n ph () nm 1914, Ty Am n
hc tng th () nm 1920, La Phc Di () son i thi hin n tn (
) 18 sch nm 1927, v 15 sch nm 1932; n ph kho () nm 1931, La Phc
Thnh () son Thng ph t c n tp tn () nm 1921, Knh i sn
phng n tn () nm 1942, Cao Thi Ngc () son Nhc ch tht c t n
tn () v Nhc ch tht n ph () nm 1944.

Nghin cu n chng giai on hin i Trung Quc c khng t tc gia, tc phm, trong
tn tui ca La Phc Di sng chi trong gii n chng hc Trung Quc. Cc tc phm n
chng khi thut () nm 1963 , Hn n vn t trng () nm 1978, Bc
Nguyn quan n kho (), Ty H quan n vng kho (), C t n khi
lun (), C t vn bin () v C t vng bin () nm 1981. Cn
bch nin lai i c t n nghin cu chi pht trin () v Hn n
vn t trng b di () xut bn nm 1982.

Ngoi ra cn cc tc gia khc nh Hn Thin Hnh () son chung sch Tn n ph (

) nm 1973, Th php khc tc () nm 1975, Trung Quc trin khc ngh thut
() nm 1980, Ng bch nin lu phi n chng ngh thut xut tn m (
) nm 1982, Trung Quc n hc nin biu () nm 1987, M
Quc Quyn () son b Trin khc kinh in thch () nm 1983. T
Ngn Sm () bin son Trung Quc trin khc () nm 1994. Lu Nht Vn (
) son sch n chng () nm 1995. To T () son Trin khc chi m ()
nm 1996. Nhim K D () son Trung Quc ch n chng d trin khc (
) nm 1997. Tn y T () son sch n chng () nm 1998 v.v

Page 21
 Lc Hoa Vin

Cho n ngy nay Trung Quc vn cn nhiu tc gia v trng phi nghin cu v n
chng, Nh nc v t nhn vn lu gi cn trng hin vt n chng c xa v cc loi
hnh khc c lin quan n n du. Ngh thut khc n v phong cch Thi th n ha vn
cn lung linh khp th Trung Quc nh khng nh tnh vnh cu ca lnh vc ny. (H.15
& 16)
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Page 22
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III. Khi qut v n chng Vit Nam

. Lch s nghin cu

Vn nghin cu n chng Vit Nam t xa n nay t c cc hc gi ch ti. Tuy

nhin vic nhn nhn nh gi v vai tr, gi tr ca n chng trong th ch phong kin
ng u l Hong ca mi triu i c Nh nc phong kin Vit Nam c bit ch
trng. Hu ht cc b chnh s ca nc ta tn mn u ghi v vic ch tc v s dng Bo
T, n chng ca vua v triu thn. Vic ghi chp ny thng s lc v mang ngha lch
s nh mt s s kin khc m s quan phi lm.

Thi Nguyn, cc thnh vin ni cc hon thnh b Khm nh i Nam hi in s l

s, trong quyn 83 v 84 ghi kh r v Bo T, n trin cc loi thi Nguyn. y
c coi l phn ghi chp y nht v n chng trong cc b sch s. Ni dung ch yu
y l nhng li ch, d, chun tu, chun ngh ca vua v nhng quy nh v vic ch
tc, ban cp, s dng, nh l ca mi mt loi Bo T, n, Chng, Quan phng, k,
Kim k, K, Trin. Tuy nhin, y cng ch c coi l mt s quy nh v ghi chp s lc
v n chng thi Nguyn ch cha phi l mt phn ca cng trnh nghin cu n chng.
Chng ti tm c y mt ti liu qu gi chun xc trong vic nghin cu so snh
i chiu, trch dn t liu n chng thi Nguyn.

Cui thi Nguyn mt hc gi Php l Pierre Daudin gii thiu ti ny trong Bulletin
de la Socit des Etudes Indochinoises[15]. Mc d thi im thun li nhng tc gi
khng trnh by su v n chng m ng ch gii thiu s lc mt vi loi hnh n nh
Kim ngc Bo T, Tn k v thng k cc chc v phm hm ca quan li trong triu nh
nh Nguyn. Cch nh gi ca ng th hin s nhn nhn tng th ca mt hc gi chu
u i vi vng triu Nguyn lc . Tuy nhin chng ti cng nh gi cao hc gi ny v
coi y l ti liu tham kho c gi tr, so vi tt c cc bi vit ca cc tc gi khc v n
chng thi Nguyn.

Sau Pierre Daudin, Gio s Hong Xun Hn cng b mt s ti liu c in hnh du thi
Ty Sn trong cun La Sn phu t[16]. Tuy tc gi khng trnh by su v n chng Ty
Sn, nhng vic gii thiu mt s vn bn v hnh du cng gip ch nhiu cho chng ti v
vic so snh nghin cu n chng giai on ny.

Mt hc gi ni ting quen bit chng ta l Gio s Trn Kinh Ha. ng l ngi u tin
khai thc kho Chu bn qu gi triu Nguyn v lm sch Mc lc Chu bn triu Nguyn -
Triu Gia Long[17]. Tc gi trnh by s lc mt s Bo T thi Nguyn triu Gia Long nm
trong phn u gii thiu Chu bn v Ni cc. on ni v Bo T tuy s lc, nhng
chng ti xem l ti liu tham kho c gi tr bn cnh Pierre Daudin.

My chc nm qua cng c s t tc gi gii thiu v n chng Vit Nam trong nhng
bi vit n l. ng ch l nhng bi nh Mt s n ng thi L Thnh Tng mi pht
hin ti H Ni[18], v bi Bc u tm hiu cc n ng c bit c nc ta ca
Nguyn Vn Huyn. Trong bi vit tc gi ch gii thiu s t n ng c trc thi Nguyn
Vin Bo tng Lch s H Ni v c nhng nhn xt chung.

Page 23
 Lc Hoa Vin

Nhiu nm qua trn bo ch cng lun l t cng c t bi gii thiu mt vi qu n mi pht

hin c a phng. Nhn chung cc tc gi trn c s s t hin vt n chng mt s
Bo tng, hoc nhng n mi tm thy, gii thiu n l tng qu n di gc ca cc
nh kho c, bo tng v nghin cu lch s. Nh vy, cho n nay c rt t bi ni v n
chng v cha c mt tc gi no t vn nghin cu n chng Vit Nam thnh mt
ti c h thng.
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2. Hin vt n chng - khi t liu hin vt qu gi, quan trng trong cng tc
nghin cu n chng Vit Nam

Thng 3 nm 1974 Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam v Ty Vn ha Thanh Ha tin hnh
khai qut ti hai a im Hoa Lc v Ph Lc nm ven bin huyn Hu Lc - Thanh Ha.
y l nhng a im c xc nh c di tch hu k thi i mi. Ti y pht
hin nhiu hin vt l cng c sn xut, trang sc bng v mt s c vt bng gm
trong c bit tm thy cc con du hoa vn bng t nung. a im Hoa Lc
tm thy 11 con du hoa vn, cn Ph Lc tm thy 14 con du hoa vn khc cng 5
mnh v nh ca cc con du na b v.

Nm 1977 hai nh kho c hc Phm Vn Knh v Quang Vn Cy gii thiu cc con du

hoa vn trn di gc kho c trong sch Vn ha Hoa Lc. Theo cc nh kho c hc
th: y l loi hin vt c lm bng t nung l loi t st pha trn ct ging nh cht
liu lm gm cng tn ti vi chng. nung kh cao, rt rn v mu sc khng hon
ton ging nhau. Cn c vo s cu to hnh dng v nhng ng nt khc trn mt ca
chng, c th l nhng vt dng in hoa vn.

Hnh dng ca nhng du in ny rt khc nhau v kch thc cng khng u nhau. Mt s

Page 24
Lc Hoa Vin

chic c mt in hnh ch nht, mt s hnh bu dc, mt s c hnh trn v mt s c hnh

vung. Mt in hi li ra mt cht v trn c khc nhiu ha tit rt khc nhau v cng
rt phc tp. Lng ni cao ln nh hnh mu ra m gia lng trong a s trng hp u
c nhng nm nh hnh chp hoc hnh bu dc dt va cm cc u ngn tay, loi nm
hnh bn khuyn tng i him.

Nhng ha tit trn mt nhng con du ny c khc lm kh su v u n. Tt c u

l nhng hoa vn hnh k h rt phc tp v cng rt k l nhng khng ging nhau gia
cc tiu bn. Khng thy c hoa vn hnh ngi, ng vt v cy l.

Nhn chung l nhng vt khng c trau chut cn thn, cu k, hnh dng n gin,
cht liu thng dng; t tn km. Bi vy, ch c th coi nhng hin vt ny l nhng
dng bnh thng trong sinh hot hng ngy, khng th coi l nhng vt thing hoc tng
trng cho uy quyn no .

Tuy vy, chng ti cng cha xc nh cng dng ca nhng vt ny mt cch c th. Tm
thi chng ti cho rng y khng phi l nhng du in hoc nhng bn dp hoa vn trn
gm, bi v trn tt c cc gm cng tn ti vi n khng thy c nhng hoa vn
ging nh cc ha tit trn mt nhng con du ny. Da theo ti liu dn tc hc, c th
y l nhng con du dng in hoa vn trang tr trn nn vi hoc trn ngi theo nhng
phong tc c tnh cht ngh thut hoc tn gio no [19].

Qua nghin cu xc nh bng cc-bon phng x tt c cc hin vt trong c cc con du

in hoa vn trn, cc nh kho c hc c nh c nin i ca chng sm nht trong
khong th k XV - XVI (TCN). Hai nh kho c hc cn khng nh Vi vn ha Hoa Lc,
chng ta pht hin c nhng di tch u tin ca nhng b lc sinh t trn min ven
bin thuc min Bc tnh Thanh Ha trong khong na u thin nin k th II (TCN), h
ang sng trong giai on cui cng ca thi i v chun b bc sang thi i kim
kh. l nhng b lc m v mt vn ha v cng c th c v mt thn tc c nhng
quan h vi nhng b lc khc cng thi i sinh t trn min Bc nc ta. Nhng mi quan
h phn nh nhng phong cch vn ha trong nhng di vt tm thy y[20]. Hn
24 con du m trn mt c khc hnh ha tit rt p v phc tp u c mang nhng
ngha nht nh. Song nhng ngha ny chng ta khng th bit c, ch on nh a
n gn vi vn ha tinh thn ca ngi Hoa Lc c xa. y khng phi l nhng tn vt
lm bng chng, cng khng phi l bn du in trn gm m c th n l nhng con du
dng in hoa vn mu trn vi hoc trn thn th ngi theo phong tc c ngha tn
gio tn ngng hoc ngh thut. Nhn xt ny ca cc nh kho c l hp l. y c th
c coi l tin thn ca n chng xut hin ti Vit Nam. (H.17 & 18)

S ra i ca n chng Vit Nam gn lin vi vic s dng ch Hn trong giao lu vn ha

gia cc dn tc. nc ta, ch Hn c mt t u th k th nht TCN, khi Triu
hon thnh vic thn tnh Vit Nam (th k II - TCN) ch Trin c s dng trn t
nc Vit Nam. Sau ny nc ta ginh c quyn c lp, ch Hn, ting Hn (c theo
m Hn Vit) vn c tip tc s dng xy dng quc gia c lp v pht trin vn ha
dn tc.

Vic pht hin 6 chic n c nh trong 6 ngi m c Thiu Dng - Thanh Ha cng c
coi l chng tch ca n chng xut hin ti Vit Nam. Theo cc nh kho c th y l

Page 25
Lc Hoa Vin

nhng chic n c c v lu hnh vo khong cui i Ty Hn n u thi ng Hn,

tng ng vi triu Thc An Dng Vng (Khong t 257 - 147 TCN nc ta). Cc nh
kho c hc Vit Nam cn tm thy mt loi n c gi l Phong n tnh Qung Nam. Phong
n ny c xc nh nin i cng vo khong thi Hn cng thi k ca cc n ng c
Thiu Dng - Thanh Ha trn.

Di ch vn ha c Eo thuc huyn Thoi Sn - Nam B cng c cc nh kho c khai

qut v cng b. Trong s c vt c gii thiu c 22 con du khc nhau bng m no v
ch thic v ch c 4 con du l c khc ch. Nhng con du ny c xc nh nin i
vo khong t nm 270 n nm 530 SCN, nhng cha c gii thiu chi tit v gii m
vn t trn du[21]. Nm 1996 Gio s H Vn Tn cng b vic gii m 2 con du bng
ch thic c khc vn t trong s cc con du trn trong Nhng pht hin mi v kho c
hc nm 1996.

Theo GS. H Vn Tn: Con du th nht Ti c th nhn ra ch trn con du l

Apramada. y l ch vit theo vn t Pallaca Nam n. (Nu vit theo Devanagari hin
nay, ta c () T ny trong ting Sanskrit c ngha l ch . Theo Malleret: ch
Apramadam kh ph bin trn cc ba ca chng ta, ngi ta bit rng n l mt trong
nhng t ch cht ca Pht gio biu t khi nim cnh gic vn rt cn bn ngoi c cc
khi nim tn gio hay trit hc m ngay trong cch ng x ca cuc sng (Malleret 1960:
332).

V con du th hai, GS. H Vn Tn khng nh: l t Raksanya trong ngn ng

Sanskrit v c vit bng ch Pallava (nu vit theo Devanagari hin nay, ta c (). T ny
c ngha l c che ch, bo v, c l l mt t cu xin vi thn linh, c tnh cht tn
gio, nh nhiu t gp trn cc con du khc c Eo. (H. 19a & 19b)

Cc triu i phong kin Vit Nam t L, Trn, L s, Mc, L Trung hng, Ty Sn n

Nguyn. Thi gian tuy cha phi l xa lm nhng v binh ha trin min nn nhng hin vt
qu gi nh n chng hu ht b chn vi, tht thot.

Trong mt chuyn cng tc n Qung Ty - Trung Quc, GS. H Vn Tn tm thy du

tch qu n ng thi Trn ca Vit Nam hin lu lc t Qung Ty. Qu n ny c tm
thy ni Lng Lc, thuc cng x Ngha Vu, huyn in ng, tnh Qung Ty, Trung
Quc nm 1983. n nm 1999 trn c s bi Kho v n ca th quan pht hin Qung
Ty ca hc gi Nht Bn Taniguchi Fusao[22], GS. H Vn Tn vit bi V mt qu n
Vit Nam thi Trn tm thy Qung Ty Trung Quc. Phn cui ghi r: Qu n c mt
hnh vung, mi chiu 50mm, dy 10mm, nm n cao 26mm. Mt n khc 6 ch theo li
trin Bnh Tng th chu chi n, chia thnh 2 dng mi dng 3 ch. Mt lng, hai bn
nm n, c khc ch. Bn phi nm n l ch i Tr ng nin, bn tri nm n l 5 ch
Nhm Dn t nguyt ch.

i Tr l nin hiu ca vua D Tng. i Tr ng nin l nm i Tr th nm, tng ng

vi nm Ch Chnh th 22 i Nguyn Thun Tng, tc nm 1362 dng lch. Nm cng
l nm Nhm Dn. Nhm Dn t nguyt ch l c thng t nm Nhm Dn. Nhn k
nh chp, ti thy y ch nguyt khc thiu mt nt ngang, ng vi th l vit hy
thi Trn.

Page 26
 Lc Hoa Vin

Nh vy, y l mt con du i Trn khng nghi ng g na. Th chu l chu min ni,
trong vng cc dn tc t ngi, m y hn l ngi Ty. Vn ta quan tm l chu
Bnh Tng u? Theo ti, chu Bnh Tng chnh l Bng Tng hin nay. C mt l do
m ngi Vit Nam ai cng bit l cc a danh c t Bng vng bin gii Vit Nam u
vit ch Hn l Bnh, nh Cao Bng t lu c vit l Cao Bnh[23].

Cho n ngy nay s lng nhng qu n t thi nh Trn n triu Ty Sn cn li khng

nhiu. Hin nay ti mt s c quan Bo tng thuc B Vn ha cn lu gi c mt s n
ng c, nhng n c ny c xc nh nin i mt cch chnh xc. u tin phi k
n n Mn h snh n c to nm Long Khnh th 5 i Trn Du Tng (1377). Cc n
thi L s l Thun tng hu v bo lm hu s n c nm Hng c th 24 i L Thnh
Tng (1493), n Phng mnh tun ph tng qun n to nm Hng Thun th 6 (1514)
v n thng tng qun chi n c c nm Hng Thun th 7 (1515).

Ba qu n thi Mc cn bo qun c l Honh hi hu s chi n c nm i Chnh th 5

(1534), n Thanh ti t s chi n c nm Cnh Lch th 2 (1549) v n Khung tr v lng
xuyn tin s chi n c to nm Thun Phc th 3 (1564).

Hin vt n chng thi Ty Sn cn li l 4 qu n ng c lu gi nhng a phng

khc nhau, trong c 3 n tng lnh qun i v mt n hnh chnh cp huyn. l n
Sut trung lng nh v tam hiu trung lang tng, Sut hng c khai v ng hiu ti,
Ty k ph trung tn nht v h qun s vinh hoa hu v Bng Tuyn huyn qun l. Cc n
ng ny c to cng mt thi gian l nm Tn Hi 1791 nin hiu Quang Trung.

S lng hin vt n chng phong ph v a dng vi nhiu loi hnh, cht liu, kch c l
nhng qu n thuc thi Nguyn qua hng chc i vua t Gia Long n Bo i. Hin c
bo qun ti nhng Bo tng ln H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Hu v nhiu a phng
trong c nc, s hin vt n chng thi Nguyn ln ti hng my trm n v n khc
nhau. Gi tr hn c l nhng Kim Ngc Bo T ca cc vua Nguyn c cht liu bng ngc,
vng, bc, ng dt vng, dt bc, cng ng qu; v n gin l nhng qu n g c
lu gi ti cc n, cha nhiu a im khc nhau.

Hin vt n chng thi Nguyn v cc triu i trc Nguyn l khi t liu hin vt qu
gi rt ng tin cy. Mi mt qu n khi in xung giy, la s cho ra i mt vn bn Hn
Nm hon thin, c ng. Nhng dng ch Hn khc trn mt n s gip ch cho vic xc
nh nin i, c quan v a ch to n, trng lng ca n v nhiu khi gip cho vic Chn
ha ch Trin c chun xc. Hin vt n chng ng vai tr quan trng trong cng tc
nghin cu n chng Vit Nam v xy dng b mn n chng hc ca chng ta hin nay.

1. 3. Hnh du trn vn bn, vn khc Hn Nm - mng t liu phong ph, a dng

ng vai tr ch yu trong cng tc nghin cu n chng Vit Nam

Nhng t liu Hn Nm c in hnh con du cc loi l c s t liu quan trng v ch yu

trong cng tc nghin cu n chng Vit Nam. ng tic v nn binh ha, thin tai bao th
k lm tht thot nhiu t liu Hn Nm qu, nht l nhng t liu c. Mng t liu ny
hin nay mt phn nm trong kho sch Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm, mt phn nm ti Trung
tm Lu tr Quc gia I, mt phn nm nhiu c quan Vn ha trong c nc v mt phn
cn li cn ri rc trong dn gian trn phm vi ton quc.

Page 27
Lc Hoa Vin

Vn bn Hn Nm c nin i c lu hnh n du ch tn ti trong loi hnh vn bn hnh

chnh nh sc phong, chiu, d, lnh ch, bng cp, chng nhn v.v Vn bn c nht c
nin i t nm i Ha th 9 (1451) i L Nhn Tng l mt bng chng nhn v rung
t. Trn vn bn cn lu hnh du kim ca mt chc nh thuc Tn tr Tha chnh s ty
ca chu Ha l Thun Ha. Hin nay vn bn ny c lu gi ti Trung tm Bo tn di
tch c Hu.

Mt vn bn c na c hnh du n cn gi c nguyn vn n nay c nin i ghi ngy

15 thng 11 nm Hng c th 19 (1488) i L Thnh Tng. y l bn sc ch ca b Li
xt cp phong chc Phng ng Thim s cho mt vin quan gi chu Tm, ph Thanh .
Dng nin i cn lu hnh du son ln Li b chi n, v gia sc ch c in na hnh du Li
b chi n ny nh du y l loi vn bn gi l Bng Khm hp thi L s. Vn bn
hin c lu gi Cc lu tr Nh nc ti H Ni.

Nghin cu du trn sc phong, chng ti tm thy cc du sc phong thn hai im di

tch khc nhau thuc hai tnh Thi Bnh v H Ty. Cc sc phong ny c nin i thuc cc
nm Minh c nguyn nin (1527), Qung Ha s nin (1540), Sng Khang cu nin
(1547) v Cnh Lch s nin (1548) thi Mc, vi hnh du son Sc mnh chi bo in trn
dng ghi nin i. Bo n Sc mnh chi bo ny c lm t thi L Thi Tng m s c
ghi li Nm Thiu Bnh th 2 (1435) L Thi Tng cho c 6 n vng dng vi ngha quc
gia trng i. Nh vy, ta thy loi hnh sc phong i lin vi hnh du Sc mnh chi bo,
nh l ny tri qua nhiu i vua L v khi nh Mc nm chnh quyn vn dng Bo n Sc
mnh chi bo ng trn sc phong.

Loi vn bn lnh ch c in hnh du n m bn c nht chng ti in chp c l Lnh

ch Bnh An vng lnh ch Th vin Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm, ghi nin i nm Quang
Hng th 22 (1599) u i L Trng hng, c hnh du son vi 4 ch Trin Bnh an vng
t ng dng ghi nin i v ch gip lai. y l du T n ca Bnh An vng Trnh Tng
in trn bn Lnh ch gi cho x V Lit huyn Thanh Chng, Ngh An.

Thi L Trung hng chng ti cn tm thy mt s hnh du ca cc cha Trnh in trn

nhng vn bn Hn Nm khc nh du ca Thanh vng Trnh Trng vn bn i Vnh
T th 10 (1628), Ty vng Trnh Tc vn bn i Vnh Tr th 5 (1680), An vng
Trnh Cng vn bn Vnh Thnh th 5 (1709), Uy Nam vng Trnh Giang trn vn bn
nm Vnh Khnh th 2 (1730), Minh vng Trnh Doanh i Cnh Hng th 2 (1741), Tnh
vng Trnh Sm vo nm Cnh Hng th 28 (1768), oan vng Trnh Tng nm Cnh
Hng th 44 (1783) v Cnh Hng th 46 (1785).

Qua cc hnh du ca cc cha Trnh trn chng ti thy, theo in ch ca cc triu i

trc i L Th Tng th ch c Hong mi c dng Bo, T ng trn cc chiu vn,
sc phong, lnh ch, lnh d. y cc cha Trnh m bt u t Trnh Tng c dng
T n ng trn bn lnh ch ca mnh ban xung, vic ny mang ngha lch s quan trng
trong lch s phong kin Vit Nam. M u cho mt thi k thng tr mi ca triu nh thi
L Trung hng tn ti c vua v cha m thc trng quyn hnh nm trong tay nh cha.

n chng khng ch in hnh li trn t liu thnh vn giy la m cn lu tch li trn cc

t liu hin vt nh bia , ma nhai. Trn phin ng Tuyt Sn, cha Hng, H Ty
cn lu gi hai hnh du ln Ng bt v Vn c thanh h khc di bi th ng Tuyt sn
hu hng ca cha Trnh Sm. Trn tm bia Th bt ng t hin cn x Phng Trin, Gia
Bnh, Bc Ninh c khc hnh Ng tin chi bo di dng ghi nin i thi L Cnh Hng.

Thi Ty Sn tuy ngn ngi nhng n chng giai on ny kh a dng v cn khng t t

liu vi nhiu loi vn bn khc nhau c in hng chc loi du khc nhau. Gio s Hong

Page 28
Lc Hoa Vin

Xun Hn c cng su tm, lu gi nhng ti liu qu gi ny v tng li cho nc nh

m chng ti may mn chp c nguyn bn ti liu gc. Nhng hnh du cc dng cn
in li trn vn bn Hn Nm in hnh nh du Qung vn chi bo v Ng dng chi bo trn
chiu th i Thi c, Quang Trung. Du Tin nhu chi bo, Sc mnh chi bo in trn sc
phong thi Cnh Thnh; du Triu ng chi n ca triu nh Ty Sn trn mt t truyn,
du Ngh An trn ph chng ca chc Trn th trn Ngh An trong chnh quyn a
phng thi Ty Sn.

T cc hnh du trn vn bn m tm li c tn tui ca cc nhn vt lch s thi Ty Sn

nh du Hong thi t th tn ca Nguyn Quang Ton in nm Quang Trung th 3 (1790)
khi cn lm Thi t. Du Khm sai tit ch hu khang kim dn th v chi n ca Khang
Cng Nguyn Quang Thy khi lnh chc Khm sai Tit ch thy b ch doanh kim Tng
binh dn th v in nm Cnh Thnh th 5 (1797). Du i t m chi n ca i T m
Nguyn Vn T in nm Bo Hng th 2 (1802).

Hnh du gp phn trong vic khng nh bt tch ca cc nhn vt lch s thi Ty Sn nh

du Trung th lnh chi chng ca Trung th lnh Trn Vn K c nin hiu Quang Trung
th 2 (1789), du Ngh An trn ph chng v Ngh An trn k ca Trn th Ngh An
Nguyn Vn Thn trn hai vn bn i Thi c th 11 (1788) v i Quang Trung th 2
(1789).

Mt s du kim nh in km cng vi cc hnh du ln chnh trn vn bn t i Thi c

n Bo Hng nh du Tiu n, Tn n, Quang hu, v.v gp phn quan trng trong cng
tc vn bn v nghin cu, ng thi cng chng minh cho s a dng ca n chng thi
Ty Sn.

Thi Nguyn vi s t liu hin vt n chng cn gi c kh phong ph v khi t liu

thnh vn Hn Nm s c in nhiu hnh du n l c s t liu ch yu quan trng trong
vic nghin cu n chng. Trc tin phi k n Kim Ngc Bo T ca cc hong triu
Nguyn, l nhng qu n c lm bng ngc (Ngc T) c c bng vng, bc (Kim
Bo T). n vng lm t i Cha Nguyn Phc Chu c coi l n truyn quc nh Nguyn
c tn gi i Vit quc Nguyn cha vnh trn chi bo hin cn lu tch trn tm bia
cha Thin M (Hu). Thi Gia Long lm ra cc Bo T l Ch co chi bo, Quc gia tn bo,
Sc chnh vn dn chi bo, Tho ti an dn chi bo, Ng tin chi bo, Mnh c chi bo,
Vn l mt st, Phong tng chi bo, Tr lch minh thi chi bo v Th tn thin h vn v
quyn hnh.

Minh Mnh ln ngi song song vi cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh l vic ch tc v hon
thin cc loi Bo T n trin. in hnh l nhng Kim Ngc Bo T: Hong tn thn chi
bo, Sc mnh chi bo, Minh Mnh thn hn, Hong chi t, Hnh ti chi t. Nm 1839
khi i quc hiu l i Nam, Minh Mnh cho khc n ngc i Nam thin t chi t snh
vi nh i Thanh Trung Quc.

n i Thiu Tr v T c c lm thm mt s Bo T na nh i Nam hong chi t,

i Nam hip k lch chi bo v c bit l Ngc T i Nam th thin vnh mnh truyn
quc t c coi l n truyn quc ca nh Nguyn.

Cc Kim Ngc Bo T trn u c dng cho mt loi vn th ch nh nh Bo Ch co chi

bo dng ng trn t hun gii chiu lnh thng ging cp bc, sai phi quan tng; Quc
gia tn bo dng ng trn vn kin triu tp cc tng lnh, pht ng binh s nhp ng
v.v Hu ht cc hnh du Kim Ngc Bo T trn hin nay vn c lu gi trong nhiu loi
vn bn thi Nguyn kho Chu bn, mt s th vin, bo tng ln v trong dn gian.

Page 29
Lc Hoa Vin

Nhng c quan trung ng thi Nguyn c lin h mt thit n n chng u tin phi k
n Ni cc vi chc nng gn lin vi Kim Ngc Bo T v cc loi hnh n chng khc.
Vi chc nng Vn phng ca Hong , Ni cc chu trch nhim tip nhn, xem xt, duyt
ng du, chuyn v lu gi cc loi hnh vn bn: phin, phiu, ch d, tu s v.v Hin
nay mt s vn bn trong kho Chu bn thi Nguyn cn lu hnh cc du Vn th phng
quan phng, Sung bin ni cc s v quan phng v Ni cc minh chng cho vn ny.

H thng lc B thi Nguyn vi nhiu chc quan c con du ring cn lu li trn vn bn

Hn Nm; ng ring tng B nh du L b ng chi n (i Gia Long), Hnh b chi n
(i Minh Mnh); in chung trong cc cuc hp lin nh du Hnh b thng th quan phng,
Binh b t tham tri quan phng, Li b hu th lang quan phng v.v Cc du ny u i
lin vi chc danh tn tui c quan ca ch s hu ca con du. Tm hiu n chng h
thng lc B chng ti cn pht hin nhng hnh du trn vn bn dng khi cp B xut
hnh ngoi kinh nh du Binh b hnh n, Hnh b hnh n v ng thi vi chc quan cp
B l chc hm i hc s vi nhng hnh du nh Cn Chnh in i hc s quan phng
ca Thng th b Binh Trng ng Qu.

Nhng du tch v qun i thi Nguyn ch yu nm kho Chu bn thuc Trung tm Lu

tr Quc gia I. Trong cc tp tu i Minh Mnh, Thiu Tr chng ti in sao c mt s
hnh du ca cc tng t nhiu n v, binh chng v khu vc khc nhau. Du Trn ty
tng qun chi n trong mt bn tu trnh gi v kinh ca cc quan tng trn Ty thnh.
Mt lot du Quan phng khc nhau ca cc tng lnh in trn vn bn quyn Minh Mnh
18 l du Chng trung qun quan phng, du Thn sch hu doanh quan phng v du
Hu thng ch quan phng. Cc du Tin qun thng ph quan phng, v H oai thng
ch quan phng c in trn vn bn i Thiu Tr th 5 (1845). Hai du Thng c tiu b
qun v quan phng v Tham tn qun v quan phng in lin nhau trong mt bn tu ghi
nin i T c th 13 (1860) v.v

n du K c dng cho cc chc n v qun i cp thp, nh du Loan gi v k,

Nam hng k, Cm y tc trc k, Kinh tng nht v k v.v u c lu tch
trong quyn 53 i Minh Mnh th 9.

Hnh du n chng trong cc cp chnh quyn a phng thi Nguyn cn lu li nhiu

cc tp Cng vn c ch, Cng vn cu ch v trong Chu bn, a b. Giai on qun qun
Gia Long chia nc thnh ba khu vc t cp thnh qun cc trn, doanh, o cho cc
tng ng u mi a phng. Cc hnh du Bc thnh tng trn chi n, Gia nh thnh
tng trn chi n, Thanh Hoa trn th chi chng, i lin vi mt s nhn vt tn tui nh
Nguyn Vn Thnh, L Vn Duyt, Nguyn Vn Nhn gn vi mt s s kin lch s ng
thi.

Minh Mnh ln ngi tin hnh cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh, bi b cp thnh v i cc
trn thnh tnh v t cc chc v cp bc mi v.v Nhng hnh du Qung Nam Qung
Ngi tng c quan phng, Ninh Bnh tun ph quan phng, Hng Ha b chnh s ty chi
n, H Ni n st ty chi n, Quc Oai ph n, Quc Oai phn ph k, An Lp huyn n,
N Bn th chu k, Qunh Ci hun o k v.v v mt s du kim i km v
chng minh cho ci cch chnh quyn a phng thi Minh Mnh.

Cc du Kim k nh i qun mn th h kim k, Cn Gi hi khu tn th kim k v.v

th hin tnh a dng ca n chng thi Nguyn. Hnh du ng Xun tng cai tng k,
ng Xun phng l trng k v.v chng minh s hon thin ca n chng cp chnh
quyn a phng thi Nguyn.

Nhng v d v du Tn k v K nh Trn L Nghi tn k, Trn T k, Hu b H Trng

Page 30
Lc Hoa Vin

Phin v.v tng s lng v loi hnh n chng Vit Nam ln mt bc na.

Gii thiu n chng Vit Nam khng th khng ni ti n tn t nhn trong x hi phong
kin Vit Nam xa. Tp trung ch yu cc lnh vc thng mi, vn ha, ngh thut v
tn gio tn ngng, t liu n tn t nhn chng ti su tm c c nin i s t thi
Hu L cn ch yu l thi Nguyn.

n du t nhn trong lnh vc vn ha ngh thut rt a dng v phong ph, khng ch l

nhng qu n nh hay va vi nhiu kiu dng khc nhau m nhiu hnh du cn c
chm khc trn nhiu hin vt gm s, kim loi hay g. Ti Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit
Nam thnh ph H Ch Minh chng ti chp nh c mt s n tn c ni dung ghi tn
hiu ngi nh n du Lan Sng, Tng Tuyt Trai ghi li hay p nh Ca vnh thi bnh,
Thun ct, Tng hp v.v

Mt s dng h ni danh u c n tn vung nh du vo sch v v hin vt gia tc nh

du Danh gia tng th ca dng Ng gia vn phi, du Danh gia hi tuyn ca dng h Bi
Huy Bch v.v

Thi Nguyn cc nh tng bn xut hin ngy cng nhiu, trn nhng n bn c in hnh du
ring ca mi nh, nh nh tng bn a vn ng cn lu li hnh con du a Vn ng;
cc du kiu ny cn tm thy nhiu trong mt s sch in cui thi Nguyn.

Trong lnh vc thng mi n tn tn ti gn lin vi nhng chc nng c bn ca n chng

l khng nh quyn s hu v khng nh tnh chn thc. Ti mt s th ln thi trc
nh Hi An chng ti in, chp c n tn ca mt s ca hng ngi Vit gc Hoa nh
n du Dip Khi Minh n, Dip Truyn Anh chng, Dip ng Xun ca cc thng nhn
h Dip. n du Qung ng di xng m ca hiu kim hon, du Min Xng ca hiu
bng vi si v Qung ng Nh Thin ng ca hng du Nh Thin ng ni ting vn
gi v tn ti n nay; n l nhng minh chng sng ng v chc nng tn thc ca n tn
t nhn trong lnh vc thng mi, m ngy nay rt nhiu hiu kim hon v ca hng y
dc cn duy tr v.v

lnh vc tn gio tn ngng, n tn tn ti pht trin kh phong ph. Trong lng cc ngi
cha c v nht l nhng ngi n, in th thuc o gio v thm ch c t gia ca mt
s thy php nc ta hin nay cn bo lu rt nhiu n tn thuc lnh vc ny. l
nhng qu n g, i khi l n ng c ngoi hnh to tc n gin nhng vi nhiu kiu
dng khc nhau. Ch tnh ring mt ngi in th c Thnh Trn cch H Ni hn 30km
chng ti tm thy gn 30 qu n g khc nhau c nin i cch ngy nay trn di 200
nm.

Gi tr ca nhng qu n thuc lnh vc tn gio tn ngng khng phi l ngoi hnh vi

nhiu kiu chm khc nh lnh vc vn ha ngh thut m l ni dung vn khc trn mt
con du. l nhng hnh du khc nhau trn cc loi vn bn tu, s, ba ch c ni dung
khc nhau. Pht gio l nhng l s m di ch Thin vn hoc Tu th bao gi cng
c hnh du vung in bn ch Pht php tng bo. n du Pht php tng bo c tm
thy nhiu ngi cha khc nhau vi kch c, b cc t dng khc nhau nhng u c
chung ni dung bn ch nh trn.

o gio Vit Nam bao nm nay tn ti bn cnh Pht gio, ha trn cng Pht gio vi tin
Pht hu Thnh, tin Thnh hu Pht. S a dng ca o gio l cc ngi n, in th
c Thnh Trn, cng ng tam, t ph cng ch v Thnh mu v.v c hin vt n
tn chng minh. Nhng n du ln v Trn Hng o nh Cu thin v Trn triu Hng
o i vng chi n, Trn Hng o vng n. V in sy Phm Ng Lo nh Trn triu

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 Lc Hoa Vin

in sy, Trn triu in sy thng tng qun quan ni hu chi n. V cng ng nh

Tam ph cng ng n v Nam to bc u, Thin li thn tng v.v Tt c v nn bc
tranh tn gio tn ngng sinh ng, m mu sc vn ha dn gian Vit Nam tn ti qua
bao th k.

C th ni rng s a dng phong ph ca n tn t do trong cc lnh vc thng mi, vn

ha ngh thut v tn gio tn ngng thc s s tr thnh mng ti khng nh trong n
chng hc. Nhn t gc khoa hc x hi v vn ha ni chung th cng tc nghin cu
n chng cng nh mt s lnh vc khc nh bia k, minh vn v.v i hi mi ngi
nghin cu mt tri thc lin ngnh. Ngoi gc c bn ch Hn Nm, nhng tri thc rt cn
thit bn cnh ng vn hc l lch s, trit hc, tn gio, vn ha dn gian v c kho c
hc na. Nghin cu n chng Vit Nam cng gp phn chng minh cho cng tc Hn Nm
- Mt khoa hc lin ngnh, mt dng vn ha hc trong nn tng khoa hc v vn ha ca
dn tc Vit Nam.

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IV. Hnh thc v tnh cht cc loi hnh n v du Vit Nam t th k XV n cui
th k XIX

A. CC LOI HNH V CC KIU HNH TH N CHUNG

. Tn gi cc loi hnh n chng

Theo thng k th c cc loi hnh n chng sau: T, Bo, n, Kim n, Chng v Tn

chng, Quan phng, k, Kim k, Tn k, K, K trin hay Trin. y chng ti xin
trnh by mt cch khi qut, c h thng v nh ngha s lc mi loi hnh n chng t

Page 32
Lc Hoa Vin

Kim ngc Bo T ca Hong xung n K trin ca Tng, L cp tng, x.

* Kim ngc Bo T

Kim ngc Bo T l nhng n ca nh vua dng vi ngha quc gia trng i. n c lm

bng ngc gi l Ngc T, c c bng vng, bc gi l Kim Bo T.

* n

n l n ln ca c quan t trung ng xung n a phng cp huyn, chu v trong

qun i mt s tng lnh cng c s dng loi n ny.

Phn bit t n y l danh t ring ch loi hnh n ln m c quan dng. n y

cng nh T, Bo l ch ng cui cng dng ch trong du, khc vi t n l
danh t chung ch tt c nhng loi hnh n khc nhau.

* Kim n

L n nh ca c quan, i lin cp vi n ln ca c quan v Quan phng ln ca cc quan

chc lnh o, thng gi l b n kim. Kim n cn gi l kim hay du kim ch loi n
rt nh, khc vi Kim k.

* Chng v Tn chng

Chng v Tn chng l n dng cho quan ng u cp doanh, trn, o (tc chnh quyn
a phng cp tnh, di tnh) v mt s n v chc v tng ng tn ti t trc i
Gia Long n Minh Mnh th 13 (1802-1832).

* Quan phng

Quan phng l n chc v ca cc quan chc, tng lnh, thng gi l Quan phng chc
v. Quan phng chc v bt u dng t thi Nguyn.

* k

k l n dng cho cc quan di chc quan ln chnh ngch, thng l cc quan nh ph

trch phn ph, ph trch gio dc ph, huyn v.v Trng quan cc Ty, S v s quan
ng u cc V, C, Thuyn ca qun i. k ra i v s dng thi Nguyn.

* Kim k

Kim k l n dng cho chc ch huy ca thnh, ca khu, ca bin, n trm v.v nhng
n v nh c tnh cht ring bit.

* Tn k

Tn k l n ring cho tt c cc quan vin, vn, v trong triu ngoi kinh t i thn,
vng cng n hng bt, cu phm.

* K

K l loi n nh dng cho cc li thuc c quan nh Th li, V nhp lu th li, nhng

Page 33
 Lc Hoa Vin

ngi cha c phm hm hoc phm hm thuc hng thp nht.

* Trin hay K trin

Trin hay K trin l loi n nh ca Cai tng (Chnh tng) v L trng - nhng ngi i
din cho chnh quyn a phng cp thp nht.

* n tn t nhn

n tn t nhn l tt c nhng qu n ca c nhn dng vi tnh cht t do trn mi lnh vc

trong x hi. Thng gi l T n () phn bit vi Quan n ().
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2. Hnh th cc loi hnh n chng

Hnh th cc loi hnh n chng t Bo T ca Hong n Trin ca Tng, L rt a

dng phong ph v c lm theo ng quy ch m vua ban hnh.

* Bo, T

Nhng Bo, T ca vua dng vi ngha quc gia trng i nm thng lm theo hnh rng
vi nhng kiu dng khc nhau: Rng cun, rng ngi, rng ng, rng i. C n li lm hai
con rng cun nhau. S t Bo T dng ngoi ngha quc gia trng i th lm theo hnh
k ln.

* n

Page 34
 Lc Hoa Vin

n ln th c ngoi hnh a dng hn. a s n ca cc triu i u lm kiu nm chui v.

Ring triu Nguyn n nh thn nh thn chi n nm c chm con rng c sng. n
lc B v Tn nhn ph nm chm k ln. n tng lnh cao cp, n trng thi v n cc
doanh, trn nm chm hnh h hoc hnh s t, n c nm hnh lc l n ca mt vin
hoc n gia phong cho cc nc Vn Tng, Cao Min. n lu kinh lm theo hnh ni. n
lc T, ch nha, n quan B chnh, n st v cp ph, huyn, chu c lm theo kiu
chui v (nm thng).

* Quan phng

Quan phng chc v cc cp ngnh c hnh th khng km phn a dng. Quan phng ca
i hc s, Thng th, lc B, T hu ng s nm chm hnh lc . Cc tng lnh
chc thng, thng ch, Thng ch, cc To (cp thnh), Qun l Thng thuyn v
Quc t gim u c Quan phng nm hnh s t. Quan phng ca Kinh lc, Tham tn,
Khm sai, Khm phi i thn, Thanh tra v Tham tri, Th lang lc B, Tng c, Tun ph,
c, Lnh binh, Th v c nm hnh chui v. Quan phng ca Thi y vin, Vn th
phng chm hnh rau to. Quan phng ca Ni cc li c nm hnh tay quai (vng trn).

* k, Kim k, Tn k, K, Trin v K trin

Cc loi hnh n ny u c hnh th n gin. K cp C, V trong qun i v cp Phn

ph th nm lm hnh tay quai cn tt c cc loi n cn li c nm chui v, di hoc ngn
ty theo chc v.

* Kim n

C ngoi hnh n gin nht theo kiu hnh thp bng u.

* n tn t do trong dn gian ty tin nhng khng km phn rc r. C n lm rt cu k

(lnh vc ngh thut), c loi rt n gin (trong thng trng).

Hnh th n chng cc loi rt a dng phong ph, khng ch phn nm chui n c

chm khc m di mt du vin vng ngoi cng c khc rt tinh xo. L hnh lng
long chu nht, nguyt, hnh ha tit hoa l, hnh mtp un khc kiu cung nh. c bit
l nhng Ngc T ca Hong triu Nguyn c nhng ngh nhn ng thi tr ht tm
lc, gia khc hnh rng, ln nhiu th khc nhau. Tiu biu l Ngc T i Nam th thin
vnh mnh truyn quc t vi hnh rng un khc cao hn 4 tc c coi l mt trong nhng
bu vt truyn quc qu nht triu Nguyn.

K thut c Bo T, n, Chng bng vng, bc v ng cng nh vic chm khc n bng

cht liu qu, ng v g l chng minh sng ng cho s a dng v phong ph ca m
thut iu khc chm tr Vit Nam t th k XV n XIX.

Theo thng k th trng lng v th tch ca n chng t l thun vi c quan, n v,

chc v quan li cc cp. Hnh th Bo T ca vua a phn c khi lng v trng lng ln
hn cc loi hnh n khc.
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4. 20-06-2008, 23:16#14

Page 35
Lc Hoa Vin

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3. Cht liu ca cc loi n chng

Cht liu lm ra Kim ngc Bo T v tt c cc loi n t thi L s n thi Nguyn u

phi theo quy ch ca Hong v triu nh. Nhng quy ch ny mang tnh k tha, rp
khun cc vng triu trc ng thi m phng theo quy ch n chng ca Trung Quc.
Nhng cht liu l ngc, vng, bc, ng qu v ng thng, qu, cm thch, g qu
v thu tinh.

T ca Hong bao gi cng c lm bng ngc, cho nn loi hnh ny c tn l Ngc T.

C loi ngc thng, c loi ngc tt, thng l hai loi ngc xanh v ngc trng. Loi Ngc
T ch yu c lm t thi Nguyn s, v cht liu qu him nn s Ngc T t hn nhiu
so vi Kim Bo T.

Nhng hn ngc ln v p thng c cc Hong coi trng v chn lm Ngc T qu

gi nht. Nh vua Thiu Tr c dng ngc qu lm thnh Ngc T i Nam th thin vnh
mnh truyn quc t. C khi khng c ngc phi c n vng v khc ch T ln mt
n vng.

Kim Bo T ca Hong c c bng vng, bng bc. Qua th tch Hn Nm, chng ti
thng k triu Nguyn c ti hng trm qu, c qu nng ti 395 lng vng nh Kim Bo
Sc mnh chi bo.

Bn cnh s t Ngc T qu, tt c Bo T ca Hong dng vi ngha quc gia trng i

c c bng vng. Ngoi ra nhng l tn phong cho Hong Thi hu, l sch lp Hong
hu, Thi t u c ban n c bng vng, bng bc. Tui ca vng c mi loi n cng
c quy nh r rng.

Nhng Bo n dng ngoi ngha quc gia trng i ghi ring ca vua, hoc ban cho cc

Page 36
 Lc Hoa Vin

cung, in, lu, t v.v lm bng ng qu; n sch phong cho Hong thn, ch cng,
Hong t, Hong tn c c bng bc dt vng. T chng hoc Nhn chng ca vua
khc nhng cu, thnh hin v.v u lm bng cm thch v bng ng.

i thn, tng lnh, chc quan cao cp nh Thng th v.v c dng n, Quan phng,
Kim n c cht liu bng bc; chc v phm hm km hn mt vi bc na nh Th lang,
Thng ch v.v th n, Quan phng c lm bng ng tt v bng ng pha; chc v
phm hm thp na ca mt s n v, c quan th Quan phng, k, Kim n lm bng
ng thng v bng ng.

n c quan, Chng v Tn chng, Quan phng chc v, k, Kim k c c bng

ng chim t l cao trong s lng n chng. Hnh th, trng lng, th tch mi hng
khc nhau phn bit chc v, cp bc cao thp.

Quan li cp thp nh Gio th, Hun o s dng k v hu ht Kim k u dng loi

g tt lm. Nhng Kim n ca cc quan nh cng lm bng g.

Trin hay K trin ca Tng, L cp tng x bao gi cng c lm bng g.

Ring loi Kim k hay K th lm theo nhiu loi cht liu, nht l t thi Nguyn Gia Long
tr v trc khi quy ch cha n nh. Kim k hay K lm bng ng, , ng, g, ty theo
chc tc phm cp quan li. Ni chung cc quan ln th dng cht liu qu hn, cc li
thuc thng dng g lm K.

Cht liu lm n t c dng nht l thy tinh. Cng nh Bo n bng cm thch, n thy
tinh c s lng rt t vi ni dung p li hay kiu K th vnh xng.

Ring loi hnh n t nhn, v l n t do nn khng theo quy nh chung, ai thch lm cht
liu g th lm. Tuy nhin cng tm phn loi n lnh vc vn ha ngh thut th cht liu
tt hn nh ng, , ng, cn thng nhn dng ng v ch yu l g, cc thy php
dng n bng g cho cng vic ca mnh.
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5. 21-06-2008, 11:15#15

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B. CC KIU HNH DU, CC DNG DU QUA B CC CH TRONG DU

. Cc kiu hnh du

Hnh n du cng a dng phong ph khng km hnh th ca n chng, gm hnh:

vung, trn, ch nht, lc gic, bt gic v bu dc, ch yu l tp trung vo hnh vung v
hnh ch nht.

* Du hnh vung

Tt c cc Bo T ca Hong , n ln ca quan, kim n nh, Chng v Tn chng, mt

s Tn k mt du u lm theo hnh vung. Ch c mt s Bo T vin vng ngoi du mi
khc ha tit nh lng long chu nht nguyt v.v cn tt c vin ngoi u trn.

* Du hnh ch nht

Tt c nhng Quan phng, k, Kim k, Trin hay K trin, mt s Tn k mt du c

lm theo hnh ch nht. Ngoi tr mt s t Bo n dng ngoi ngha trng i cng c
lm hnh ch nht.

* Du hnh trn

S t Bo n ca vua dng ngoi ngha quc gia trng i, Bo sch phong cho Hu,
Hong t, thn vng hoc n ban cho cc cung in, lu, t trong ni cung, hoc n tn t
do du mi lm theo hnh trn. Vin vng ngoi thng khc hnh lng long chu nht,
nguyt.

* Du hnh bt gic

Du lm khun kiu hnh thoi c 6 cnh vung gc, 2 cnh gia lm hnh vng cung, vin
ngoi c ng ha tit un theo hnh du. Loi hnh ny ch yu thy K ca cc li in
trong cc c quan. Mt s hu, phi, quan ln lm n tn t do cng lm theo hnh ny.

* Du hnh bu dc

Hnh bu dc him thy trong n chng Vit Nam. Ring thi Nguyn cng ch c mt vi
n nh Bo n Ng tin chi bo c hnh bu dc.
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
6. 22-06-2008, 11:24#16

Page 38
Lc Hoa Vin

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2. Cc dng du qua b cc ch trong du

a. Du hnh vung

Loi 4 ch: Xp theo chiu vng gc ca hnh du. Mt s Bo T ca vua - v n c quan

u thuc dng ny. y l loi du c s lng nhiu nht trong cc loi hnh du.

a2. Loi 4 ch: Xp theo kiu ch Thp vi 2 dng sau:

Page 39
Lc Hoa Vin

a3. Loi 5 ch: Xp theo hnh du nhn X vi 2 dng sau:

a4. Loi 2 ch: Loi kim n duy nht thuc dng ny

Page 40
Lc Hoa Vin

a5. Loi nhiu ch: Xp theo 2, 3 hoc 4 ct dc

b. Du hnh ch nht

b1. Loi xp theo 2 hoc 3 ct dc:

Loi ny l Quan phng chc v v k, c s lng nhiu sau n c quan.

b2. Loi phn nh ch xp chiu ngang, phn di xp theo 2 hoc 3 ct dc:

Loi ny ch c trong k v Kim k.

c. Du hnh trn v hnh bu dc

Ch u xp theo ct dc v theo khun hnh bu dc hay hnh trn ca du. S t Bo n

v n t c dng du ny.

c1. Du hnh trn:

c2. Du hnh bu dc

Page 41
Lc Hoa Vin

* Du hnh bu dc lm cnh

d. Du hnh bt gic

d1. Xp theo 1 ct dc

d2. Xp theo 2 ct dc

Du ca li in v s t quan li dng ty tin.

e. Loi du 1 ch

Page 42
 Lc Hoa Vin

Loi du ny rt him thy, cng xp vo loi Kim n nh nht, nh du ch Tn.

g. Loi du nhiu ch

Du c t 12 ch tr ln tm xp vo loi nhiu ch, s lng du dng ny cng rt t,

ch nm trong loi du hnh vung, hnh trn, v hnh ch nht.

Tm li, vic phn chia cc dng hnh du n l vic lm cn thit, ch cn nhn qua vn bn
c dng hnh du g ta c th bit tng th ngay loi vn bn nh th no, quan trng
hay khng quan trng. Hnh du Bo T ca vua s phi khc hn du Trin ca L trng
c v hnh thc mu sc v gi tr ca du . i vi cng cuc ci cch t chc hnh
chnh cc cp th quy ch v vic phn loi kiu dng hnh du c gi tr thc tin cao hn
nhiu ln so vi quy nh v hnh th v cht liu ca n.
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
7. 24-06-2008, 09:49#17

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PHN TH NHT

N CHUNG VIT NAM T THI L S ( 428- 527) N THI TY SN ( 778-

1802)

CHNG I

N CHNG VIT NAM THI L S - MC ( 428 - 1592)

I. n chng Vit Nam thi L s ( 428 - 1527)

. Bi cnh lch s

Sau khi chin thng qun Minh nm 1428 L Li ln ngi hong ng Kinh[24], ci
nin hiu l Thun Thin, t quc hiu l i Vit, i x cho thin h, ng ng
Kinh. Trc ng cho i hi cc tng v cc quan vn v xt cng phong thng
theo tng th bc khc nhau, ly Tha ch Nguyn Tri lm Quan phc hu, T Trn
Nguyn Hn lm T Tng quc, Khu mt i s Phm Vn Xo lm Thi bo i vi cc
a phng, L Li p dng ch qun qun, chia nc lm nm o, o t v qun, v
t chc Tng qun ng u; mi o cn t thm chc Hnh khin gi s sch ghi
chp c v qun s v dn s. Nhng nm sau vic phong chc t quan vn c tin
hnh ri rc i vi tng ngi v tng cp n v, a phng khc nhau. ng thi vi
vic xy dng chnh quyn trung ng, a phng, t quan, phong chc tc cp bc
thng l vic lm v ban cp n tn. Song vn ny i L Li khng thy chnh s ghi
chp c th.

Vic c n vng, n bc dng vi ngha quc gia trng i thi L s chnh thc c bt
u t triu L Thi Tng. S kin ny c chnh s ghi vo nm Thiu Bnh th 2
(1435) hon thnh vic ch tc su qu n qu.

Thng 3 ngy mng 6 n bu c xong. Sai bn Hu Bt L Vn Linh[25] n Thi miu

lm l tu co. Su n u lm bng vng bc. n Thun thin tha vn chi bo
th ct i khng dng, ch khi no truyn ngi mi dng. n i thin hnh ha chi bo
khi no i nh dp mi dng. n Ch co chi bo th dng khi ban ch
chiu. n Sc mnh chi bo th dng khi c sc d v hiu lnh thng pht, cng
cc vic ln. n Ng tin chi bo th dng ng vo giy t s sch. n Ng tin
tiu bo th dng khi c vic c mt. Nhng chnh s th cn dng n bng ng,
cha dng n n mi c[26]. Nhn t gc lch s cho thy L Thi Tng tin hnh
cng c v xy dng chnh quyn t trung ng n a phng vi nhng c gng tch cc,
c sch s nh gi cao: Vua t cht sng sut trng o, chung Nho, t khoa thi
chn k s, ch l nhc, r chnh hnh; vn vt rc r c, ng khen l vua hin[27].
ng cn cho t chc thi Hng ( cc o) v thi Hi ( Kinh) v dng bia ghi tn cc Tin

Page 44
Lc Hoa Vin

s v.v Vic cho c cc Bo n vng dng vi ngha quc gia trng i cng nm
trong chnh hnh r rng ca Thi Tng khi ng ln ngi mi c hai nm.

Trong 6 bo n vng m chnh s nu th chng tch cn li ngy nay ch tm thy cc n

Sc mnh chi bo in trn sc phong v Ng tin chi bo cn khc in trn bia , nhng n
khc khng cn du tch g. V n Thun thin tha vn chi bo sau ny c nhc ti trong
mt vi cun sch vi mc ch nng cao vai tr v tr ca n qu, gm bu ca mt
vng triu c cng ui xm lc ginh li t nc.

Triu nh L s t L Thi T (1428-1433) bt u xy dng chnh quyn, n i L Thi

Tng (1433-1442), L Nhn Tng (1442-1459) ri L Nghi Dn (1459-1460) tip tc xy
dng v cng c chnh quyn. M phng th ch phong kin L - Trn, tham bc th ch
nh ng - Tng Trung Quc, nh L s t T tng[28], lp tam Snh[29] gm Thng
th snh, Trung th snh v Mn h snh. y l nhng c quan cao nht c quyn hn rt
ln, c t chc v n tn ring. Nh L s cn t c quan Hong mn snh l ni gi Bo
n ca vua v ph gip Mn h snh, ng thi cn t c quan kim st gm lc Khoa v
Ng s i[30] cng Ni mt vin[31], nhng c cu chnh quyn trung ng giai on ny
khng t h thng lc B. L Thi T ch t ra 3 B l b Li, b L v b Dn (tc b
H), tri n i L Nghi Dn (1460) mi lp lc B l: b Li, b H, b L, b Binh, b
Hnh, b Cng v t chc Thng th ng u mi B.

T chc chnh quyn a phng giai on ny cng c coi trng, c nc c chia lm 5

o, 6 trn v 14 l. c cp o, trn l chnh quyn cp l, di l l chu, di chu l
huyn v cp c s di huyn l x. Giai on ny ch hnh chnh dn dn thay th
ch qun qun: Vn bn c c nin i nm i Ha th 7 (1449) i L Nhn Tng c
ghi tn chc quan Tn tr tha Chnh s ty ca chu Ha, l Thun Ha c hnh du kim
c gii thiu mc sau l t liu qu him ni v giai on u L s.

Nm 1460 L Thnh Tng ln ngi bt u cho mt triu i thnh tr ca giai on phong

kin L s. Vi cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh quy m v ng b t trung ng xung a
phng, t lc lng qun i n cc c quan dn s, nh nc trung ng tp quyn
vng triu ny t n mc hon b. V lp php, y l triu i cho ra i b lut Hng
c ni ting c nhiu im tin b nht trong lch s lut php thi phong kin nc ta.

Khng nh cc v Hong khc, L Thnh Tng mnh dn ph phn mt s ch trng

ng li ngay c ca cc tin mnh, li d ca ng c cu rng: n L Thi Tng
cao T tng, trng C mt vin cho gm c lc Khoa, t tam Snh m b c lc
B[32].

Cng cuc ci cch c lin quan n vic ch tc, thay i b sung, hon thin n chng
cho cc cp cc ngnh, c vi Bo n dng vi ngha quc gia trng i. Nm Bnh Tut
nin hiu Quang Thun th 7 (1466) L Thnh Tng sai c tip n vng ln khc su ch
Trin mt du l Hong th mnh chi bo dng vo cc vic trng i.
S kin ny c chnh s ghi li: Ngy 16 em vic khc n Hong th mnh chi
bo tu co Thi miu, ngy hm y ma gi to v n bu c xong sai Thi s inh
Lit tu co Thi Miu[33].

L Thnh Tng sai phong kha Bo n Thun thin tha vn chi bo coi l biu tng
ca cc Bo n, l n truyn quc ca nh L s. Bo n Hong th mnh chi bo c
mang ra dng thay cho Bo n Thun thin tha vn chi bo c ct lu.

L Thnh Tng cho t chc li ton b h thng hnh chnh t trung ng xung a phng
bt u t nhng c quan vn phng bn cnh Hong gm c Hn lm vin[34], ng

Page 45
Lc Hoa Vin

cc[35], Trung th gim[36], Hong mn snh v B th gim[37]. im ni bt l nh vua

bi b chc Tng quc (T tng) thn chinh nm quyn cai tr iu khin triu nh.
Ch tam Snh vn tn ti nhng vai tr quan trng gim dn, ch cn chc nng vn
phng Hong bn cnh Hn lm vin v ta ng cc. Hong mn snh t thi L Thnh
Tng vn l c quan chuyn trch gi Bo n ca nh vua, do Hong mn Th lang ng
u v khng phi kim nhim chc nng ph gip Mn h snh nh trc na.

Di thi L Thnh Tng h thng lc B c ch c bit, nm Quang Thun th 6

(1465) ng cho i lc B lm lc Vin v mt nm sau (nm 1466) ng li i li lc Vin
thnh lc B. ng u mi B l chc Thng th ri n T, Hu Th lang, di c cc
chc Lang trung v Vin Ngoi lang ph trch Thanh li ty, l c quan chuyn trch ca mi
B.

Song song vi vic lp lc B, Thnh Tng cho ch tc v ban cp n tn cho mi B. S c

ghi li vic thng 4 nm Quang Thun th 7 (1466) thit lp h thng lc B t chc
Thng th ng u mi B, di l chc T, Hu Th lang v n thng 10 (nm 1466)
vic ch tc n tn mi xong, L Thnh Tng mi lnh ban cp n tn cho cc B[38]. Bn
sc ch cn in hnh du Li b chi n c nin i nm Hng c th 19 (1488) c gii
thiu mc 2 di y s minh chng cho n du cp B thi L Thnh Tng.

h thng lc B, th b L ngoi cc chc nng nhim v khc th phi chu trch nhim
ch tc cc loi n tn. Mi loi n t ngoi hnh kch c cao thp, to nh, kiu hnh nm n,
ha tit vin ngoi n th thc kiu vit khc ch Trin B L phi thc hin theo ng
quy ch, qun l vic c v s dng n nghim cn theo lut nh, khng vic c v
dng n ty tin. Ngoi ra, b L cn chu trch nhim t chc l phong kha Bo n, l
khai n, l giao v tip nhn n i vi cc n tn quan trng ca c quan ln v n tng
qun trong lc lng qun i.

Nm Quang Thun th 7 (1466) L Thnh Tng thit lp lc T gm i l t, Thi thng

t, Quang lc t, Hng l t, Thng bo t v Thi bc t vi chc nng nhim v l tha
hnh cng vic ca h thng lc B giao cho. Trong Thng bo t l c quan chu trch
nhim ng du Hi th v quyn thi ca cc th sinh d k thi Hi do triu nh m.

i vi h thng kim st ngay t thng 8 nm 1465 L Thnh Tng tin hnh ci cch.
lc Khoa, ng cho i Trung th khoa lm Li khoa, Hi khoa lm H khoa, ng khoa
lm Binh khoa, Ty khoa lm Hnh khoa, Bc khoa lm Cng khoa v Nam khoa lm L
khoa.

Tin hnh ci cch chnh quyn a phng, thng 6 nm 1466 L Thnh Tng chia nc
lm 12 o Tha tuyn l Thanh Ha, Ngh An, Thun Ha, Thin Trng, Nam Sch, Bc
Giang, Quc Oai, An Bang, Tuyn Quang, Hng Ha, Lng Sn v Thi Nguyn. ng thi
nh vua cho i l thnh ph v trn lm chu[39]; song song l vic thay i b nhim
chc quan a phng cng vic ban cp n tn. S ghi: Thng 6 nm 1466 L Thnh Tng
li cho t 12 o Tha tuyn ri cho i l thnh ph, trn lm chu, Chuyn vn s lm
Tri huyn, Tun st lm Huyn tha, X quan lm X trng Ban ra n Tri ph, b khng
cp n An ph na[40].

Nm Hng c nguyn nin (1470) vua Chim Thnh l Tr Ton phn nghch mang qun
cp ph t Ha Chu - Thun Ha. L Thnh Tng h chiu iu ng tng soi, huy
ng 26 vn qun thn i chinh pht Chim Thnh. Trong qu trnh chinh pht, L Thnh
Tng c lnh ban sc phong cho mt s tng soi ch huy cc o qun Nam tin. Trong
c sc phong cho ph chnh Tham tng Phm Nh Tng lm Trung qun thng tm
quyn lnh n tin phong ch huy mi o binh tin nh Chim Thnh. Trn sc phong

Page 46
 Lc Hoa Vin

c ng du Kim Bo Sc mnh chi bo lu dng ghi nin hiu Hng c nm th 2

(1471)[41]. Qun L s tin n th ph Chim Thnh cng ph thnh Bn[42], bt
sng Tr Ton. Vic bnh Chim thnh cng[43], L Thnh Tng h chiu ly vng t mi
Nam Trung b lp ra Tha tuyn Qung Nam t quan tng cai tr, sp nhp vo lnh th
nc ta thnh 13 o Tha tuyn. n thng 4 nm Hng c th 21 (1490) Thnh Tng
i Tha tuyn lm X v t thm mt x trc thuc Kinh s (tc ph Phng Thin) gi l
Trung .

V t chc qun s thi L Thnh Tng, qun i ton quc c t di quyn thng lnh
ca 5 ph l Trung qun ph, ng qun ph, Ty qun ph, Nam qun ph v Bc qun
ph. Tng t lnh qun i l Thi y nhng trc tip ch huy l chc T, Hu c Ng
ph. Mi ph t 6 V, mt V c 5 hoc 6 S, mi S c 400 qun chia lm nhiu Ng. Mi
Ph t chc T, Hu c, c ng tri v c Thim s. Cp V t chc Tng
tri, ng Tng tri v Thim Tng tri. Cp S t chc Qun lnh, Chnh V y v Ph V
y. Mi Ng t mt chc Tng k. Qun ng Kinh s c chia lm nhiu V, mi V li
c khong 5 S hoc Ty, di cp S, Ty l i. Trong c cc V chnh l Cm Y, Kim
Ng, in Tin v Kim Quan lc s m cc v di c bin ch qun ng theo. V d nh
Cm Y v c 4 v Thun tng l Tin v, T v, Hu v v Hu v; mi V ny qun 5 S.
Ngoi ra Cm Y v cn c mt v M Nhn ch huy 5 S na. Mi mt S u c tn ring
nh Hu v c 5 s l Tu Lng, Cm Ch, Thnh Nhc, Cng H v Bo Lm. ng u mi
V di l chc Ch huy s c cc chc ch huy ng tri v Ch huy Thim s lm ph. Mi
mt chc ng u t cp S tr ln u c ban cp n tn s dng. V d nh ch huy s
Bo Lm Hu v c ban n khc l Thun tng hu v bo lm hu s n (V d ny s
c gii thiu mc 2 tip sau).

Thi L s mi o Tha tuyn t mt ty qun l qun v, ng u l Tng binh

s, ph Tng binh ng tri, Tng binh Thim s. Mi ty c mt s V, ng u l chc
Ch huy s v ph l Ch huy s ng tri v Ch huy s Thim s. Mi V li chia lm 5 s
Thin h, mi s Thin h li qun 10 s Nht bch h v.v

Nhng quy nh v vic s dng n tn thi L s khng ch thc hin nhng n qu dng
vi vic trng i, m mi loi n u phi c dng cho mt cp, ngnh hoc n v ring
bit, trn mt s vn bn quy nh. Nh thng 3 nm 1468 L Thnh Tng sc ch cho cc
Nha mn: Nu tu v vic cng th cho ng n bn Nha mn, nu l bn tu ca cc
quan vin qun sc khng c n tn th u do Ty Thng chnh s xt ng du kim vo
ch gip phng[44]
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8. 02-07-2008, 21:59#18

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Lc Hoa Vin

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2. Thc trng v n chng thi L s

a. Hin vt n chng

Hin nay chng ta cn gi c rt t nhng qu n ng mang nin i thi L s. Ngc

dng lch s n cui giai on nh Trn, chng ti tm thy hin vt n chng c lin
quan n nh L sau . Vic gii thiu qu n ng thi Trn Du Tng di y, l mt
xch ni n chng gia hai giai on Trn - L, v cng l im ni lch s ca hai giai
on c t chc hnh chnh quan ch ging nhau, nhng bt u thay i t triu L
Thnh Tng vi cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh quy m v ng b.

Trong s hin vt n chng cn lu gi c ti ngy nay ti cc c quan Bo tng Vit

Nam th qu n ng c tn gi Mn h snh n Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam ti H Ni
c coi l qu n ng c nht c nin i r rng nc ta[45].

n c cht liu bng ng, nm n lm theo hnh mt bia c tam cp. n c chiu cao
8cm, phn rng nht tc l phn n l 7,3cm. Nm cm trn rng 3,7 cm v dy 1,2 cm.
Mt n c hai dng ch Hn khc hai bn thnh n ngay bc th nht. Bn phi l bn
ch Mn h snh n , ch th ba tuy kh m nhng c th xc nh r l ch
snh. Bn tri l dng ch Hn c ch u v ba ch khc b st m rt kh c. Sau khi
nghin cu, chng ti cho rng y l cc ch Long Khnh ng nin ng nguyt nh thp
tam nht to .

Mt du hnh vung c kch thc 7,3x7,3cm, vn khc mt du l bn ch Trin, nt khc

un nhiu ln. l bn ch Mn h snh n (H.20 a, b, c, d).

Nh vy nin i ca n c xc nh r, n c c vo ngy 23 thng 5 nm Long

Khnh th 5 i Trn Du Tng (1377). Dng ch khc trn mt n v hnh du Mn h
snh n cho chng ta bit y l con du ca mt chc quan thi Trn. Nhng Mn h
snh l c quan g, chc nng nhim v ca n nh th no, ai l ch s hu ca qu n,
l nhng iu nan gii khi ti liu thi Trn lin quan n cc vn ny cho n nay
cn qu s si, khin chng ta phi tm t ci ngun ca Mn h snh.

Mn h snh l mt c quan trung ng nm trong b ba Tam Snh l Thng th snh,

Trung th snh v Mn h snh, ba c quan cao nht triu nh phong kin thi c.
Trung Quc ba c quan ring bit c hnh thnh t thi ng Hn. Ban u ly Thng
th thay Tha tng, tip ly Trung th thay th Thng th, cui cng ly Mn h
chia quyn vi Trung th. n thi Ty - ng mi pht trin thnh ch Tam Snh. T
Hi gii ngha Tam Snh theo sch Tn ng th, Bch quan ch 1: Thi Ty - ng,
Tam snh l c quan cao nht, trong ta Trung th ng vai tr quyt sch, ta Mn h
gi vai tr thm ngh, ta Thng th c trch nhim chp hnh; trn thc t, ba v quan

Page 48
Lc Hoa Vin

ng u ba ta ny cng nhau ph trch cng vic ca Trung khu[46].

Vit Nam nh Trn xp t quan chc ch yu da vo php t quan ca nh L, ng

thi c tham bc v m phng theo quan chc ch ca nh ng - Tng Trung Quc. Nh
Trn cc vng cng tn tht u ph ring ni thn d, n k triu kin th mi vo
Kinh. Khi nhm chc th h cng ch nm gi nhng ci chnh cn thc quyn th nm trong
tay quan Hnh khin. Nh Trn thit lp Thng th snh v Mn h snh. Thng th snh
c nhim v gip T tng qun l cc vic c lin quan n quan chc, chc Hnh khin
Thng th ng u. Mn h snh l c quan thn cn ca vua, c nhim v gi Bo n,
chuyn lnh ca vua ti cc quan, nhn li tu ln vua v cc cng vic l nghi trong cung;
chc chng u gn vi chc Hnh khin. Hnh khin l chc rt ln, bao trm cc chc
Lnh Th lang, T Hu ty, Lang trung[47].

Chc quan Mn h snh thi Trn u do nhng i thn ti gii m nhim, nh nm

Khai Thi th 6 (1329) Trn Minh Tng phong V Nghiu T lm Nhp ni Hnh khin Mn
h Hu ty Lang trung. Nm Khai Hu th 11 (1339) Trn Hin Tng ly Trng Hn Siu
lm Mn h Hu ty Lang trung ri sai Trng Hn Siu cng Nguyn Trung Ngn bin son
b Hong triu i in v kho nh b Hnh th ban hnh[48]. Nhng thay i v danh
xng Ty Hnh khin cng khng lm n thay i v chc nng nhim v, nh nm Thiu
Phong th 4 (1344) Trn D Tng i Thnh t Hnh khin ty lm Thng th snh, v
Hnh khin ty vn l Mn h snh nh c.

Cc i thn ti gii tuy lm Snh ri vn c kim nhim chc v khc, nh Hnh

khin Phm S Mnh nm i Tr th 5 (1362) c Trn D Tng phong thm chc Tri khu
mt vin s. Cng c ngi khng v ti cao nhng v c cng i vi nh vua nn cng
c gi chc Hnh khin nh Nguyn Nhin nm Thiu Khnh th 1 (1370) c Trn
Ngh Tng tr n cho lm Hnh khin T Tham tri chnh s. S kin ny v sau b s
thn Ng S Lin ph phn chnh s.

Page 49
Lc Hoa Vin

Tr li qu n ng Mn h snh n, n c c vo nm 1377 v c dng ng trn

nhng vn bn hnh chnh quan trng t i Trn Ph v sau. ng tic v vn ny,
nh trn ni, khng cn mt vn bn Hn Nm thi Trn no cn st li, cho nn vic
tm li tn h nhng i thn c gn b vi qu Mn h snh n ny may chng l vic lm
c ngha.

Nm Thiu Khnh th 3 (1372) Trn Ngh Tng cho T Bnh lm Hnh khin tham mu
qun s, tri qua i Du Tng n thi Trn Ph nm Xng Ph th 2 (1378) T
Bnh vn gi chc Hnh khin nh c. n nm Xng Ph th 4 (1380) T Bnh li
c thm chc Nhp ni Hnh khin T Tham tri chnh s lnh chc Kinh lc s Lng
Giang[49].

Sch i Vit s k tin bin cn ghi r tn h, nm thng nhng i thn gi chc Hnh
khin: Nm Xng Ph 5 (1381) cho o S Tch lm Nhp ni Hnh khin Hu ty Lang
trung. Nm Xng Ph 8 (1384) sai Hnh khin ty l Trn Nghiu D c thc Vn s ca
cc L vn chuyn lng n u huyn Thy V cp cho qun. Nm Xng Ph 12
(1388) cho Nhp ni Hnh khin T ty l Vng Hu Chu v hu tr[50].

Trong s nhng i thn trn th Trn Nghiu D mi c th l ngi qun l v s dng

Mn h snh n, v Mn h snh chnh l Hnh khin ty, cn cc chc Hnh khin khc th
ch lin quan n Mn h snh thi. Qu n ny c ch tc nm 1377 nhng mi n nm
1384 th Trn Nghiu D mi c b nhim ng du Mn h snh, cn trc nm 1384 v
sau Trn Nghiu D l ai th chng ti cng cha tm ra c.

u thi L s, vua L Thi Tng m phng quan chc ch nh Trn t ra tam Snh.
Thng th snh gi s v quan chc, Trung th snh gi vic thng lng, bn bc mi
vic trng i ca quc gia. Mn h snh gi quyn thm tra kim duyt mi vic sau

Page 50
Lc Hoa Vin

mi c ban b thi hnh. Ch tam Snh cn mi trong giai on L s v n Mn h

snh n vn c s dng trong cng v ca c quan Mn h snh.

n i Hng c th 2 (1471) L Thnh Tng bi b chc v T tng[51] quyn

hnh tp trung vo tay Hong . Vi cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh quy m, Thnh Tng
gim dn quyn lc ca tam Snh, tam Snh thun ty ch l chc nng vn phng ca
Hong , ri t chc ca chnh quan cc Snh ny nm di Thng th lc B[52].

Hin vt n chng thi L s c gii thiu tip trong phn mc ny l ba qu n ng

c tm thy ba a im khc nhau, hin c lu gi cc c quan Bo tng khc
nhau, chng u c cht liu ng, c nin i vo cui thi L s v cng l loi n ca
tng lnh qun i.

Qu n th nht c tm thy ngay thn Ho Nam thuc qun ng a H Ni vo nm

1974[53]. Ngoi hnh n lm kiu nm chui v hnh bu dc cao 8,2cm. Mt n lm theo
hnh vung dy 1,3cm. Cng ton chiu cao ca n l 9,5cm. Lng n khc hai dng ch
Hn kiu Chn th, bn phi l 9 ch Thun tng hu v bo lm hu s n
, v ch Thng bo ty to . Bn tri l 8 ch Hng c nh thp t nin nguyt
nht . Mt du hnh vung khc 9 ch Trin khun theo hnh khi vung, l
9 ch Thun tng hu v bo lm hu s n. 9 ch Trin ny trng vi 9 ch Chn khc
trn lng n. y l n ca chc ch huy n v Hu s Bo Lm thuc Hu v Thun tng
thuc Cm y v, lc lng qun i bo v Hong cung Kinh thnh Thng Long lc . S
Bo Lm l 1 trong 5 s Hu v, mt trong 4 v thuc v Thun tng, y l n v qun
l voi chu s ch o ca cc chc Ch huy s v ph t l Ch huy s ng tri cng Ch huy
s Thim s ng u v Thun tng. (H.21).

Qu n ny l minh chng quan trng trong vic nghin cu binh ch quan chc ch thi L
s, n khng nh s th 5 thuc Hu v Thun tng tn l s Bo Lm ch khng phi l
Quy Lm nh c sch bin son[54].

Tr li dng ch Hn khc trn lng n, ngoi 9 ch Thun tng hu v bo lm hu s n

nh nu, bn ch Thng bo ty to c ngha ring bit, n ch c quan ch tc nn
qu n, Ty Thng bo l ni ch to ra qu n ny. Chng ta cn tm thy dng ch khc
tn Ty Thng bo trn nhng qu n ng giai on sau v trn mt s c vt thi L
s v Mc.

Page 51
Lc Hoa Vin

Dng ch bn tri lng n gip ta bit c thi gian to tc qu n, n c lm nm

Hng c th 24 triu vua L Thnh Tng (1493).

Gn y chng ti c ng Nguyn Quc Ton Qung Bnh cung cp t liu v mt qu

n ng c nin i t triu vua L Tng Dc thi L s. Qu n ny c pht hin t
nm 1982 ti nh ng Phi Tn thn Honh Ph, huyn Qung Ninh, tnh Qung Bnh, hin
c lu gi ti Bo tng Qung Bnh 18 nm.

n c cht liu bng ng, hnh th tay cm n hnh con ngh c theo khun hnh
vung. Khng tnh thn ngh, n c chiu dy 2,5cm v nng 3,6kg. Kch thc phn n
l 11x11cm. Mt gc n c du cht do ngi su tm c th n l vng hay ng en.

Mt trn n thn ngh c hai dng ch Hn khc chm.

Dng th nht: Hng Thun lc nin thp nht nguyt thp lc nht to (
).

Dng th hai: Phng mnh tun ph tng qun n ():

Page 52
Lc Hoa Vin

Mt du hnh vung, kch thc 11x11cm, vin ngoi c 1cm. Bn trong l 8 ch Trin
xp theo 3 hng dc, hai ch hng gia di gp ri 6 ch hai hng bn cn i vi b
cc du. l 8 ch Phng mnh tun ph tng qun n.

Dng ch Hn th nht trn thn ngh cho ta bit c nin i ca n, n c c

ngy 16 thng 11 nm Hng Thun th 6 (1514) i vua L Tng Dc thi L s. (H.22).

Vic Chn ha ch Trin trong con du kh d dng, nhng vic gii ngha chc v ca vin
quan tng trong con du ny kh l kh khn. Hin nay chng ta vn cha c c cc t
in, sch ghi v quan chc ch Vit Nam tht y qua cc triu i nht l t thi L s
tr v trc ngoi cun T in chc quan Vit Nam ca Gio s Tin s Vn Ninh. Mt
s sch s ghi v thi L s cng khng thy ni n chc Tun ph tng qun, tuy
nhin chc tng l chc v quan c t thi L v tn ti mi n thi L s[55].
Theo T in chc quan Vit Nam th thng 11 nm Tn T (1161) T Hin Thnh nhn
chc tng, An Di lm ph, v theo Trung Quc quan ch i t in, tng l
chc v quan do nh Kim lp, thuc V v qun ch huy s ty[56]. Vua L Tng Dc
cng phong chc tng cho hai ng Trnh Duy Sn v L Phong. Theo t chc qun
ng ngoi cc o (x) thi L s th mi x t mt ty trng coi ton th qun v
trong x , c quan Tng binh s ng u v cc quan gip vic l Tng binh ng
tri, Tng binh Thim s, phi chng chc Tng binh s ca ty ny c lin quan n
chc tng (?).

Hai ch Tun ph y cng nn hiu l mt chc v, n khc hn chc Tun ph (Tnh

trng) c t ra thi Minh Mnh th 12 (1531) khi Minh Mnh cho i cc trn lm
tnh v t cc chc Tng c hoc Tun ph ng u Lin tnh hoc mt tnh. Chc Tun
ph qu n ny i lin vi ch Phng mnh nn c th hiu y l mt chc khng c
nh v rt t c s dng, dnh cho cc quan tng khm sai, khm phi, mt chc tm
thi i thi hnh cng v.

Page 53
Lc Hoa Vin

Qu n th ba c tm thy x Thin Thut huyn Bnh Gia, tnh Lng Sn v hin nay
c lu gi ti Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam H Ni. Hnh thc n vi nm cm c hnh
con ngh c lm ton thn kh p. Thn ngh cao 6,10cm, di 9,1cm. n dy 2,5cm
v c theo khun hnh vung. Mt trn cnh con ngh khc hai hng ch Hn thng
tng qun chi n v Hng Thun lc nin thp nht nguyt thp lc nht to, ngha l n
ca thng tng qun, c ngy 16 thng 11 nm Hng Thun th 5, i vua L Tng
Dc (1515)[57]. Mt con du hnh vung c 11x11cm, vin ngoi c 1cm, bn trong khc
su ch trin nt khc ni l 6 ch thng tng qun chi n . Ni dung Trin
vn trng vi dng ch Hn khc trn lng n. y l n du ca chc thng tng
qun (H.23 a,b,c,d).

Tuy nhin tham kho nhiu ti liu sch v giai on ny chng ti cng khng tm thy
chc thng tng qun, ch thy ghi rng theo t chc qun i thi L Thnh Tng th
lc lng qun i tr phng cc ty ngoi cc o thuc vo cc V, cc S Thin h,
Nht bch h u c th l qun chin u khi c chin tranh, v lc nhng v quan v
c phong hm Tam thi, Tam c, Thi y hoc T hu c Ng ph s c la chn
gi chc v Tng qun hoc i tng qun ch huy qun i chin u. Nh Nm

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 Lc Hoa Vin

Hng c nguyn nin (1470) khi vua thn chinh i nh Chim Thnh ra lnh cho Thi
s inh Lit v Thi bo L Nim lm Chinh l tng qun thng lnh qun thy trong cc
v thuc ba ph ng, Nam v Bc[58]. n khi chin tranh chm dt th cc v Tng
qun hay i tng qun cng chm dt lun nhim v iu khin qun i theo h thng
chin thut tr li chc v hnh chnh[59].

i khi mt s v quan gi chc v tm thi nhng ni xung yu nh ca tn, quan,

thnh, cng, tri, nhng chc ln u gi chung l Tng binh hay Trn th, c ngi cn
c phong thm danh hiu Tng qun. Nh vy, Tng qun ch l danh t chung dnh
cho cc tng lnh cao cp trong chin u hay trong cng v quan trng, c bit.
thng tng qun v Tun ph tng qun c l cng l danh hiu phong tm cho vin
tng ln c tnh cht nh khm sai, khm phi ca lnh vc hnh chnh ch khng phi l
chc v, cp bc ng ngch ca binh chc ch qun i thi L s.
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
9. 04-07-2008, 10:43#19

phithiengia

King of PervertsThi Ph Kim Tri Ng S i S V

Tham gia ngy

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b. Du n trn vn bn Hn Nm

Chuyn cng tc vo Hu gn y chng ti c tip xc mt vn bn c t u thi L s.

Vn bn ny c ng Nguyn Th gii thiu trong Hi ngh v Di sn vn ha Hn Nm
ti Hu nm 2003 v c xut bn. y c coi l vn bn Hn Nm xa nht c
tm thy Tha Thin Hu. Tc gi trnh by chi tit v c im v ni dung vn bn,
trong c c phn phin m dch ngha; ng thi c nhng nhn xt v hon cnh ni
pht hin vn bn v nhng gi tr v mt nghin cu lch s, nhn xt c tnh thuyt phc.

Vn bn c vit trn giy d, kh rng 42x26,5cm. Mt sau c dn bi thm mt lp

giy khc c kh rng v dy hn bn gc. Phn np gp gia bn gc b rch nn mt
mt s ch v nt ch, ch ngi i sau vit li trn giy bi. Phn di vn bn ch b

Page 55
Lc Hoa Vin

vt hi kh c.

Phn chnh vn c 20 dng, 3 ch Hu cp ph u dng th 20 c vit rt ln,

nt bt i t. Bn dng u phn chnh vn c 4 ch Khm cp Ma N c kiu
ch, nt bt khc th ch trn vn bn. Cch ngang dng cui 5cm l dng ghi nin i c
8 ch Thi Ha cu nin thp nh nguyt s bt nht. khong trng ny c hnh mt du
nh, du bu c lm cnh. Pha trn du c 2 ch Hn vit theo li Tho th cch nhau
5cm. Ton vn bn c vit bng ch Hn li Chn th d c, hi ging kiu cc vn bn
do cc th li thi Hu L vit. Mt s a danh v tn ngi c vit bng ch Nm. (H.
24).

Xin tm lc phn dch v nhn xt ca tc gi Nguyn Th:

L Thun Ha, chu Ha Tn tr Tha chnh s ty khm cp rung hoang lu bi ni.

Ngy 5 thng Chp nm i Ha th 7 (1449) cn c vo t trnh ca x trng x a

Cm, huyn Tr K, chu Ha l Thun Ha l L Cnh cng mt s ngi khc xin c
khn hoang canh tc x ng Ma N khong hn trm mu v nhn np thu. Huyn
quan huyn Tr K chp thun v ph duyt.

n ngy 10 thng 8 nm i Ha th 9 (1451), L Cnh cng mt s ngi khc li c t

trnh, quan Tha ty v huyn quan ch thn n x Ma N xem xt o c ri ph chun
lm vn bn s rung t ny. Cp cho nhm L Cnh c quyn canh tc v c ng
k vo s in b ca x, c quyn li cho con chu canh tc, np thu nh l nh.
Km k khai din tch s rung theo phn nh mc gii ng ty nam bc.

Ngy tho vn bn ny l ngy 8 thng 12 nm i Ha th 9 (1451), ngi chng nhn

tn l Trn Thng chc i ng li.

Vn bn c pht hin cng mt s vn t, kh c khc (c nin i t trn 2-3 trm

nm) ti nh th h L Vn, lng M Xuyn, x Phong Ha, huyn Phong in, tnh Tha

Page 56
Lc Hoa Vin

Thin Hu.

y l vn bn Hn Nm xa nht c tm thy Tha Thin - Hu, nin i ca vn bn

c lm ngy 8 thng 12 nm i Ha th 9 (1451) cch nay 552 nm. im c bit vn
bn l nin hiu vua L Nhn Tng c ghi l i Ha ch khng phi l Thi Ha nh cc
bin nin v s liu ghi.

L Thun Ha c t t u thi L s n nm 1466 mi i lm Tha Tuyn Thun

Ha. Huyn Tr K l mt trong 7 huyn c t u tin chu Thun Ha, thi thuc
Minh nm Vnh Lc th 2 (1404) thy ghi[60].

X a Cm c tn t thi Trn, thi L Trung hng i lm Dng Xuyn ri Dng Cm. n

thi Nguyn Gia Long i lm M Xuyn, tn Nm l Lng Hi. Ma N: a danh chnh m
nhng ngi x a Cm do L Cnh ng u n khn hoang, n nay a danh ny vn
khng thay i gi l lng Ma N, tn Nm gi l K N. S rung khai hoang trn tr thnh
rung K ti ca lng M Xuyn, t xa n nay dn lng M Xuyn vn n canh tc.

Khi s vic khn hoang Ma N l t ng L C (ng x Gnh) cha ca x trng L Cnh.

24 ngi ng tn n cng L Cnh thuc 8 dng h: L, Bi, on, V, Nguyn, H,
Phng , Trn, Phan[61].

Tr li vn vn bn th y l mt bn chng nhn ca mt ngi tn l Trn Thng gi

chc i ng li thuc Tn tr Tha chnh s ty ca chu Ha, l Thun Ha cp cho x
trng L Cnh (cng mt s ngi tham gia) c quyn canh tc trn hai trm mu
rung x ng Ma N, c php ng k vo s in b x v c quyn li cho con
chu cy cy np thu. Vn bn ny l giy cp lm bng. ng Trn Thng vit tn ng
du. V hnh du qu m nn chng ti khng c c, ch on ch di c th l ch
k (?) V tr ng du li khng ng dng ghi nin hiu m ng khong trng
ngay di ch nht. Du c c nh, lm cnh ging cc du kim cc thi k sau. Cng
vi tn chc c ch li cui, chng ti cho rng y l chc nh ph thuc nha mn
khng phi l chnh quan. C th khng nh y l du Kim ca chc i ng ph trch
b phn xem xt chng thc v vn rung t - mt trong cc nha mn ca Tha chnh
s ty ca chu Ha, l Thun Ha u thi L s. Ch Khm cp Ma N vit u vn bn
vi ch n vit c b chm thy , cn ch n chnh vn khng c b thy. Bn ch
ny c vit thm vo sau cng vi thi gian li ph duyt (vit tho) v ng du, ch
khng phi vit cng loi ch ca phn chnh vn (ch ca th li).

Ba ch Hu cp ph (cp giao cho) dng cui l ch i t nt m chng t kiu dng

ch nhn mnh mang tnh php l mnh lnh theo quy nh i vi nhng vn bn chng
nhn lm bng v vn rung t thi L s.

Vn bn c th 2 l mt bn sc phong c nin i Hng c (1471) l chng tch ca s

kin lch s vua L Thnh Tng chinh pht Chim Thnh nm 1470 - 1471. Bn sc phong
ny l ca L Thnh Tng phong cho ph chnh Tham tng Phm Nh Tng tm quyn
lnh n Tin phong ch huy 10 o tinh binh tin nh Chim Thnh. Con chu nhiu i
Phm Nh Tng coi bn sc phong ny l ca gia bo truyn i gi gn cn trng. n
trc nm 1963 n c lu gi Qu Sn, Qung Nam v c cc nh kho c Nam
B chp nh nguyn bn lu ti Vin Kho c Si Gn. Nm 1963 Gio s L Kim Ngn
cng b vn bn ny trong T chc chnh quyn trung ng di triu L Thnh Tng c c
nh chp sc phong cng phn phin m v dch ngha. V thi gian v qua chp, in li nn
bn sc phong ch Hn b m; hnh du Kim Bo khng c r. Tuy nhin xem k vn bn
ny qua mt s tiu ch xc nh vn bn nh kiu ch, b cc ch v b cc vn bn, hnh
du vung ln dng nin i; chng ti thy vic khng nh y l bn sc phong thi

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Lc Hoa Vin

Hng c l c c s. Nhng dng nin i phn phin m ghi l Hng c nh nin tam
nguyt thp bt nht l ng cn phn dch li ghi l thng 8 l nhm. Cn dng cui c
phn phin m v dch ngha ghi tn hnh con du l Ch mng chi bo l c sai ch ch.
Thc ra n l du Sc mnh chi bo . Kim bo Sc mnh chi bo c lm t nm
1435 i L Thi Tng v chuyn dng ng trn sc d v hiu lnh thng pht. Ch
Sc vit theo kiu Trin th trng rt ging ch ch , do c nhm l chuyn bnh
thng. Di y chng ti xin c ng nguyn vn cng b trang c hnh du ca Gio
s L Kim Ngn cng tham kho[62]. (H. 25)

Hin nay ti Cc Lu tr Nh nc ti H Ni cn gi c mt bn sc ch i L Thnh

Tng. Vn bn ny c ng V Vn Sch phin m, dch ngha, gii thiu trn Tp ch
Vn th lu tr nm 1988[63]. Tuy nhin tc gi cha i su m t k vn bn v phn tch
cc hnh con du trn vn bn. y chng ti mun ni r hn v vn ny.

Vn bn ny c kch thc 60x61cm, cht liu giy d c, vt gp i ngang c b rch

mp ngoi nhng khng b mt ch no. Xung quanh v khung ng vin ha tit hnh
sng nc. Ch Hn vit Chn, kiu ch hnh chnh cng vn ca th li c nt ngang,

Page 58
Lc Hoa Vin

mc, s ko di. Phn chnh vn c 11 dng ch Hn (k c dng ch vit nh), vi dng

u ghi 6 ch Li b vi th quan s. Dng nin i c 12 ch
Hng c thp cu nin thp nht nguyt nh thp nht nht. Di ch nht c 6 ch
li Nguyn Duy Ba tha. u dng nin i c mt du hnh vung, bn trong l 4 ch
Trin Li b chi n (n ca b Li). Du c mu son , v tr du c ng mp
trn ln na ch Hng ().

Gia sc ch song song vi hnh con du trn l na hnh du c ng quay nghing, nn

trng thnh hnh tam gic. Xem xt na ch Trin cn li vi na ch b v na ch
chi cng ch n cn trn vn trong . Chng ti khng nh na hnh du trn l
mt na ca du Li b chi n c ng ra t mt qu n ca b Li. Hnh thc ca na
hnh du ny chng ti t gp cc vn bn Hn Nm c hnh du cc triu i sau. N
ging nh kiu ng du hin nay, c quan ch c mt con du ng c ch gip trang, ch
sa cha v ng ghp vo t vn bn khc lu chiu dng i chiu lm tin sau ny.

Trn bn tri gc vn bn cnh dng ghi nin i c mt du ch B , kiu ch rt ln.

Trng bnh thng nh mt i t, nhng thc ra n cng l hnh mt con du ng trn
vn bn. Di du ch B cn c hai hnh du hoa gip khc, nhng du ny chng ti tm
gi l nhng du ph, vi chc nng nh du loi hnh vn bn cp b, phn bit vi cc
loi hnh vn bn khc trong cng tc hnh chnh. Du ch B v hai du hoa gip trn c
mu mc en.

Ni dung vn bn:

B Li cp bng chng cho vic th quan.

Ngy 15 thng 11 nm Hng c th 19 (1488) bn thn l Nguyn n chc Hu Gim

tha ty l gim vng sc mnh, theo lut b Li phng chn Phm Nam tm chc Phng
ng Thim s Phng ng s ty[64], lo vic coi gi qun dn ti chu Tm, ph Thanh
. Khm th.

Phng giao sc ch n b Li ngy 22 thng 11 cng nm. Quan bn b ti ca in

Knh Thin tu y vic ny ln vua, in vo ch th quan ny ch s 6548, ban cp
bng Khm hp v giao cho bn quan lm bng c thi hnh.

(ghi tiu s Phm Nam v xut x vic ny).

Trn y cp bng v giao tm chc Phng ng Thim s, Phm Nam chun theo thi hnh.

Ngy 21 thng 11 nm Hng c th 19 (1488).

li Nguyn Duy Ba vng lnh tho.

Page 59
 Lc Hoa Vin

Qua ni dung vn bn ta bit c y l mt bn sc phong thuc quyn ca b Li xt

cp phong tm chc Phng ng Thim s cho Phm Nam. Vn bn ghi r l bng Khm
hp, t cho ta hiu r v na hnh du in trn vn bn. Thi bng Khm hp l loi
vn bn hnh chnh bng, sc m c quan tho vn bn phi ghi vo hai vn bn, mt gi
i mt lu chiu. Hai vn bn ny c xp lin v ng mt du chung, mi vn bn lu
mt na hnh du. Khi kim tra i chiu ghp hai vn bn khp chung mt hnh du th
mi c coi l ng. Vn ny cho ta suy ngh c th thi L s cha s dng du Kim
i lin cp vi n ln c quan nh thi Nguyn sau ny.

y l mt trong nhng vn bn c nht c hnh du n cn gi nguyn vn n nay nc

ta. Di gc nghin cu n chng v mt s tiu ch khc trong xc nh vn bn,
chng ti khng nh vn bn ny hon ton l vn bn gc vi hnh du n tht, khc hn
vi mt s sc phong gi c hnh con du c v hoc in vo sau ny[65]. (H. 26).
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
10. 04-07-2008, 10:51#20

Page 60
Lc Hoa Vin

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King of PervertsThi Ph Kim Tri Ng S i S V

Tham gia ngy

28-09-2006
Bi gi
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II. n chng Vit Nam thi Mc ( 527 - 1592)

. Bi cnh lch s

Triu Mc chnh thc c thit lp nm 1527 do Mc ng Dung ph lt c nh L s

ri bt u cho thi k ni chin ko di. Tuy tn ti n 150 nm, nhng thc cht triu
Mc ch ng c Thng Long hn 60 nm, thi gian cn li chim c Cao Bng cho
n khi b tiu dit. Triu L Trung hng coi nh Mc l Ngy triu nn khng c
mt b s no chnh thc c thc hin ring v nh Mc. ng thi my th k qua vi
bao cuc chin cng thin tai chn vi ht cc hin vt n trin v th tch ti liu v
nh Mc; do vit v n chng triu Mc chng ti ch cn c vo rt t hin vt v vn
bn c in hnh du giai on ny.

Tip thu tinh thn ca cc triu i phong kin Trung Quc v Vit Nam quc gia l phi c
Bo T, nn ngay t khi mi ln ngi Mc ng Dung cho tm v ly ngay 6 n Kim Bo
t thi L Thnh Tng l Thun thin tha vn chi bo, i thin hnh ha chi bo, Ch co
chi bo, Sc mnh chi bo, Ng tin chi bo v Ng tin tiu bo. Vic ny khng thy mt
sch s no ghi li. Nhng vn i s quc gia c ban b ra quc dn thin h nh
chiu, ch, co, sc v.v th nh Mc vn dng theo cch ca nh L s, cc vn bn ny
u c ng du Kim Bo. Vic Mc ng Dung ln ngi nm 1527 Thng Long phi
chng c t chiu nhng ngi c ng du Kim Bo Thun thin tha vn chi bo
ra mt thin h (?) Tip theo l Mc ng Doanh v nhng ngi k nghip vn dng cc
loi vn bn c ng du Kim Bo Sc mnh chi bo c ban b n cc a phng.
Chnh s lu truyn rng ri trong dn gian cc loi hnh sc phong gi li c cho
chng ta n ngy nay chng tch v du Kim Bo ny thi Mc. Ti hai im di tch hai
tnh khc nhau thuc ng bng Bc B hin cn lu gi c cc sc phong c nin i
nm Minh c nguyn nin (1527) i Mc ng Dung, Qung Ha nm u (1540) i
Mc ng Doanh v nm Sng Khang th 9 (1574) i Mc Mu Hp. l nhng minh

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Lc Hoa Vin

chng cho vic Mc ng Dung ly c mt s Kim Bo ngay t khi ln ngi s

dng.

Chnh quyn nh Mc v c bn vn duy tr t chc hnh chnh ging thi L s. H thng

lc B l c quan hnh chnh quan trng nht trong chnh quyn trung ng vi cc chc
Thng th, T, Hu Th lang ng u mi B. H thng Gim st vi Ng s i v c
quan Gim st c cc chc Ng s, Ph ng s, Thim ng s, Gim st Ng s
cc o v Cp s trung lc Khoa kt hp cng lc B. Hn lm vin v ta ng cc l
nhng c quan thit yu gn cnh Hong thng l do cc chc Thng th, T Hu Th
lang kim nhim. Hn lm vin l cc chc Chng Hn lm vin, Th c, Th th, i
ch, Kim tho. ng cc ngi ng u l i hc s tip n Hc s ri Hiu th. Nh
Mc cng lp Tn nhn ph v Quc t gim vi c cu t chc v hot ng ging nh L
s. S hot ng ca cc c quan trung ng thi Mc gn lin vi n tn cng cc vn bn
phi ng du. Ta ng cc tip nhn chng s, nhn co sc ng du, truyn lu hoc
tu ln vua. Nhng vn th quan trng phi ng Kim Bo th phi c mt Hi ng gm i
din b L, Gim st Ng s, ng cc v Th v cng thc thi ng du.

Mi c quan trung ng u c ban cp n tn ring s dng. Su B phi c su n

khc nhau ca ring B mnh do Thng th qun. Cc chc Ng s v ng u Khoa, o
h thng Gim st u c n tn ring ca c quan mnh, cc cp di c dng tn k
ring trong c vic cng v vic t.

T chc chnh quyn a phng thi Mc v c bn vn duy tr ging thi L s. Ngay nm

ln ngi Mc ng Dung chia nc thnh 13 o Tha tuyn l cc o Kinh Bc, Sn
Nam, Sn Ty, Hi Dng, Lng Sn, Ninh Sc, Tuyn Quang, Hng Ha, An Bang, Thanh
Hoa, Ngh An, Thun Ha v Qung Nam. Mi o gm ba b phn gi l tam Ty: Tha
tuyn s ty (Tha ty), Hin st s ty (Hin ty), ch huy s ty ( ty). Trong Tha ty
vi chc Tha chnh s ng u l quan trng hn c, c hai chc ph l Tham chnh v
Tham ngh ph gip. ty c chc ch huy s v ng tri, Thim s. y l lc lng
qun s a phng ca mi o c bin ch v t chc cht ch.

Thi Mc cp ph l n v hnh chnh di o qun cc huyn, chu. Tri ph l chc ng

u mt ph v c ng Tri ph lm ph ph gip. Di ph l huyn c cc chc Tri huyn
cng Huyn tha cai qun. Chu cng nh huyn c chc Tri chu v ng Tri chu lm
ph. Di huyn, chu l cp phng x m chu cn c thm cp c s ng, sch.
mi o, cc ty u c pht cng n dng, cc chc ph cng c cc n nh tn k
ring. Cc ph, chu, huyn, mi cp c ban n c quan s dng.

Phi ni rng thi Mc l giai on chin tranh khc lit gia hai tp on phong kin Mc -
L Trung hng m s c gi l chin tranh Nam - Bc triu. Nh Mc thng tr vng Bc B
gi l Bc triu, nh L - Trnh chim c t Thanh Hoa tr vo gi l Nam triu. Chnh v vy
lc lng qun i nh Mc thi k ny c ch trng c bit. Qun i c chia theo
nm khu vc a phng gi l Ng ph hay Ng qun: ng qun, Ty qun, Nam qun,
Bc qun v Trung qun. Ly kinh Thng Long lm trung tm, nh Mc t Trung qun,
cn bn trn quanh kinh l Hi Dng, Sn Ty, Sn Nam v Kinh Bc t bn qun cn
li ly tn theo phng v. Ngi ng u Ng ph (Ng quan) cng tc l tng ch huy
qun i nh Mc u do cc tc vng ti gii h Mc nh Khim vng Mc Knh in
m nhim v.v ng u mi Qun l mt vin T c, u giao cho cc i tng
tm phc xut chng m nhn nh L B Li T c Nam qun, Mc Ngc Lin T
c Ty qun v.v

Triu Mc di cp Qun l cp V, S; Trung qun kinh c coi trng hn, t bn

V ln l Hng Quc, Chiu V, Cm Y v Kim Ng. Di cp V li c nhiu n v Ty hp

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 Lc Hoa Vin

thnh, nh v Cm Y c ti 18 Ty vi tn gi khc nhau nh ty Phc Ba v.v Bn qun

thuc bn trn nm trong Ng ph cng c lp cc n v V, S, Ty chia cc quan tng
coi gi. S c ghi: ng Dung sai bn nh php binh, t bn v: Hng Quc, Chiu V,
Cm Y, Kim Ng; cc V, S ni ngoi trong Ng ph[66].

cc o ngoi Ng ph nh Mc lp ty, lc lng qun s a phng ny cng gn b

cht ch vi t chc qun s chung ca chnh quyn Mc. Mi ty qun mt s V nh
ty Tuyn Quang nm 1537 c ba V l Tuyn Quang, nh Ty v Thanh Ty[67]

iu khc bit trong qun i triu Mc l cp ty mi o ch ngang cp V thuc Ng

ph. Chc ng u ty cng ging chc ng u cp V Ng qun l ch huy s.
Nh vy c hai loi n v cp V, cp V ln thuc lc lng qun i Ng qun (Ng ph)
v cp V nh thuc lc lng qun s a phng thuc ty cc o khc. N tng
ng cp ty Ng qun c mt vin Ch huy s ng u, cn cc V thuc ty th li
t chc Tng tri v ng Tng tri ng u. Mi ty, di cp V l cp S, thng mt
V c ba S t cc chc Thng lnh, V y v Ph V y cai qun. Mi cp V hay S u
t tn ring cng ging cc V ln v Ty Ng ph.

Hin nay ti Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam ti H Ni cn lu gi c 3 qu n ng thi

Mc, l nhng hin vt qu gi trong vic nghin cu triu i ny. Qu n c vn khc
l Khung tr v lng xuyn tin s chi n c nin i nm 1564 minh chng cho mt s
sch s tn mn v t chc qun i ca nh Mc, ng thi cng khng nh rng hu ht
cc n v S u nm di s qun l ch huy ca cp V.

Hai qu n ng cn li c tn gi l Honh hi hu s chi n c nin i nm 1534 v

Thanh ti t s chi n c nin i nm 1549 li chng minh cho tnh c lp ca n v cp
S. y l n tn ca mt vin Thng lnh, V y ca n v cp S no nm ngoi Ng ph
(?) Hay phi chng cc vng trng yu min duyn hi, bin ti nh Mc phi t cc n v
c nhim. V nh trn Cao Bng, o Ninh Sc thi h Mc t cc vin Tng binh
s, Tng binh ng tri v Tng binh Thim s trn gi[68].

Cc chc ch huy s kinh v thuc Ng ph u c gia chc phm kh cao nh

i tng qun, Thng tng qun v.v Nhng ty cc min bin vin, gip ranh
chin lc trng yu cng c giao cho cc tng gii c chc tc cao m nhn. Nh
chc Tng binh s ty o Ninh Sc do Nguyn Vn Trch, chc c tin ph quc
Thng tng qun, tc Thun Lng hu m nhn. Mt s ty pha bc c cc v
quan ch huy u c phong tc b, tc thuc v cc v quan hng tam phm
v.v[69]
1. 2. Thc trng v n chng thi Mc

Vic tm thy mt s n ng him hoi thi Mc phi k n cng lao ca cc nh Kho c

hc v cc cn b Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam. Ba qu n thi Mc hin c lu gi ti
Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam ti H Ni, c nh s k hiu ring bit v bo qun cn
thn.

Ba qu n ny u c cht liu ng, ngoi hnh tng i ging nhau vi nm n lm kiu

chui v v khun mt n c c theo hnh vung.

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Lc Hoa Vin

n th nht mang k hiu LSb 2529, ngoi hnh cn chui v dt, cao 9cm dy 0,8cm. Trn
n pha bn tri khc 6 ch i chnh ng nin nguyt nht . Bn phi khc 2
dng ch lin nhau, dng ngoi m ch u, cn 5 ch: Hi hu s chi n . Dng
bn khc 4 ch Thng bo ty to du hnh vung kch thc 7,5x7,5cm, ch Trin
xp theo chiu dc 3 hng 6 ch. Nh vy nin i ca n c ghi r l nm i Chnh
th 5 (1534) i Mc ng Doanh. c ch Trin trn hnh du chng ti khng nh ch
u l ch honh , vn khc trn du l 6 ch Honh hi hu s chi n .
Nhng ch khc trn nm n cng gip cho vic c ch Trin c chnh xc v vic c
ch Trin cng gip cho vic tm ra ch b m v i chiu ch c chun xc. Tm dch l
n ca vin tng Hu s Honh Hi. (H. 27 a,b,c).

Theo sch Thin Nam d h tp phn Quan ch[70] chp v quan ch thi L c ghi Hu s
Honh Hi l mt s ca v Nghim Dng nm trong ph Ty Qun thuc bin ch qun i
Ng qun thi L. Hu s Honh Hi qu n ny li thuc qun i thi Mc. C th nh
Mc t chc v, s Ng qun ging nh nh L, song Hu s Honh Hi nu xp vo bin

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Lc Hoa Vin

ch ph Ty qun th li khng ph hp vi tn gi ca ca n.

Hu s Honh Hi cng c th nm trong bin ch ca ng qun thuc o Hi Dng

qun mt s huyn duyn hi nh Vnh Li, An Lo, Nghi Dng v ng Triu u thuc
ph Kinh Mn. Chc ch huy Hu s Honh hi c th l mt vin Thng lnh, V y cng
Ph V y no m nhim? Vic gii thiu qu n ny cng nh n th 2 di y xin
c coi nh mt ti liu tham kho[71].

Qu n th hai c k hiu LSb 2531, ngoi hnh cn chui v dt, cao 9cm v dy 0,7cm.
Nm n bn tri khc 6 ch Hn Cnh Lch nh nin nguyt nht . Bn phi dng
ngoi khc 6 ch Thanh ti t s chi n, dng bn cng khc 4 ch Thng bo ty to. Du
hnh vung c kch thc 7,7x7,7cm, ch Trin xp theo chiu dc 3 hng 6 ch. Sau khi
chn ha ch Trin v i chiu, chng ti khng nh y l 6 ch Thanh ti t s chi n
. (H. 28 a, h, c , d).

Cng theo sch Thin Nam d h tp[72] phn chp v quan ch c ghi T s Thanh Ti l
mt trong nm s ca V Tuyn Quang thuc ty Tuyn Quang l lc lng qun s a
phng thi L. T s Thanh Ti qu n ny thuc qun i thi Mc. i chiu vi sch
ghi v t chc qun i chnh quyn thi Mc, chng ti thy c ghi ty Tuyn Quang
nm trong h thng qun s a phng v v Tuyn Quang l mt trong cc v thuc
ty Tuyn Quang, nh Mc lp cc v s trc thuc cc ty cng ging nh thi L. Nh
vy T s Thanh Ti c th l mt trong cc s ca v Tuyn Quang do mt vin V y cng
Ph V y no ch huy.

Page 65
Lc Hoa Vin

Cng vi s liu thi Mc, hai qu n trn l nhng t liu cho ta thy lc lng qun i
nh Mc c hai loi n v cp S. Loi cp S nm trong bin ch cp V thuc lc lng
qun i Ng qun (Ng ph); loi cp S thuc lc lng qun s a phng c cp V
ty, chc nng v quyn hn ca cp s thuc Ng qun ln hn cp S ty. Vic
gii thiu qu n ng di y s gip thm c liu trong nghin cu vn ny.

n th ba c k hiu LSb 2530 cn chui v trn cao 9cm v dy 0,6cm. Nm n pha bn

tri khc dng ch nin i 6 ch Hn Thun Phc tam nin nguyt nht . Bn
phi khc 9 ch Hn, ch rt m, ring ch th 7 m ht nt: Khung tr v lng xuyn tin
s chi n. Dng bn cnh khc 4 ch Thng bo ty to. Du hnh vung c 8x8cm, ch
Trin xp theo chiu dc 3 hng 9 ch. Nhng ch nm n tuy b m nhng cng gip cho
vic Chn ha ch Trin c chnh xc v vic Chn ha cng gip ta khng nh nhng
ch b m v tm ra ch b m ht nt l ch s. Nh vy 9 ch nm n trng vi 9 ch
Trin trong hnh du l Khung tr v lng xuyn tin s chi n . Qu n
ny c c nm Thun Phc th 3 (1564) i Mc Mu Hp, do ty Thng bo to c; l
n ca vin tng Tin s Lng Xuyn thuc v Khung Tr. (H.29 a,b,c,d).

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Lc Hoa Vin

y l n v cp S nm trong v Khung Tr. Nhng n v S trong qun i thi Mc c

khng t, khng bit n nm trong lc lng qun i Mc Ng ph hay thuc ty ca
mt o no (?) Lng Xuyn l tn mt S v Khung Tr l tn mt V c th khng phi
ly tn theo a phng, tng t nh cch t tn v Chiu V, Cm Y v.v vy. iu ny
khc bit vi hai qu n cp S m chng ti trnh by trn. Tuy nhin vic phn tch
tn gi ca n v cp S, V ca ba qu n trn chng ti tm dng li y v khng coi
l kin khng nh; mong rng y l nhng t liu hin vt cung cp thm cho cng
tc nghin cu gii thiu v lch s triu Mc.
Vic trn mt nm ca c ba qu n u ghi Thng bo ty to chng minh rng nh
Mc lp ty Thng bo to c vt dng kim loi, ch yu ch tc t nguyn liu
ng. Hu ht cc n tn thi Mc u c sn xut t ty Thng bo. Nh Mc lp ty
Thng bo theo c cu t chc ca nh L s m phng theo t chc ca nh Minh Trung
Quc. Khi bt u vic t quan cc cp chnh quyn trung ng hoc a phng v
phong chc tng t cho cc n v qun i, nh Mc giao n tn cho cc quan tng
mi cp, mi n v mt b n ng dng theo lut nh. Nhng n ng ny c lm
ty Thng bo theo mu m nht nh. So snh vi nhng n ng ca cc triu i trc
v sau nh Mc, chng ti thy cch to tc nm n, khun du, vin ngoi v vn khc nt

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Lc Hoa Vin

ch nh Mc lm kh n gin, s si, khng u v khng p.

Chng tch v hnh du trn vn bn Hn Nm thi Mc hin nay ng tic l khng cn,
ngoi tr trng hp loi hnh sc phong thn cn lu hnh du Kim Bo c nin i thi
Mc hai im di tch thuc ng bng Bc B. Ti n Quang Lng[73], x Thy Hi, Kin
Thy, Thi Bnh cn gi c nhiu o sc phong trong c cc sc ghi nin i nm
Minh c nguyn nin (1527) i Mc ng Dung, Qung Ha s nin (1540) i Mc ng
Doanh v Cnh Lch s nin (1548) i Mc Phc Nguyn. Trn dng ghi nin hiu ca cc
t sc trn c hnh du son vi 4 ch Trin Sc mnh chi bo .

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Lc Hoa Vin

o sc i Cnh Lch hu nh rch ht phn chnh v ch cn li dng nin i Cnh Lch

s nin t nguyt nh thp bt nht () (Ngy 18 thng 4 nm Cnh Lch
s nin [1548]). o sc i Minh c cng b rch gn ht ch cn dng nin hiu ghi Minh
c nguyn nin thp nh nguyt s ng nht () (Ngy 5 thng 12 nm
Minh c nguyn nin [1527]). o sc Qung Ha cn gi c lnh ln hn vi dng nin
i ghi l Qung Ha s nin lc nguyt s thp nht () (Ngy 10 thng 6
nm Qung Ha s nin [1540]). Ch Hn cc o sc ny vit li Chn r rng, nt ch,
khong cch ch b cc khc vi ch trn sc phong thi L Trung hng sau ny. (H. 30,
31, 32).

V hnh du trn cc sc phong ny c kch thc, b cc ch v kiu ch Trin ging nhau,

l bn ch Sc mnh chi bo . Ring nt ch Trin thi Minh c c khc nt ch
ca 2 du kia mt cht, ng thi mu mc son du i Minh c ny cng nht v khc
mu mc son ca 2 du i Cnh Lch v Qung Ha. V tr ng du mp trn du ca c 3
hnh du trn u ng ln ch th nht dng nin hiu, n khc vi v tr ng du ca
cc sc phong t thi L Trung hng tr v sau l ng ln t ch th 2 ca dng ghi
nin hiu.

Xem xt o sc phong thi Mc khc nh lng T Dng, huyn Thng Tn, H Ty

chng ti thy n cng c nhng c im vn bn tng t nh ba o sc trn. Mt phn
chnh vn b rch nt, ring dng nin i ghi r Sng Khang cu nin thp nht nguyt
s lc nht . Tc ngy 6 thng 11 nm Sng Khang th 9 (1547) i
Mc Mu Hp. Hnh du trn dng nin hiu v kch thc, b cc, bn ch Trin trong du,
v v tr ging nh 3 hnh du o sc phong trn. Ring nt ch Trin v mu mc ging
nh 2 du i Cnh Lch v Qung Ha. (H. 33)

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 Lc Hoa Vin

Vic khng nh hon ton y c phi l nhng sc phong thi Mc hay khng i hi
chng ta phi a vo nhiu tiu ch, trong phi phn tch cht giy, dng knh xem xt
k hnh v rng my hoa vn trang tr, mu sc nh, kiu ch vit v b cc ch, li hnh
vn dng m t, mu mc v.v Nhng vn ny i hi phi c nhng chuyn gia ring
bit v hi ng thm nh xem xt trc tip vn bn. Nhng nm gn y xut hin khng
t cc sc phong gi, nn vic gii thiu cc sc phong thi Mc trn chng ti cng ch xin
dng li vic m t s b vn bn, cn vic khng nh bnh xt tnh chn ngy xin dnh
cho cc chuyn gia nghin cu sau ny.

Tr Li Vi Trch Dn

2. 08-07-2008, 10:50#22

phithiengia

King of PervertsThi Ph Kim Tri Ng S i S V

Tham gia ngy

28-09-2006
Bi gi
7903
Thanks
603
Thanked 3,787 Times in 1,968 Posts

CHNG II N CHNG VIT NAM THI L TRUNG HNG ( 533-1788)

I. Bi cnh lch s

Triu nh L Trung hng c c th ring khc cc vng triu trc l s hnh hnh t
chc ch nh Cha, tnh t Trnh Tng vi chc nguyn sy Tng quc chnh Thng
ph tc Bnh An vng. Trnh Tng thu tm quyn hnh bn cnh vua L, bt u cho
mt thi k mi m hu th gi l thi vua L - cha Trnh. T y tr i con ci cha Trnh
cng c quyn th tp, cng c lp lm Th t. Trnh Tng cho lp ph liu ring gm
c lc Phin tng ng vi h thng lc B v.v Ph cha ton quyn t quan, thu
thu, bt lnh, kim duyt, phong thng v.v vua L ch c mt trong cc dp l tit v tip
s gi m thi. Chnh v th m nhng chng tch n chng cn n ngy nay trn t liu,
hin vt v th tch vn bn ch yu l nhng chng tch ca nh cha, t mang du n ca
cc vua L, tr mt vi loi hnh nh sc phong v vn bn hnh chnh a phng.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Vic tn phong v phong tc v, chc v cao cp cho cc cha Trnh cng cc tung lnh
i thn h Trnh c chnh s ghi li v c coi l nhng s kin trng i. Phn
nhiu vic tn phong hoc phong trn u c ban km sch vng n vng hay sch bc n
bc.

Bt u phi k n cng lao to ln ca Trnh Tng trong s nghip Trung hng lp nn nh

Hu L, c lch s ghi nhn. Thng 4 nm K Hi (1599) vua L tn phong Trnh Tng
lm nguyn sy Tng quc chnh Thng ph Bnh An vng, ban cho ng sch vng n
bu cng rung t phong p. T n Bnh An vng t c ra i trong thi gian ny,
dng ng trn cc bn lnh ch, lnh d m Trnh Tng ban xung. Hnh thc khc n t
ny c triu nh L - Trnh coi l mu c bn cho vic ch tc, khc v s dng t n
ca cc cha Trnh t nm 1599 n ht thi Hu L, tuy ni dung vn khc ca mt s t
n c khc nhau.

Chng tch v T n Bnh An vng t ngy nay cn lu li trong cun sch Bnh An vng
lnh ch, n c coi l vn bn c nht trong kho th tch Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm, c
nin i nm Quang Hng th 22 (1599), vi hnh du son Bnh An vng t cn in r
dng ghi nin hiu.

Thi Hu L nhiu s kin lch s, trong c chi tit ghi v vic tn phong, phong, ban,
cp sch n cho cc cha Trnh c chnh s ghi li kh r: Nm 1623 tn phong vng
th t Thi ph Hip mu ng c cng thn tng Tit ch cc x thy b ch doanh
kim qun Bnh chng qun quc trng s Thanh Qun cng Trnh Trng lm Thi y
Thanh Quc cng Ma ng thng 11 sch phong Tit ch Thi y Thanh Quc cng Trnh
Trng lm Nguyn sy Thng quc chnh Thanh vng[74]. Ma ng thng 10 nm
1629 vua L li tn phong Thanh vng ln tc v cao hn ban km sch vng n bu.
Li kinh sch ghi rng: c sai quan mang ph tit, sch vng, n tc vng tn phong
[Trnh Trng] lm Hip mu cng thn i nguyn sy Thng quc chnh s ph Thanh
vng[75]. T n ny cng ging nh mu T n ca Trnh Tng.

Trnh Trng ln nm quyn bt u cho mt thi k lch s ni chin Trnh - Nguyn, cha
Trnh ng Ngoi v h Nguyn ng Trong. Giai on ny Trnh Trng thnh cng trong
ngoi giao vi nh Minh t ch ch phong tc An Nam thng s cho cc vua L Trung
hng, n y h chu phong cho L Thn Tng lm An Nam Quc vng. S c ghi:
Bnh Tut nm th 4 (1646) vua Minh sai bn Hn Lm Phan K mang sc th co mnh
v n bc trng vng sang nc ta phong cho Thi Thng hong lm An Nam Quc
vng[76]. n thng 10 nm 1651 nh Minh li sai quan mang sc v n sang nc ta
phong Thanh vng Trnh Trng lm Ph quc vng.

Trnh Tc ngi k tc s nghip ca Trnh Trng cng c tn phong t Ty Quc cng

ln Ty nh vng i lin vi vic phong sch vng n vng m s c ghi li vi li trnh
trng: Nm 1652 c sai L b Thng th Tri kinh din s kim Quc t gim T tu
Thiu bo Dng Qun cng Nguyn Nghi cm ph tit mang sch vng n vng vinh phong
[Trnh Tc] lm Nguyn sy chng quc chnh Ty nh vng[77].

Ngay khi Trnh Tc ng nhim ngi cha vn c vua L tn tn phong thm na. Vo
nm 1659 nh vua sai c tin Kim t Vinh lc i phu Nguyn Hu Quyn cm ph tit
mang sch vng n bu tn tn [Trnh Tc] lm Dc vn Tn tr Cng thn i nguyn sy
chng quc chnh Thng s Ty vng.

Vua L cha Trnh rt ch trng trong vic phong chc tc cho cc vng cng h Trnh v
bao gi cng i km vic phong sch n. Nh nm 1632 thi Trnh Trng Sai bn L b
Thng th Thiu y Lan Qun cng Nguyn Thc cm ph tit mang sch vng n bc

Page 72
Lc Hoa Vin

phong T tip qun dinh Thi ph Sng Qun cng Trnh Kiu lm Khm sai tit ch cc x
thy b ch dinh kim Tng ni ngoi Bnh chng qun quc trng s ph chng quc
chnh Thi y Sng Quc cng, m ph gi l ph Hng Uy. Li chia sai quan cm ph tit
mang sch bc v n phong Hip ngha dinh Thi y Trung Qun cng Trnh Vn lm Trung
Nhc cng, phong Ph Ngha dinh Thi y Dng Qun cng Trnh Khi lm Dng L
cng[78].

Nhng tng lnh cao cp l cng hu ngi h Trnh khi m Dinh qun u c ban cp
n cho Dinh . Nh T c Ninh Qun cng Trnh Ton nm t Mi 1655 c cng nh
gic c phong chc Thiu bo, c m dinh gi l T dc ni qun v c ban n T
dc ni qun tng n. Nm Bnh Thn 1656 phong Th t ca Ty nh vng l Trnh Cn
lm Ph tng Thi bo Ph Qun cng, m dinh gi l T Quc dinh c ban n T
Quc tng qun n. Em Trnh Cn l Trnh ng c phong l Thiu ph V Qun cng,
m dinh gi l Trung Khung qun dinh cng c ban n Trung Khung tng qun n.
Ring Trnh Cn n nm Canh T 1660 c phong lm Khm sai tit ch cc x thy b
ch dinh kim Tng chnh binh Thi y Nghi Quc cng, c m ph gi l ph L Quc
c ban sch vng n bc. n nm Gip Dn 1674 Trnh Cn c vua L Gia Tng sai
i thn Phm Cng Tr mang sch vng n bu tn phong lm Nguyn sy in quc
chnh nh Nam vng. n c khc 4 ch nh nam vng t vi quy thc nh T n ca
Bnh An vng Trnh Tng.

Nhng tng lnh cao cp khng mang h Trnh nhng c cng lao nh gic cng c vua
L cha Trnh phong chc, cho m dinh v ban cp n tn. Nm K Hi 1659 xt cng thng
trn phong c sut o Quang Nhiu lm Ph tng Thiu y, cho m dinh gi l T dinh
qun v ban n T dinh tng qun n. Nm Tn Su 1661 xt cng dp gic chim li t
c ca L Th Hin thng ln lm Ph tng Thiu y, cho m dinh gi l T trung qun
ban n T trung tng qun n.

Vic phong chc tc cho cc tng lnh quan li khc cng i km vi vic ban n chuyn
giao nhn n tn. Nm 1661 xt cng trng phong Hong Ngha Giao lm Ph tng T
c, Trn Vn Tuyn lm Ng s i ph Ng s, Phan Kim Ton lm Li b Hu Th
lang, L S Trit lm H b T Th lang v.v Nm 1663 ly Nguyn Cng Bch lm Tham
chnh x Kinh Bc, Nguyn Danh Thc lm Cp s trung Hnh khoa, L Cng Triu lm
Gim st Ng s o Thanh Hoa, c ng tri inh Vn T lm Tng binh x Yn
Qung v.v

Vic t, chuyn, hon thin t chc quan li cp trung ng c chnh quyn L - Trnh
ch trng nh vic hon thin t chc lnh o h thng lc B vo nm Gip Thn 1664
cho t s Thng th lc B. Ly Tham tng Phm Cng Tr lm Thng th b Li,
Bi tng Trn Hp Tuyn lm Thng th b H, Nguyn Nng Thin lm Thng th b L,
V Duy Ch lm Thng th b Binh, Phan Kin Ton lm Thng th b Hnh, ly Hu Th
lang L b L Hiu lm Thng th b Cng. Cc chc Thng th trn u c ban cp
n b, vn khc trn n l (M) b ng chi n. n ny vn theo mu c v.v Di chc
Thng th l chc T, Hu Th lang, Lang trung, Vin ngoi lang v.v cng c t theo
quy nh.

Cc c quan trung ng khc nh h thng Gim st (cc chc ng s, Ph ng s,

Thim ng s, Gim st Ng s cc o, cp s trung cc Khoa), lc T, in cc,
Quc t gim, Hn lm vin, Thi y vin v cc Nha mn s thuc v t chc v hot ng
cng c thc hin theo quy ch c L s c chnh l i cht. Mi mt c quan trn u
s dng n tn trong hot ng cng v.

u thi Trung hng vic phong chc t quan c coi l khng k, cho n nm 1726 ch

Page 73
 Lc Hoa Vin

Vn quan mi c quy nh li cht ch hn, iu ny chnh s ch nhc n nhng

khng ghi chi tit c th.

T chc qun i thi L Trung hng vn m phng theo binh ch qun i thi L s. Cp
Qun l cp cao nht gm nm Qun (ng qun, Ty qun, Nam quan, Bc qun v Trung
qun). Mi Qun u do mt tng lnh cao cp ng u v thng l ngi h Trnh. Di
na th c cc cp Doanh, V, S ri n C, i v.v Vic phong chc t tng cng c
s sch ghi li, nh nm Gip Thn 1664 t quan chng v Th Ng ph, cho Thi ph
Trnh Trng lm Trung qun c ph T c Chng ph s. Thi ph Trnh ng
lm ng qun c ph T c Chng ph s. Thiu y Trnh Kiu lm Nam qun
c ph T c Th ph s. Thiu y L Th Hin lm Ty qun c ph T
c Th ph s. Thiu ph Trnh c lm Bc qun c ph T c Th ph s. Cc
chc ny u c ban cp n tn dng trong vic qun.

Cp Doanh di Qun cng l nhng n v ln v quan trng vi tn gi kh hng trng

nh i Trnh Cng Trung qun t su Doanh l doanh Trung Dc, Trung Uy, Trung
Thng, Trung Khung, Trung Nhu v Trung Tip. Mi Doanh gm 800 qun do chc c
ng u. Cc c u c nhn lnh n tn tn Doanh ca mnh.

Vic kim nhim chc v thi L Trung hng cng c nh Dng Qun cng o Quang
Nhiu tri th my i vua gi cc chc Trn th x Ngh An, kim trn chu B Chnh,
Thng sut quan T Khung qun doanh ph tng, Thiu y - mt lc gi my loi n tn
khc nhau v.v
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
3. 19-07-2008, 16:16#23

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II. Thc trng n chng thi L Trung hng

Page 74
Lc Hoa Vin

. Hin vt n chng

Cng nh nh Mc, nh L - Trnh tn ti trong sut thi k chin tranh L - Mc ri Trnh -

Nguyn, cho n nay, thin tai v nn binh ha chn vi hu ht hin vt n chng giai
on ny.

Hin nay s hin vt n thi L Trung hng m chng ti trc tip xem xt in chp li cn
qu t. Ngoi tr vi qu n ng cp ph, huyn c nin i r rng, cn s t n g khng
ghi nin i v thuc lnh vc tn gio.

Hin nay ti gia nh ng Nguyn Khc Bo th x Bc Ninh - ngi say m su tm c vt

v nghin cu Hn Nm cn lu gi c mt qu n ng kh nguyn vn. n c trng
lng 900 gram, nm hnh chui v cao 6,2cm, khun n dy 1cm. Mt trn n khc hai
dng ch Hn, bn phi l 4 ch Thin trng ph n , bn tri l 5 ch Vnh T
thp nin to .

Page 75
Lc Hoa Vin

Mt du hnh vung, kch thc 8x8cm, vin ngoi c 0,8cm bn trong l 4 ch Trin
khc theo khun ch vung. l 4 ch Thin Trng ph n. Bn ch Trin trong du
trng vi bn ch khc bn phi mt nm n. y l n ca vin Tri ph ng u ph
Thin Trng thuc o Sn Nam u thi L Trung hng[79]. Dng ch bn tri mt nm
n ghi r n c to c vo nm Vnh T th 10 (1628) i L Thn Tng (H. 34
a,b,c).

Ti Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam H Ni hin cn lu gi nhiu n ng c, nhng n

thi L Trung hng th ch c mt qu. n mang k hiu LSb 2527 cn chui v dt di to
trn nh dn. n cao 8,5cm v dy 1cm. Trn n pha bn tri 6 ch, ch u b m,
5 ch sau l c t nin nguyt nht. Qua nt ch cn li cng vi vic xc nh 15
trng hp nin i c ch th hai l ch c trong nin biu ghi nin hiu cc i vua
ca cc triu i phong kin Vit Nam, chng ti khng nh ch b m l ch Thnh .
Nh vy dng ghi nin hiu s l Thnh c t nin nguyt nht . Nm Thnh
c th 4 l nm 1658 i L Thn Tng.

Mt trn n pha bn phi dng ngoi ch khc m ht khng c c, dng trong khc
4 ch Thng bo ty to . Ty Thng bo to c ra qu n ny. Ty thng bo c
t thi L s, nh Mc ln nm chnh quyn cng lp ty Thng bo duy tr nh thi L s,
y l ni to c vt dng kim loi dng vi tnh cht quan trng nh n tn. n khi nh
L Trung hng nh tan qun Mc, chim li Thng Long th cho t chc li ty Thng bo
nh c.

Page 76
Lc Hoa Vin

Mt du hnh vung kch thc 6,5x6,5cm, vin ngoi c 0,5cm, 4 ch Trin khc vung
vc r nt, l 4 ch Bnh Nguyn chu n . y l n ca vin Tri chu chu Bnh
Nguyn[80]. (H. 35 a,b,c,d).

Ti mt ngi in th Ph Xuyn, H Ty cch H Ni hn 30km cn lu gi c kh

nhiu n g. o s Trn[81] cho ti xem mt l ba v 28 qu n g khc nhau m dng
h ng to ra v gn gi ngt hai th k nay. Trong s 28 qu n g, chng ti ch c
c ni dung ca 24 qu c vn khc theo th Trin th. S n u c cht liu bng g,
theo li ca ng Trn th n c lm ch yu bng g o v l. Nm n u c khc
n gin theo kiu c nm cm v mt s qu c qut sn ta cn thn. C 3 qu n mt
nm c khc ch Hn kiu Chn th, s n cn li u trn. Mt du lm theo hnh
vung v hnh ch nht, vin ngoi thng khc ni mt ng vin, c 6 chic khc ha
tit cung nh. Trc ht xin c gii thiu s n c khc tn tc vng ca Trn Quc
Tun v tn in sy Phm Ng Lo theo hnh du ca mi qu n khc nhau.

Page 77
Lc Hoa Vin

- n th nht mc, nm cm nh, mt v du hnh vung c kch thc 6,5x6,5cm,

vin ngoi khc ha tit, 4 ch Trin trong du l Trn triu Hng o . y l du
n ca Hng o vng triu Trn. (H. 36 a,b,c)

- n th hai, nm cm rng, thp khc ch thng, trn n khc ha tit, ton thn qut
sn ta. n v mt du hnh vung c kch thc 8,7x8,7cm, vin ngoi dy 1,8cm, trong
du l 4 ch Trin Trn Hng o n :

- n th ba, nm cm va phi, mt n v du bn gc hi un, hnh hi ch nht c

kch thc 6,8x7,3cm, vin ngoi dy 1cm, trong l 5 ch Trin Trn Hng o vng n
: n du ca Hng o vng triu Trn. (H. 38 a,b)

- n th t, nm nh khc ch thng, mt trn lm thun mi hnh vng cung. Mt n

v du lm hnh ch nht c kch thc 5,8x9,0cm khc 8 ch Chn (chia lm 2 hng dc)
Trn triu hng o y ha thnh t : Hng o vng triu Trn chun y
cho cc thnh t. (H. 39 a,b,c)

- n th nm, nm va phi, loe trn, mt v du hnh vung c kch thc 6,5x6,5cm,

khc ha tit vin ngoi v bn trong l 4 ch Trin Trn triu in sy : n du ca
in sy triu Trn. (H. 40 a,b)

- n th su, thn n mng, nm mng v rng, mt v du hnh vung c kch thc

7x7cm khc 12 ch Trin (xp lm 3 hng dc) Trn triu in sy thng tng qun quan
ni hu chi n : n du ca quan ni hu Thng tng qun in
sy triu Trn[82]. (H. 41 a,b)

n th by mc, lm n gin v thuc loi nh, n v mt du hnh vung c kch

thc l 4,5x4,5cm, 4 ch Trin khc vung vc l Bo Linh in n : n du ca
in Bo Linh. (H. 42 a,b,c).

Vic xc nh nin i ca 7 qu n trn cng nh ton b s n g ca ngi in tht kh

khn. Xem xt k tng qu n vi cht liu g, k thut gt o v sn ph trn nm n
gn ging mt s th v ni tht ngi in. Theo li k ca o s Trn, s n ny c
lm ra t thi lp in th v bt u nghip o s ca cc c t nh ng cui thi Hu L.
ng thi xem xt mt s sc phong ca ngi in, chng ti thy sc phong thi L Cnh
Hng c thm hnh du ca Trn Hng o, cn o s Trn khng nh rng t tin mnh
xa kia khi tip nhn t sc phong dng lun con du ca bn in ng vo t sc .
trng hp ny ci kh khng phi l vic c hiu r ch Trin trong con du m l vic
xc nh c thi gian con du in trn vn bn c cng nin i tho vn bn hay
khng (?) Vic lp in th c Thnh Trn th phng v hnh ngh o s phi c
nhng con du ca c Thnh Trn ng trn ba ch l vic tt yu, phi chng l lp lun
c sc thuyt phc trong vic xc nh nin i ca s n du trn (?) T chng ti cho
rng nhng qu n trn c kh nng c lm ra t thi L Trung hng.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Page 79
Lc Hoa Vin

Page 80
Lc Hoa Vin

Nm 1999, PGS. TS. Th Ho cung cp cho chng ti mt n du nh. n bng ng,

nm cm kiu chui v ngn, n phn khun du hnh vung. Mt trn n phn nm
khc dng ghi nin i ch Hn li Chn th Vnh Hu t nin Mu Ng t nguyt
. Mt du hnh vung kch thc 8,1x8,1cm, gc hi un, nt vin mnh. Vn khc
l 6 ch Chng thu m thu chi n (n chng thc vic thu thu go). Dng
nin i khc trn mt n khng nh qu n ny c lm nm Mu Ng nin hiu Vnh
Hu th 4 tc nm 1738 i vua L Tng.

H thng lc B thi L Trung hng vn c duy tr theo c cu t chc t thi L s. B

H c nhim v trng coi rung t h khu, ti chnh, t thu, kho tng, thc go tin
lng. C quan chuyn trch ca b H l chi Thanh li ty v Bn tch Thanh li ty.
Nhim v ca chi Thanh li ty l phn b t thu trong ton quc, nh thu i vi
lng thc, sn vt cc loi mi a phng khc nhau, nh mc t thu cho cng bng,
xem xt vic xut nhp tin ti thu m, thu chi v.v Trng quan ca chi Thanh li ty

Page 81
 Lc Hoa Vin

l chc Lang trung c hai Vin ngoi lang ph t. n Chng thu m thu chi n ny l n tn
ca mt chc quan nh chuyn thu thu thc go cc a phng, n nm trong h thng
n tn thu t thu, thu mua cc sn vt ca chi Thanh li ty trn. y l n du duy nht
v lnh vc thu kha m chng ti su tm c, xin c gii thiu b sung cho s hin
vt n tn thi L Trung hng. (H. 43)

Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
4. 24-07-2008, 10:50#24

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2. Hnh du trn vn bn Hn Nm

Page 82
Lc Hoa Vin

Vn bn Hn Nm c nin i rt sm u thi L Trung hng c xut x khu vc Nam

Trung B c ng Trn Vit Ngc cng b trong Nghin cu Hu nm 1999[83]. y l
mt bn cng vn hnh chnh ch Hn cn c gi kh nguyn vn, c nin i t nm
Quang Hng th 20 (1596). Chnh vn c 4 dng 97 ch v mt dng ghi nin i, ch Hn
vit Chn, khun ch b ngang ging ch trn cc vn bn hnh chnh thi L Trung hng
m chng ti gp. c bit trn dng nin i c in mt du ln hnh vung mu son .
Cui vn bn cn hnh du ch Th v du hoa gip kh ln nh du loi hnh vn
bn.

Ni dung vn bn l mt bn cng vn ca chc Tng trn (Thun Qung) lnh cho Ph

Ngha hu Lng Vn Chnh ang quyn qun huyn Tuy Vin, trn An Bin em s dn x
Ba Thi cng lu dn bn huyn vo khai hoang vng t t C Mng, B i, Ba in,
Miu[84] cc x t thng ngun n ca bin, dng nh lp p, khn hoang trng trt
n nh thu hoch th np thu theo l. Nu nh v vic m nhng nhiu dn th s b x ti.

Dng nin i ghi r 10 ch Quang Hng nh thp nin nh nguyt s lc nht (

) tc ngy 6 thng 2 nm Quang Hng th 20 (1597) i L Th Tng.

Tr li vi hnh du dng nin i. Du hi c hnh ch nht ng, khun vin rng.

Vn khc l 6 ch Trin chia lm 3 hng, ch cng c khun hnh ch nht ng, nt chc
ngn d c. l 6 ch Tng trn tng qun chi n (n ca Tng trn tng
qun). (H. 44 a, b).

Du ch th v du hoa gip cng l nhng tiu ch ph khng nh xc thc ca vn

bn ny.

Thi gian ca vn bn ny nm trong thi k cui ca chin tranh Nam - Bc triu, c nin
hiu nh L v chc Tng trn tng qun. Gi li lch s th chc Tng trn qun lnh khu
vc Trung B v Nam Trung B lc l chc Tng trn Thun - Qung. Vin Tng trn ny
chnh l nhn vt lch s Nguyn Hong. Nguyn Hong khi 21 tui cha l Nguyn Kim mt
c tp phong tc H Kh hu. Sau i L Trang Tng c tn phong tc oan
Qun cng. Thng 10 nm Mu Ng (1558) ch mu lnh nn, Nguyn Hong c lm Tit
ch vo Trn th Thun Ha[85]. Thng Ging nm Canh Ng (1570) Nguyn Hong c
phong lm Tng trn kim lnh hai x Thun Ha - Qung Nam[86]. Chnh s ghi v ng
v v dn chng, thu dng ho kit, gim nh t thu, rt c lng ngi. Ngi by gi
gi ng l cha Tin v oan Quc cng l ngi c uy lc, cai tr hn 40 nm, chnh s
khoan ha, vic g cng ch ban n hu cho dn, rn e qun mnh, ngn cm hung bo,
dn u tin phc, cng ngoi khng phi ng, hng nm np t thu v triu, l ch da
ca triu nh[87].

Khi c phong l Tng trn Thun - Qung, Nguyn Hong nhn n Tng trn tng
qun chi n. iu ny ni r chc ca ng l Tng trn tng qun ch khng phi ch l
chc Tng trn thi. Thi k chin tranh u Trung hng tt c cc chc ng u chnh
quyn a phng u do cc tng ti m nhim, nguyn tc ny cn duy tr mi n ch
qun qun v sau.

Page 83
Lc Hoa Vin

Nm Qu T (1593) qun Mc i bi, vua L tr li ng , Nguyn Hong em qun yt

kin c vua L phong chc Trung qun c ph, T c chng ph s, Thi y
Quc cng. Tm nm ng ng nhiu ln nh dp thnh cng tn qun Mc, tuy vy
vic iu hnh chnh quyn Thun - Qung pha Nam vn c ng ch trng.

Mt s vn bn quan trng c ng thc hin v ng du Tng trn tng qun chi n

t ng (H Ni) gi v Nam ch o cc quan tng thc thi theo ch trng chnh
sch ca ng m mang b ci, khai ph t hoang, lp lng dng chnh quyn cc cp, v
yn dn chng, m bo tr an x hi v k lut qun i, quan trng. Chnh sch ng
n ca ng thnh cng, mt di t o C Mng ti ni Bia thuc v Tng trn
Nguyn Hong v ph Ph Yn chnh thc thnh lp nm 1611. Lnh th Vit Nam khi y
c m rng xung pha Nam rt nhiu phi k n cng lao to ln ca Nguyn Hong
v cc thuc tng ca ng trong c Ph Ngha hu Lng Vn Chnh.

Page 84
Lc Hoa Vin

Lng Vn Chnh, mt ty tng theo Nguyn Hong vo Thun Ha t bui s khai c

nhiu cng lao gip Nguyn Hong trong khn hoang m p vng Nam Trung B v c bit
vng t thuc tnh Ph Yn. ng Trn Vit Ngc nghin cu v nhn vt ny v c
nhng kin gi tr: Cc t liu in d khc nh gia ph, tc ph, vn t, di tch v Lng
Vn Chnh u t ra ph hp vi bn vn ni trn v nh bn vn ni trn m tnh cch xc
thc ca cc t liu c kim chng[88].

Cun sch mng Bnh An vng lnh ch c k hiu VHv.2489 hin nm trong kho sch ca
Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm m Thc s Nguyn Hu Mi - cn b phng Bo qun a cho ti
vi li khng nh: y l vn bn Hn Nm c nht trong s th tch kho sch ny. Vn
bn ng thnh sch gm 4 trang, kh 34x21cm, ch Hn chp tay theo th Khi th, vit
trn giy bn c. ng mp giy b rch m c bi dn li. Hai trang u vi 19
dng ch Hn k c dng cui trang nht b m. Ni dung l Lnh ch ca Nguyn
soi Tng quc chnh Thng ph Bnh An vng Trnh Tng chun cp cho x V Lit,
huyn Thanh Chng (Ngh An) 21 ngi c min phu phen tp dch, trng nom gi
gn v th cng ngi n th thn Thin i Long vng bn x, sau cng l tn h
ca 21 ngi ghi cui trang nht v trang th hai.

Trang th 3 l dng ghi nin hiu vi 12 ch Hn Quang Hng nh thp nh nin ng nguyt
nh thp tht nht. Di ch Quang Hng l hnh mt du son hnh vung c kch thc
4,8x4,8cm. Bn ch Trin trong du c nt khc vung vc. Mi ch c nt un khun theo
hnh vung, l 4 ch Bnh An vng t . y l du T n ca Bnh An vng Trnh
Tng c ng trn bn Lnh ch ghi nin i ngy 27 thng 5 nm Quang Hng th 22
(1599). Gia trang 2 v trang 3 cn c mt hnh du Bnh An vng t na ng ch gip
lai phn di sch. iu ny chng t bn Lnh ch ny c lm nhiu trang giy, khc
vi sc phong l loi vn bn c lm bng mt t giy kh rng.

Trang th t ta thy r hai ch Lnh ch rt to dnh lin nhau phn trn gia trang giy.
Thc ra y cng l mt hnh du, loi du ny vi chc nng l nh du phn bit i vi
cc loi hnh vn bn hnh chnh khc nhau nh Lnh ch, Lnh d, Truyn, Sai v.v Hai
ch Lnh ch c khc trn mt n vi t dng ch Khi, cc nt rt m v ln, du
khng c khung vin ngoi, do khi ng xung giy s cho ra i hai ch Lnh ch rt
ln. vn bn ny du Lnh ch c kch thc 7,3x7,8cm du c mu mc en m. Vi
chc nng ring bit nh vy nn chng ti khng xp loi du ny vo trong nhng loi
hnh n chng nh k, Kim k, Tn k v.v (H. 45)

Ni dung bn Lnh ch xem qua cng khng thy c g c bit, nhng y chng ti
mun ni ti ngha ca hnh du. Theo in ch ca cc triu i trc L Th Tng th ch
c Hong mi c dng Bo, T ng trn cc Chiu vn, Sc phong, d, ch. y
cha Trnh Tng c dng T n ng ln bn Lnh ch ca mnh ban xung, vic ny
mang mt ngha lch s quan trng trong lch s phong kin Vit Nam. Bt u cho mt
thi k thng tr mi ca triu nh thi L Trung hng: tn ti c vua v cha m thc
trng quyn hnh nm trong tay nh cha.

Page 85
Lc Hoa Vin

Cng phi k n Trnh Tng - ngi m u cho giai on phong kin mi Vit Nam t
cui th k XVI n cui th k XVIII qua s nghip v nhng chiu lnh trc bn Lnh ch
nm 1599 ca ng. Trnh Tng sinh nm 1550, l con Thi s Lc Quc cng Trnh Kim v
b Ngc Bo[89] qu lng Sc Sn, Vnh Lc, Thanh Ha. Nm 1570 Trnh Kim cht, qua
bao thng trm, Trnh Tng c vua L sc phong lm Trng Qun cng Tit ch Thy b
ch doanh, sau li gia thm chc T tng Tit ch Trng Quc cng. Nm 1572, ni b
lc c, Trnh Tng cng b ti lp Hong t Duy m ln ngi vua - tc vua L Th Tng
sau ny. Trnh Tng gip vua L ban ra chiu mnh ng n trong thi k chin tranh
L - Mc m chnh s cn ghi li. 1. Ngi dn no b nn binh la m khng c hng sn
u tha tp dch. 2. Dn ngho xiu dt cho v bn qun, tha cho thu dch[90]

Sau khi dn tn qun Mc ln min thng du, nm 1595 Trnh Tng vo Thng Long tin
hnh t chc b my chnh quyn theo m hnh vng triu c nh L vi y cc ban
b.

Page 86
 Lc Hoa Vin

Thng 4 nm K Hi (1599) vua L tn phong Trnh Tng lm nguyn soi Tng quc
chnh Thng ph Bnh An vng, ban cho sch vng n bu cng rung t phong p. T
n Bnh An vng t c ra i trong thi gian ny, dng ng trn nhng bn Lnh
ch, Lnh d m Trnh Tng ban xung. Trnh Tng c cng ln gip vua L ginh li chnh
quyn, gi yn x hi vi mt s chnh sch tin b hp lng dn. Vic m khoa thi Hi v
thi nh t khoa Canh Thn (1580) n khoa Qu Hi (1623) mang ngha tch cc. Hng
trm tin s ca hng chc khoa thi l nhng cnh tay c lc gp phn khng nh trong
cng cuc Trung hng ca tp on L - Trnh. Tiu biu nh Ng s i ng s Nguyn
Vn Giai Tin s xut thn khoa Canh Thn (1580), Hu Th lang b H Nguyn ng
Tin s khoa Nhm Dn (1602) v.v

Khi c phong l Bnh An vng, Trnh Tng ban hnh nhiu Lnh ch nhiu lnh vc
vi ngha khc nhau. T nhng vic i s trong qun i nh bn Lnh ch ngy 6 thng
8 nm 1599 v vic thng chc v cp bc cho cc n v qun i cp qun, doanh, n
vic bnh thng nh bn Lnh ch ban cho x V Lit, huyn Thanh Chng m chng ti
trnh by. Lnh ch no cng c hnh du Bnh An vng t ng trn dng ghi nin
hiu. Bn Lnh ch ban cho x V Lit - Thanh Chng tuy ni dung khng c g c bit
nhng v ngha v gi tr vn ha i vi chng ta ngy nay th li khng nh. Ngoi vic
khng nh gi tr y l mt vn bn Hn Nm c nin i xa nht trong s th tch ti
liu Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm, n cn th hin gi tr lch s cao trong vic nghin cu,
nh gi v s kin v nhn vt trong lch s phong kin Vit Nam giai on u thi L
Trung hng. Bn Lnh ch c hnh du Bnh An vng t l ci mc nh du s kin thi
gian Trnh Tng c phong l Bnh An vng trc thi gian m bn Lnh ch ra i hn 1
thng. K t y bt u mt thi k mi trong th ch qun ch phong kin Vit Nam:
Thi k vua L - cha Trnh, t y tr i con ci cha Trnh cng c quyn th tp,
cng c lp lm Th t.

Ngoi lnh ch ca cha Trnh Tng, Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm cn lu gi c Lnh ch

ca v cha k tip l Trnh Trng c tn gi Thanh vng lnh ch . Vn
bn ny c 2 trang kh 26x24cm, KH. VHv. 2490 ch Hn vit theo li Khi th. Trang u
b mn rch phn trn. Thanh vng lnh ch c ni dung gn ging nh ni dung bn
Lnh ch ca Trnh Tng. y l Lnh ch ca Trnh Trng chun cp cho 12 ngi thuc x
V Lit huyn Thanh Chng, Ngh An c min tp dch trng coi n th Trung ng
thn Thin i Long vng a phng.
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5. 24-07-2008, 11:01#25

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Page 87
Lc Hoa Vin

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Trang th 2 ch c mt dng ghi nin hiu, phn trn t giy b rch nn ch u b mt ch

cn li 8 ch T thp nin nh nguyt thp bt nht. Di ch T l hnh mt du vung
kch thc 4,8x4,8cm; bn ch Trin trong du c nt khc vung vc l 4 ch Thanh
vng t : T n ca Thanh vng. Vic Chn ha ch Trin xc nh con du
cng mt s tiu ch khc gip cho vic khng nh ch b mt l ch Vnh . Dng
nin i trn vn 9 ch l Vnh T thp nin nh nguyt thp bt nht
(Ngy 18 thng 2 nm Vnh T th 10 [1628]).

Pha trn bn tri cnh dng nin hiu c hnh du 2 ch i t Lnh ch c kch thc
ln, c v kiu ch du ny ging nh du ch Lnh ch vn bn ca cha Trnh Tng.
iu khc bit l du ch Lnh ch ny li in trang c dng ghi nin hiu, cn du ch
Lnh ch trong Bnh An vng lnh ch li in ring trang cui cng (tr.4) khc trang ghi
nin hiu (tr.3). Cc bn Lnh ch, Lnh d m chng ti su tp sau ny u c du ch
Lnh ch hoc Lnh d, v tr in ging nh bn lnh ch ca Thanh vng Trnh Trng, tc
l khc bn ca Bnh An vng Trnh Tng.

Du Thanh vng t tc l T n ca Thanh vng Trnh Trng, ng l con ca Trnh

Tng v c chn lp lm Th t, u nm 1623 c tn phong l Thi y Thanh Quc
cng. n thng 11 nm 1623 li c sc phong lm Nguyn sy Thng quc chnh Thanh
vng. L tn phong, sch phong tc vng cho cc cha Trnh thng ban km sch
vng, n bu. Mc d chnh s nhiu khi khng ghi chi tit nhng thc t y cho ta thy
thng 11 nm 1623 Trnh Trng nhn sch phong v T n Thanh vng t: T n
ny c s dng t y n trc thng 10 nm 1629.

c tip chnh s ta li thy Trnh Trng cng nh mt s cha Trnh sau khi ln ngi cha
cn c tn phong mt ln na ngi v cao nht; v nh vy h c nhn v s
dng hai loi T n khc nhau. Sch s ghi: Ma ng thng 10 [Vua L] c sai quan
mang ph tit, sch vng, n tc vng n phong [Trnh Trng] lm Hip mu cng thn
i nguyn sy Thng quc chnh s ph Thanh vng[91]. R rng sau T n Thanh
vng t trn, khi c tn phong l Thanh vng, Trnh Trng c nhn n qu mi c
khc ch Thanh vng ch khng dng ch Thanh vng na. Tuy nhin hin
nay chng ti khng su tm c chng tch ca T n ny, v vic gii thiu du T n
ca Ty vng Trnh Tc di y s l gii cho vn ny (H. 46).

Sau Lnh ch ca Thanh vng Trnh Trng chng ti cn in chp c mt s Lnh ch

v Lnh d ca cc cha Trnh khc. Trn nhng vn bn Hn Nm l nhng dng nin
i khc nhau ghi chng tch ca mt s cha Trnh. c bit l cc hnh du T n in trn
vn bn; c du cn r, c du b m nhng ni dung ch Trin trong du chng minh
cho chc tc ca cc cha Trnh, ng thi cng ni ln c s khc bit trong cch dng
T n ca h.

Ging nh Lnh ch ca cha Trnh Tng, nhng Lnh ch, Lnh d ny c ng thnh
quyn mng hai hoc ba t, ch khng phi l mt vn bn c kch thc ln nh sc
phong. Thc t su tm in chp c nhng Lnh ch, Lnh d khng cn trn vn m ch gi

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Lc Hoa Vin

c t cui c ghi nin i v hnh du. ng thi phm vi nghin cu con du ca chng
ti ch ch yu tp trung vo vic phn tch trang c dng ghi nin i v lu hnh du, bn
cnh c tham kho thm nhng vn bn v t liu lin quan. Cho nn nhng trang mt,
rch ngoi trang c hnh du v nin i cng khng gy nh hng nhiu.

Ngun gc mt s Lnh ch, Lnh d ny cn lu gi T ng h L Him - dng h khai

quc cng thn thi L Thanh Ha. Gn 30 nm trc y hu du h L ny nh GS.
Phan Huy L v GS. Phan i Don xem xt gip . Nm 1980 hai Gio s cho ban Hn
Nm mn sao chp nguyn bn[92].

Cc vn bn ny hu ht ging nhau v mt hnh thc. Giy bn c, cc mp gc b mn

sn nhiu, nht l phn trn, nn c vn bn ch u tin ghi nin hiu b mt na ch.
Ch Hn vit theo li Khi, nt ngang ko di ht ngc kiu ch ghi trn sc, ch, d v
mt s vn bn hnh chnh u thi L Trung hng.

Bt u t Lnh d ca Ty vng Trnh Tc nin hiu nm Vnh Tr th 5 (1680); Lnh ch

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Lc Hoa Vin

ca An vng Trnh Cng nm Vnh Thnh th 5 (1709); Lnh ch ca Uy Nam vng

Trnh Giang nm Vnh Khnh th 2 (1730); Lnh ch ca Minh vng Trnh Doanh Cnh
Hng th 3 (1742); Lnh ch ca Tnh vng Trnh Sm nm Cnh Hng th 28 (1768),
cui cng l Lnh ch ca oan vng Trnh Tng nm Cnh Hng th 46 (1785).

S lc ni dung mt s Lnh d, Lnh ch trn l: Thi bo Hng Quc cng L Him l

khai quc cng thn c vua L phong cp rung t, con chu c quyn tha t
rung t cc x Thanh Ha th cng, cng 160 mu. Sau c ngi tranh chim.
Chu cht L Him tha kin, cc cha Trnh ban Lnh d, Lnh ch bt k chim t
phi tr li cho h. Cc Lnh ch lp i lp li vic xc nhn quyn s hu 160 mu rung
cc x Thanh Ha l ca con chu cng thn L Him.

Vn bn th nht l Lnh d ca Ty vng Trnh Tc. Dng ghi nin hiu c 9 ch Vnh Tr
ng nin cu nguyt thp nh nht (Ngy 12 thng 9 nm Vnh Tr th 5
[1680] ). Mt du hnh vung ng dng nin hiu t ch th 2 n ch th 5, mt du
hnh vung na pha di bn phi ch gip hai trang giy[93]. Hai du ny c hnh thc
v ni dung s lng Trin vn ging nhau. 12 ch Trin trong du xp theo 3 hng, mi
hng 4 ch, nt khc xp lin kh c hn du Bnh An vng t ca Trnh Tng. l 12
ch Thng s thi ph c cng minh thnh ty vng chi t (T
n ca Thng s thi ph c cng minh thnh Ty vng). Pha trn bn tri cnh du
dng nin hiu c mt hnh du vi hai ch Lnh d kh ln ging nh hai i t vit
lin nhau theo kiu ch Khi. y cng chnh l mt hnh du gi l du Lnh d chuyn
dng ng trn nhng bn Lnh d ca cha phn bit vi nhng bn Lnh ch v vn
bn hnh chnh khc.

T n ca Ty vng tc l T n ca Ty vng Trnh Tc. Sch s ghi li r v cc l

tn phong, tn phong i vi Trnh Tc. Nm 1652 ng c tn phong lm Nguyn sy
Chng quc chnh Ty nh vng. Nm 1659 ng c tn phong lm Dc vn tn tr
cng thn i nguyn sy Chng quc chnh Thng s Ty vng. Nm 1660 Trnh Tc
c tn phong lm i nguyn sy Chng quc chnh Thng s thi ph c cng nhn
uy minh thnh Ty vng.

L tn phong hoc tn phong i vi cc cha Trnh kh trng th. Mi ln c l ny, cc

vua L u lnh cho i thn cm ph tit mang sch vng n vng vinh phong cho cc
cha Trnh. Trong sch s l tn tn thng ghi l sch vng n bu; ng thi xem xt tt
c hnh du ca mt s cha Trnh, vn khc ch Trin u ghi l T m khng ghi l
Bo . Do chng ti cho rng y l quy nh phn bit vic s dng Bo, T ca vua
L - Cha Trnh thi Hu L. Khng phi T ca cc cha Trnh u c lm bng ngc, m
ch yu l c bng vng ri khc ch T ln du, iu ny ging nh vic lm v s dng
mt s kim ngc Bo T ca cc vua Nguyn sau ny. Cho nn i vi hnh du ca cc
cha Trnh chng ti dng ch T n cho ph hp.

Vic khng nh bn Lnh d v hnh du T n trn l ca Ty vng Trnh Tc l hon

ton chnh xc. y l hnh du c ni dung s lng Trin vn nhiu nht trong nhng hnh
du ca cc cha Trnh, n khc hn du T n ca Bnh An vng Trnh Tng, Thanh
vng Trnh Trng v cc cha Trnh sau ny. N cng th hin s khc bit ca con du
ng trn Lnh d khc vi con du ng trn Lnh ch. (H. 47)

Page 90
 Lc Hoa Vin

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Page 91
Lc Hoa Vin

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Tip theo xin gii thiu hnh du trn Lnh ch ca cha Trnh Cng c dng ghi nin hiu
vi 10 ch Hn Vnh Thnh ng nin thp nh nguyt thp ng nht
(Ngy 15 thng 12 nm Vnh Thnh th 5 (1709). Ch Vnh b rch phn u. Du hnh
vung ng trn ch Thnh ng nin. Du c 4 ch Trin xp theo 2 hng khun nt ch
xp gn lin nhau khng cch. l 4 ch An vng t (T n ca An
vng). Cnh dng nin i pha bn tri c hnh du hai ch Lnh ch . Hnh thc v
tnh cht ca du Lnh ch ny cng ging nh bn Lnh ch ca cc cha Trnh gii
thiu, ring v tr du ng trn vn bn th khc v tr ng du bn Lnh ch ca Trnh
Tng.

Du An vng t, tc l t n ca An vng Trnh Cng. Sch VSKTT cng ghi

thi gian m Trnh Cng c tn phong lm Khm sai Tit ch cc x thy b ch doanh
tc An Quc cng l nm Chnh Ha th 24 (1703). Thng 9 nm Vnh Thnh th 5 (1709)
ng c tn phong lm Nguyn soi Tng quc chnh An vng[94]. ng nhn sch
vng n bu: Khong 3 thng sau tc ngy 15 thng 2 nm Vnh Thnh th 5 (1709) bn
Lnh ch trn ca Trnh Cng c thc hin v c ng du T n An vng t. i
chiu hnh du T n trn vn bn Lnh ch vi s kin sch s ghi trn cho php khng
nh tnh xc thc ca vn bn cng nh hnh du. (H. 48)

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Sau lnh ch v hnh du ca Trnh Cng l Lnh ch c dng nin i ghi Vnh Khnh nh
nin thp nh nguyt s nh nht . Trn dng nin i c in hnh mt du
vung c hnh thc kch thc tng t nh du T n ca cha Trnh Cng. Nhng ch
Trin trong du c t dng khc; bn ch Trin trong du ny l Uy Nam vng t
(T n ca Uy Nam vng). Mt du hnh hai ch Lnh ch cng nm pha bn tri
dng ghi nin i, n cng chng minh rng vn bn Hn Nm ny l mt bn Lnh ch v
y l trang cui ca Lnh ch. Dng nin i ghi r l vn bn c lm vo ngy 2 thng
12 nm Vnh Khnh th 2 (1780).

Du Uy Nam vng t tc l T n ca Uy Nam vng Trnh Giang. Nm 1727 khi cn l

Th t Trnh Giang c vua L phong l Khm sai Tit ch cc x thy b ch doanh
tc Uy Qun cng kim nm chnh s c mt. Nm 1730 Trnh Giang t tn phong lm
Nguyn soi Thng quc chnh Uy Nam vng, ng thi cho c T n vng. T n Uy Nam
vng t bt u c s dng nm 1730 v c dng ng ln bn lnh ch m chng

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ti gii thiu trn. (H. 49)

Lnh ch tip theo cng thuc loi hnh vn bn ging nh cc bn lnh ch trn v hnh
thc, tnh cht v ni dung; ring nin i vn bn v hnh du c khc bit. Dng nin i
c 9 ch Cnh Hng tam nin t nguyt s ng nht (Ngy 5 thng 4
nm Cnh Hng th 3 [1742]).

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Lc Hoa Vin

Du hnh vung in trn dng ghi nin hiu c kch thc, hnh thc v s lng ch Trin
trong du khc vi du T n ca cc cha Trnh khc. 6 ch Trin trong du xp theo 3
hng, mi hng 2 ch l 6 ch Thng s Minh vng chi t (T n ca
Thng s Minh vng).

Mt du hnh hai ch Lnh ch cnh dng nin i, c hnh thc tnh cht ging nh du ch
Lnh ch ca cc vn bn gii thiu trc.

Thng s Minh vng tc l Trnh Doanh, l con th ba ca An vng Trnh Cng.

Nm 1736 khi mi 17 tui Trnh Doanh c phong lm Tit ch cc x thy b ch doanh,
Thi y tc n Quc cng. Nm 1740 sau khi tiu dit phe cnh Hong Cng Ph, Trnh
Doanh thay quyn ngi cha, ln ngi vng ly hiu l Minh vng v tin tn Trnh
Giang lm Thi thng vng. Nm t Hi (1755) vua L tn tn phong Trnh Doanh lm
Thng s thng ph anh on vn tr v cng Minh vng. Trn thc t sau khi ln ngi
cha vi hiu l Minh vng khng lu Trnh Doanh tn xng l Minh vng v dng
T n Thng s minh vng chi t. T n ny ca Trnh Doanh hi ging vi T n ca Ty

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Lc Hoa Vin

vng Trnh Tc v khc vi T n ca cc cha Trnh khc. ng thi gian ny Thi thng
vng Trnh Giang vn cn tn ti, x hi khng n nh phi chng cng tc ng n vic
thay i xng vng, dng T n ca Trnh Doanh (?) Hnh du T n ny thm mt t
liu cho vic nghin cu T n ca cc cha Trnh. (H. 50)

Tip theo xin c gii thiu trang cui ca bn Lnh ch cng c nin hiu Cnh Hng
nhng c du T n ca mt v cha khc. Vn bn tuy c nhng ch Hn v hnh du
cn rt r. Dng ghi nin i c 12 ch l Cnh Hng nh thp bt nin thp nguyt nh thp
nh nht (Ngy 22 thng 10 nm Cnh Hng th 28 [1768]). Mt
hnh du vung ng di ch Cnh Hng, du c hnh thc kch thc, s lng v b
cc ch Trin ging nh hnh du ca Bnh An vng Trnh Tng, Thanh vng Trnh
Trng, An vng Trnh Cng v Uy Nam vng Trnh Giang. Bn ch Trin trong du l
Tnh vng t (T n ca Tnh vng).

Cnh bn tri dng nin hiu l hnh du hai ch Lnh ch c hnh thc, t dng ging
nh du ch Lnh ch ca cc vn bn nu.

Du Tnh vng t l T n ca Tnh vng Trnh Sm. Trnh Sm l con trng ca

Trnh Doanh, nm 1745 c lp lm Th t. Nm 1758 c phong lm Tit ch cc x
thy b ch doanh Thi y, Tnh Quc cng. Nm inh Hi (1767) Trnh Doanh mt, Trnh
Sm ln ngi cha, c tn phong l Nguyn soi Tng quc chnh Tnh vng, c
nhn n vng. Mt nm sau, nm 1768 bn Lnh ch trn ra i c lu hnh du T n ny
v chng ta mi bit c tn ca T n l Tnh vng t. (H. 51)

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Hnh du cui cng in trn Lnh ch c gii thiu di y c in trn dng ghi nin hiu
ch Hn c 12 ch: Cnh Hng t thp lc nin bt nguyt s t nht
(Ngy 4 thng 2 nm Cnh Hng th 46 [1785]).

Du hnh vung c hnh thc, kch thc, s lng v b cc ch Trin khc T n ca cc

cha Trnh khc. 6 ch Trin trong du c chia lm 3 hng mi hng 2 ch. L 6 ch S
thng oan vng chi t (T n ca S thng oan vng).

Du hai ch Lnh ch bn cnh du T n cng c hnh thc kch thc ging nh du ch

Lnh ch cc vn bn m chng ti trnh by.

S thng oan vng y tc cha Trnh Tng. Trnh Tng cn c tn l Trnh Khi, l
con ca Trnh Sm. Nm Tn Su (1781) kiu binh Tam ph ni lon ph Trnh Cn rc
Trnh Tng ln ngi vng lm Nguyn soi Tng quc chnh oan Nam vng. y l thi
k kinh thnh Thng Long ri lon, nhng cng tc hnh chnh vn c duy tr, mt s vn

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bn vn c tho v s dng T n ca cha. Bn Lnh ch c du T n trn l v d minh

chng. Trnh Tng v nhng ngi ph gip cng m phng theo cch dng T n ca cha
ng lm T n ny. Nhng vic dng ch S thng trong du cng c s khc
bit. T n ca Ty vng Trnh Tc v Minh vng Trnh Doanh dng hai ch u l
Thng s , cn du T n trn c hai ch u l S thng . Cch dng ch
khc trn T n ca Trnh Tng chng minh cho vic Trnh Tng t tn phong mnh lm
Thng s thng ph oan vng ri lm T n khc 6 ch S thng oan
vng chi t dng. Hnh du T n ny lm phong ph thm cho s lng T n ca
cc cha Trnh ni ring v n chng thi L Trung hng ni chung (H. 52).

Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
7. 24-07-2008, 12:46#27

Page 98
Lc Hoa Vin

phithiengia

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Du tch ca cha Trnh Sm cn khc in trn ma nhai ng Tuyt Sn, cha Hng, H
Ty. Cui bi th ng Tuyt sn hu hng Trnh Sm cho khc hai hnh du xp theo chiu
dc. Du hnh vung khng khc ha tit. Du trn ln hn mt cht khc 2 ch Ng bt
, du di nh hn khc ch Vn c thanh h . Bi th ny c nhiu nh
nghin cu cng b v khng nh y l bt tch ca cha Trnh Sm. ng l v cha hay
ch thng du ngon cc danh thng ca t nc v lu li bt tch. Hai hnh du trn
cng khng nh r thm bi th c khc ng Tuyt Sn ny l ca Trnh Sm. (H. 53
a, b).

Sc phong l loi hnh vn bn c nhn dn a phng gi gn cn trng nht. Sc

phong thi L Trung hng hin nay cn bo lu rt nhiu im di tch t Trung B tr ra
Bc. Tnh ring mt ngi n Quang Lng x Thy Khi, Kin Thy, Thi Bnh, trong s 32
sc phong thn th c hng chc sc phong thi L Trung hng. Gm c cc nin hiu sau:
Vnh T th 8 (1626) v Dng Ha th 8 (1642) i L Thn Tng, Phc Thi th 3
(1645) i L Chn Tng, Thnh c th 4 (1656) i L Thn Tng, Cnh Tr th 8 (1670)
v Dng c th 3 (1674) i L Gia Tng, Chnh Ha th 4 (1683) i L Hy Tng, Vnh
Khnh th 2 (1730) i L Duy Phng, Cnh Hng nguyn nin (1741) i L Hin Tng.
(H. 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63).

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Lc Hoa Vin

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Lc Hoa Vin

Trn sc phong thi L Trung hng ch duy nht c mt loi du, l du Kim Bo Sc
mnh chi bo c lm t thi L s, m cc vua thi L Trung hng sau ny vn s dng
ng trn sc phong theo quy nh ca cc bc tin . Du hnh vung kch thc
11x11cm, 4 ch Trin trong du l Sc mnh chi bo , du ng trn ch th hai
dng ghi nin i.

n chng khng ch in hnh trn t liu giy, la m cn lu tch trn cc t liu hin vt
nh bia , ma nhai. Ngoi hnh du ca Trnh Sm ng Tuyt Sn, trn hnh tm bia
Th bt ng t hin cn nm x Phng Trin huyn Gia Bnh tnh Bc Ninh ni bt mt
hnh du vung vi bn ch Trin Ng tin chi bo khc di dng chnh vn c
nin i thi Cnh Hng (khng ghi r nm no). y l mt trong 6 bo n c lm ra t
thi L Thi Tng nm Thiu Bnh th 2 (1435), m mi sau ny n i L Cnh Hng vn
c dng lm biu tng khc trn tm bia ny. (H. 64)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Trn tm bia ln Sc kin Ninh Phc thin t bi k hin cn gi c x Ph Chn, T

Sn, Bc Ninh cn lu tch 3 hnh du[95]. Du c khc li ch Trin gc bn phi bia
cnh di dng ghi nin i nm Phc Thi th 5 (1647) i L Chn Tng.

C 3 du u hnh vung, xp theo chiu dc t nh n ln. Du nh trn cng khc hai

ch Minh hnh l tn php hiu ca ha thng Thch Minh Hnh ngi son vn bia
ngi cha ny. Du tip theo c khc 4 ch Ninh phc ch nhn ch ch nhn
cha Ninh Phc. Du cui khc 4 ch Thin ch thnh c , ch th 3 chng ti tm
c l ch Thnh (?) (H. 65).

n du quan li c quan trung ng thi L Trung hng cng c tm thy trong mt bn

sc ch ca b Li gi cho quan vin cp di. Trn dng nin hiu ghi nm Cnh Hng th
4 (1785) c in hnh du vung, kch thc 9x9cm, bn trong l 4 ch Trin Li b chi n
, du ng trn dng ghi nin hiu ngy thng. y l du ca Thng th b Li
cui i L Cnh Hng.

Hnh du cn lu li trn vn bn ghi v cp chnh quyn a phng thi L Trung hng l

mt du cp huyn trn vn bn gi ln cp trn ca huyn Thanh Chng, trn Ngh An.

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Lc Hoa Vin

dng nin i ghi nm Chnh Ha th 11 (1690) c in hnh du vung, 4 ch Trin trong

du l Thanh Chng huyn n . y l du ca vin Tri huyn huyn Thanh
Chng thuc trn Ngh An. (H. 66)

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Vn bn cui cng c gii thiu trong chng ny c nin i cui i L Cnh Hng. y
l mt vn bn gc c du son m chng ti chp t nguyn bn. Vn bn ny cn
kh nguyn vn, ch Hn vit Chn rt p, ngoi dng u, phn chnh vn c 3 dng.
Dng nin i c 11 ch l Cnh Hng t thp nht nin tam nguyt thp cu nht
. Khng nh vn bn c vit ngy 19 thng 3 nm Cnh Hng th 11
(1780).

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 Lc Hoa Vin

Xut x vn bn c lin quan n La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip, nguyn l Tri huyn huyn
Thanh Chng, Ngh An, lc ny c co quan v n, nhng ting tm vn c nh
cha bit n. Tnh vng Trnh Sm truyn cho Trn th Ngh An V T Cn a c
vo kinh, V T Cn mi vit mt bc th mi Nguyn Thip. Vn bn ny chnh l bc th
ca Cn Lnh hu V T Cn vit nm 1780. Ni dung tm lc l Cn Lnh hu tm quyn
Trn th Ngh An x vng li sai (ca cha) mi cu Tri huyn Thanh Chng ln kinh, khi
i qua n Sa Nam cng bn v cp pht kinh ph ri cho trn binh i h v.

iu quan trng y l du son in trn dng ghi nin hiu. Du hnh vung kch thc
8x8cm. Tm ch Trin trong du xp theo 2 hng l 8 ch Trn th Ngh An a phng chi
n . n ca chc Trn th a phng Ngh An.

nhiu con du cp chnh quyn a phng m chng ti su tm c khng thy c ch

a phng ng ng sau a danh, v tn chc v khng ng trc tn a danh. Thng
l a danh + Chc v + 2 ch chi n (hoc chng). Hoc a danh + tn cp chnh quyn
+ 2 ch chi n (hoc chng). y l trng hp c bit ca n chng cui thi L Trung
hng v cng khng c trong n chng cc thi k khc. (H. 67).
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
8. 25-07-2008, 10:20#28

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phithiengia

King of PervertsThi Ph Kim Tri Ng S i S V

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28-09-2006
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CHNG III

N CHNG VIT NAM THI TY SN ( 788 - 1802)

I. c im lch s ca n chng Vit Nam thi Ty Sn

. c im lch s

Vo u thp nin th 7 ca th k XVIII, x hi ng Trong ca cha Nguyn Phc cc k

ri ren, quyn thn Trng Phc Loan nm quyn v o, kinh t suy sp v lng dn ly
tn. Nm Qu T (1773) ba anh em Nguyn Nhc, Nguyn L v Nguyn Hu[96] cng vi
Nguyn Thung v Huyn Kh[97] t p Ty Sn dy qun chim c hai huyn Ph Ly v
Bng Sn[98], k mt giao c vi n cha Chim Thnh[99] chng li chnh quyn ng
Trong m u cho mt giai on lch s mi - giai on Ty Sn.

Tuy ngn ngi nhng giai on Ty Sn li nhiu s kin lch s trng i m nhng
hin vt n chng v hnh du n trn vn bn Hn Nm cn lu li n ngy nay l
nhng minh chng r nt v sng ng.

Ngay t thi k u khi ngha nhng ngi lnh o Ty Sn nu cao khu hiu Phng
thin pht bo Nguyn Phc quyt tm lt chnh quyn cha Nguyn Phc Thun.
th hin r tinh thn ca khu hiu trn, h cho lm mt qu n g khc 7 ch Hn
Phng thin pht bo nguyn phc dng ng trn cc bn hiu triu, co th,
t gi i v ng trn cc t qun lnh. Con du ny c dng kh lu, c trong thi
gian qun Ty Sn nh min Bc tiu dit qun Trnh, Nguyn Hu dng ng trn cc
bn cng vn qun lnh. T liu ny c Bi Dng Lch ghi li trong Ngh An k:
Duy qun lnh ca Ty Sn th dng ring du Phng thin pht bo Nguyn Phc[100].

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Lc Hoa Vin

y c coi l n du u tin thi Ty Sn v l minh chng kh r v mc ch ngha

ca phong tro Ty Sn. ng tic v chin tranh binh ha, thin tai chn vi tt c n
du thi Ty Sn, trong c n du ny.

Ma xun nm Bnh Thn 1776 Nguyn Nhc chuyn qun ng bn doanh cha Thp
Thp pha Bc thnh Bn[101] ri cho p li thnh ny v xng l Thin vng, phong
Nguyn L lm Thiu ph v Nguyn Hu lm ph chnh. Ti y Nguyn Nhc cho c
n vng ln, nhng c c l b st, phi ba ln mi hon thnh[102].

Cng nh cc vua cha phong kin Vit Nam trc Ty Sn, khi ln ngi, t hoc i nin
hiu, h thng cho c nhng qu n ln bng vng s dng vi ngha quc gia trng
i, dng ng trn cc bn chiu, ch, d, ch co, sc phong. y Nguyn Nhc cng
lm nh vy. Nghin cu n chng thi Ty Sn vi nhng qu n ln cn chng tch ti
ngy nay nh n Qung vn chi bo dng ng trn cc o chiu Sc mnh chi bo v
Tin nhu chi bo dng ng trn cc o sc phong v Triu ng chi n ng trn t
truyn. Chng ti thy cc n du Sc mnh chi bo, Tin nhu chi bo v Triu ng chi
n u c nin i sau thi Thi c. V li kh nhiu vn bn ch Hn ghi r Nguyn Hu
khi cn l Chnh Bnh vng dng nin hiu Thi c u c ng du Qung vn chi
bo Do vic khng nh n du Qung vn chi bo c lm ra t nm 1776 l c c
s. Qu n ny bui u lm ra khi vng triu ty Sn cn qu non tr v qu t n du,
nn vi tc dng a nng Qung vn chi bo cn c ng trn nhiu loi hnh vn bn
khc nhau nh nhng bc th quan trng s c trnh by di y.

S c ghi: Nm 1778 Nguyn Nhc t lp lm Minh c Hong , t ngy hiu l Thi

c nguyn nin, cho i thnh Bn lm thnh Hong , ly L lm Tit ch v Hu
lm Long Nhng tng qun li sai bn Tng c Chu, T khu Uy, H gi Phm Ngn em
thu qun ln cp vng ven bin Trn bin[103]. Chnh thc t y lch s phong kin
Vit Nam thm mt vng triu mi, Nguyn Nhc xng , t nin hiu, phong chc cho
cc quan tng Tng t nh cc triu i mi thnh lp, song song vi vic t quan
phong tng l vic lm v ban cp n tn. Triu i Ty Sn chc chn cng thc hin nh
vy, thc trng n chng giai on ny cn li rt t, nn chng ti ch c th gii thiu
mt cch khi qut s b v i khi ch l nhng t liu dn.

Nm 1786 c Nguyn Hu Chnh hin k, Nguyn Nhc phong Nguyn Hu lm Tit ch

cc qun thy b, Nguyn Hu Chnh[104] lm Hu qun c, V Vn Nhm[105] lm
T qun c tin nh Ph Xun. Dng k ly gin Nguyn Hu mt sai Hu Chnh em
bc th bc sp, tc l dng sp t chy nim phong bc th, khi sp cn nng th ng
du nim ln trn. Ni dung th hn Trn nh Th lm ni ng, nhng Nguyn Hu
Chnh li c a nhm cho Phm Ng Cu[106]. Ng Cu xem th thy c du nim
phong nghim chnh, tin bc th l thc, mang lng nghi Trn nh Th. Kt cc k ly gin
thnh cng, Nguyn Hu chim c Ph Xun cn Ng Cu v nh Th u b git. Nh
chng ti trnh by khi lun v n chng th mt trong chc nng ca con du l
khng nh tnh chn thc (Authentifie). trng hp ny Nguyn Hu v Nguyn Hu
Chnh li dng khai thc chc nng tn thc ca con du trong cng tc tnh bo phn
gin qun s, ly ci thc (con du thc) lm vic gi (th gi) nh la c tng ch
ginh c thng li. Bc th c ng du nim phong trn sp ngy nay chc chn
khng cn, nhng s vic ny l chi tit kh l th v n chng giai on u thi Ty
Sn cng c i Nam chnh bin lit truyn ghi li[107].

Sau chin thng Ph Xun, Nguyn Hu tha thng tin nh Bc H, chim thnh Thng
Long. Nguyn Nhc ra Bc phong Nguyn Hu lm Bc Bnh vng trn gi t Ph Xun
(Hu) tr ra Bc v phong cho Nguyn L lm ng nh vng trn gi t Gia nh.
Nguyn Nhc t xng l Trung ng Hong cai qun t Nng n gip Gia nh.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Bc H mt min t ai rng ln, dn c ng c v nhn tm cha phc, Nguyn Hu

thc hin mt lot chnh sch bin php nhm n nh tnh hnh v tng cng cng c lc
lng. Bt u bng vic mi cc nhn ti Bc H ra lm vic. Nguyn Hu lc u (1786)
xng l An Nam i Nguyn sy, nm 1787 xng l i Nguyn sy Tng quc Chnh Bnh
vng v bt u t cc chc quan i T m cho Ng Vn S, quan Ni hu cho Nguyn
Vn Ln. ng thi vit th mi La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip ra hp tc, n ba ln mi
thnh. Cho n ma thu nm 1788 Nguyn Hu thu phc c nhiu vn quan v s phu
Bc H v phong chc cho h nh Ng Th Nhm gi chc T Th lang b Li. Phan Huy ch
v Nguyn Gia Phan lm Th trung Ng s, Ng Vi Qu v on Nguyn Tun sung Hn lm
vin. Nhng s kin ny c sch s ghi li[108] v iu may mn chng ti c
trong tay nh chp nhng bc th Nguyn Hu gi La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip. l
nhng vn bn ch Hn m dng nin hiu Thi c c ng du son Qung vn chi bo
cng nhiu kiu du khc, s c trnh by k di y.

Cui nm 1788 Nguyn Hu ln ngi Hong , t nin hiu Quang Trung v ct i qun
nh gic Thanh, ch mt trn tiu dit 20 vn qun Thanh. Qun lnh nghim minh gip
cho chin dch thnh cng, phi chng c s ng gp ca cc ph tit, h ph v n tn
tng lnh - nhng biu tng ca php quyn qun lnh Ty Sn lc .

Sau chin thng, Nguyn Hu cp tc xy dng v cng c chnh quyn t trung ng

xung a phng. Tham bc c cu t chc chnh quyn nh Hu L, Nguyn Hu t
Trung th ph phong Trn Vn K[109] chc Trung th lnh l m phng theo ch tam
Snh c c bit l Trung th snh. Trung th lnh vi chc nng B th ca Hong l
ngi thn tn ph t c lc ca Nguyn Hu trong vic t vn ng li chin lc. Vi
vn ti thao lc B th Trn Vn K gip Quang Trung c rt nhiu trong vic hoch
nh k sch, thu phc nhn ti nh Nguyn Thip, Ng Th Nhm, Phan Huy ch. Bt tch
v hnh du Trung th lnh chi chng ca Trn Vn K chng minh r s kin ny v
cn khng nh thm tc v K Thin hu ca Trn Vn K.

Nm 1789 Ng Th Nhm c giao thm chc T lnh. ng cng Phan Huy ch son tho
cng vn th t giao thip vi nh Thanh, nm 1790 ng c thng Binh b Thng th,
v nm 1791 thng Th lang i hc s.

Nm Quang Trung th 3 (1790), Nguyn Hu cng c h thng lc B v phong chc tc

cho nhng ngi c ti nng nh Ng Th Nhm lm Binh b Thng th tc Tnh Phi hu,
V Duy Tn gi chc Cng b i chiu Thng th Vic lp Sng Chnh vin v phong La
Sn phu t Nguyn Thip chc Vin trng cng nh vic nhc nh cng vic v vn ha,
gio dc ni ln c nhn quan chnh tr ng n trng o hc v tr thc ca Nguyn
Hu.

Vic phong chc i T m cho Ng Vn S, quan Ni hu cho Nguyn Vn Ln v cc

tng lnh khc l s chun b cho vic xy dng mt chnh quyn trung ng ring bit ca
Nguyn Hu. ng thi l vic xy dng v cng c chnh quyn a phng, min Bc
Nguyn Hu i thnh Thng Long lm Bc thnh v qun l theo ch qun qun. Cc
trn vn duy tr nh c, ring trn Sn Nam c a ra lm Sn Nam thng v Sn Nam
h, mi trn t chc Trn th ng u v Hip trn ph t. Nhng trn quan trng nh
Ngh An, Thanh Ha anh em Nguyn Nhc u tng ti tm phc trn gi. Trn Ngh
An c giao cho Nguyn Vn Thn, thc hin nhim v quan trng l vic chun b cho
cng tc xy dng kinh Vnh (tc Vinh) thuc Ngh An. S kin ny c lin quan n
vic Nguyn Thn giao thip vi La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip - theo lnh ca Nguyn Hu
nh xem t xy dng hnh cung ca kinh mi. Bc th ny chng ti c c t b su
tm ca c Gio s Hong Xun Hn. Vn bn ch Hn ny cn lu hnh du son Ngh An

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trn ph chng in trn dng nin hiu ghi Thi c nm th 11, s trnh by di y l
c liu minh chng cho vic nh Ty Sn ban cp n tn song song vi vic b nhim chc
quan cp chnh quyn a phng giai on u. Xy dng v cng c chnh quyn a
phng cp ph, huyn, nm 1788 Nguyn Hu mi t chc quan cp huyn vi hai
chc v l T qun l v Hu qun l. Chng ti tm c mt qu n ng cp huyn
triu Quang Trung huyn M Linh, Vnh Phc. Ngoi gi tr l hin vt n chng n cn
chng minh thm cho vic k hy ch Bnh thi Ty Sn.

Cp c s thp nht ca chnh quyn a phng l tng, x vn c nh Ty Sn duy tr

theo nh Hu L ng ngoi v cha Nguyn ng Trong. Tng c Cai tng v Ph tng
ng u, x c X trng hay L trng qun l. T cp c s thp nht ny tr ln n
cc quan li chnh quyn cp trn, doanh, o u c nh Ty Sn ban cp n tn dng
trong vic cng vi nhiu chc v, cp bc khc nhau. Mi mt loi hnh n u c nhng
quy nh r rng v kch c, cht liu, vn khc trn n v mu mc s dng. Hin vt n
chng v nhng hnh du in trn vn bn Hn Nm giai on ny s c trnh by chi tit
trong chuyn mc sau.

Ngay t nm 1773 khi c hiu Ty Sn mi dng, i qun Ty Sn c t chc nghim

chnh vi 5 Qun: Trung, Tin, T, Hu, Hu. Ngy mt ln mnh, t mt i qun tr
thnh mt lc lng qun i c quy m v t chc cao, v c bn vn theo nguyn tc ng
ch, l nm qun Trung, Tin, T, Hu, Hu cng vi T Bt, Hu Bt v.v chia cc o Cn
Thanh, Thin Can, Thin Trng, Thin Sch, H B, H Hu, Th Thn, Th Loan v.v[110]
hoc qun s th o thng lnh C, C thng lnh i[111]. Ni chung mt s sch s
ch ghi v t chc qun i Ty Sn vi nt khi qut nh vy. Ba qu n tng lnh cn gi
c n ngy nay b sung thm cho vic nghin cu qun i Ty Sn vi cc n v
cp V, Hiu v chc Sut mi mt cp khc nhau.

Quan ch thi Ty Sn, c vn quan v v quan khng c b chnh s no ghi trn vn, ch
thy ri rc trong cc sch d s, tp k nh: Tam cng, Tam thiu, i Trung t, i T
m, i T khng, i T hi, i T l, Thi y, Ng y, i Tng qun, i Tng l, i
h, i c, c, Ni hu, H gi, Kim im, Ch huy s, ty, y, Trung y,
V y, Qun qun, Tham c, Tham lnh, Trung th snh, Trung th lnh, Phng chnh, Th
trung i hc s, Hip bin i hc s, Th trung Ng s, lc B Thng th, T Hu ng
ngh, T Hu Phng ngh, Th lang, T v, Hn lm, cc chc danh khc cn nhiu, khng
th k ht ra c[112]. Ghi chp v quy ch thi Ty Sn tuy tn mn, nhng cng cho
ta thy c t chc chnh quyn v qun i giai on ny kh hon chnh.

T chc chnh quyn v qun i thi Ty Sn song song vi vic phong chc, cp l vic
ban cp n tn cho quan li v tng lnh, c bao nhiu chc v th c by nhiu n tn,
thm ch s n tn cn nhiu hn v c nhiu chc v cn phi thm kim n nh i km vi
n ln. L thuyt l nh vy, nhng thc trng n du thi Ty Sn cn li cho n ngy
nay th qu t i, qu kh khn cho vic dng li c mt h thng n chng thi . Tuy
nhin nhng qu n v hnh du trn vn bn Hn Nm, trn vn khc Hn Nm m chng
ti s trnh by t nhiu cng khc ha li khng ch n chng thi Ty Sn m gn nh
mt phn bc tranh lch s, x hi giai on ny.

V mt kinh t, ngay t khi thu phc c Bc H, Quang Trung Nguyn Hu c tng

xy dng nn kinh t c lp. Chiu khuyn nng nm 1789 chng t Quang Trung thy
c vai tr quan trng ca nn kinh t nng nghip. Vic lp s inh, s in chia ra cc
hng, ng, ngch cn i vi vic thu t thu thi Quang Trung l tng i mch
lc[113]. Tham kho lut kinh t nh Hu L v cc cha Nguyn, nh Ty Sn cn thit lp
m hnh Bn ng quan vi chc nng thu t thu, dn inh, kim tra mi lnh vc mi
a phng. Chc danh ca cc quan li ln nh lnh vc ny c th hin trong du

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n. Nhng hnh du nh K ph in trn vn bn Hn Nm c nin hiu Quang Trung

th 5 (1792) minh chng cho chc danh K ph, K lc, trong h thng Bn ng quan
ca nh Ty Sn.

Nm 1792, t sng Gianh tr ra Bc, nh Ty Sn cn lp s Dn b, mi ngi dn u

c cp mt chic th gi l Tn bi (Th lm tin). Tn bi ny lm bng g ngoi vin
bng hoa. Trn th ghi tn h, qun ch, du im ch ngn tay tr, gia th in 4 ch
Trin ln Thin h i tn c k tn v ng du. Nhng k bun bn phi eo th
ny di c lm tin[114]. ng tic rng hin nay chng ti khng tm c mt th Tn bi
no thi Ty Sn minh chng cho vai tr ca hnh du lm tin trong th tn bi ny.

Nm Canh Tut 1790 - nin hiu Quang Trung th 3, Quang Trung lnh cho Thi t Nguyn
Quang Ton tun tra Bc Thnh kim tra s sch v dn tnh[115]. Mt bn lnh ch gi cho
cc x huyn Thanh Tr ph Thng Tn x Sn Nam thng c ng du ln Hong thi
t chi bo trn dng nin hiu Quang Trung th 3 c trnh by trong mc II l c liu
quan trng gip cho vic nghin cu tnh hnh kinh t nng nghip thi Quang Trung.
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
9. 28-07-2008, 10:21#29

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King of PervertsThi Ph Kim Tri Ng S i S V

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28-09-2006
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Thanks
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2. Gii thiu n du trn vn bn Hn Nm thi Ty Sn - Giai on trc triu i

Quang Trung

Giai on trc triu Quang Trung l triu Thi c m Nguyn Nhc l Hong tnh t
1778 v trc khi Nguyn Nhc mi xng l Thin vng (1776). Xp nin biu lch s
thi Ty Sn ta s thy triu Thi c tn ti song song vi triu L Chiu Thng nh L
Bc H. Ring giai on na cui v cui th tn ti song song vi triu Quang Trung v
Cnh Thnh.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Nin hiu Thi c:

+ T nm 1778 n nm 1793 tn ti cng nin hiu L Chiu Thng.

+ T nm 1788 n nm 1792 tn ti cng nin hiu Quang Trung.

+ 1793 tn ti cng nin hiu Cnh Thnh.

Nh chng ti trnh by n vng Qung vn chi bo c c ra t nm 1776, dng

ng trn cc vn bn quan trng. iu may mn l ngy nay chng ti c mt s nh chp
t vn bn ch Hn gc thi Thi c, nhng vn bn ny cn in r hnh du Qung vn chi
bo trn dng nin hiu v nhng du kim nh phn chnh vn: C 3 vn bn c cng
nin hiu Thi c th 11 (1788) v 1 vn bn nin hiu Thi c th 12 (1789). y l
nhng vn bn m ni dung c lin quan n vic giao thip gia nh Ty Sn m ch yu
l Nguyn Hu cng nhng ngi tm phc vi La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip[116].

V xut x mt s vn bn ch Hn thi Ty Sn iu u tin phi k n cng lao ca c

GS. Hong Xun Hn. Nm 1939, Gio s t Paris v Vit Nam tr li thm qu Ngh An ti
nh th h La Sn phu t, c chu cht ca Nguyn Thip tng cho Gio s mt s vn
bn ch Hn gm cc loi chiu, ch, th, truyn, sc phong thi Ty Sn. Trn c s ,
nm 1952 GS. Hong cho ra mt cun La Sn phu t cng b mt s vn bn trn.
Sau Gio s tng li Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam tt c nhng vn bn ny. Cch
y gn mi nm, khi nghin cu n chng ti chp nh c nguyn bn nhng vn
bn ch Hn trn. ng thi da vo mt s t liu Hn Nm khc su tm, bc u
xin c gii thiu n du thi Ty Sn trn vn bn Hn Nm qua cc triu i Thi c,
Quang Trung, Cnh Thnh v Bo Hng.

Vn bn th nht vi dng ch Hn u tin l i nguyn sy tng quc chnh bnh vng

chnh vn gm 13 dng khong gn 40 ch. Dng cui ghi nin hiu Thi
c thp nin cu nguyt thp tam nht (Ngy 13 thng 9 nm Thi c
th 10 [/787]) mt du son ln hnh vung, vin ngoi khng khc ha tit ng di ch
Thi c. Du c kch thc 11,5x11,5cm.

Ba hnh du Kim nh ging nhau ng u v cui phn chnh vn v trn ch Nht

dng nin hiu. (H. 68)

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Lc Hoa Vin

y l bc th m Nguyn Hu gi La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip c xut x ni dung nh

sau. Vo nm 1786 Nguyn Hu chim Thng Long mun thu phc nhn tm Bc H tm
ngi ti ph gip. c Trn Vn K c vn Nguyn Hu vit th ri mang l vt mi
Nguyn Thip ra hp tc, nhng Nguyn Thip t chi. n ngy 10/8/1787 Nguyn Hu
mi ln th hai cng khng thnh. Hai bc th ny chng ti khng c. y l bc th th
3 c vit ngy 13/9/1787 m Nguyn Hu xng l i Nguyn sy Tng quc Chnh Bnh
vng, th ny Nguyn Hu t Ph Xun sai quan Hnh b Thng th Thuyn Quang hu
H Cng Thuyn mang ti mi Nguyn Thip Ngh An.

S lc ni dung bc th Nguyn Hu xng l i Nguyn sy Tng quc Chnh Bnh vng

knh th ti La Sn phu t. Nguyn Hu k ra ba l m Nguyn Thip coi l l do t
chi khng ra hp tc vi Ty Sn ri by t s tnh v lc lng Ty Sn rt cn ngi hin
ti nh Nguyn Thip ra gip , mong phu t xem xt

Bc th ny c c GS. Hong Xun Hn dch, ch gii v cng b nh minh ho[117].

y chng ti khng dch, ch li m ch tm tt s lc ni dung v hng vic nghin
cu trng tm vo cc hnh du n; Vic lm ny s c thc hin vi tt c nhng vn
bn Hn Nm c hnh du thi Ty Sn c c GS. Hong gii thiu.

Dng ghi nin i ca bc th c hnh du son ln, hnh vung, kch thc 11,5x11,5cm,
Trin vn trong du gm 4 ch Qung vn chi bo [118]. Trong LSPT, GS. Hong
Xun Hn cng khng nh v du ny.

Ba hnh du Kim nh ng ba v tr khc nhau trn vn bn thc cht l t mt du Kim

ng ra. Du hnh bu dc lm cnh c c 2,2x3,0cm, Trin vn bn trong gm 2 ch vi
nt ch c khc un nhiu nt v khun theo hnh du nn rt kh c. Theo GS. Hong
th 2 ch Trin trong du kim ny c l Kim n v khc ngc nn du c hnh
ngc l [119]. Xem xt k hnh du Kim ny trn vn bn gc v so snh vi cc con du
tng t in trn cc vn bn gc khc, chng ti khng nh 2 ch Trin khc trong du l 2
ch Tn n ().V ng ngha ca ch trong du nh vy mi ng v hp lgic. Trin

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Lc Hoa Vin

vn c khc ng t trn xung, ch khng phi khc ngc nh GS. Hong nu.

Mt vn bn Hn Nm na, l mt t chiu gi La Sn phu t nh xem t Ty Sn

Nguyn Hu xy dng Kinh Ph Thch. Trc y Nguyn Hu vit th nh c xem
t, chn hng Ph Thch khi cng, nhng Nguyn Thip c chn ch khng lm,
nn Nguyn Hu mi gi tip chiu ny. T chiu l 1 t giy bn c ch Hn vit phn li
Chn u trn b rch mn do giy b cun lu ngy, nhng ni dung vn bn vn cn
nguyn vn. Chnh vn gm su dng ch Hn, hai ch Chiu u v cui vit chi
ln mt cht. Dng nin hiu ghi Thi c thp nht nin lc nguyt thp cu nht (
).

Mt hnh du son ng trn dng nin hiu di ch c . Du hnh vung c

11,5x11,5cm, Trin vn l 4 ch Qung vn chi bo . Hnh du v nt ch Trin
ging y nh du Qung vn chi bo bc th ca Chnh Bnh vng gi La Sn phu t
nu trn. Qua dng nin hiu v hnh du Qung vn chi bo khng nh c vn bn
ch Hn ny c lm vo ngy 19 thng 6 nm Thi c th 11 (1788).

Dng u tin c 1 hnh du ch nht di ng ln 5 ch Chiu La Sn phu t (

)[120]. Du ch nht ng c 4 gc un, vin mp ng, kch thc 3,2x6,2cm hai bn
vin ngoi l hnh 2 con rng nh nt mnh. Bn ch Trin xp dc 1 dng t trn xung l
4 ch Ng dng chi bo () Bo ca Hong dng.

Di du Qung vn chi bo in trn dng nin hiu l mt hnh du kim nh na ng trn

ch Cu nht () du kim ny c hnh bu dc lm cnh. Du tuy ng b m song
qua ngoi hnh, kch thc mc du v nhng nt ch cn c c, cng v tr ng ca
du chng ti khng nh y l du Tn n () ging nh du Tn n trnh by
trn (H. 69).

Vn bn ch Hn th 3 c vit trn giy bn c c bi v li gm 15 dng ch Hn,

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Lc Hoa Vin

dng gia b rch ton b. l mt t chiu ca Quang Trung gi La Sn phu t

Nguyn Thip, ghi nin hiu Thi c thp nht nin cu nguyt s tam nht (Ngy 3 thng
9 nm Thi c th 11 [1788]). Dng u trn ch La Sn tin sinh Nguyn Thip[121]
c hnh du ch nht ng, du Qung vn chi bo ln ng trn dng nin hiu. Ba du
Kim nh hnh bu dc lm cnh in cui phn chnh vn v dng nin i.

T chiu ny GS. Hong Xun Hn cng b trn cun La Sn phu t[122], nh minh ha
(nh 24-C13) ch c phn chnh vn 14 dng ch Hn vi 3 hnh du Kim nt m khng
c c, v khng c phn ghi nin i cng nh du ln Qung vn chi bo cng 1 du
Kim nh na. Chng ti xin c gii thiu nh chp trn vn t chiu ny b sung cho
phn minh ha ca GS. Hong. (H. 70)

Ni dung t chiu l vic Quang Trung nh La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip xem phong thy
chn t xy dng kinh Yn Trng[123], (xin xem chi tit phn dch trong
LSPT[124]). y chng ti ch gii thiu qua cc hnh du trn vn bn cng c thm
cho lun c v n trin giai on trc thi Quang Trung. Hnh du ln Qung vn chi bo
trn dng nin hiu c kch thc t dng ging y nh 2 hnh du chng ti gii thiu
cc vn bn trn. Du ch nht ng chnh l du Ng dng chi bo () cng
c gii thiu vn bn th 2 trn. Cn 3 du Kim nh cng chnh l 3 du Kim Tn n
() gii thiu vn bn th nht.

Ngoi nhng vn bn trn chng ti cn c vn bn Hn Nm na l l th ca Nguyn Hu

khi cn l Chnh Bnh vng mi La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip n hi kin Ph Thch.
Phn nin i cng c hnh du Qung vn chi bo v khng c hnh du kim (nh minh
ha 20-C9 ca GS. Hong trong LSPT khng c hnh du no[125]).

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 Lc Hoa Vin

Ngh An mt trn quan trng c Nguyn Hu giao cho Nguyn Vn Thn trng nhm v
trong vic giao thip vi La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip th Nguyn Vn Thn c giao nhim
v trc tip. Xin gii thiu 1 bc th ca Nguyn Vn Thn gi Nguyn Thip theo lnh ca
Quang Trung c nin i nm Thi c th 11 (1788).

Vn bn l mt bc th () cn kh nguyn vn, dng u l 8 ch Hn Khm sai trn th

quan thn trc hu ()[126]. Chnh vn gm 3 dng, ni dung l li th ca
quan khm sai Trn th Nguyn Vn Thn vng chiu ch dng kinh , truyn cho cc
huyn x tp trung phu xy dng, knh mi phu t n xem tnh t kp xy dng

Bc th c vit ngy 4 thng 7 nm Thi c th 11 (1788), trn dng nin hiu c in

hnh du son. Du hnh vung, c 6,8x6,8cm. Nm ch Trin bn trong xp theo v tr ch
th 3 gia di gp i cc ch khc l 5 ch Ngh An trn ph chng (n
chng ca Trn th Ngh An). (H.71)

Chc Trn th mi trn thi Ty Sn u c giao cho cc i thn c nng lc cai qun,
h va l mt khm sai i thn mt trn va l quan ng u trn cng nh chc
Tng c thi Nguyn sau ny. Nguyn Vn Thn gi chc Trn th () nhng con
du li khc ghi l Trn ph () y l iu c bit khc vi con du ca chc Trn th
(cng qun mt trn) thi Hu L v Nguyn (t Gia Long - Minh Mnh 13). Chng
y cng nh n () ca Tng c, Tun ph thi Nguyn - l minh chng thm t liu
cho vic dng Chng thi Ty Sn Chng ta s gp li hnh du ny trong mt vn bn
c nin hiu Quang Trung th 2 (1789) s c trnh by phn mc sau vi nhng so
snh nht nh.
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
10. 29-07-2008, 20:35#30

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Lc Hoa Vin

phithiengia

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II. n chng Vit Nam triu Quang Trung

. Thc trng v hin vt n chng triu Quang Trung

Triu i Quang Trung vi 5 nm ngn ngi, nhng thc cht n hnh thnh t nm 1787
khi Nguyn Hu xng l i Nguyn sy Tng quc Chnh Bnh vng v t chc qun i
lc ny cng c Nguyn Hu trc tip sp xp b nhim. Khi ln ngi Nguyn Hu ra sc
xy dng v cng c lc lng qun i cng nh chnh quyn cc cp. Song song vi vic
b nhim tng lnh, quan chc l vic ban cp n tn cho mi quan tng s dng. Rt
nhiu n tn ra i giai on ny, nhng nn binh ha v chnh sch khc lit ca nh
Nguyn t triu Gia Long v vic thu hy n trin, vn bn Hn Nm thi Ty Sn, khin
cho vic su tm v nghin cu hin vt n chng triu Quang Trung ni ring v Ty Sn
ni chung hin nay gp rt nhiu kh khn. S hin vt n chng m chng ti su tm
c tht qu t i v khng c ton din, nhng cng phn no ni ln c t chc
qun i, chc v tng lnh v chnh quyn a phng giai on ny.

Trc tin xin c gii thiu v hai qu n ng hin c lu gi ti Vin Bo tng Lch s
Vit Nam ti H Ni m nm 1987 chng ti trc tip in chp v cng b trn Tp ch
Kho c hc s 1 nm 1989[127].

n th nht k hiu LSb 2525 lm theo kiu chui v, cn thp to v tht y. n c chiu
cao 4,5cm, dy 0,9cm. Khun n lm theo dng hnh ch nht. Mt trn n pha bn phi
khc 5 ch Hn Tn Hi nin ng to , pha bn phi khc 10 ch Hn Sut trung
lng nh v tam hiu trung lang tng ().

Nt ch r rng d c. Du hnh ch nht c kch thc 9,6x6,2cm vin ngoi c 0,7cm.

Vn khc l 10 ch Trin xp theo 3 hng, nt ch un theo hnh ch nht ng, 4 ch
hng gia v 6 ch chia u hai hng bn, ch hai hng bn. Mi ch Trin trong du

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Lc Hoa Vin

chnh l 10 ch khc pha trn n Sut trung lng nh v tam hiu trung lang tng. y l
du ca vin Trung lang tng Hiu qun th ba, V th hai sut Trung lng. (H.72 a, b,
c, d)

n th hai k hiu DI 63 - 79, nm chui v thp, to, trn v tht pha di. n c chiu
cao 5cm v dy 1cm. Trn n pha bn phi cng khc 5 ch Hn Tn Hi nin ng to
nh n LSb 2525, bn tri khc 9 ch Hn Sut hng c khai v ng hiu ty (
). Ch r nt d c v nt ch rt ging qu n th nht.

Du hnh ch nht c kch thc 10x6,8cm, vin ngoi c 0,8cm. Chn ch Trin xp
theo hai hng, 5 ch hng u mng hn 4 ch hng hai; nt ch un theo hnh ch nht
nm. 9 ch Trin trong du cng chnh l 9 ch Hn khc pha trn n Sut hng c khai v
ng hiu ty. y l n ca vin tng chc ty Hiu qun th nm, V tin phong,
Sut Hng c. (H.73 a, b, c, d)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Trn mt ca hai qu n u khng ghi nin hiu m ch ghi nm can chi to n l nm Tn

Hi. Vy y l nm Tn Hi no (?) So snh ch Trin hai n ng ny vi ch Trin
trong n chng thi Nguyn m chng ti nghin cu, cng vi vic xc nh ngoi
hnh, cht liu n, chng ti cho rng hai qu n ny khng phi l n thi Nguyn.

y l hai qu n ca chc v tng trong n v qun i. Xt bin ch cp V v Hiu,

chng ta bit rng t i L Thnh Tng mi t cp V, S trong qun l. Nu k t thi L
Thnh Tng n trc thi Nguyn l Quang Trung, ta s c 6 nm Tn Hi, l nm 1491
(Hng c th 22), nm 1551 (Thun Bnh th 3), nm 1611 (Hong nh th 12), nm
1671 (Cnh Tr th 9), nm 1731 (Vnh Khnh th 3) v nm 1791 (Quang Trung th 4).

Theo nhng t liu chng ti c bit th hu ht nhng n ng thi L s - Mc v L

Trung hng trn n thng khc bn ch Thng bo ty to (). Ty Thng bo l
ni sn xut ra nhng n ng m hai qu n trn khng thy khc bn ch ny. Mt khc,
xt v bin ch qun i L, t i L Thnh Tng v sau, qun i c bin ch theo hnh

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Lc Hoa Vin

thc ng ch. Mi bc chia lm 5: Trung, Tin, T, Hu, Hu. Thi u t bc V, S lm

cao; cp C, i, Thuyn, Qun qun di. Nhiu cp ring bit nh Thn qun trong Ni
ph, cp Hiu th c Nhng v Kiu v mi B l Th b, Th thy. Qun L - Trnh v sau
phn theo bc Doanh, o, C, i, Thuyn. Ngoi ra vn duy tr cp V, Hiu mt s n
v ring bit[128]. Nhiu sch khc cng ni v bin ch qun i nh L, nhng ta khng
thy u nhc n chc Sut hoc cp Sut.

Bin ch qun i Nguyn cng theo ng Ng ch. Cp Qun l cao nht, c binh chng t
Doanh khng t Qun. Di Qun, Doanh l V hoc C. Di V, C l i, Thuyn. Mi
sau ny i Minh Mnh mi nhc n chc Sut i, Sut thp cp nh nht. Trc
cng khng thy ni n cp Sut hoc chc Sut hoc trn cp V[129].

Nu xt v t chc, bin ch qun i nh Mc, chng ta cng khng tm thy chc Sut
hoc cp Sut[130].

T chc qun i Ty Sn v c bn vn theo nguyn tc ng Ng ch, nhng cng c

nhng im mi. Sch L Qu dt s ghi li vo thng 12 nm K Du nin hiu Quang
Trung th 2 (1789) Ty Sn nh li vic t quan chc, hng quan vn c Phn tri, hng
quan v c Phn sut Qun s th o thng lnh C, C thng lnh i, u c vin Phn
sut cai qun hun luyn[131]. Nh vy ta c th ni chc Sut c a vo bin ch
qun i Ty Sn mt cch rng ri. Mi mt chc u c chc Sut v thng c tn gi
km theo: Sut Trung lng, Sut Hng c v.v Sut c khi ng c lp, c khi do chc
khc kim qun.

V vy theo chng ti hai qu n trn l n thi Ty Sn v nm Tn Hi c khc trn n

l nm th t nin hiu Quang Trung th 4 (1791). Hai qu n ny c c vo ma ng
nm 1791, trc ngy mt ca Nguyn Hu gn mt nm.

Nm 1997 chng ti c nh gio Nguyn Vn Cng x i Lnh, huyn i Lc,

tnh Qung Nam cung cp gin tip t liu v mt qu n ng thi Ty Sn[132]. n c
lm kiu chui v, nm cao 3,5cm, tht y pha di. Khun n hnh ch nht c kch
thc 9,8x6,6cm, v dy 1cm. Mt trn n pha bn phi khc 5 ch Hn Tn Hi nin ng
to (), pha bn tri khc mt dng 13 ch Hn Ty k ph trung tn nht v h
qun s vinh hoa hu.

Du hnh ch nht c kch thc 9,8x6,6cm, vin ngoi c 0,7cm. Vn khc l 13 ch

Trin xp theo hai hng, hng bn phi 7 ch, bn tri 6 ch hon ton ging 13 ch Hn
khc trn lng n: Ty k ph trung tn nht v h qun s vinh hoa hu
. (H.74 a.b)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Vic xc nh nin i v Chn ha ch Trin trong du ca qu n ny tng i thun li.

So snh n du ny vi hai qu n Vin Bo tng Lch s trn chng ti thy c rt nhiu
im tng ng. Chng u c cht liu bng ng; hnh th gn ging nhau: khun n
hnh ch nht, nm chui v to, trn, tht y. Mt trn n pha bn phi u khc 5 ch
Hn: Tn Hi nin ng to, bn tri khc dng ch Hn ging nh dng ch trn mt du.
Du u hnh ch nht, vin ngoi rng v kiu ch Trin mt du trong du rt ging
nhau. Chng gn nh c c ra t mt khun vy. y u l n du ca cc chc v
tng cp V, Hiu cng l nhng cp cao trong qun i thi phong kin. T chng ti
khng nh nm Tn Hi c khc trn qu n i Lnh, Qung Nam cng chnh l nm
Tn Hi nin hiu Quang Trung th 4 (1791). Qu n ny c lm ra t ma ng nm
Tn Hi 1791 triu Quang Trung thi Ty Sn.

Gii ngha ch Trin trong con du Qung Nam th y l n du ca vin tng Vinh Hoa
hu chc H qun s thuc V th nht Trung Tn ph Ty K. Trung Tn du ny cng

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Lc Hoa Vin

nh Trung lng v Hng c ca hai n du trn u l tn n v trong bin ch qun i

Ty Sn. Ty K ph l tn a danh c thuc t Bnh nh, ni pht tch phong tro Ty
Sn, sang i Gia Long thi Nguyn b xa b i tn. Nhng iu trn cng chng t vic
khng nh qu n ny thuc triu Quang Trung thi Ty Sn l chnh xc.

Sch L Qu dt s cng nh nhiu sch s khc ch ni chung chung bin ch qun i Ty

Sn cp Doanh, o, C, i. Ba qu n trn chng minh cho vic Quang Trung
Nguyn Hu t cp V v cp Hiu vo bin ch qun i, di na l cp i, Thuyn.
Ngoi vic phn theo Ng ch, Quang Trung cn t V, Hiu theo s th t nh Nht V,
Nh V, Tam Hiu, Ng Hiu, Khai Vc l l V u tin, m ng, l V tin
phong.

V chc danh cp bc ghi trong n du ta thy y l ba qu n ca ba v tng c chc

danh khc nhau: Chc Trung lang tng, chc ty v chc H qun s. Theo nghin cu
n chng th chc v cp bc cng cao th n du cng ln. Nu em so snh cc n ny
vi nhau, ta thy n ca vin tng ty c kch thc khun du 10x6,8cm v chiu cao
l 5cm, n ca vin tng H qun s c 9,8x6,6cm v chiu cao 4,5cm, n ca vin Trung
lang tng c 9,6x6,2cm v chiu cao l 4,5cm. Nh vy kh nng vin tng ty c chc
v cao hn v chc nng nhim v chc chn cng quan trng hn hai vin tng kia. Thi
Ty Sn, chc ty thng c phn gi nhng ni xung yu quan trng, chc ny phi
chn nhng vin tng gii v tm phc cho trn nhm. V vin tng ty ny li lnh V
tin phong, nn gi thit nu trn c kh nng l ng.

V vic tm li tn tui ca ba vin tng qua nhng n du ny qu thc l kh khn. T

liu ch Hn thi Ty Sn b mt gn nh ton b, ch da vo mt s sch s v mt s
vn bn hnh chnh cn lu li chng ti khng thy nhc n tn tui vin Trung lang
tng, vin tng ty hay H qun s no (!) Cn vic phong tc Hu cho cc quan
tng thi Ty Sn, vi nhiu tn h khc nhau nh Ni hu Nguyn Vn Ln, K Thin hu
Trn Vn K, Thn Trc hu Nguyn Vn Thn v.v cng c t liu ni ti. Do tn
tui ca vin tng H qun s Vinh Hoa hu hy vng s c cc s gia tm thy trong
tng lai trn c s t liu t n du ny.

Cng tc in d su tm ca Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm tht a dng v rt c hiu qu,

khng c n chc chn chng ti cng khng th tm thy mt qu n ng na thi Ty
Sn mt lng qu Trung du Bc B. Ti mt gia nh h o (h Ng) x Vin Sn,
huyn M Linh hin cn lu gi mt qu n ng c. Nm n hnh chui v trn, c ng
knh 1cm chiu cao tnh c n l 3,5cm. Mt n c c theo hnh ch nht c kch
thc 5,6x8,5cm v y 1cm. Mt trn n pha bn phi khc 5 ch Hn: Tn Hi nin ng
to (), pha bn tri khc 5 ch Hn Bng Tuyn huyn qun l (). Nt
ch vit theo li Chn th d c. Du hnh ch nht c kch thc 9,8x6,6cm vin ngoi
c 0,5cm. Vn khc l nm ch Trin xp theo hai hng dc, hng bn phi l ba ch Bng
Tuyn huyn , hng bn tri l hai ch Qun l , kch thc ca hai ch Qun l
cao bng ba ch Bng Tuyn huyn. (H.75 a, b)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Vic xc nh nin i v Chn ha ch Trin ca du n ny cng thun li v c c

vic xc nh nin i v ni dung vn khc ca ba qu n trn. So snh cht liu hnh th,
khun du t dng ch Chn v Trin th c bit l nm ch Tn Hi nin ng to ca
n ng ny vi ba qu n trn chng ti khng nh y l qu n c lm ra t ma
ng nm Tn Hi nin hiu Quang Trung th 4 (1791). Chnh vic xc nh nin i ny
cng gip cho vic Chn ha ch Trin v gii ngha cho ni dung vn khc ca du. Nm
ch Trin Bng Tuyn huyn qun l trong du cho ta khng nh y l n du ca chc
Qun l huyn Bng Tuyn.

Trc ht xin ni v ba ch Bng Tuyn huyn. Theo sch Cc trn tng x danh b
lm[133] c son tho gia triu Gia Long (1810-1813) th Bnh Tuyn l tn mt
huyn thuc ph Ph Bnh, x Thi Nguyn. Huyn c 7 tng 27 x, thn, trang tri, v a
danh ny c t lu i. Xem xt a danh ph, huyn ton min Bc t Ngh Tnh tr ra
thi k Ty Sn v t thi Nguyn chng ti khng thy c tn huyn Bng Tuyn hoc

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 Lc Hoa Vin

Bnh Tuyn no khc. Nh vy huyn Bng Tuyn ny chnh l huyn Bnh Tuyn ghi trong
qu n m triu Quang Trung king hy tn tc ca Nguyn Hu l Bnh nn mi i ch
Bnh lm ch Bng v hai ch Bnh Tuyn c i thnh Bng Tuyn . PGS.
TS. Ng c Th cng vit v l do king hy ch Bnh, vic thi Ty Sn i tn cc
a danh c ch Bnh nh nu trn xc nhn vua Quang Trung Nguyn Hu cn c mt
tn khc l Nguyn Quang Bnh nh Hong L nht thng ch chp. Bnh cng
c dng lm tn tc t xng ca Nguyn Hu[134] Do cc a danh nh Cao Bnh
c i lm Cao Bng , Lc Bnh c i lm Lc Bng [135]. Tn huyn
Bnh Tuyn c i lm Bng Tuyn qu n ny l mt minh chng na cho vic king
hy ch Bnh thi Ty Sn. Khi Gia Long ln ngi th tt c a danh v nhn danh c lin
quan n nh Ty Sn u b xa b, nh p Ty Sn c i thnh An Ty, tn Cnh
Thnh, Quang Trung khc trn hin vt u b c v nhng a danh king hy thi Ty
Sn hu ht c i li tn nh c V vy khi son tho b Cc trn tng x danh b lm
thi Gia Long, nhm bin son vit tn huyn Bnh Tuyn () nh c t khng
ai c vit hoc nhc li ci tn Bng Tuyn () c t ra di triu Quang Trung
na.

Tr li hai ch Qun l c khc trn n, y l mt tn chc quan qun l cp

huyn triu Quang Trung. Khi ln ngi nm 1788 Quang Trung Nguyn Hu ch xy
dng v cng c chnh quyn a phng. M phng ch t chc huyn quan thi Hu L
vi hai chc quan huyn trong mt huyn[136], Nguyn Hu mi t chc quan cp
huyn vi hai chc T Qun l v Hu Qun l. T Qun l th coi vic hnh lut, kin tng.
Hu Qun l th coi v qun i binh tnh. Li dng ngi giu c v th lc a phng
lm Huyn trng c sut vic lng thc cho qun i[137].

Sch s ghi nh vy nhng trn thc t chc Qun l khc trn n chng ti khng thy c
ch T Qun l hay Hu Qun l. C th chc Qun l y l chc kim quan c hai chc T
v Hu Qun l ca huyn Bng Tuyn (?) Tuy nhin qu n ny cng l mt hin vt qu
him gip cho vic nghin cu thi Ty Sn v cn c a v lu gi ti cc c quan hu
trch.

Xem xt hai dng ch khc mt trn n c bit l nin i Tn Hi nin ng to vi b

cc, kiu ch, nt tng t nhau, chng ti khng nh y l nhng qu n c c
cng mt thi gian, t c n nm Tn Hi (1791) ny theo lnh ca Quang Trung l t
c n ln v c qui m nht trong thi Ty Sn. N khng nh v mt vng triu non tr
nhng cng kh hon chnh trong vic xy dng mt th ch php lut, t chc qun i,
chnh quyn a phng v c v lnh vc cng ngh c ng chm khc trong giai on
chin tranh cn c lit
1. 2. Du n trn vn bn Hn Nm triu Quang Trung

Vn bn Hn Nm triu i Quang Trung cn lu li n ngy nay tuy khng him hoi nh

hin vt n chng nhng cn li cng rt t v li cng t hn i vi nhng vn bn c
ng du n. Hin nay nhng vn bn ny cn nm tn mt mt s c quan thuc nhiu
a phng khc nhau. Ring s sc phong c in hnh du th cn kh nhiu v nm ri rc
cc di tch vn ha lch s trn phm vi ton quc. Loi hnh sc phong tuy nhiu nhng
u c chung in hnh mt loi du ring bit nn cng ch c gii thiu vi ba sc
phong m thi. Gi tr nht l nhng vn bn gc m c GS. Hong Xun Hn tng li B
Vn ha m Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam ti H Ni ang lu gi. Chng ti s chn lc
v gii thiu nhng vn bn ny bn cnh nhng vn bn in hnh khc triu Quang
Trung. Trong phn gii thiu chng ti khng trnh by theo thi gian nin i v ni dung
vn bn m ch yu gii thiu v hnh con du cc loi trn mi vn bn khc nhau, mc
ch vic gii thiu con du c mt h thng v gn vi phn mc trn.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Trc ht xin c gii thiu mt t chiu ca Quang Trung gi La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip
hin c lu gi Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam ti H Ni. Bn chiu ny cn kh
nguyn vn. Chnh vn gm 7 dng ch Hn vit Chn vi khong 200 ch. Dng nin i
c 9 ch Quang Trung nh nin thp nguyt s ng nht . Mt hnh du
ln mu son ng dng nin hiu di ch Quang Trung. Du hnh vung, kch thc
ln, 4 ch Trin trong du l Qung vn chi bo .

Dng u l 9 ch Chiu d La Sn Nguyt Ao Nguyn tin sinh c hnh

du ch nht ng trn cc ch La Sn Nguyt Ao Nguyn. Ha tit vin ngoi l hnh hai
con rng nt mnh, bn ch Trin bn trong xp theo mt hng dc l 4 ch Ng dng chi
n .

Hai hnh du Kim ging nhau c ng trn ch Khm tai dng cui phn chnh vn
v trn ch Ng nht dng nin i. Kiu du u c hnh bu dc lm cnh, ch
Trin c khc trong du l 2 ch Tn n . (H. 76)

Vn bn ny c lm vo ngy 5 thng 10 nm Quang Trung th 2 (1789) v l vn bn

gc c 3 loi hnh du son chng thc. Ni dung bi Chiu l li Quang Trung trch Nguyn
Thip t chi bng lc mt x m Quang Trung c ban cho lm l u lo. Bc th cng cn
chng thc vic xy dng kinh Ngh An hon thnh[138].

Ba loi hnh du trn trng lp vi 3 loi du in trn cc vn bn thi Thi c m chng ti

trnh by. y n chng minh cho vic s dng du trn chiu d thi Quang Trung
cng ging nh vic dng du trn chiu d i Thi c v cng khng nh vai tr ca
Quang Trung Nguyn Hu trong phong tro Ty Sn. Ngay trc khi ln ngi vua Nguyn
Hu dng nhng con du ny trong nhng vn bn quan trng vi tnh cht nh mt nh
lnh o s mt. Li vn tho bc th tht uyn bc chng t Quang Trung bit s dng
nhng ngi ti gii bn cnh mnh.

Xin gii thiu t chiu th hai m Quang Trung gi La Sn Nguyn Thip. Vn bn b

rch mng gia, chnh vn gm 5 dng ch Hn, dng cui ch cn li 4 ch. Dng nin i

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Lc Hoa Vin

c 9 ch Quang Trung t nin tht nguyt s thp nht , ch Quang b

mt gn ht ch. Hnh du ln Qung vn chi bo ng trc dng nin i, du Ng dng
chi bo ng trn 5 ch La Sn tin sinh Nguyn dng u. Hai du Kim Tn n c
ng trn ch Khm tai on cui vn v ch thp dng nin hiu. Vn bn ny c
lm ngy 10 thng 7 nm Quang Trung th 4 (1791).

Ni dung bn chiu l li mi La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip vo Ph Xun (Hu) hi kin

vi Quang Trung. Bi chiu c c GS. Hong Xun Hn dch gii thiu trong cun La
Sn phu t[139], nhng trong phn nh minh ha (nh) Gio s ch gii thiu phn chnh
vn l mt na vn bn m khng c phn ghi nin i v hnh du n. Chng ti xin c
gii thiu ton vn bn vi ba loi hnh du trn bn c tham kho. (H. 77)

T chiu d th ba cng ca Quang Trung gi La Sn Nguyn Thip vi phn chnh vn l 8

dng ch Hn, nhng ch u v cui ca dng u b rch mt. Dng nin i c 9 ch
Quang Trung ng nin lc nguyt s nht nht . Du ln Qung vn chi
bo in trn dng nin i. Du Ng dng chi bo ng trn ch Tin sinh Nguyn
Khi Xuyn . Nm hnh du kim ging nhau c ng trn ch ghi s th t,
ch Khm tai phn chnh vn v ch nht nht dng nin i. l Kim du Tn n
.

So snh loi hnh, kch c, vin hoa vn, ch Trin ca ba loi hnh du ny ging y nh ba
loi du chng ti trnh by hai vn bn trn. y l vn bn c vit ngy mng 1
thng 6 nm Quang Trung th 5 (1792) c ni dung l li khen ca vua Quang Trung i vi
Sng Chnh vin Vin trng La Sn phu t Nguyn Khi Xuyn v vic dch sch[140]. Vn
bn c GS. Hong Xun Hn gii thiu v dch trong cun La Sn phu t[141], ring
phn nh minh ha th cc hnh du Kim qu m khng th c c. (H. 78)

Vn bn ch Hn triu Quang Trung, ngoi nhng bn chiu d c in cc hnh du Qung

vn chi bo, Ng dng chi bo v Tn n nh ni trn, chng ti cn chp c nguyn
bn hai t Truyn ca Triu ng Quang Trung. Mi vn bn u c in hnh du ln
ca Triu ng ng dng nin i v mt loi Kim du nh khc na ng nhiu ch
nhn mnh trong phn chnh vn.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Bn Truyn th nht cn gi c nguyn vn, duy nt c b m i nhiu. Dng u l

4 ch Triu ng quan ng phn chnh vn gm 5 dng ch Hn khong hn 100
ch. Dng nin i vi 10 ch Quang Trung ng nin nhun t nguyt thp t nht
(Ngy 14 thng 4 nhun nm Quang Trung th 5 [1792]).

Du ln hnh vung mu son gch, kch thc 11,3x11,3cm ng dng nin hiu di
ch Quang Trung, 4 ch Trin trong du l Triu ng chi n (n ca Triu
ng). Bn hnh du kim nh hnh vung c 1,4x1,4cm ng 4 im phn chnh vn,
trn ch Khm truyn v Sng chnh vin Vin trng. Hai ch Trin trong du Kim l
Tiu n . (H. 79)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Nh vy vn bn ny c vit ngy 14 thng 4 nhun nm Quang Trung th 5 (1792).

Ni dung vn bn l t Truyn ca Triu ng Quang Trung cho Vin trng Vin Sng
Chnh l La Sn phu t Nguyn Thip trch v vic dch sch. Vn bn cng c GS.
Hong Xun Hn dch, gii thiu trong sch La Sn phu t, nhng phn nh minh ha th
hnh con du b m hon ton khng th c c.

Bn Truyn cho ta thy c t chc chnh quyn trung ng thi Quang Trung c hnh
thc t chc Triu ng. Triu ng y tc l triu nh m i din l mt s i thn
vn quan v tng s mt ca chnh quyn Quang Trung, ch yu l nhng vn quan ti
gii thay mt vua gii quyt nhng vn quan trng, ra mt s vn bn ch nh. T chc
ny ging nh t chc nh thn (hay Cng ng) thi Nguyn s sau ny. Quang Trung
thu phc v s dng c nhiu vn thn ti gii nh Ng Th Nhm, Phan Huy ch v.v,
h thay mt Quang Trung gii quyt nhiu vic quan trng v i ni cng nh i
ngoi. n du Triu ng chi n cng khng phi l n du ca mt t chc, mt c quan
trung ng ring bit no trong chnh quyn Quang Trung v phi chng m hnh n du
nh thn chi n, Cng ng chi n, vi chc nng tng t thi Nguyn s sau ny c
nhiu im tng ng (?).

T Truyn th hai cng cn nguyn vn v gi c mi, c nt hn t trn. Dng u

cng c 4 ch Triu ng quan ng, phn chnh vn c 7 dng ch Hn khong 150 ch.
Dng nin i c 9 ch Quang Trung ng nin lc nguyt s t nht. Du ln hnh vung c
4 ch Trin l Triu ng chi n () (n ca Triu ng), 4 du Kim nh hnh
vung ng trn ch Khm truyn, ch ghi s th t v ch T nht cui dng nin i.
Du Kim c xc nh l du Tiu n . (H. 80)

Nh vy t Truyn ny c lm ngy 4 thng 6 nm Quang Trung th 5 (1792). Ni

dung t Truyn gi Vin trng Vin Sng Chnh l La Sn phu t Nguyn Khai Xuyn v
vic dch v ch ba b kinh l kinh Thi, kinh Th v kinh Dch GS. Hong Xun Hn cng
dch v gii thiu trong La S phu t[142].

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Lc Hoa Vin

T Truyn ny cng khng nh thm v vic n du Triu ng chi n v Kim du Tiu

n c chuyn dng trong cc loi hnh cng vn nh Truyn () , Sai (), l nhng
vn bn hnh chnh quan trng ch ng di chiu, ch, d, co, sc ca Hong .

Ma xun nm 1789 Quang Trung i ph qun Thanh, trc Nguyn Hu nghe La

Sn phu t by mu d on rt ng nn Nguyn Hu rt khen v cng mun ni phu t
lm qun s. Do thng 3 nm 1789 khi quay v Nam n Ngh An, Quang Trung m hi
ngh quc s lnh cho Trn th Ngh An Nguyn Vn Thn vit th mi. Bc th ny
hin nay vn cn lu gi Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam ti H Ni m chng ti may
mn chp c nguyn bn. Bc th vit bng giy bn cn kh nguyn vn, ton vn c
hn 50 ch Hn vit ngn gn c dng u 10 ch Khm sai Ngh An trn th quan Thn
Trc hu (). Dng th hai vi 3 ch Tc t vu () v c 1 hnh
du ch nht in trn ch T vu, du c kch thc 3,4x1,8cm bn trong l 4 ch Trin
Ngh an trn k () du Tn k ca Trn th Ngh An (?).

Dng nin i vi 9 ch Hn Quang Trung nh nin tam nguyt s thp nht (

). Mt hnh du son in ln on ch nh nin tam nguyt, du hnh vung kch
thc 6,8x6,8cm vin ngoi m 1cm, bn trong l 5 ch Trin Ngh An trn ph
chng (). y l chng n ca chc Trn ph trn Ngh An.

Hai hnh du Kim nh ging nhau, mt in trn ch t cui phn chnh vn, mt in
di du ln Ngh An trn ph chng dng nin i. Du thun theo dng hnh thoi bng
u c 8 cnh, c khc vin trong, hai ch Trin xp theo hng dc l 2 ch Ngh An (
). (H. 81)

Ni dung bc th ngn gn nn chng ti theo li dch ca GS. Hong Xun Hn.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Khm sai trn th Ngh An Thn Trc hu knh th cho La Sn tin sinh xt r, nay ti
vng chiu truyn cho ngi ti bn quc s cho nn c th ny. Tin sinh tm di gt ngc
n Vnh Doanh m hi ngh.

Nay knh th

Quang Trung nm th 2 ngy 10 thng 3 (1789)

Ni dung kh r v n gin, chng ti xin c tr li vi cc hnh du ca chc quan trn

Ngh An trn.

So snh vn bn ny vi vn bn ca Khm sai trn th quan Thn Trc hu gi La Sn phu

t Nguyn Thip c nin i Thi c th 11 (1788) m chng ti trnh by trn,
chng ti thy c mt s im ging v khc nhau gia cc hnh du hai vn bn.

- V du ln Ngh An trn ph chng hai vn bn u c kch thc, vin ngoi du, b

cc v kiu ch Trin ging nhau. Nhng nt ch Trin 2 ch trn v ch chng th
khc nhau.

- Du nh hnh ch nht Ngh An trn k hon ton ging nhau, nhng v tr ng du 2

vn bn khc nhau.

vn bn Quang Trung c thm 2 hnh du Kim 8 cnh ng cui phn chnh vn v

di du ln Ngh An trn ph chng.

Qua c th thy rng cng mt chc quan (Trn th) trong cng mt con ngi (Nguyn
Vn Thn) thi im gn nhau 1788 - 1789, nhng di hai triu khc nhau Thi c v
Quang Trung th vic s dng n du trn vn bn cng c s khc nhau. Quang Trung ln
ngi vn Nguyn Vn Thn lm Trn th Ngh An, nhng du n tn c thay i. n
Ngh An trn ph chng lm li khc nt ch khc, ng thi lm thm Kim n Ngh An
ng vo cui phn chnh vn v cui dng ghi nin hiu.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Xin gii thiu tip 1 vn bn i Quang Trung. Vn bn c cc mp b rch sn hin

c lu ti mt gia nh h Nguyn th x Quy Nhn - Bnh nh, chuyn cng tc gn
y chng ti chp li c nguyn bn.

y l mt bc th ch Hn c 5 dng ni dung v mt dng ghi nin i. Hai ch hai

dng u b rch m mt gn ht ch, ch p cht u cng b m mt mt na. Vn bn
ny c c GS. Hong Xun Hn cng b trong cun La Sn phu t. nh chp ca Gio
s cn gi c nguyn vn khng b m mt 3 ch dng u v dng th 2 nh bc nh
ny. GS. Hong gii thiu bn dch (khng phin m) v cng khng nh rng y l bt
tch ca Trn Vn K. y chng ti mun chng minh r hn v vn ny qua mt s
tiu ch c t ra trong cng tc vn bn.

K c dng ghi nin i ton vn bn c 99 ch. Dng u vi 14 ch l Trung th lnh k

thin hu Trn Vn K ti bi cn th vu. Cui phn chnh vn bn l 2 ch Cn th. Trn
3 ch cn th vu ( trn) v cn th ( di) l mt hnh du Kim nh. Hai hnh du ny
u c ng t mt qu n ra. Dng ghi nin i c 10 ch Quang Trung nh nin cu
nguyt nh thp t nht ().

hnh du c mu mc tm en in ngay ngn, bn trong l 5 ch Trin xp theo b cc vi

ch gia ln gp i cc ch khc. Vic xc nh con du cng l mt trong nhng tiu ch
quan trng khng nh bt tch ca Trn Vn K.

Dch ngha:

Trung th lnh K Thin hu Trn Vn K ly hai ly knh cn dng th trnh La Sn i lo

tin sinh.

Ti bit l nhc qu rt cay khng th iu dng c, v t lc tm bit trn doanh, ti

ngh n ngi dn v vic y nn khng dm b qua. Ti bn chn Khnh Th qu by
phin cn c ba lng ng gi li, nh du ri b vo v nh ng Hn lm vin Tha ch
kim Cng khoa cp s trung n nh B chuyn .

Rt mong tin sinh xem xt nhn cho.

Nay knh th

Quang Trung nm th 2 ngy 24 thng 9 (1789)

iu quan trng y l cc hnh du in trn bc th, mt hnh du chnh cui dng ghi
nin i v hai hnh du kim nh. Du chnh hnh vung bn trong l nm ch Trin xp
theo b cc 3 hng. l 5 ch Trung th lnh chi chng () n chng ca chc
Trung th lnh. Ch th y c khc kiu ct i xp theo chiu ngang t tri qua
phi, iu ny t thy trong cc ch Trin cc con du.

Hai du Kim in trn vn bn c cng mt ni dung vi 4 ch. Do ch trong du m v b

lp nn chng ti ch c th tm c l 4 ch Trung th ph chnh () (?)

Du ng c mu mc en khc vi cc hnh du trn nhiu vn bn thi Ty Sn nh du

ca Triu ng, du ca Trn quan, ca Khm sai, ca Thi t u c mu mc son .
(H. 82)

Trong bc th ny ghi r Trn Vn K gi chc Trung th lnh Vin Trung th, gn nh

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 Lc Hoa Vin

vn phng ca Hong , vi chc nng nh mt vin B th th nht rt quan trng bn

cnh Quang Trung. Nhng hnh du trn vn bn khng nh l hnh du ca Trn Vn K,
cng ni dung bc th vi li l knh cn chn tnh c xut x r rng nh nu, chng ti
khng nh y l bt tch m Trung th lnh Trn Vn K vit vo ngy 24 thng 9 nm
Quang Trung th 2 (1789).

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Lc Hoa Vin

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Du n thi Quang Trung cn lu tch trn loi hnh sc phong. Cng ging vng triu L
trc , thi Ty Sn m ch yu l triu Quang Trung v Cnh Thnh c ban hnh sc
phong thn cho cc v thn c dn gian th phng, v sc phong cho cc quan li v
tng lnh c cng lao ln. Thi Ty Sn c khc thi L v cc vng triu khc l vic
dng con du trn sc phong. thi L s, Mc, L Trung hng v Nguyn sau ny trn sc
phong thn u dng du Sc mnh chi bo; cn thi Ty Sn li dng con du Tin nhu
chi bo ng trn sc phong thn.

Xin m t du in trn sc do vua Quang Trung phong cho thn thn Yn Vit x Nam Ph
Lit, huyn Thanh Tr, ph Thng Tn, trn Sn Nam thng[143]. Du hnh vung, kch
thc kh ln, c 15,2x15,2cm, vin ngoi m 2,2cm khng khc ha tit, bn trong l
4 ch Trin Tin nhu chi bo (), ngha l cc v thn ph tr cho ma thun gi
ho, mm la mc ti tt. Du ng dng ghi nin hiu ngy thng Quang Trung tam
nin thp nguyt nh nht (ngy 2 thng 10 nm Quang Trung th 3 [1790]). (H. 83)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Chng tch v du trn sc phong cho ngi c cng thi Ty Sn hin nay cn li tht him
thy. T liu v du Sc mnh chi bo thi Quang Trung c c Hoa Bng sao ghi li ri
tng cho mt cn b Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm. l bn sao li hnh du Sc mnh chi
bo () in trong o sc m vua Quang Trung sc phong cho Phan Huy ch chc c
tin Kim t Vinh lc i phu, Th trung Ng s, tc Thy Nham hu. Nin i ca sc
phong ghi ngy 18 thng 4 nhun nin hiu Quang Trung th 5 (1792). Trn t t liu ny
cn ghi bt tch ch Quc ng ca c Hoa Bng ghi ngy 11 thng 12 nm 1949: Chnh ti
bit r ci s liu ny l ng chc nhng hin nay khng cn, v nn binh cch sau hi
thng Chp 1946 - Knh tng nhng bn yu ngi anh hng o vi tri Ty Sn. (H. 84)

Xin c gii thiu tip bn Lnh ch hin c lu gi ti Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam
ti H Ni. Lnh ch vit trn giy bn b rch xung quanh. Ch Hn vit Chn gm 9
dng k c 2 dng k khai cui vn bn. Dng nin i c 9 ch Quang Trung tam nin
ng nguyt thp ng nht () (Ngy 15 thng 5 nm Quang Trung th 3
[1790]). Vn bn c 2 loi con du. Mt du ln hnh vung ng di ch Quang Trung (

Page 136
Lc Hoa Vin

) dng nin hiu. Mi mt hnh du Kim ging nhau ng trn ch Lnh ch ()

ng trn ch Thp ng () dng nin hiu, ng ch xung dng cui vn bn v
ng kn 2 dng k khai s lng rung t.

Du ln hnh vung c 11,3 x11,3cm, cc gc vung un hnh vng cung. Vin ngoi
m 1,2cm. Bn trong l 5 ch Trin, chia lm 3 hng, 4 ch hai hng v gia. Ch
gia cao gp hai ln mi ch hai bn. Nt ch m 0,3cm khc hi un ln, gn vi t
dng ch Trin trong du triu Nguyn sau ny. l 5 ch Hong thi t chi bo (
) Bo n ca Hong thi t. Du ng dng ghi nin hiu ngy thng. (H 85)

C nhiu im ng ch con du ny. Theo quy nh truyn thng cc triu i, th sc,

chiu, ch d l do vua ban ra, cn Lnh ch l loi vn bn hnh chnh dnh ring cho nh
cha hoc Hong thi t. bn Lnh ch trn hnh du Hong thi t chi bo khng nh
cho iu ny.

L Qu dt s chp vo thng 12 nm K Du nin hiu Quang Trung th 2 (1789): Ty

Sn Nguyn Hu lp con trng l Quang Ton lm Hong thi t v phong tc cho cc
con: Con th l Nguyn Thy lm Khang cng qun lnh min Bc, lnh chc Tit ch thy
b ch qun[144].

Cc triu i trc Ty Sn v triu Nguyn sau ny, khi phong cho con lm Hong thi t,
thng t thm chc kh quan trng. Nh nh Nguyn khi Gia Long cn sng phong Phc
m (Minh Mnh) lm Hong thi t v cho ng u Tn nhn ph[145], Phc m c
ban n khc 5 ch trin Hong thi t th tn[146].

y n Hong thi t chi bo l n ca Hong thi t Nguyn Quang Ton. Nh vy l

thi Ty Sn Quang Ton c dng n c ch Bo.

L Qu dt s ghi li, vo nm Nhm T nin hiu Quang Trung th 5 (1792): Ngy 30

thng 7 vua Ty Sn mt, tn miu hiu Thi t V hong . Thi t l Nguyn Quang

Page 137
 Lc Hoa Vin

Ton mi c 10 tui (tn tc l K) ni ngi. Nh vy ta thy Quang Ton lc ng du

lnh ch trn mi 8 tui.

Ngoi ra, Vin Bo tng Lch s vn gi nhng Lnh ch khc, nh Lnh ch v vic thu thu
rung t i vi cc a phng thuc trn Hng Ha v mt s vng min Bc. Ngy
thng trong Lnh ch cng l Quang Trung tam nin ng nguyt thp ng nht (Ngy 15
thng 5 nm Quang Trung th 3 [1790]). Con du ng trn Lnh ch ny cng ging nh
du Hong thi t chi bo ca Lnh ch ni trn. l du ca Hong thi t Quang Ton.

V 11 hnh du Kim bu dc trn vn bn, y l loi du c kch thc nh, c 3,5x2,5cm

hai bn cnh lm vo mt t theo hnh vng cung. Bn trong khc hnh hai ch Trin, xp
theo hng dc. Nt ch r rng, nhng nt bn ngoi un theo khun du. l hai ch
Quang hu (). Ch hu y ch ng vua nh di mnh lnh ng thin t. y l
Kim nh ca Hong thi t Nguyn Quang Ton. Kim n ny c dng ng vo ch ghi
ngy cui dng nin hiu v nhng ch quan trng c nhn mnh trong bn Lnh ch
ny. Cc bn lnh ch khc c du Hong thi t chi bo th cc du Kim trn vn bn cng
chnh l Kim du Quang hu ging nh bn Lnh ch chng ti nu trn.

Ni dung n gin l Lnh ch cho sc mc x trng x Vnh Hng ng, tng Vnh Hng,
huyn Thanh Tr, ph Thng Tn, x Sn Nam Thng[147] v vn rung t canh tc
cc hng tng ng vi s sch bin chp, cng vic thu min t thu km k khai s lng
din tch t canh tc cui vn bn.
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III. n chng Vit Nam triu Cnh Thnh - Bo Hng

. Hnh du trn vn bn Hn Nm triu Cnh Thnh

Page 138
Lc Hoa Vin

Nm 1792 Nguyn Hu mt t ngt, Hong thi t Quang Ton ln ngi Hong v i

nin hiu l Cnh Thnh. S kin trng i ny dn n mt s thay i v bin ng trong
triu nh Ty Sn nh vic ban b ra cc chiu, ch, sc, d v.v Vic Thi s Bi c
Tuyn chuyn quyn cch bim Trn Vn K, vic kin to xy dng, trng tu, c chung
mt s di tch ng bng Bc B v.v Trong c khng t vic c lin quan n n
trin.

S lng hin vt n trin v ti liu c in hnh du thi Cnh Thnh cng kh phong ph,
nhng v chin tranh c lit v cui cng l s tht bi ca Ty Sn nn t liu n trin giai
on ny khng cn. C th nh nm 1801 Nguyn nh nh chim Ph Xun, Quang Ton
thua chy, qun Nguyn nh thu c khng t n tn sch v. S c ghi: Quang
Ton mang bu b thnh chy trc ra Bc. Xa gi vo thnh, xem khp cc ni cung
in, thu c 13 qu n ngy v 33 bn sch ngy[148]. Nim phong kho tng, tch bin
ca ci vt phm[149].

Mt s vn bn ch Hn c hnh con du thi Cnh Thnh c gii thiu di y l nhng

vn bn may mn cn st li trong dn gian m chng ti chp t nguyn bn gc ti t
Quy Nhn, Bnh nh. u tin phi k n vn bn c du tch ca Khang cng Nguyn
Quang Thy - ngi con ca vua Quang Trung v ngi chin s ca phong tro Ty Sn.

Vn bn l nhng dng ch Hn vit trn giy bn c, hai mp trn v di b rch m

vi ch. Ch Hn vit chn phng, dng u l 20 ch c sai bc bin tit ch b thu
ch doanh kim tng binh dn th v hong Khang cng. Chnh vn gm 8 dng
khong hn 200 ch m phn di c ch b mt do giy b rch. Dng nin i vi 10
ch Cnh Thnh ng nin ng nguyt nh thp t nht. Mt du son ln hnh vung in di
on ngy thng dng ghi nin hiu v 6 hnh du Kim nh ging nhau in 6 v tr khc
nhau trn t vn bn. Nh vy, nin i vn bn c xc nh l ngy 24 thng 5 nm
Cnh Thnh th 5 (1796).

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Lc Hoa Vin

Ni dung vn bn l mt bn Ph giao cho cc sc mc mt s thn x thuc hai huyn

Thanh Tr v Thanh Oai v cng vic nng v dn nc ti tiu, rung t canh tc cc
a phng . y l mt vn bn ch Hn ni dung khng c g c bit, nhng im ni
bt y l hnh du ca Khang cng Nguyn Quang Thy. Du hnh vung c 12 ch
Khm sai tit ch Hu Khang kim dn th v chi n () (n ca
Khm sai tit ch kim dn th v Hu Khang). (H. 86)

Nhng dng ch trong con du ny cho ta thy Nguyn Quang Thy cn c tn l Nguyn
Hu Khang, cng nh cc con khc ca Nguyn Hu l Quang Ton cn c tn l Trt v K.
C l v th sau khi ln ngi Hong , Quang Trung Nguyn Hu phong tc cho cc con
v Quang Thy c phong tc cng nn gi l Khang cng. Mt s vn bn ch Hn
khc thi Quang Trung cng ghi r Quang Thy l Khang cng v thi Cnh Thnh ghi
Quang Thy l Hong Khang cng.

Nhng du Kim nh c hnh bu dc hai cnh lm vo mt t theo hnh vng cung, hai ch
Trin trong du xp theo hnh dc, nhng nt ch bn ngoi un theo khun du. l hai
ch Quang hu (). Ch hu y ch ng vua nh di mnh lnh Thin t Hong
. iu ny chng t vai tr quan trng ca Quang Thy trong vng triu Ty Sn
giai on chin tranh c lit nht nh th no. Du Quang hu c ng trn ch ph (
) u v cui phn chnh vn v trn ch tn cc x trong vn bn.

Tr li lch s, khi bt u khi binh (khong nm 1771 - 1773) Nguyn Hu ly v, b

tn l Phm Th Lin ngi p Ph Phong, huyn Tuy Vin, Bnh nh v sinh c 2 con
trai, trng t l Nguyn Quang Thy cn th l Nguyn Quang Bn. V sau b Lin m
cht v khong nm 1782 Nguyn Hu ly v k l b Bi Th Nhn ngi p Xun Ha,
huyn Tuy Vin. B sinh c 3 trai 2 gi, ngi con u l Nguyn Quang Ton v hai em
trai l Nguyn Quang Thiu v Nguyn Quang Hng. Cn Nguyn Quang Khanh v Nguyn
Quang Duy m chnh s ghi l con ngi v th na ca Nguyn Hu.

Nh vy Quang Thy phi hn Quang Ton khong hn 10 tui v phi chng b Phm Th
Lin l v ch ca Quang Trung (?) cn Quang Thy l con ch ca ngi anh hng o vi
Ty Sn ny?

Nm 1788 Nguyn Hu ln ngi vua v cng nh lp Quang Thy lm Th t. Chnh v th

m khi nh Thanh i Quang Trung sang chu, Nguyn Hu xin cho Quang Thy sang thay
nhng h khng chu v on s gi vng Phm Cng Tr phi sang Trung Quc. Sau v
ny vua Thanh sc phong cho Nguyn Quang Thy lm An Nam Quc vng th t. Thc
t lc ny Quang Thy n tui thnh nin v cng tng tri, cn Nguyn Quang Ton
lc ny mi c 6-7 tui. Nhng ri n thng 12 nm K Du 1789 Nguyn Hu quyt
nh phong Quang Ton lm Hong thi t v phong Quang Thy lm Khang cng lnh chc
Tit ch thu b ch doanh cho qun lnh min Bc v li gi Quang Ton l con trng v
Quang Thy l con th (?) Vua Thanh khi c thng bo li cng i phong Quang Ton
lm An Nam Quc vng th t.

Trong tp L triu vinh phong hun thn ch vn[150] ghi r Biu vn Khang cng Quang
Thy mng cha ln ngi nin hiu Quang Trung v biu vn mng Hong hu triu Ty Sn.
iu cng chng t s khng nh chng chc ca Quang Thy giai on ny. Phi
chng vic phong Hong thi t cho Quang Ton v Quang Thy qun lnh Bc H cng
nm trong chin lc ca Quang Trung (?) Lc ny t nc cn ri ren, nhn tm Bc
H cha phc, Quang Ton cn nh tui cha th m ng c trng trch min Bc.
Tuy rng nhng s phu theo v vi Ty Sn nh Ng Th Nhm, Phan Huy ch l nhng
vn thn ti gii, nhng ngi quyt nh vn phi l Quang Thy thi hnh theo ng li

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ca Quang Trung Ph Xun.

Nm 1792 Nguyn Hu mt, Quang Ton ln ngi vn ng Ph Xun v phong Quang

Thy l Khm sai Bc bin Tit ch thy b ch doanh kim Tng binh dn th v. Bc H -
mt min t ai rng ln, dn c ng c v tr an cha n nh. c s gip ca cc
vn thn ngi Bc, Quang Thy lm c mt s vic ng k m chnh s nh Nguyn
khng ghi li. Mt kinh t nng nghip rt c ch trng, chnh sch rung t c ban
hnh hu ht cc tnh, khc phc cnh rung hoang, lm thy li dn nc ti tiu, ng
vin v phn u tng sn lng nng nghip v.v vn bn ch Hn ni trn v mt
s t lnh ch thi Ty Sn cn gi c chng minh iu ny. V mt vn ha, vic sa
sang nh cha, c chung, dng bia thi Ty Sn khng ch c ngha v mt vn ha
m th hin r quan im ca chnh quyn Ty Sn v lnh vc tn gio tn ngng,
cng chnh l ng li chnh tr ng n ca nh Ty Sn trong giai on ny.

Con du thi Cnh Thnh cn lu li trn loi hnh sc phong thn v sc phong cho tng
lnh c cng ln ng thi. Hin nay mt s im di tch ng bng Bc B cn lu gi
sc phong triu Cnh Thnh, trn sc phong dng ghi nin i c hnh du son ln hnh
vung, kch thc 15,2x15,2cm, bn trong l 4 ch Trin Tin nhu chi bo () vin
ngoi du m 2,2cm. bn sc phong thn thn Yn Vit, x Nam Ph Lit, huyn
Thanh Tr, ph Thng Tn, trn Sn Nam thng, trn dng ghi nin hiu ngy thng Cnh
Thnh t nin ng nguyt nh thp nht nht (Ngy 21 thng 5 nm Cnh Thnh th 4
[1795]) c hnh du son Tin nhu chi bo. So snh vi du Tin nhu chi bo sc phong
triu Quang Trung trn chng ti thy du c kch thc, b cc, t dng v ni dung ging
nhau. Chng c ng ra t mt qu n. i chiu du sc phong ny vi cc hnh du
nhiu bn sc phong triu Quang Trung, Cnh Thnh v Bo Hng, chng ti khng nh
rng du Tin nhu chi bo l con du chuyn ng trn sc phong thn thi Ty Sn. (H.
87)

Hin nay ti Bo tng Quang Trung, Bnh nh cn gi c mt s ti liu thi Ty Sn

trong c sc phong cho tng lnh c cng lao. Cc vn bn ny b rch , nhng vn
gi c c bn phn ni dung ch Hn v phn quan trng l dng ghi nin i v hnh
du. Vn bn th nht, cht liu giy d c, ch Hn vit chn b rch phn u v di
chn vn bn. Nhng ch cui cng phn chnh vn l Khm tai c sc( )
chng t y l mt bn sc phong. Dng nin i c 10 ch Cnh Thnh t nin nh nguyt
nh thp t nht () (Ngy 24 thng 2 nm Cnh Thnh th 4 [1795]).

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Lc Hoa Vin

Mt hnh du son ng dng nin hiu. Du hnh vung. Bn ch Trin trong du l

Sc mnh chi bo (). Nhng ch cn li trn vn bn cho ta thy y l mt bn sc
phong cho vin quan ch huy v th ba o H dc l Nguyn ng Lm lm chc H qun
s tc Ph Nhun hu nm Cnh Thnh th 4 (1795). (H. 88 a,b)

Vn bn ny l c liu chng minh cho t liu ca c Hoa Bng ni trn l sc phong cho
Phan Huy ch triu Quang Trung c dng du Sc mnh chi bo l hon ton chnh xc. Thi
Ty Sn (triu Quang Trung v Cnh Thnh) dng n Sc mnh chi bo ng trn sc phong
cho quan li tng lnh c cng. ng thi xem xt mt s ti liu cn li Bo tng Quang
Trung, Bnh nh qua nh chp chng ti thy c hai vn bn lin quan n vic phong chc
cho quan tng thi Ty Sn.

Vn bn th nht giy d vng, b rch xung quanh, chnh vn c 4 dng ch Hn v

dng u c 5 ch vit rt to l Thng soi thiu truyn cng () (chc Thng soi

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Lc Hoa Vin

tc Thiu Truyn cng). Dng nin i c 10 ch Cnh Thnh bt nin t nguyt nh thp
nh nht () (Ngy 22 thng 4 nm Cnh Thnh th 8 [1799]). on ghi
ngy thng c hnh mt du son ln hnh vung, bn trong l 4 ch Trin, nt ch ko di
nhiu nt gp khc. l 4 ch Thiu truyn chi n () (n ca Thiu Truyn cng).
Trn vn bn cn cc hnh du Kim khc gm 2 hnh du kim bu dc lm cnh ging
nhau ng trn 2 ch Khm ph () u v cui phn chnh vn. Mt du Kim ch
nht ng ng ch tn chc tc, mt du kim bu dc ng ch xung dng. V vn bn
b m cn cc hnh du Kim b qu m v nh (nh chp) nn chng ti khng th chn
ha c ch Trin trong du. Ni dung tm gi y l bn Khm ph () ca mt vin
Thng soi tc Thiu Truyn cng khm mnh trao phong tc cho vin tng Nguyn
ng Lm chc ty (), tc Ph Lc hu () v c nhiu cng lao trong chin
trn Nguyn ng Lm nm Cnh Thnh th 4 (1795) c phong chc H qun s,
tc Ph Nhun hu. (H. 89)

Vn bn th 2 giy d vng b rch thng nhiu ch, chnh vn c 5 dng ch Hn vi

dng u cng vit 5 ch Thng soi thiu truyn cng () (chc Thng soi tc
Thiu Truyn cng). Dng nin i c 10 ch Cnh Thnh cu nin ng nguyt nh thp nh
nht () (Ngy 22 thng 5 nm Cnh Thnh th 9 (1800). on ghi ngy
thng c du son hnh vung ging nh vn bn trn, vi 4 ch Trin trong du l Thiu
truyn chi n () (n ca Thiu Truyn cng). Trn vn bn cn c 5 hnh du Kim
khc ng ra t 3 Kim n v tr ghi tn ring, tn chc v, ch Khm ph v cui dng.
Cng v cc du Kim qu m v nh nn chng ti cng khng th chn ha c ch thy
hnh thc ca 5 du Kim ny cng ging nh cc du Kim vn bn trn. Ni dung cng
tng t vn bn trn, y l bn Khm ph ca vin Thng soi tc Thiu Truyn cng
khm mnh trao phong chc cho vin in s[151] Trn B Hu chc T v ()[152]
b H v ng gp nhiu cng sc trong cng v (H. 90)

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 Lc Hoa Vin

hai vn bn ny dng u u c 5 ch Thng soi Thiu Truyn cng, c ch vit ln

hn phn chnh vn. Hai hnh du ln trn hai vn bn c hnh thc, kch c, b cc v t
dng ch Trin trong du ging nhau hon ton l 4 ch Thiu truyn chi n. Ngoi ra v tr
ng du v mu mc ca hai con du trn cng ging nhau. y l con du ca vin
Thng soi Thiu Truyn cng in trn vn bn thng chc cho thuc h cp di. Con du
ny khng ghi chc v m li ghi tc v, l trng hp t thy trong h thng n trin
ca cc triu i phong kin Vit Nam. Trong qu trnh nghin cu chng ti cng gp mt
s trng hp ghi tc v trong du nhng thng l ghi y c ch cng hoc hu ch
khng ghi tt nh n du trn. Ti liu ghi vic chc tc thi Ty Sn khng c, nn vic
tra tm vin Thng soi Thiu truyn cng trn l ai ? Chc nng nhim v nh th no ?
v.v l vn cn b ng. y ch cho ta thng tin thm v tn quan chc tng lnh v
tc v i Cnh Thnh ni ring v thi Ty Sn ni chung.
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2. Hnh du trn vn bn Hn Nm triu Bo Hng

Hnh du cui cng trn vn bn Hn Nm thi Ty Sn c trnh by di y c nin i

Bo Hng nm th 2. Ti liu ny c vit bng ch Hn li Chn trn giy bn c, dng
u b rch hn, phn di vn bn cng b rch nn c 4 dng b mt nhng ch cui.
Ton vn c 7 dng, khong trn di 100 ch. Dng nin i c 9 ch Bo Hng nh nin
nh nguyt thp t nht (Ngy 14 thng 2 nm Bo Hng th 2 [1802]).
Di ch nin i l mt hnh du son hnh vung. Trong du l 5 ch Trin xp theo b cc
2 hng, hng u 3 ch, hng 2 c 2 ch. B cc ch Trin con du ny chng ti t thy
c trong du ca cc vng triu trc v sau thi Cnh Thnh - Ty Sn. Nm ch Trin
trong du l i t m chi n () (n ca chc i T m).

Chnh vn c hnh 4 du Kim c nh v 1 du Kim rt nh, chng u c hnh bu dc. V

tr 4 du Kim nh ng trn ch vit tc v (Ty Lnh hu), tn a danh (Thanh Hoa ni),
trn 2 ch T ph cui vn bn v trn gia trang giy (gip phng). Du Kim rt nh
ng ch cui cng

V vn bn chp li rt nh nn cc du Kim trn c kch thc nh, nt ch Trin nh v

m nn vic chn ho kh khn. Tuy nhin qua knh phng, ghp nt ch chng ti khng
nh ch Trin trong du Kim rt nh l ch Tn (). Cn 4 du Kim nh cng c

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 Lc Hoa Vin

khng nh l ng ra t 1 con du v 2 ch Trin trong du l 2 ch Tn chng ()

xp theo b cc chiu dc trn xung di. (H. 91)

Ni dung vn bn l li ku gi nhng dn phiu tn trc y v nn binh ha ngho i

phi b rung ng qu qun, nay nn quay v vi lng qu rung vn. ng thi h ho
cc inh trng cn sc n u qun Thanh Hoa ni trn gng sc lp cng. Hnh du i
t m chi n trn dng nin i chng t y l n tn ca chc i T m, mt chc v ln
thi Ty Sn. Qua i chiu hnh du, ni dung vn bn vi sch s chng ti tm c
ch nhn ca con du ny. S ghi rng nm 1801 sau khi b mt Ph Xun, Quang Ton
chy ra Bc cng Quang Thy v cc tng lnh tp trung lc lng ng thi n nh li
tnh hnh Bc H. Cui nm 1801, Quang Ton phong Phan Huy ch lm Thng th b L,
Nguyn Th Lch lm Thng th b Li v sai i T m Nguyn Vn T h ho thu np
thm ngha binh, lng tho[153] Nguyn Vn T gi vn bn xung cc a phng
thuc trn Thanh Hoa, trn vn bn c ng du i t m chi n. May mn l vn bn ny
cn c ct gi trong dn gian khng b tiu hy, n l ti liu cui cng ghi v vng
triu Ty Sn vi nin hiu cui cng Bo Hng.

Nguyn Vn T trc i Cnh Thnh cn gi chc quan thp, khi Quang Ton ln ngi, mt
s i thn tng lnh cht nh Trn Vn K hoc b Ty Sn theo Nguyn nh nh
Ng Vn S, L Cht Ring Nguyn Vn T c lng trung, Quang Ton ct nhc tin dng
cho gip Quang Thy coi Bc H. Sau thng lm i T m trn gi Thanh Ha Cui i Bo
Hng c Quang Ton phong lm T Qun cng. Khi Nguyn nh nh n Thanh Ha,
Nguyn Vn T chng khng ni thua chy ri b bt v b git.
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PHN TH HAI

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Lc Hoa Vin

N CHUNG VIT NAM THI NGUYN ( 802-1945)

CHNG I

KIM NGC BO T CA HONG V N CHNG TRONG HONG TC THI

NGUYN

I. Kim ngc Bo T ca Hong thi Nguyn

Vng triu Nguyn bt u t thi Gia Long Nguyn nh (1802-1820) n Hong cui
cng Bo i Nguyn Vnh Thy (1926-1945). Ngi v Hong u k tha m hnh qun
ch chuyn ch cha truyn con ni ca cc nc ng phng, m cc triu i phong kin
Vit Nam trc thi Nguyn thc hin. L ng quang nhn kim bu, n vng truyn
quc ca cc vua Nguyn din ra ht sc trng th v mang mu sc chnh tr r rt.

Hong Nguyn cng nh cc vua cha phong kin Vit Nam trc u ly Kim ngc
Bo T biu th cho quyn lc ti cao ca mnh v c vng triu. Kim ngc Bo T l
nhng n ca nh vua dng vi ngha quc gia trng i. n c lm bng ngc gi l
Ngc T , n c c bng vng, bng bc gi l Kim Bo T . C th ni Bo T
l bu vt ca quc gia v tng trng cho quyn.

. Gii thiu cc Kim ngc Bo T thi Nguyn

Theo thng k tng i y th c hng trm Bo T bng ngc, bng vng v bc c

lm ra t thi Nguyn, do chin tranh binh ha trin min nn cc hin vt qu bu hu
ht b tht lc. Hin nay cc c quan chc nng ca chng ta ang gi vi ba qu n
vng l nhng Bo T ca cc vua Nguyn, v iu kin kh khn phc tp nn chng ti
khng th in chp c. Vin Bo tng Lch s H Ni v Trung tm Qun l di tch c
Hu cn gi c s t Bo n, nhng l nhng n bnh thng vi cht liu bng ng,
bng ng v p. Do vic gii thiu Kim ngc Bo T chng ti ch cn c vo nhng
hnh du trn vn bn Hn Nm cn lu li trong Chu bn triu Nguyn Cc Lu tr,
Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm v trong dn gian. ng thi trn c s ti liu, th tch bng ch
Hn v cc b chnh s dch, c bit qua cun C mt vin tc trnh[154] chng ti tm
h thng s lc v Kim ngc Bo T thi Nguyn.

Bo T nh Nguyn gm hai loi chnh bng vng v bng ngc. Cc Bo T dng ngoi
ngha quc gia trng i th lm bng ng dt bc, bng ng, bng qu v bng g
thm. Bo T cng nh cc trng kh khc ca cc vua Nguyn thng ly hnh rng v k
ln (hai trong t linh) lm biu tng. Hnh rng v hnh k ln trn mi Bo T cng c
cch iu khc nhau: th cun, th ng, th ngi, th i bay.

Trng lng v th tch ca Bo T thng ln hn nhiu so vi cc loi hnh du khc, n

c th ln gp i, gp ba ln n Quan phng, ln gp nm hoc gn chc ln Tn k v
Trin. Mt du ca Bo T thng lm theo hnh vung, s t lm theo hnh trn v cc hnh
khc, vin vng ngoi ch Trin hay khc hnh lng long chu nht nguyt, cn khn.

a. Kim Bo T

Tr mt vi n c lm t thi cha Nguyn, ni chung cc Kim Bo T c lm t thi

Nguyn s (1802-1847), nhng Bo T giai on sau l nhng Bo T lm ra thay cho
ci c hoc dng v thng s. Kim Bo c nin i sm nht ca triu Nguyn cn gi li
c n i Bo i l i Vit quc Nguyn cha vnh trn chi bo. Kim Bo ny c lm

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Lc Hoa Vin

t thi cha Nguyn Phc Chu (1691-1725). Chnh s ghi: Nm Canh T (1780) vua
(Nguyn nh) mi theo, ln ngi vng Si Gn. Vn th a xung gi l ch truyn, sai
phi gi l ch sai, dng n i Vit quc Nguyn cha vnh trn chi bo. n ny do Hin
Tng Hiu Minh Hong ch, nay dng lm ca bu truyn ngi[155]. Hin nay trn tm
bia rt ln cha Thin M (Hu) c khc hnh du Kim Bo ny. t cng tc ti Hu
nm 1989 chng ti in rp c nguyn bn hnh du Kim Bo ni trn. Du hnh vung,
kch thc 11x11cm vin ngoi rng 1,1cm, 9 ch Trin bn trong xp thnh 3 hng dc,
mi hng 3 ch. Li Trin t vit theo kiu thi L - Trnh, nt ch vung vc un nhiu nt.
l 9 ch i Vit quc Nguyn cha vnh trn chi bo (Bo ca cha
Nguyn nc i Vit trn gi lu di). Hnh du khc ln dng ch ghi nin i lp bia
Vnh Thnh thp nht nin tu th t mi s ng chi ct n lp
. Cch di ch lp 3cm l hnh mt du hnh trn c ng knh 6,8cm khc hnh
lng long chu vo mt dng ch Trin gia. l 4 ch Hip nht cha nhn
(Bc cha nhn thu hp tt c)[156]. Nh vy du Bo n i Vit quc Nguyn cha vnh
trn chi bo cng 3 du khc trn bia c khc vo ngy tt u ng nm t Mi nin
hiu Vnh Thnh th 11 (1715) nh L. Nin i ca du cng vi nin i ca tm bia, cha
Nguyn Phc Chu cho lp bia , khc ch v du[157]. (H. 92, 93, 94)

Kim Bo i Vit quc Nguyn cha vnh trn chi bo l ca bu truyn ngi ca cc cha
Nguyn k v, nn c cc vua Nguyn gi gn rt cn trng.

Khi mi ln ngi Hong , Gia Long ra ngay sc lnh dng vng c n Bo T. S

c ghi li c Hong kho Th t Cao Hong ta, dng thnh quy ch, lp ra php lut,
trm ch u mi c, ra sc lnh c cc loi n nh Ch co chi bo, Ng tin chi bo,
Mnh c chi bo[158].

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Lc Hoa Vin

Tip xc vi nhng vn bn ch Hn tp 2, 3, 4, 5 - Gia Long trong Chu bn triu Nguyn,

chng ti thy mt s hnh du trn nh Quc gia tn bo, Ng tin chi bo, ngoi ra cn
nhng du Bo T khc m trong cc b chnh s ca ta khng thy ghi nh du Vn l mt
st, Th tn thin h vn v quyn hnh.

Theo ch d ca Hong th mi mt Bo T u theo cch s dng ring v phi dng

mt loi vn th ch nh. Di y xin lit k nhng Kim Bo T c t thi Gia Long.

* Ch co chi bo : Bng vng. Dng ng trn t hun gii, sc, chiu lnh sai
phi cc quan vn v cng chiu vn thng gip cp bc, rn dy quan tng.

* Quc gia tn bo : Bng vng. Dng ng trn cc vn kin triu tp cc tng

lnh, pht ng binh s trng binh nhp ng.

* Sc chnh vn dn chi bo : Bng vng. ng trn cc o sc vn, khuyn

gii dn chng t phng, nu gng cc nhn vt tit ngha hiu hnh.

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Lc Hoa Vin

* Tho ti an dn chi bo : Bng vng. Dng ng trn t chiu vn sai phi cc

tng mang qun i nh dp gic gi trong v ngoi nc.

* Ng tin chi bo : c hai chic mt vng mt bc. Dng ng trn cc t d,

chng s, s sch thuc v thng s.

* Mnh c chi bo : Bng vng. ng trn cc bn vn ban thng cc quan vin

c cng lao ln, c thnh tch c bit hay trung thnh.

* Vn l mt st : c bng bc. ng trn nhng bn d, ch, chng s, s sch

thuc v thng s. Bo Vn l mt st chc nng nh mt Kim Bo trong loi hnh Kim
Ngc Bo T.

* Th tn thin h vn v quyn hnh : c hai chic mt vng, mt bc.

Dng ng trn u t giy trong cc o chiu vn.

* Phong tng chi bo : c bng vng. Dng ng trn cc o sc, co phong tng
cc quan vn v, cng thn hay thn nhn.

* Tr lch minh thi chi bo : c bng bc. Dng ng trn cc bn lch, bn

chnh sc.

Xin gii thiu du Ch co chi bo in trn vn bn Hn Nm. y l mt bn sc phong kch

thc 3,4x5,4cm, ch Hn vit chn[159]. Ni dung vn bn l bn sc phong chc v tc
cho mt ngi Php tn l Michel c Chaigneau c cng lao gip Gia Long Nguyn nh
trong cuc chin chng Ty Sn. ng c Gia Long phong chc Khm sai thuc ni Cai c,
Chnh qun hai i Kin thy tu ng Long Phi thuc Trung qun, tc Thng Ton hu
vi tn Vit Nam l Nguyn Vn Thng. Dng nin i ghi trn vn bn c 11 ch Gia Long
nguyn nin thp nht nguyt nh thp ng nht (Ngy 25 thng 11 nin hiu u Gia Long
[1802]). Hnh mt du son in di ch Long. Du hnh vung kch thc 10,5x10,5cm,
bn ch Trin trong du xp theo hai hng, nt khc ngn n gin. l 4 ch Ch co chi
bo [160]. Hai ch c sc cui phn chnh vn cng khng nh y l bn
sc phong cho quan tng cao cp. Vn bn ny cho ta bit Kim Bo Ch co chi bo
c lm ra trc Kim Bo Phong tng chi bo v Sc mnh chi bo (thi Minh Mnh) l
nhng Bo n chuyn dng ng trn sc phong thi Nguyn. (H. 95)

Page 150
 Lc Hoa Vin

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V du Quc gia chi bo cn chng tch trong t chiu i Gia Long v trong Chu bn triu
Nguyn di y. Bi T chiu ca vua Gia Long phong cho Nguyn Du tc Du c hu
trong Tp ch Hn Nm s 3-1997 c gii thiu bn sao t chiu ca vua Gia Long phong
chc Hu Tham tri b L v tc Du c hu cho Nguyn Du, tc gi cho rng dng nin
i ghi trong t chiu l Gia Long thp t nin ng nguyt thp cu nht tc ngy 19 thng
5 nm t Hi nin hiu Gia Long th 14 (1815). Bc nh chp t chiu ca vua Gia Long c
ghi xut x, kh 5,5x6cm cho thy phn trn v bn tri vn bn b rch, giy nhn
nhng ton vn ch Hn dng nin i v hnh con du cn nguyn tuy c b nhe, m. Du
hnh vung mp trn in bn di ch Long, mp di in trn ch thp. Bn trong vin du
l bn ch xp theo chiu dc, hai ch hng hai tuy c b nhe m gn ht nhng chng
ti vn khng nh c y l 4 ch Quc gia tn bo [161].

Kim bo Quc gia tn bo c lm t nm Gia Long th 1 (1802), giai on ny mi quy

ch cha n nh, s lng Kim Bo rt t nn Quc gia tn bo cn c dng ng trn
mt s loi vn kin hnh chnh quan trng khc nhau. Du Quc gia tn bo in trn t
chiu ny chng minh cho chc nng s dng ca n trn chiu thng chc tc cho
quan tng ch khng ch ring c chc nng dng ng trn vn kin Trng pht qun
lnh tuyn triu tng sy nh trong li d ca vua Minh Mnh nm th 9 (1828) m chnh
s ghi[162]. Sau ci cch i Minh Mnh t nc tng i n nh, vic binh nhung
thng dng n Du v chi t . Quc gia tn bo t c dng nhng vn c gi
gn n i vua Bo i. (H. 96)

Page 152
Lc Hoa Vin

Xem xt Chu bn triu Nguyn i Gia Long chng ti tm thy du Quc gia tn bo
dng ghi nin hiu, ng thi cng o c chnh xc kch thc ca du v ha li r
ch hnh du m vn bn trn b m nhe. Du hnh vung kch thc 11,3x11,3cm, vin
ngoi c 1cm. Bn ch Trin Quc gia tn bo khc theo khun hnh vung vin
ngoi c 1cm, nt ch ngn, d c. (H. 97)

Xin gii thiu tip mt s hnh du Kim Bo hin cn lu gi trong Chu bn. Kim Bo Ng

Page 153
 Lc Hoa Vin

tin chi bo c lm hai ci mt bng vng, mt bng bc, nm n u c c

hnh rng. n bng vng mt du c theo hnh bu dc, n bng bc mt du c theo
hnh lc gic. Hai Kim Bo ny v cht liu v hnh th c khc nhau, nhng t dng trong
du c cng mt kiu. Du Ng tin chi bo bng vng hnh bu dc c kch thc 2,5x3cm,
vin ngoi c 0,5cm v c khc ha tit. iu c bit y l tt c cc Kim Ngc Bo T
t dng du u khc theo kiu ch Trin, ring n Ng tin chi bo v mt vi n na, mt
du khc theo li Chn th, nt ch khc m nht nh ch vit trn giy. V tr ng du
trn cc vn bn, nu nhng ch bn phin, phiu, ch d th du Ng tin chi bo c
ng phn trn dng ghi nin hiu nm thng; nu nhng bn s hay tu tp th du
Ng tin chi bo c ng trn mt ch Khm th cui bn. (H.98)

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Page 154
Lc Hoa Vin

Kim Bo Vn l mt st c c bng vng, ng vai tr mt Kim Bo trong i

ng Kim Ngc Bo T. Mt du hnh vung, kch thc 2,6x2,6cm, bn ch Trin xp hai
hng, nt ch khc vung vc. V tr ng nhng ch ty xa, sa cha, vit thm v
nhng ni gip trang. Trong cc tp Chu bn triu Nguyn giai on Nguyn s xut hin
rt nhiu hnh du Vn l mt st, cn cc tp t thi T c tr i t thy xut hin. (H.
99)

Kim Bo Th tn thin h vn v quyn hnh c t thi cha Nguyn c

coi l n truyn quc, ng thi v v sau gi l Tiu long bo . Kim Bo ny c
c lm hai chic mt bng vng v mt bng bc c hnh thc nh nhau, vi nm hnh con
rng th nh bay. Du c hnh ch nht ng c 3,4x4,9cm, vin ngoi rng 0,6cm v
khc hai con rng nh nt mnh (C l v n c hnh th nh vy nn triu Nguyn gi l
Tiu long bo). Ch Trin xp theo chiu dc 2 hng, mi hng 4 ch, l 8 ch Th tn
thin h vn v quyn hnh. (H. 100)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Bo n Tiu long bo dng ng trn u t giy trong nhng o chiu vn, n i Minh
Mnh th 9 (1828) nh vua thy ngha ca du n ny ch nng v hnh thc nn b
khng dng. Li d ca Minh Mnh ghi Cn nh cc chiu vn vic c dng n Tiu long
ng trn u t giy u phi nh ch[163].

Khi ln ngi vi c vng xy dng t nc thnh mt quc gia hng cng vua Minh
Mnh tin hnh cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh t trung ng n a phng, trong
vn hon thin cc loi Bo T, n trin c Minh Mnh c bit ch trng. Sau ny khi
Minh Mnh i quc hiu l i Nam snh vi nh i Thanh Trung Quc th hai ch i
Nam t c khc trn mt s Bo T.

Ngay t nm Minh Mnh th 4 (1823) nh vua cho c Kim Bo Hong chi bo bng
vng mi, hnh th hai tng, nm hnh rng ngi xm, vung 3 tc 2 phn, dy 5 phn. Li
dng vng tm tui c Kim Bo Minh Mnh thn hn hnh th cng lm nm hnh rng.

n Minh Mnh th 8 (1827) b L cng ph Ni v, ty V kh nhn ch d c 5 qu Kim

Bo bng vng: Bo Sc mnh chi bo hnh th hai i chng nm chm hnh rng ngi
xm, vung 3 tc 2 phn dy 2 ly. Bo Hong tn thn chi bo vung 3 tc 2 phn dy 3
phn 6 ly. Kim Bo Tr lch minh thi chi bo bng vng, vung 2 tc 6 phn 1 ly thay
cho qu bng bc lm t thi Gia Long.

S c ghi li thc ca vua Minh Mnh trong vic lm v dng n Bo T, chi tit n c
ch king hy trong du. Li d nm Minh Mnh th 9 (1828) chp rng n bu ca Nh
nc l lm vic tuyn b mnh lnh, ch bo r rng nhng vic phi lm, v kh c th
cc k quan trng, v in l th cc k to ln c Hong kho Th t Cao Hong ta
nh ch lp php lut, trm vic u mi, nhiu ln ban sc ly vng c cc qu n
nh l n Ch co chi bo, n Quc gia tn bo, n Sc chnh vn dn chi bo, n Tho ti
an dn chi bo, v n Mnh c chi bo. T trc n nay knh thi hnh, song l lc mi
lm cha c mi phn chu o. Ta vng ni ngi bu, may gp thi bnh, nhng mong
lm cho quy m trc thm rc r, t r cho i sau, cng dng vng tt c thm n
Hong chi bo, Sc mnh chi bo v Tr lch minh thi chi bo. Ch Thi l trng nhng
phi vit ch Nht sang bn phi v ch T sang bn tri, hin ln lt c
xong[164].

Vic nh l dng n cng c lm ngay khi hon thnh vic c n, mi Bo T c

c ra cng u c cch s dng ring v dng cho mt loi vn th ch nh, nhng nh l
ny thc hin theo ch d ca vua Minh Mnh ban nm 1828. Tip theo xin gii thiu nhng
Kim Bo T c c bng vng c t i Minh Mnh.

* Hong tn thn chi bo : Dng ng trn cc bn vn tin dng hy hiu

hay thy hiu.

* Sc mnh chi bo : Dng ng trn cc sc co cho cc quan vn v cng thn,

phong tng cc nhn thn.

* Hong chi bo : Dng ng trn cc bn v khnh tit ban n, i x thin h,

ban sc th vi ngoi quc, khi i tun th cc a phng, v trn cc bn co d ban
xung cho cc bc hun thn v quan li cao cp.

* Khm vn chi t : ng trn cc vn kin v vn vn ha, dng vic hc, m

khoa thi, cu hin s, lm sch, mi vic v bn vn.

Page 156
 Lc Hoa Vin

* Du v chi t : ng trn cc vn kin lin quan n vic binh nhung, co vn cho

binh s, hun luyn qun binh, m khoa v th, nhng vic v b.

* Tr lch minh thi chi bo : c c bng vng thay cho n c bng bc. (Ch
Thi vit king hy). Dng ng trn cc bn lch, bn chnh sc.

* i Nam hip k lch chi bo , nh kim bo Tr lch minh thi chi bo dng
ng trn cc bn lch, bn chnh sc.

* Minh Mnh thn hn : ng trn nhng bi vn th vua lm, ch son vua vit.
Nhng khi trong cung c thng pht, ban hnh cc ch d u mn du Minh Mnh thn
hn.

Nm 1828 sau khi c n T gia chi bo, Minh Mnh li cho c hai qu n vng u khc
ch Minh Mnh th, 1 qu hnh vung 1 tc 2 phn 3 ly cao 9 phn ri, mt qu hnh
trn ng knh 1 tc dy 2 phn 3 ly cao 8 phn 1 ly. Hai n ny u khc nm hnh rng.

Trong s nhng Bo n trn th Hong tn thn chi bo cn gi c chng tch hin vt.
Chnh s ghi v vic ch tc v s dng Bo n ny: Minh Mng nm th 8, xung ch
cho b L chn ngy tt, hi ng vi ph Ni v, ty V kh knh cn c mt qu Hong
tn thn chi bo, vung 3 tc 2 phn, dy 3 phn 6 ly nm chm rng ngi xm lm
bng vng mi[165].

n Hong tn thn chi bo nm hnh con rng cun, phm c vic knh cn dng hy
hiu th ng n ny[166].
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Page 157
Lc Hoa Vin

Nm 1994, t t liu gin tip Hu chng ti c c bn chp hin vt v hnh du ca

Hong tn thn chi bo i Minh Mnh. nh cho thy r nm n l hnh rng cun, u
rng ngn, sng c ngnh. Thn rng un theo hnh s 8 quanh u rng, th vn c
ngng u. Mt trn n hnh vung, c hng ch Hn khc hai bn chn rng. Bn phi l 9
ch Minh Mnh bt nin thp nguyt ct nht to (ngy tt thng 10 nm
Minh Mnh th 8 [1827]) Bn tri l 14 ch Thp tu kim trng nh bch tam thp t lng
t tin tam phn (vng mi tui nng 234 lng 4 tin 3 phn).
Mt n hnh vung, khng vin ngoi, 6 ch Trin khc chm kiu Bch vn xp
theo 3 hng, nt ch khc ra gn mp n. y l hin tng t thy trong Kim Ngc Bo T
v cc n chng quan trng khc. Trin vn y l 6 ch Hong tn thn chi bo
. (H. 101 a,b,c,d)

Hin nay Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam ti thnh ph H Ch Minh ang lu gi mt chic
n ging Kim Bo Hong tn thn chi bo. Nm 1995 hai nh Bo tng hc ng Vn
Thng v Phm Hu Cng ng bi V chic n Hong tn thn chi bo trong Nhng
pht hin mi v kho c hc 1995. Di gc kho c hc hai tc gi m t chi tit
hnh thc qu n ny v so snh vi qu n Hong tn thn chi bo c ghi trong Khm
nh i Nam hi in s l. T c nhng kt lun v s khc nhau ca hai qu n cng
tn ny. Qu n hin cn Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam ti thnh ph H Ch Minh c
kch thc nh hn, cht liu bng ng voi ch nng 275 gram ch khng phi 234 lng
vng mi tui (8,8452 kg). ng thi hai tc gi cho rng qu n ng c th c ti to
thi T c khong thp k 60 ca th k XIX.

Page 158
Lc Hoa Vin

Nm 1998 chng ti vo Nam trc tip xem xt chp nh n Hong tn thn chi bo
ti Bo tng Lch s ti thnh ph H Ch Minh. ng nh m t ca hai tc gi ng Vn
Thng v Phm Hu Cng. n c cht liu bng ng, thn n l mt khi hnh tr vung
cnh 6,1cm. Nm n l hnh rng cun (ngi xm), cao t mt n n u rng 11,1cm, t
mt n n ui rng 11,2cm. Phn b rng c kch thc 4,6x4,4x0,5cm. T b ln u
rng cao 3,6cm, t b ln ui rng cao 3,7cm, t u rng n ui di 5,1cm. u rng
ngn, trn v, mi hnh, mt li, sng c mt ngnh. Ming rng ngm ngc, m thy 2
rng nanh hm trn v 12 rng nanh hm di. Thn rng un ln hnh s 8 b cong ln,
ui cp bn c tri, thn c vy c, k ni rng ca, c c 6 khoang. Bn chn rng mi
chn c 4 mng, ui rng xon c 11 tia. n gm bn phn gn li, mt n c 4 c vt nh
4 gc trong phn khc lm gn vo thn n, mt c vt na t gia cnh pha ui
rng. Cc c vt ny c bt lm xung gn cht mt n v thn n. Phn rng v b c
bt dnh lin trn mt n.

Mt trn n hnh hi ch nht c kch thc 5,8x6,0x0,4cm, cao 6,1cm dy bng mt n.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Trn c khc hai hng ch Hn, nhng ch c khc ngc, bn phi l 9 ch Minh Mnh
bt nin thp nguyt ct nht to (Ngy tt thng 10 nm Minh Mnh th 8 [1827]). Bn
tri l 10 ch Thp tu kim trng nh bch tam thp t lng (Vng mi tui nng 234
lng).

Mt n hnh hi ch nht kch thc 5,8x6,0x0,4cm bng c mt trn n. Vin ngoi

c 0,6cm. Vn khc bn trong l 6 ch Trin khc ngc xp theo ba hng dc t tri sang
phi, l 6 ch Hong tn thn chi bo. Hnh du c hnh thc kch c ging nh mt
n vi 6 ch Trin Hong tn thn chi bo xp t phi sang tri[167].
(H.102 a,b,c,d)

So snh nh chp ca hai qu n cng tn trn, chng ti thy c nhiu im khc bit
ngoi kin ca hai nh Bo tng hc nu ra v kch thc, trng lng v cht liu qu
n.

Page 160
Lc Hoa Vin

V nm n hnh rng qu n i Minh Mnh c rng di hn; chiu un ca bm v vy,

th cun ca thn rng v th mng hai chn sau khc vi hnh rng qu n Bo tng
Lch s Vit Nam ti thnh ph H Ch Minh.

Hng ch bn tri khc trn mt n i Minh Mnh c 14 ch l Thp tu kim trng nh

bch tam thp t lng t tin tam phn khc vi hng ch trn n Bo tng Lch s Vit
Nam ch c 10 ch.

Mt n i Minh Mnh khng vin ngoi (ra cnh), vn khc chm khc vi n Bo
tng Lch s Vit Nam ra cnh 0,6cm v vn khc ch ni. 4 ch Trin Hong tn
thn hai qu n ny c nt ch cch iu khc nhau r rt.

Cht liu n i Minh Mnh bng vng mi nng 234 lng 4 tin 3 phn khc vi n kia c
cht liu bng ng v ch nng 275 gram. Kch thc qu n vng ln hn qu n ng.

V nin i ca n ng Hong tn thn chi bo chng ti cho rng n c th c ti to

sau bin c 1885 khi kinh Hu tht th, iu ny c th thy r hn cui tiu mc ny.

Nhng Kim Bo T c c i Minh Mnh, ngoi nhng ci mi dng cho cc loi vn

th ring bit mi m, y cn c nhng Kim Bo T c lm ra dng thay cho Kim Bo
c, nh Kim Bo Sc mnh chi bo c c thay cho Kim Bo Phong tng chi bo.
Chnh s ghi li vo nm Minh Mnh th 1 (1820) Ngi Thanh Hoa l Trn Hu Bo
o c mt ci n bng ng c ch Sc mnh chi bo (Sau lng khc Nguyn Ha ng
nin to, Nguyn Ha l nin hiu ca vua L Trang Tng)[168].

Ngi Qung c l H Quang o c mt ci n ngc, trong c ch Trung ha v dc.

u do quan a phng dng ln. Vua sai thng bc theo bc khc nhau[169]. 8 nm
sau (1828) vua Minh Mnh cho c Kim Bo Sc mnh chi bo bng vng thay cho
Phong tng chi bo. Li d ca Minh Mnh nm 1828 v vic ny: T trc n nay phong
tng cc thn k cng vn v quan phm, th u dng n Phong tng chi bo. Nay mi c
n Sc mnh chi bo, t nay phm c ban cp cho vn v phong tng cho thn dn u cho
dng[170].

Xem xt mt loi sc phong, ch c mt loi du Phong tng chi bo. Xin gii thiu du
Phong tng chi bo trn sc phong thn thn oi x Ph X huyn Kim Anh tnh Bc
Ninh. Du hnh vung kch thc 10,5x10,5cm, vin ngoi m 1,3cm. 4 ch Trin
Phong tng chi bo xp theo hnh vung. Du ng trn on nm thng ca
dng nin hiu Minh Mnh nh nin tht nguyt nh thp nht nht . Nh
vy du Phong tng chi bo c ng vo ngy 21 thng 7 nm Minh Mnh th 2 (1821).
(H. 103)

Page 161
Lc Hoa Vin

T nm Minh Mnh th 9 (1828) tr i, trn sc phong khng thy hnh du Phong tng chi
bo na, thay th n l du Sc mnh chi bo c kch thc ln hn. Xin gii thiu tip hnh
du ny trn sc phong thn cng thn oi x Ph X huyn Kim Anh tnh Bc Ninh. Du
c hnh vung kch thc 13,5x13,5cm. Vin ngoi c 1,3cm, 4 ch Trin Sc mnh chi
bo khc theo hnh vung, du ng on nm thng dng ghi nin hiu T c
tam nin tht nguyt s tam nht . Du Sc mnh chi bo ny c ng
vo ngy 3 thng 7 nm T c th 3 (1849). (H.104)

So snh du Sc mnh chi bo thi L, chng ti thy du thi L c kch thc nh hn, c
11,5x11,5cm, vin ngoi khun nh hn c 0,8cm, nt ch cng nh hn mt cht. Du
c ng trn on ngy thng dng ghi nin hiu Chiu Thng nguyn nin lc nguyt
nh thp nh nht, tc l ngy 22 thng 6 nm Chiu Thng th 1 (1788)[171]. (H. 105)

Theo ti liu cung cp Hu chng ti c bit n Sc mnh chi bo triu Nguyn nng ti

Page 162
Lc Hoa Vin

395 lng vng, mt v quan khe mnh rt vt v v sc nng ca n khi ph gip vic
ng du[172]. Nhng hnh du Sc mnh chi bo chng minh iu , y l hnh du c
kch thc ln nht trong tt c du n thi Nguyn.

Page 163
Lc Hoa Vin

Quy nh dng Sc mnh chi bo trong chnh s cn ghi thm: Ngi quyn th chc hm
tuy cha c cp sc, nhng i vi ngi tm thng sai phi c khc bit th chiu vn,
thng chc quyn th cng chun cho dng n sc mnh[173].

V du Minh Mnh thn hn c khc in trn Kim sch chp h thi v 20 ch

thuc b nht (). Du c hnh hi vung, vin ngoi c 2 dng, 4 ch Trin khc nt ngn.
Du c v tr gn dng ghi nin hiu Minh Mnh th 4 (1823). (H. 106)

Page 164
Lc Hoa Vin

Ta cn thy du Minh Mnh thn hn in di du Th thin hnh kin trong sch in

i Minh Mnh. (H.107)

Page 165
 Lc Hoa Vin

Kim Bo T ni chung ng lu l nhng trng hp v king tn hy nn Bo s dng

ri li phi c n mi thay th. Nh Bo Tr lch minh thi chi bo i Gia Long c bng
bc dng cho n nm Minh Mnh th 9 (1828) i c li bng vng, khc li ch Thi v
king hy cho s dng, cn Kim Bo c bng bc khng c s dng na.
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
9. 16-08-2008, 15:52#39

Page 166
Lc Hoa Vin

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b. Ngc T

Ngc T l loi n c lm bng ngc vi cc mu loi khc nhau, thng l bch ngc v
bch ngc. Ngc T thi Nguyn ch yu c lm i Minh Mnh v Thiu Tr, v cht liu
qu him nn s lng Ngc T t hn Kim Bo T nhiu ln.

Khng ch nhng hin vt m t liu Hn Nm c ng du Ngc T thi Nguyn cho n

nay cn li qu t, kho Chu bn triu Nguyn phong ph a dng nh vy m cng khng
c hnh du Ngc T no. Do vic gii thiu Ngc T chng ti ch cn c trn cc b
chnh s, mt s t liu c ghi v Kim ngc Bo T v ch yu da vo cun C mt vin
tc trnh, v b Khm nh i Nam hi in s l.

Ngc T c coi l c nht thi Nguyn m thc cht n c lm t thi vng triu trc
l Vn th v cng . y l Ngc T rt p sc xanh bic, mt du khc 4 ch
Trin Vn th v cng. Ngc T ny do mt ngi o t ng phi em dng vua, Minh
Mnh cng triu thn mng r, lp tc xung ch cho dng Ngc T ny ng trn cc n
chiu co vn khnh tit trong dp l Vn th, ng thi cng l nhn dp l mng th ca
nh vua.

Nm Minh Mnh th 16 (1835) nh vua cho chm khc n ngc khc bng ngc trng vi
hnh th nm cm hnh hai con rng, cao 9 phn vung 2 tc 1 phn, dy 1 tc, mt du
khc 4 ch Trin Hong chi t (Ngc T ca Hong ). Ngc T ny dng ng
trn cc chiu vn ban trong dp ci nin hiu, i x thin h, ban n nhn ngy l ln cho
ton dn v ra n ban sc th cho n quan trong kinh ngoi tnh.

Nm Minh Mnh th 18 (1837) nhn li c ngc trng, Minh Mnh sai lm Ngc T, nm
chm hnh con rng cun, cao 1 tc 7 phn 1 ly, vung 2 tc 3 phn, dy 3 phn. Mt du
khc 4 ch Trin Hnh ti chi t (Ngc t ca ni hnh ti vua) dng ng trn cc

Page 167
Lc Hoa Vin

bi hun d hoc sc th trong thi k tun th cc a phng hnh ti ca vua.

Vo nm Minh Mnh th 20 (1839) khi i quc hiu l i Nam li c ngc bic qu

vua Minh Mnh xung d cho khc n ngc, nm chm hnh rng, cao 2 tc 4 phn vung 2
tc 9 phn, dy 1 tc 2 phn 3 ly. Mt du khc 6 ch Trin i Nam thin t chi t
(Ngc T ca Thin t nc i Nam). Ngc T ny dng ng trn cc vn kin ban
sc th cho ngi nc ngoi, v khi vua i tun th xem xt cc a phng.

Nm 1841 Thiu Tr ln ngi, tun th trit quy ch v Kim Ngc Bo T ca vua cha.
Ngay nm ny vo ma ng thng 11 nh vua sai c Kim Bo bng vng mi, cao 1 tc
4 ly, dy 3 phn 1 ly, nm n c hnh rng cun, khun du hnh trn. ng knh du 1
tc 4 ly, khc 4 ch Trin Thiu tr thn hn (Vn t cung vua Thiu Tr). Kim Bo
ny dng ng trn cc ch d ca vua vit bng son.

Ba nm sau tc nm 1844, nhn c hai vin ngc biu Thiu Tr cho chm khc 2 Ngc T
u nm hnh 2 con rng cun. Qu ln cao hai tc dy 1 tc, du hnh vung 2 tc 4 phn
bn trong khc 6 ch Trin i Nam hong chi t . Ngc T ny dng ng
trn cc vn kin ban sc th cho ngi nc ngoi v khi vua i tun th xem xt cc a
phng.

Qu th hai nh hn, cao 1 tc 6 phn 5 ly, dy 8 phn, du vung 1 tc 8 phn 9 ly, khc
4 ch Trin Thn hn chi t y nh Kim Bo Thiu Tr thn hn trn, nhng vn
bn v ch d ca vua vit bng ch son u dng Ngc T ny.

Ngc T qu v ln nht triu Nguyn l T i Nam th thin vnh mnh truyn quc t
. S c ghi li nm Thiu Tr th 6 (1846) c ngi dng vua mt vin ngc
cc ln, n l sn vt ca ni ngc huyn Ha in vng t Qung. Thiu Tr mng r sai
quan Hu t gia thnh Ngc T, mt nm sau th xong. Nm n lm theo hnh rng un
khc, cao hn 3 tc 2 phn, vung 2 tc 1 phn, tng s vung cao lm thnh quy tc
tng trng v thin thnh a bnh. Sau vic khc ch Trin vo Ngc T cng phi theo
nghi l: chn ngy tt (15 thng 3) vua Thiu Tr thn lm l i t v khc 9 ch Trin:
i Nam th thin vnh mnh truyn quc t[174] ln mt n ngc. Li d sau ca Thiu Tr
nm 1847 cho ta thy c s tn ti ca Ngc T gn b mt thit vi vng triu Nguyn
mang tnh cht truyn quc k tha:

Nay gp tit Vn th, Ngc T lm xong, knh ly mng 1 thng ny sm sa l nghi

ta thn nng Ngc T knh co t miu, ri knh cung Cn thnh, cng n truyn quc
u long trng, ko di c nghip m mang kh nhc, gi gn cng khng phi l d. Phi
ngh lo theo, c cng tip ni. Phi cn thn t trc trn vn v sau, nn gi y n
m c yn n, may ra s nghip ln lao gi c mi mi, m truyn cho con chu mun
i th tt lm ![175].

Ngc T ny c dng ng trn nhng bn sc mnh ban cho cc nc nh ch hu,

nhng vic ban b cho thin h, n c coi trng v bo v nh Kim Bo truyn quc i
Vit quc Nguyn cha vnh trn chi bo.

Xin gii thiu hnh du mt Ngc T trn vn bn Hn Nm cn lu gi n nay. l bn

phc th ca vua T c gi cho Hong Php vo ngy 28 thng 11 nm T c th 12
(1859)[176]. Phn u trang giy c 2 ch Tc phc ngha l knh phc p. Di st
ch phc l du Ngc T hnh vung, bn trong du l 6 ch Trin chia lm 3 hng i
Nam hong chi t (Ngc T ca Hong i Nam). Tip bn du l cc
dng ch i Nam quc hong - Tc phc - i ph lng sa quc hong (Hong

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Lc Hoa Vin

nc i Nam knh phc p Hong nc i Php). (H.108 a, b)

Ngoi s Ngc T qu trnh by trn, triu Nguyn cn lm ra mt s Ngc T khc dng

ngoi ngha quc gia trng i, s Ngc T ny c ghi trong Khm nh i Nam hi
in s l v C mt vin tc trnh:

n ngc bic c 3 ci: Phong cng vn c ty ngc t, Thin a tm, K th vnh xng.
n ngc trng c 4 ci l: Khm minh vn t, Th thin hnh kin, Tun trit vn minh v
Khu bch lu quang. 6 n ngc tt l: Cu o ha thnh, Tn hu nht tn, K vng t
phng v Vn hn chng thin[177].

Sch C mt vin tc trnh cn b sung s lng Ngc T m chnh s khng ghi. l hai
Ngc T ca Hong Khi nh Khi nh hong ngc t , Khi nh hong
chi t .

i Thiu Tr c mt qu n tuy khng phi l n ngc n vng, nhng li c ngha v mt

lch s, l Bo n Hoan phng ng i ng ng nht thng Thiu Tr chi bo. Hin

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Lc Hoa Vin

nay Vin Bo tng Lch s H Ni cn lu gi c nguyn vn Bo n ng ny. n c k

hiu Lsb - 62 - 78 cht liu bng ng, nm trn chm hnh con rng th ng, thn rng
cun ln my, na non phn di n lm theo khun trn. Du hnh trn c ng knh
10,8cm, vin vng ngoi rng 5cm khc hnh lng long chu nht nguyt. Vng trong gm
12 ch Trin Hoan phng ng i ng ng nht thng thiu tr chi bo
. Nhn l ng i ng ng nm 1846-1847, Thiu Tr cho lm Bo n ny ghi
li nim vui ca nh vua v c vng triu. (H. 109 a,b)

T c ln ngi cui nm 1847 vn gi nguyn qui ch v Kim Ngc Bo T ca cha ng

mnh. Ngay thi gian ny nh vua cho c n vng i Nam hip k lch chi bo
[178] c hnh th hai i chng, nm hnh rng b xm, vung 2 tc 6 phn 1 ly, dy 3
phn 2 ly lm theo mu n du lm lch trc. Kim Bo ny dng ng trn cc bn lch,
bn chnh sc ca vng triu.

ngi Hong , T c cn lm thm mt s Bo n khc cng c coi l c gi tr b

sung cho s lng Kim Ngc Bo T thi Nguyn, tiu biu l 2 Bo n T c ng lm chi

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 Lc Hoa Vin

bo v T c thn hn.

Chuyn cng tc vo Hu nm 1989 chng ti c Ban Qun l di tch Hu cho tham quan
chp nh, in rp li s n trin cc lng tm v di tch c . Ti lng T c cn gi c
mt s n v hp ng n, c bit l n T c ng lm chi bo vn cn bo qun c
nguyn vn. Cht liu n bng ng qu, nm n hnh rng ng, mt du hnh ch nht,
ton chiu cao l 6,8cm. Du hnh ch nht c 6,0x7,5cm, vin ngoi khc ha tit lng
long chu nguyt, 6 ch Trin bn trong: T c ng lm chi bo xp theo 3
hng (Bo ca vua T c ng lm). Bo n ny dng ng trn cc vn bn m Ni cc
dng trnh vua trc tip xem xt. (H. 110 a,b)

Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
10. 16-08-2008, 16:12#40

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Lc Hoa Vin

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Bo n T c thn hn, trong cun C mt vin tc trnh ghi r cht liu Bo n ny bng
vng, nm n hnh rng. Mt di phn du lm theo khun hnh vung, nhng du li c
hnh hi ch nht, kch thc 8,0x8,3cm. Vin ngoi khng khc ha tit, bn trong l 4 ch
Trin T c thn hn (Vn t cung vua T c).

Nm 1996, chng ti c ng Nguyn Hu Tng cung cp mt bn Ng ch c bt tch v

du n ca vua T c[179]. T ng ch ny c ha tit hnh rng my xung quanh, bt
tch mc son ca vua T c theo th Tho th. Dng u di ch Ng ch l hai
du kim nh hnh vung u c c 3x3cm, mi du c hai ch khc nhau v kiu khc
cng khc nhau. Du ch nt chm nm trn vi hai ch Trin Hong i . Du nt
ni l 2 ch Thn to .

Dng cui ghi nin i T c bt nin tht nguyt s tht nht. Du T c thn hn
c c 8,0x8,3cm ng on nm thng ca dng nin i. Nh vy du n vn bn
trn m chng ti c rt ph hp vi quy ch dng Bo T ca cc vua Nguyn: Kim Bo
c ch Thn hn dng ng trn nhng bi vn, th v ch d ca vua vit bng son. Du
T c thn hn y c ng trn mt bn chm c ch son ca vua T c vit vo
ngy 7 thng 7 nm T c th 8 (1855). (H. 111)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Cng ti Khim Lng n nay vn lu gi mt s n ng c hnh thc v kch thc ging

nhau. l nhng T chng ca T c, mt Nh th - Hong trng vn ti, cao
bt nghin, ngi ca ch tm, ch hiu. ng cho khc ln mt n nhng dng ch Trin
mang ch nh nhng li nhc nh v quan nim sng i vi quan li v nho s
ng thi. Cc T chng ny c khun du hnh trn u c ng knh 6,5cm. Ha tit
vng ngoi khc hnh lng long chu nht nguyt. Vng trong l hnh 4 ch Trin xp theo
b cc khc nhau. Du Tm chnh bt chnh c b cc vung gc (H. 112 a,b). Du
Hin tm ho li c b cc ch thp. Cho d nt khc ha tit v ni dung vn
khc c khc nhau nhng tu chung vn l tng ca mt tc gi. (H. 113)

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Lc Hoa Vin

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Lc Hoa Vin

Ti Bo tng Hu ngy nay, bn cnh cc c vt qu l s t n tn bng ng, bng ng v

qu. ng ch l chic n ngc hnh bu dc c nm hnh ni. Mt du hnh bu dc c
kch thc 5,5x6,5cm, ha tit khc hnh lng long chu cn khn. gia l 4 ch Trin
xp theo kiu ch thp, l 4 ch Vn hnh ha thnh . y cng l mt T chng
ca mt trong cc vua Nguyn vi ni dung vn khc c ch nh T chng ca vua T
c trn. (H. 114)

Nm 1883 Hm Nghi ln ngi, bin c xy ra bng cuc chin gia ngi Php v triu
nh Nguyn. Nm 1885 kinh Hu tht th, Tn Tht Thuyt ph vua Hm Nghi ri b
kinh thnh, khi i mang theo mt s Kim ngc Bo T nh Ng tin chi bo, Vn l mt st
v.v v nhiu bu vt khc. Chiu cn vng v nhiu vn bn c ng du Ng Bo ca
Hm Nghi sau ny b tiu hy hu ht. Ngi Php v phi ch ha dng ng Khnh
ln ngi, ng Khnh ch trng ngay n vic lm Bo T thay th cho s Bo n b Tn
Tht Thuyt mang i, cng nhng n khc khi nh nhau b tht lc. S c chp cui nm
ng Khnh t u (1885): Sai lm hai n Ng tin chi bo v Vn l mt st, cng l
n, phng (Quan phng), kim bi cc nha c b mt, u cho lm ra dng[180].

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Lc Hoa Vin

Bo n Ng tin chi bo trc c bng vng hnh bu dc. ng Khnh cho rng nu c
theo khun c s nhm vi Bo n c m Tn Tht Thuyt gi. Nn mi sai lm Bo Ng
tin chi bo, Vn l mt st mi theo hnh bt gic, cn tt c n khc u theo khun c.
V khng iu kin nn ng Khnh cho lm tm Bo n bng ng voi, my thng sau
nm ng Khnh th 1 (1886), khi mi vic tm yn ng Khnh sai ly vng c li hai
Bo n Ng tin chi bo v Vn l mt st. Nm ca hai n u c theo hnh rng. Bo
Ng tin chi bo mt di theo hnh bt gic di 8 phn 5 ly rng 7 phn 5 ly, khc ch
chn phng nh n c. Kim Bo Vn l mt st, mt di hnh hi ch nht di 90 phn
rng 8 phn, khc ch Trin nh n c v quy nh dng 2 Bo n trn vn theo quy ch
xa khng thay i.

Thng 12 nm ng Khnh th 2 (1887) triu nh Php tng ng Khnh v triu nh

Nguyn mt n ngc khc 4 ch Trin Triu nh lp tn . Hai nc quy nh nhng
cng vn, vn kin c tnh cht thng bo vi nc Php th nh Nguyn ng n ny lm
tin. Nh vy ngi Php cng nh vua ti ng Khnh v hnh trung ph nhn quy ch mt
s Bo T ca tin nhn h. Nhng Bo T nh Hong chi bo, i Nam hong chi t
v.v (Dng ng trn sc th v vn kin gi i nc ngoi) chng ti cng khng hiu
rng lc ny cn hay mt, nu cn th ng Khnh s dng chng nh th no (?) V nhiu
l nn n ngc Triu nh lp tn khng c nh Nguyn xp vo hng ng Kim ngc Bo
T, v sch C mt vin tc trnh i Bo i cng khng ghi.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Giai on tip theo t Thnh Thi n Bo i (1889-1945). y l thi k m th ch qun

ch Vit Nam khng cn chuyn ch na, vua v triu nh ch l b nhn trc sc mnh
ca ngi Php. Ch Hn mt dn vai tr quc ng, quy ch c thay i, do mt s
Bo T b khng dng hoc t c s dng hn. Nhng cc vua Nguyn nh Khi nh vn
lm thm nhng Bo T mi nh hai Ngc T nu l Khi nh hong ngc t, Khi
nh hong chi t. Kim Bo bng bc dt vng nng 51 lng l Khi nh thn hn
v Khi nh thn khu c cht liu bng ng. Tuy nhin nhng Bo T ny ch
nng v mt hnh thc, cn gi tr ca chng th chng c l bao. Bo n Khi nh thn
khu vn cn gi c cho n nay ti Vin Bo tng Lch s H Ni. n ng ny c k hiu
62-77, nm hnh k ln th ng, khun du hnh bu dc, ch mt du khc theo th
Chn th. (H. 115 a,b)

Ngoi s Kim ngc Bo T chng ti trnh by trn nh Nguyn cn lm ra nhiu n

khc vi cht liu bng cm thch, bng ng voi, bng g n hng v bng thu tinh.

Page 177
Lc Hoa Vin

Sch Khm nh i Nam hi in s l xp s lng loi n ny vo mc th vn

bo[181], vi tnh cht ring bit, mn nhng li hay p trong c th Trung Quc v.v
khc ln mt n, nht l ng vua thi gia nh T c rt tm c vic ny.

y chng ti xin gii thiu thm vic c n tt phi c hm ng n, khay ng n nh

u i Minh Mnh, hm ng Bo T ca vua c lm bng g hoa l chm rng my, 4
gc bt vng, kha cng bng vng, hp ng son bng bc. Hin nay ti Bo tng v mt
s lng Hu cn gi s t hm v khay ng n c trng by cng hin vt n trin. (H.
116 a1,a2,b)

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Lc Hoa Vin

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 Lc Hoa Vin

1. 2. Quy cch s dng cc Kim ngc Bo T

Vic c Kim Bo T phi c tin hnh theo ng ch d ca vua ban xung. S c ghi:
Phm khi c c n bng vng, th trc b L t cho Khm thin gim chn ngy tt,
ph Tha Thin sm sa l vt. n ngy nh Hu t knh co vi thn t cng. Ri B
hi ng vi kho V kh, ph Ni v knh cn gim th, theo nh quy thc ch to, khi c
xong dng ln[182].

Vic lm Ngc T, nht l khi c ngc qu vua chun nh lm n ngc th phi qua nhiu
nghi l, nh qu trnh lm Ngc T i Nam th thin vnh mnh tuyn quc t chng ti
trnh by.

V quy cch s dng cc Kim ngc Bo T, ngay t thi Gia Long c nhng quy nh
dng Bo T, nhng quy ch ny c hon thin trong thi Nguyn s v tn ti n nm
1945.

Kim Ngc Bo T u c ct gi in Trung Ha, mi khi Ni cc dng n Bo T no

th Bo T y do cc cung gim phng a ra. Nhng Bo T thng dng nh Sc mnh
chi bo, Ng tin chi bo, Vn l mt st mi khi c dng th cc quan Ni cc phi hp
nht tr vi B quan ng trc t mt ci n gia t vu ca in Cn Chnh hu Bo
(tc ng du). Cung gim bng hm n t ca gia in Cn Chnh i ra knh cn t ln
bn gia gian t nht, quan vn v i thn ng trc mi ban mt ngi, mt vin
Sung bin Ni cc, mt vin thuc Cc u mc phm phc hi ng knh cn hu Bo.
Bo n Ng tin chi bo ng trn mt ch Khm th. Nhng tp s tu c ch chu ph
th ng ch giy b khng cui tp. Nhng sch tu ca cc thnh, doanh, trn (sau ny
l tnh) cng nha mn cc ni y - Nu l bn Gip m c chu ph th ng Ng tin chi
bo dng ghi nin hiu. Bn t l ph th ng du trin, Quan phng, k ca nha
mn trn ch thng m dng ghi nin hiu.

Page 180
 Lc Hoa Vin

Tt c cc sch tu kinh, cc s tu trong kinh ngoi tnh nu c ch ty xa, b sung

v ch gip trang th ng Kim Bo Vn l mt st kim gip.

Nhng khi c cng vic quan trng cn phi dng n nhng Bo T c bit nh Hong
chi bo, Hong chi t l nhng Bo T t dng hn cc Kim Bo trn th phi theo nghi
thc ring. u tin c quan hu trch lm phin tu trnh Hong , nhng phin tu,
phiu ngh ly hn trong 3 ngy.

B Li trong khi ch chiu vn, th trc mt ngy phi lm phiu xin hu Bo, ni dung
phiu trnh by s lc v s mc v em bn tho cc o chiu sc cc nm cn dng
giao cho Ni cc st hch trc phng sai st nhm ln. Ngy hu Bo phi t hng
n gian th nht bn t in Cn Chnh. Quan Ni cc knh cn bng n bu ln n.
Hai bn c hai vin qun v u i m u h, o thng thu hnh mng x, cm gm
tut trn ng chu. Quan Ni cc, quan Th v, Khoa o cng trc thn mc phm phc
mu xanh bc vo chiu m trp Quan Ni cc nim phong, ri Ni thn nhn ly knh
cn bng ct vo ch c. Mi ln dng n vo cng vic g hi ng phi lp bin bn ghi
vo s, hm cha kha phi dng vo i ni trc khi ra v.

Vic hu Bo v kim duyt hu Bo[183] khng c hon thin th tt c cc quan

h thng Gim st, B quan ng trc v Ni cc u b khp ti.

Tr Li Vi Trch Dn

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3. L phong kha Bo T v l Pht thc

Phong kha Bo T tc l nim phong kha kn hm n Bo T. Khi cc Kim Ngc Bo T

Page 181
 Lc Hoa Vin

dng xong th cc Trc thn dng hai mnh giy c ch vit ca vua dn nim phong vo
mt trc ri ly the vng che mt ch. Tip theo l dn hai mnh giy nim phong vo hai
bn c ch ghi ca B quan, trc thn. Ri ng n Quan phng ca C mt i thn vo
ba kha hm nim phong lm bng chng. C mt vin hi ng cng quan Th v dn
nim phong v chu trch nhim gi cha kha v mnh giy vua vit nim phong. Bin bn
ngy hm ghi r c bao nhiu loi hnh giy t v s lng giy t c ng n Bo T.
Cui t bin bn c ch k ca cc thnh vin trong hi ng cng du Quan phng cc
cp. Thi Gia Long v u Minh Mnh, Tam ni vin v sau l Thng Bo to coi gi cha
kha hm Bo T, n i Minh Mnh th 11 (1830) chuyn cho C mt i thn gi.

Vi Kim ngc Bo T cn mt nghi thc quan trng na m chng ti c bit qua chuyn
cng tc ti Hu nm 1989: L Pht thc[184] . Nghi l ny bt u c t nm 1837
v tn ti cho n nm 1945 khi Bo t thoi v. L Pht thc gn lin vi l phong n,
nhng l Pht thc mi nm ch din ra mt ln.

C vo h tun thng Chp hng nm l Pht thc c c hnh long trng ti in Cn

Chnh. Trc ngy hnh l, Ni cc dng trnh nh vua bn danh sch cc Hong t, vn v
i thn trt nht phm cng cc trng quan Ni cc v C mt vin. Trn c s , nh
vua chn la nhng ngi c d l. ng ngy l, Trc quan t hng n gia in Cn
Chnh. Cc Hong t cng cc quan vn v trong danh sch u mc l phc ng dn
hng. Khi ni thn bng cc hm Bo T ra chia t trn cc bn gian gia in Cn
Chnh, Hong t v cc quan bc vo kim th ri dng la lau v dng nc hng
thang chi cc n. Ring hm n truyn quc i Vit quc Nguyn cha vnh trn chi bo
v i Nam th thin vnh mnh truyn quc t th ch c kim tra nim phong v kha
m thi, khng c m ra. Khi vic lau chi xong cc hm y li c nim phong cn
thn. Hm truyn quc cng c dn nim phong mi c ch ca vua, xong xui ni thn
li bng Kim Ngc Bo T ct vo ch c. Ngy lm l Pht thc trn cng l ngy gi u
nm sau triu nh la ngy tt lm l khai n ri mi c dng li.
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Page 182
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4. Vi nt v Bo n ca Thi hong thi hu, Hong thi hu v mt s cung trong

kinh thnh Hu

Ni n Kim ngc Bo T ca Hong thi Nguyn cng cn phi ni ti cc Bo n ca

Thi hong thi hu, Hong thi hu, Quc mu, Thi phi v mt s cung trong kinh thnh
Hu.

nh l nh Nguyn c l tn tn Hong thi hu dng sch vng, n vng. Bo lm bng

vng mi tui, vung 2 tc 4 phn, dy 4 phn, nm rng ph phc, cao 1 tc 5 phn. Mt
du khc 4 ch Trin Hong thi hu bo (Bo n ca Hong thi hu).

Nh Nguyn cng c nh l sch lp Hong hu ban sch vng n vng. Nhng trn thc t
cc vua Nguyn t Minh Mnh tr i b nh l ny. Cun C mt vin tc trnh cung
cp cho chng ti t liu chnh xc v loi Bo n ny. V iu kin khun kh c hn,
chng ti xin lit k s lng tn gi mt s Bo n ni trn tin tham kho.

* Hong thi hu bo - bng vng.

* Hong thi hu chi bo - bng bc.

* Thi hu chi bo - bng vng.

* Quc mu chi bo - bng bc.

* Chnh hu chi bo - bng vng.

* Hong thi phi bo - bng bc.

* Nhn tuyn t khnh Hong thi hu chi bo - bng vng.

* Nhn tuyn t khnh Thi hong thi hu chi bo - bng vng.

* Gia Th cung Hong thi hu chi bo - bng vng.

* Gia Th cung T DThi hong thi hu chi bo - bng vng.

* Gia Th cung T D bc hu Thi hong thi hu chi bo - bng

vng.

* Gia Th cung T D bc hu khang th Thi hong thi hu chi bo

- bng vng.

* Trang Hong thi hu kim bo - bng vng.

* Khn nghi xng c Thi hong thi hu chi bo - m vng.

* Trang thun hiu Thi hong thi hu kim bo - bng vng.

* Din Th cung bo - bng vng.

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Lc Hoa Vin

* Trng Sinh cung bo - bng vng.

* Khnh Ninh cung bo - bng ng.

Xin c gii thiu Bo n ca mt Thi hong thi hu cui thi Nguyn. Qu n ny hin
c lu gi ti Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam H Ni. n c cht liu bng ng, m vng ta.
Nm n c c hnh rng th ph phc, thn bng u. n lm theo khun hnh
vung kch thc 10,5x10,5cm. Mt trn nm n khng khc ch Hn ghi nin i, trng
lng hay ni dung n. Mt du hnh vung, kch thc bng mt n, vin ngoi trn
1cm khng khc ha tit. Bn trong l 10 ch Trin vung vc chia lm 3 hng, 2 ch hng
gia di gp i 8 ch hng bn. l 10 ch Khn nghi xng c thi hong thi hu chi
bo .

Page 184
Lc Hoa Vin

Qua nghin cu chng ti khng nh Bo n ny c to tc khong u nm 1933 v

ch nhn ca n l Thi hong thi hu Dng Th Thc. B sinh nm Mu Thn 1868 l con
gi Ph Lc Qun cng l m vua Khi nh v l b ni vua Bo i. Nm 1916 b c
phong Khn nghi Hong thi hu. Ngy 25 thng 2 nm Qu Du (1933) vua Bo i tn
tn phong b lm Khn nghi xng c Thi hong thi hu v ban cho Kim sch Bo n
ny. B mt ngy 2 thng 8 nm Gip Thn (1944) tng T Thng lng v c dng tn
thy l Hu thin tng thnh Khn nghi xng c khoan hu t ha th khang trang tc
Thun hong hu. (H. 117 a,b)

Cui phn mc ny chng ti s ni v Bo n ca mt cung in trong kinh thnh Hu.

l cung Khnh Ninh m hin vt n chng cn lu gi ti Bo tng Vit Nam thnh ph
H Ch Minh[185]. n c cht liu bng ng, nm cm kiu hnh Tam sn, hnh trn
ng knh 6,5cm. Mt du hnh trn ng knh bng mt n, vin ngoi rng c
1,4cm khc hnh lng long chu nht nguyt. Bn ch Trin trong du khc theo b cc
ch thp l 4 ch Khnh Ninh cung bo (Bo n cung Khnh Ninh).

Page 185
 Lc Hoa Vin

Qua t liu Hu t nh nghin cu Phan Thun An th cung Khnh Ninh c xy dng t

nm 1825 triu Minh Mnh. l mt h thng cung in c lm kh quy m b bc
Ng H trong kinh thnh Hu, phm vi ngoi i ni, tng cng khong hn 100 cng trnh
ln nh. Cung Khnh Ninh l cung vua Minh Mnh trc tip chun b cho l Din canh hng
nm, v l ni ng thng ra ngh ngi th gin. gn cung Khnh Ninh, Minh Mnh cn
cho lm mt chic cu v t tn l Khnh Ninh kiu. Sau khi ng qua i bi v ca ng
c a vo th cung Khnh Ninh ngoi nhng ni th khc nh lng Minh Mng, Th
miu v in Phng Thin. (H. 118 a,b,c)
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II. n chng ph Tn nhn thi Nguyn

. c im b n kim ph Tn nhn thi Nguyn

Ph Tn nhn l c quan qun l hong tc tn ti t cc vng triu trc nh

Nguyn. Khi Gia Long ln ngi chnh thc lp ra ph Tn nhn triu Nguyn.

Ngi ng u ph Tn nhn do nh vua trc tip t c, Tn nhn lnh l chc cao nht,
c coi trng hn c i thn trt nht phm, di l chc T v Hu Tn nhn hm chnh
nh phm, tip n T v Hu Tn khanh ly mt vn mt v hm tam phm trong tn tht.
Di na l chc T, Hu T l u ly chc Lang trung b Li v b L l ngi Tn tht
kim gi, cc chc T gio, Tc trng, Tha bin ty mi h mt ngi gip vic ph.

Thi vua Minh Mnh, Hong t Nguyn Min Tng (Tc vua Thiu Tr sau ny) c vua cha
cho ng u qun lnh ph Tn nhn.

Chc nng ca ph Tn nhn l phn bit trt t hng chiu mc, ghi chp h hng ai gn

Page 186
Lc Hoa Vin

ai xa, nui nng chu cp tr em m ci, thng cp ci xin ma chay v.v trong h nh
vua. Nhng dp l, tt hng nm Tn nhn ph phi thc hin theo ng quy nh ban
hnh v nghi thc, nhn s, trang phc v.v vic phng mnh bin son Ngc dip tn ph
v mi nghi thc khc trong Hong tc u do ph Tn nhn m nhim.

Ch trng Thn thn ca cc vua Nguyn th hin r s u i c bit trong Hong

tc. Hong t, Hong thn v ngi trong Hong tc u hng ch ring bit, t vic
t tn, phong cp, phong tc, ban lc nht nht u c Hong quan tm v ph Tn
nhn thc hin. Hu ht ngi trong Hong tc u nm nhng trng trch ch yu lc
B, lc T, ch nha, h thng gim st, chnh quyn cp tnh v h thng k cn nh vua.

n chng ph Tn nhn triu Nguyn c nhng nt c th ring khng ging cc c

quan khc, ph Tn nhn c ban cp mt b n kim dng cho c Hong tc. Khi lm t
khi, biu ln Hong , hoc cng vic vi cc c quan ngang hng hoc cng vn truyn
xung cp di, tc l tt c cc vic cng hay nhng vic trong Hong tc, ph Tn nhn
u s dng b n kim Tn nhn ph n. im c bit l cc Hong t, Hong thn, ch
cng trong ph Tn nhn khi c phong tc, tp tc mi ngi u c ban n ring
cng cp v sch phong. Hoc c bit Hong t, Hong thn c ban n ring ngoi l
chung,nhng n tn ny i din cho mi ph ring ca Hong t, Hong thn, ch cng
trong vn bn giy t tt c cc cng vic ring v chung.

Ngay t thi Gia Long ph Tn nhn c ban cp b n kim Tn nhn ph n, cc i

vua Nguyn sau cn lm tip nhng n gn nh n c lu gi, hoc ban thm cho
ph Tn nhn n mi loi nh dng vo cng vic khc. S c ghi: Nm Minh Mnh th
17 (1836) d chun: Ly gi tt c ch mt qu n bng bc cho Tn nhn ph 2 tng,
nm chm con k ln, vung 2 tc 1 phn, dy 3 phn 6 ly. Mt du kim cng bng bc
khi c xong vn giao cho Ni cc ct gi, i sau ban cp s dng[186]. Hay i Thiu Tr
nm u vua cng sai nha Hu t theo kiu mu lm cho ph Tn nhn mt n v kim nh
bng ng khi i theo h gi tun hnh vi ba ngy tr ln, vin quan ca ph Tn nhn
mang theo dng, khi v li phong kha ct mt ni[187].

Trn cc vn bn ch Hn trong Chu bn triu Nguyn chng ti thy xut hin rt nhiu
hnh du ln Tn nhn ph n v kim nh Tn nhn trong cc tp sch khc nhau, qua
nhiu i vua thi Nguyn khc nhau. Chng ti thy nhng con du ny c s thay i,
khng phi thay i v ngoi hnh, hoa vn, m iu c bit y l s thay i hon
ton ch Tn trong du: Hai ch Tn khc nhau ng m nhng khc t dng. Trong
Chu bn triu Nguyn, tnh t i Gia Long n trc i ng Khnh, du ca ph Tn
nhn c hnh vung, mt du c kch thc 9x9cm, vin vng ngoi c 0,7cm. 4 ch
Trin bn trong xp vung gc c 3x3cm, l 4 ch Tn nhn ph n (n ca ph
Tn nhn). (H. 119)

Page 187
Lc Hoa Vin

Hnh du Kim ca ph Tn nhn cng i lin vi du ln trn. Du kim hnh vung, kch
thc 2x2cm, bn trong khc 2 ch Trin vung theo hnh ch nht cn i vi b cc
du hnh vung, l hai ch Tn nhn [188]. (H. 120)

quyn 2 - ng Khnh trong Chu bn triu Nguyn li thy xut hin du Tn nhn ph
n mi. con du ny b cc ch khng thay i, nhng ch Tn c thay th
bng ch Tn . Bn ch trong du i ng Khnh l Tn nhn ph n . (H.
121)

Page 188
Lc Hoa Vin

du kim cng c thay i, Kim du i ng Khnh c kch thc nh hn du i

trc, v iu khc bit l ch Tn trong du cng c thay bng ch Tn . Hai
ch trong du kim i ng Khnh l Tn nhn . (H. 122)

Nh vy chng ta thy ngha 2 ch Tn khc hn nhau: Ch Tn ngha l tng tc;

cn ch Tn ngha l tn knh. Sc khc nhau r rt ca hai hnh du ny, phi chng
l s khc bit v quan im, lp trng chnh tr ca vua ng Khnh v nhng ng vua
Nguyn trc , trc bin c ca x hi Vit Nam ng thi, khi ngi Php thn tnh
gn xong nc i Nam ca cc vua Nguyn? Nm 1895 khi ra i vua Hm Nghi v Tn
Tht Thuyt c mang theo mt s n trin qu nh Ng tin chi bo v.v Do vy di sc
p ca ngi Php, khi t chc li chnh quyn, thay i t nhiu thang quan ch, ng
Khnh c lm li v thay i mt s n trin. Cho nn khng ch mt n Tn nhn ph n c
thay i m mt s n trin khc cng c thay i theo.

Lt gi nhng trang ch Hn i Thnh Thi trong Chu bn triu Nguyn, chng ti li thy
xut hin mt lot du ln Tn nhn ph n v Kim du Tn nhn. Nhng du ny c kch
thc 7,2x7,2cm, cn t dng th tt c ging y nh du Tn nhn ph n v Kim du Tn
nhn cc i vua trc i ng Khnh. Nh vy vua Thnh Thi dng ch Tn
ca tin mnh v b ch Tn ca i ng Khnh trong du Tn nhn ph n v
Kim du Tn nhn[189]. Nh chng ta bit n trin c gn b mt thit vi t chc
hnh chnh quan ch triu Nguyn, do vy suy ngc li vn th vic t chc, quan ch
i Thnh Thi cng c t nhiu thay i (?) y chng ti ch xin cung cp mt s c liu

Page 189
 Lc Hoa Vin

v nhng nhn nh chung nh vy, cn vic nh gi, khng nh v.v xin dnh cho cc
nh vit s.
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2. L phong n cho Hong thi t, Hong t, Hong tn v Hong thn ph Tn

nhn triu Nguyn

Ngay t thi Gia Long c l dng sch n vng tn phong tc cho cc Hong t, Hong
tn, Hong thn tc cng tr ln. L sch lp Hong thi t din ra vi nghi l ht sc long
trng. Hong thi t cng i thn vn v, Hong t, Hong thn ph Tn nhn qu ly
nghe chiu, ri Hong thi t lm l nhn sch vng, n vng v ngi vo v tr ca ngi
k v sau ny. S c ghi li: Gia Long nm th 15 (1816) c ch: Chun cho lm sch tn
phong cho Hong thi t th dng vng 5 t n lm bng vng, nm c hnh con rng
ngi, vung 2 tc 4 phn dy 3 phn 2 ly[190].

Ngoi l tn phong sch vng n vng cho Hong thi t theo l chung, cn c trng hp
Hong thi t c ban n tn ring. l vic cui i Gia Long khng c thc hin vic
truyn ngi k tha theo dng trng, l ra Gia Long phi truyn ngi cho con trai Hong t
Cnh l Hong Tn n, nhng vi mt nhn quan chnh tr ng n, ng t giang sn
vo tay Nguyn Phc m l ngi con th (tc vua Minh Mnh sau ny), bt chp s bt
ng ca mt s i thn. Vic vua Gia Long ban thm n Hong thi t th tn cho Hong
thi t Phc m cng nm trong nh hng ny. Chnh s ghi (Gia Long) nm th 19
(1820) c ch: Chun cho c n Th tn nh v vung bng bc cho Hong thi t (vung
6 phn 7 ly, dy 3 phn) nm c con rng ngi, trong khc 5 ch Trin Hong thi t th
tn[191]. Nh vy trc khi ln ngi, Minh Mnh c dng n ring c gi tr rt cao v
mt php lnh, hn hn nhng n c phong cng vi sch vng.

Page 190
Lc Hoa Vin

Trn nhng vn bn ch Hn - Kho Chu bn triu Nguyn cn in li nhiu n Hong thi t

th tn. Du hnh vung c kch thc 3,2x3,2cm, bn trong khc 5 ch Trin Hong thi t
th tn ch T di gp i cc ch khc cn i vi b cc du hnh
vung. Xem xt nhng vn bn c ng du Hong thi t th tn th u l nhng vn bn
quan trng, iu ny chng t cho lun c chng ti nu trn[192]. (H. 123)

L phong sch n cho Hong t, Hong tn cng din ra nghi thc gn bng l tn phong
Hong thi t. Sch s ghi: Hong t, Hong tn c phong tc cng ban n bng
vng m, nm n c hnh rng, vung 2 tc 3 phn 4 ly, dy 2 phn 7 ly. Hong t, Hong
tn c ban sch m vng mi, n m vng mi nm n hnh rng ca mi chic n
vung 2 tc 3 phn 4 ly dy 2 phn 4 ly[193].

i vi nhng Hong t, Hong tn tui cn nh qu th sch vng vn ban phong, duy c

n th cha trao cho vi, s rng tr nh cha phn bit r mi vic, dng n tn c s lm
l, i n khi no Hong t, Hong tn ln th ph Tn nhn mi theo lnh vua cp cho
dng.

i vi Hong thn cng, vic phong sch n cng c Tn nhn ph thc hin theo ng
quy ch, nghi thc l phong cng ging nh l phong sch n cho Hong t. Ngay t nm
Gia Long th 16 (1817) quy nh l sch phong cho Hong thn cng u lm sch n
nn bc m vng, nhng trn thc t cc Hong thn c lc c ban n bng g thm ch
khng phi l vng m c. Nh trng hp Thiu Ha Qun vng nm Minh Mnh th 5
(1824) c ban sch bc m vng, 1 n bng g thm, nm n hnh rng vung 2 tc 3
phn 4 ly, dy 2 phn 7 ly. Con trai ca Thiu Ha Qun vng li c ban n bc, sch
chp rng Nm Minh Mnh th 16 c ngh chun cho Thiu Kh l con trng ca Thiu
Ha Qun vng qu c c tp phong lm Thiu Ha Qun cng 1 qu n bc nm
hnh k ln, vung 2 tc 7 ly, dy 2 phn 7 ly[194].

Cc Hong thn sau khi c phong sch n, nu lm t khi ln Hong th xng l thn
v n du c phong quy nh phi ng di ch nin hiu, nu c cng vn truyn
xung di th dng ch gio trn ch truyn sai cn n du ch c ng di ch
hong hiu thi.

n chng ca Hong t, Hong thn cng tuy mi ph ring bit nhng vn phi tun
th theo quy ch ca ph Tn nhn cng nh Hong ban hnh: v vic ct gi, nim
phong hm n, cha kha hm n phi chnh ngi c phong ct gi. Mi cng vic ph

Page 191
Lc Hoa Vin

no th ng du Hong t, vng cng ph y, nhng quan h gia cc Hong t, Hong

thn i vi ch nha, lc B v.v trong vn vn bn giy t, ng du cng phi thc
hin ng nh quy nh.

Nm 1990 trong t cng tc cc tnh pha Nam chng ti in chp c mt s n trin

ti Bo tng Lch s thnh ph H Ch Minh. Trong s n trin c mt qu n bng ng
ln ca mt vng cng thuc Hong tc triu Nguyn, xin c gii thiu qu n ng
cui mc ny.

n c k hiu BTLS 1262 cht liu bng ng, hnh th qu n c hnh con k ln th
ng hi khy chn sau, u v thn k ln trn c chm hnh xoy dng nt rt n gin
hn nhiu so vi Bo T hnh rng triu Nguyn. Trn thnh b con ln pha bn tri khc 5
ch Hn Trng tam cn ng lng, pha bn phi khc 6 ch Hn Hoi c Qun vng chi
n. Mt n khng thy khc dng ghi nin i. Mt du ca n hnh vung c kch thc
7,8x7,8cm, vin ngoi du nt m c 1,3cm. Bn trong khc 6 ch Trin xp theo 3
hng, mi hng 2 ch, l su ch Hoi c qun vng chi n . y l n
du ca Hoi c Qun vng. (H. 124 a,b)

Vic xc nh nin i qu n l cn thit v mt trn n ch ghi trng lng nng 3 cn 3

lng m khng ghi nm ch to n, ng thi chng ti cng mun xc nh mt cch chnh
xc v ch s hu ca qu n ny.

T thi Gia Long c vic phong tc ly a anh t tn nh thn vng th ly tn

tnh t, qun vng, thn cng, qun cng th ly tn ph t; huyn cng, huyn hu th
ly tn huyn t; hng cng, hng hu, nh hu th ly tn x t. Hoi c Qun
vng l v Qun vng thi Nguyn c phong tc ly tn ph Hoi c t[195].

Page 192
Lc Hoa Vin

Qua ph h ca cc vua Nguyn, chng ti c bit Hoi c Qun cng Min Lm l con
th 57 ca Thnh t Nhn Hong , sinh nm Minh Mnh th 12 (1833), t nh thng
minh hiu hc, gii kinh s. Nm Thiu Tr th 6 (1846) c tn phong lm Hoi c Qun
cng, nm Kin Phc th 1 (1884) c thng chc Tn nhn ph T Tn nhn, sung Ph
chnh thn thn. Nc lon ng mt lng trung qun i quc c Hm Nghi phong l Lc
Quc cng, sau i phong l Hoi c cng. i ng Khnh ng gi chc Tn nhn ph
Hu Tn chnh. i Thnh Thi th 1 (1889) sung lm Ph chnh thn thn, n ma thu
nm 1894 ng c tn phong lm Hoi c Qun vng. Nm Thnh Thi th 9 (1897)
ng qua i th 67 tui thy l oan Cung, c n th phng th 6 thuc huyn Hng
Tr, Hu. ng tnh tri trung hu, khim tn, gi l , c cng dy con em trong Hong
tc c cc triu vua hu i. ng va l mt i thn va l ngi thn tn ca my i
vua Nguyn lc . Nh vy qu n ng Hoi c Qun vng chi n trn c xc
nh r rng. Ch nhn ca n l Hoi c Qun vng Min Lm, v n c lm ra vo

Page 193
 Lc Hoa Vin

ma thu nm Thnh Thi th 6 (1894) thi gian m Min Lm c tn phong lm Hoi c

Qun vng.
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CHNG II

N CHUNG MT S C QUAN TRUNG UNG V TRONG BINH CH QUN I

THI NGUYN

I. n chng mt s c quan trung ng thi Nguyn

T chc hnh chnh trung ng thi Nguyn gm cc h thng lc B, lc T, ch nha,

Gim st trong c rt nhiu cc c quan khc nhau.

y chng ti ch trnh by nhng c quan c lin h mt thit n n trin nh lc B,

Ni cc; v iu kin khng cho php nn vic trnh by y ch mang tnh cht gii thiu
cng trnh m bo c tnh h thng.

. Ni cc vi chc nng gn lin vi Kim ngc Bo T v cc loi hnh n chng

khc

Tin thn ca Ni cc l Tam ni vin tc Vn phng ca Hong c lp t nm Gia

Long th 1 (1802). Chc Thng bo khanh c t ra l ni coi gi cc Bo T, n trin
v chu trch nhim hu Bo khi cn thit. Nm 1820 khi ln ngi, vua Minh Mnh tinh
gim t chc Tam ni vin i lm Vn th phng. Vn th phng khng dng n quan m
dng Quan phng chc v trong giy t vn bn. Ngay nm ny nh vua cho c n

Page 194
Lc Hoa Vin

Quan phng bng ng cho Vn th phng. Nm n chm hnh rau to, dy eo mu en.
Mt n hnh ch nht, di 1 tc ngang 7 phn 2 ly, dy 2 phn 2 ly, khc 5 ch Trin Vn
th phng quan phng.

Xem xt vn bn ch Hn trong kho Chu bn triu Nguyn, chng ti thy hnh du Vn

th phng quan phng ng trong mt bn tu c nin i nm Minh Mnh th 7 (1826).
Du hnh ch nht, kch thc 3,2 x4,2cm. Nm ch Trin chia 3 hng, ch Phng gia
di gp i ch khc, l 5 ch Vn th phng quan phng . L n Quan phng
ca Vn th phng[196]. (H. 125)

Nm Minh Mnh th 10 (1829) Vn th phng c i lm Ni cc vi bin ch ln hn v

chc nng cng quan trng hn trc. Bn to Thng bo, K ch, th v Biu b c
hon thin, trong Thng bo to (c t nm 1821) l ni coi gi cc loi Bo T cng
Quan phng, n kim, k ca cc nha mn. Nhng vn bn ch Hn nh cc bn tho
chiu biu, bn ph d, chu d cng c Thng bo to coi gi. Khi nhng chiu, ch d
c phn nh hoc nhng bn chng s, sch c vua xem xt ng thun th
Thng bo to cng vi cc c quan hu trch hp thng nht v tin hnh hu Bo. Khi
i lm Ni cc th n Quan phng cng c thay i, n Vn th phng quan phng c
c b L thu hi khng dng na v thay vo l Quan phng mi khc 8 ch Trin
Sung bin ni cc s v quan phng . Trong Chu bn triu Nguyn cn lu
gi mt s hnh du ny, du c kch thc 3,2x4,2cm, 8 ch Trin chia 3 hng, 2 ch hng
gia cao bng 2/3 mi ch hng bn[197]. y l Quan phng cc chc quan c sung
lm cng vic Ni cc[198]. Du Quan phng trn khi ng trn vn bn c gi l Quan
phng ca ngi phng d ( u bi) ng i din mi tn ngi (khi c nhiu ngi
phng d cc c quan khc nhau cng chung mt vn bn). Hoc ng di tn mnh (khi
ch c mt ngi phng d). y l bn phng d Thin bn, tc l bn sao th thc ca
phiu ngh phng d, nhng bi d khi n khu ph phng ngi ta lp thm mt bn
sch s lu chiu nn gi l Thin bn. Gi tr ca bn sao ny cao hn bn tho v n
c du Quan phng ca ngi phng d. (H. 126)

Page 195
Lc Hoa Vin

Nhng bn c ch vua ph th quan Ni cc hp cng trc quan khc duyt, vic thuc
B no th Ni cc sao ra ri ng n Quan phng Sung bin ni cc s v quan phng a
cho B y thc hin. Bn chnh Ni cc lu gi, nhng bn tho d ch vua ph ban xung,
Ni cc cng trc quan duyt v quan Ni cc vit ra tp khc, nu vit nhm phi ty sa
th nhng ch sa phi ng n Quan phng ca Ni cc. i ng Khnh sau ny,
nhng ch sa cha ng du kim c 2 ch Ni cc.

Khi quan Ni cc c ph phng li ch d th sau ny cng phi ng du Quan phng Ni

cc vo u trang trc dng ghi nin hiu v phi ghi tn h vin Ni cc ph phng. Khi
vua c ban li d ch cho nha mn no th ng quan ca nha mn y trc tip hu duyt,
sau giao bn cam kt v Quan phng n trin ca ng quan y lu ti Ni cc tu li,
vit r ri ng n Quan phng ca nha mn v c ca Ni cc vo cc vn bn .

Nhng tp tu hoc sc vn c Chu ph, Chu ci, Chu khuyn hoc Chu im th Ni
cc ly ngay bn ph y, hoc giy khc vit theo ng mu trn. Phn cui vit r ch
Ni cc knh sao ri ng n Quan phng Sung bin ni cc s v quan phng v pht
xung trc ty tun nhn. Nhng bn chnh d ch c Chu ph xung cc a phng th Ni
cc nhn sao li ri vit r nm thng ngy truy sao v k tn ng n Quan phng Ni cc
lm bng c i chiu.

Tt c nhng vn bn phi ng n Bo T u c Ni cc cng trc quan, lc B, Khoa

o thc hin ht sc nghim cn, phm li nh cng b ti. Nm Minh Mnh th 20 (1839)
ch v giy nim vng phiu ngh b Binh cha c Chu im m B, Ty khng xem k
vi chuyn cho Ni cc ng n Kim Bo. Li b pht hin, lp tc chc i chiu Ni cc
v cc vin T v, th li b Binh u b pht 100 trng v cch bi. Vin Ni cc trc
cng Khoa o thi im b ging mt cp. ng quan b Binh chnh tay ph phng v
trc thn Ni cc u b ging 3 cp.

Xem xt nhng tp tip theo trong Chu bn triu Nguyn t cui nm Thiu Tr th 4
(1844) tr i, chng ti pht hin thy du Quan phng Sung bin ni cc s v quan
phng c s thay i v kch thc, ni dung, b cc v loi ch ca du khng thay i,
nhng cch vit nt ch Trin ca 2 du hai thi k trn hon ton khc nhau v kiu

Page 196
Lc Hoa Vin

ch. (H. 127)

Sch chnh s c ghi v vn ny. Nm Thiu Tr th 4 (1844) nh Nguyn li c s ci t

i vi Ni cc, Thng bo to c i lm Thng bo s, B th to i thnh Ty lun
s v Biu b to i lm Bn chng s. Quan phng Sung bin ni cc s v quan phng
cng c khc li vi hnh thc, ni dung nh c, ch khc v kiu nt ch Trin. Cuc ci
t ny mc d ng theo nguyn tc c nhng chc nng ca Ni cc vi nhng vic c
phn chia r rt hn trc, hnh du Sung bin ni cc s v quan phng nh du cho cuc
ci t ny.

Chc nng ca Thng bo s c trng trch hn Thng bo to, phng gi chiu, ch,
chu th, kim phng ng, Kim ngc Bo T, n kim, Quan phng, k, Kim k ca
Ni cc v cc nha mn trong kinh ngoi tnh, ph trch vit chiu d hu Bo, v
nhiu vic khc.

Cng vi lc B v Khoa o, Ni cc ng vai tr quan trng ca b ba thc hin chc

nng Vn phng ca Hong , vic hu Bo thc hin r chc nng ny. Khi phi
dng n Bo T Ng tin chi bo, Vn l mt st hoc Sc mnh chi bo th nghi thc hu
Bo din ra nh trnh by mc 3 Quy cch s dng cc Kim Ngc Bo T ni
phn trn.

i ng Khnh tinh gin chc quan v li thuc Ni cc lm hai ln: t 1 - nm

ng Khnh th 1 (1886) v t 2 - nm ng Khnh th 2 (1887). T y tr i Ni cc
gim bt vai tr trung tm hnh chnh.

Nm ng Khnh nguyn nin (1885), cc quan Ni cc v thy n Quan phng Sung bin
ni cc s v quan phng hnh thc ch n gin lm kim tay quai, th nh v xu, nt ch
Trin khc mng v thi im ny king hy ch bin, nn tu xin cho c Quan phng
mi bng ng, hnh th p hn, nm hnh s t ngi, mt du khc 8 ch Trin Sung l
ni cc s v quan phng . ng thi Ni cc li xin lm 1 kim nh khc 2
ch Ni cc . Sau cc n c c v s dng.

Chng ti cng in c du kim Ni cc trong Chu bn triu Nguyn tp i ng

Khnh nguyn nin, du hnh vung kch thc 2,2x2,2cm, khc 2 ch Trin Ni cc, c

Page 197
 Lc Hoa Vin

ng ni gip trang v ch sa cha[199]. (H. 128)

n gia nm ng Khnh th 1 (1886) cc i thn Vin c mt tu hch ti ca Ni cc

v vic lm trn cho rng Ni cc c tnh lm tri l c v hnh thc ca n, v li c thm
kim nh, nh vy khi ph phng khng bit dng th no. Du Quan phng ca Ni cc ch
dng cho nha mn cc tnh. H yu cu thu li Quan phng Sung l ni cc s v quan
phng v Kim nh Ni cc hy, theo mu c lm li nh xa. ng Khnh nht tr
vi cc i thn C mt vin v pht 3 vin quan Ni cc l Cao , Phm Ph Lm v
Nguyn Vn Trung 9 thng lng.

Nhng chi tit ny gii quyt cho chng ti iu thc mc v s vng mt ca du Sung
l ni cc s v quan phng trong bng su tp. Nh vy chng ta thy r quy ch v vic
lm v s dng n trin n i ng Khnh b vi phm song song vi vic ng Khnh
tinh gim chc quan v li in khng ring g Ni cc.

Ngy 2 thng 5 nm 1935 Ni cc c thay th bng Ng tin Vn phng do Bo i

thit lp, chm dt 104 nm hot ng.
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2. n chng h thng lc B

Lc B gm c 6 B: Li, H, L, Binh, Hnh, Cng. Lc B l h thng quan trng v

ln nht trong cc h thng c quan trung ng thi Nguyn, do vic gii thiu n
chng h thng lc B l vic lm cn thit. Vic gii thiu s khng ring ra tng B m
trnh by chung m bo tnh thng nht ca n chng trong h thng ny.

Nm 1804 khi mi thnh lp lc B, Gia Long m phng theo c cu t chc tn hiu, chc
danh, phm trt ca lc B thi trc. ng u mi B l chc Thng th ri n Tham
tri, Thim s, Cu k, Th hp. Thuc vin gi l Lnh s ty, Bn ty. T thng 2 nm 1804
Gia Long t quc hiu l Vit Nam, ng thi cho c n 6 B. n khc 5 ch Trin (M)
b ng chi n (V d n ca b L l L b ng chi n). Cc Kim n ca mi B khc 4
ch Trin l Khm ty (B m) chnh, ring b L Kim n khc 4 ch Khm ty l in.

Hin nay trong Chu bn triu Nguyn i Gia Long cn lu gi mt s n cc B. Trong

bn cng vn nin hiu Gia Long chng ti sao li c hnh du ca b L. Du c
kch thc 9,2x9,2cm. Vin ngoi khun rng 1cm, 5 ch Trin bn trong xp 3 hng,
ch ng gia to gp i cc ch khc, l 5 ch L b ng chi n (n
ca b L)[200]. (H. 129)

Du ng on ch Nguyt dng ghi nin hiu i Gia Long th 5 (1806). Mt trc

trang c du ghi dng ch Hn: L b Thng th nguyn th li b thn Nguyn ng
Hng. y l n du ca Thng th b L Nguyn ng Hng, nguyn gi chc quyn th
b Li. Thc cht y l n du ca Thng th b L. Thi u Gia Long, t chc trung
ng mi hnh thnh, s vn quan va c ti va c cng trng khng nhiu, nn vic kim
nhim chc v l vic tt yu.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Khi mi ln ngi, Minh Mnh tin hnh ci cch chnh quyn trung ng, trong c lc
B. n nm 1827, t chc hng ng lnh o cp B mi c hon thin, chc Thng
th v Tham tri vn gi nguyn. Tip theo l vic b nhim cc chc Th lang, Lang trung,
Vin ngoi lang, Ch s, T v v cc Li in. Vic thay i chc v quan ch cp B cng
dn n vic thay i n trin cho tng chc v ph hp vi thc ti, nhng phi n
cui nm Minh Mnh th 8 (1827), vic thay i n kim v cp n kim trong cp B mi
c hon thin.

Trong vic thay i n trin cp B, th nhng n kim cng c thu hi khng dng na,
thay vo l n mi trang trng hn. n mi bng bc trng c hnh con k ln, vung 2
tc 1 phn, dy 3 phn 6 ly, khun du di hnh vung c kch thc 9x9cm, khc 4 ch
Trin (M) b chi n. Nh vy ch ng trong n du c c lc b i, ng thi
c cc kim bng ng cho lc B thay th kim c. Kim mi lm theo hnh thp bng
u, khun du hnh vung 2,7x2,7cm, khc 2 ch Trin (M) b. T dng n ln v kim
nh c khc chung mt kiu ch.

Vua Minh Mnh rt ch trng h thng lc B, Thng th mi B c coi l chc quan

cao nht trong hng ng vn quan, nn hnh thc n cp B c lm theo hnh k ln, ch
sau Kim ngc Bo T ca Hong . tp Cng vn c ch trong t T di (Cng vn
chuyn di) c hnh con du kch thc 9x9cm, vin ngoi m 1cm, 4 ch Trin Hnh b chi
n (n ca b Hnh) khc vung vc. Du ng trn ch Nguyt dng ghi nin
hiu: Minh Mnh thp tam nin chnh nguyt thp ng nht (Ngy 15 thng 1 nm Minh
Mnh th 13 [1832]). Bn cnh l dng ch Hn Tha Thin ph d bc ch H Ni ch a
phng quan. y l bn cng vn chuyn i cho cc a phng quan t ph Tha Thin ra
Bc n H Ni. Phn gip trang pha di ca vn bn ny c hnh du kim, ng 2 ch
Trin Hnh b. Kch thc 2,7x2,7cm, kiu ch ging n ln Hnh b chi n trn. y l du
kim ca b Hnh cng cp vi n ln, chuyn dng ng ch ty xa v ni gip trang trn
cc vn bn ch Hn ca B. (H. 130)

Bn cnh n kim ca c quan B th t Thng th tr xung n T, Hu Th lang, Bin l

ca lc B u c s dng n Quan phng chc v. Nm 1820 Minh Mnh cho lm
Quan phng chc v ca Thng th lc B, cht liu bng bc, nm n hnh s t, di 9
phn, ngang 6 phn 3 ly, dy 2 phn 7 ly, dy eo n mu vng. Quan phng ca Tham tri,
Th lang, Bin l lc B cht liu bng ng, nm n hnh chui v di 8 phn 4 ly, ngang 5
phn 4 ly.

Mt s tp trong Chu bn triu Nguyn cn lu gi nhiu hnh du Quan phng chc v

ca Thng th, T, Hu Tham tri, T, Hu Th lang, Bin l lc B v mt s Quan phng
chc v ca cc quan chc khc. Nhng hnh du ny ng trn tp bin bn ghi v hi
ngh Cng ng ca triu nh Nguyn. Hi ngh Cng ng[201] l i hi cng ngh mt
thng hp mt ln 4 ngy lin, vua tham kho kin nh thn quyt nh nhng vic
trng i. Bin bn ghi ni dung hi ngh, on ghi ngy thng ca dng nin hiu c
ng n ln Cng ng chi n. V d mt vn bn trong c dng nin hiu ghi Gia Long t
nin cu nguyt thp cu nht (Ngy 19 thng 9 nm Gia Long th 4 [1805]), c lu hnh
du ng di ch cu nht. Du hnh vung kch thc 9,6x9,6cm, bn ch Trin bn
trong chia 2 hng l 4 ch Cng ng chi n . (H. 131)

y l n ca S Cng ng. Pha di du Cng ng thng c mt lot Quan phng nh

i din cho mi B hoc mt c quan, binh chng c d hp.

Trong quyn 18 - Ch b Nha - Minh Mnh th 7, Chu bn triu Nguyn hin lu gi nhiu
hnh du Quan phng chc v ca cc chc quan cp B di y.

Page 200
Lc Hoa Vin

- Du ca Thng th b Li c c 2,5x3,8cm, 6 ch Trin bn trong chia lm 3 hng l ch

Li b thng th quan phng , du ng di dng ch Hn Li b thng th
kim qun to chnh s v thn Trn Li Trinh. y l du Quan phng ca i thn Trn
Li Trinh gi chc Thng th b Li kim Qun To chnh s v. (H. 132)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Page 202
Lc Hoa Vin

- Du Hnh b thng th quan phng ng di dng ch Th hnh b thng

th thn Hong Kim Xn. L du Quan phng ca i thn Hong Kim Xn gi chc quyn
Thng th b Hnh. Du c kch thc bng du ca b Li. (H. 133)

- Du Cng b thng th quan phng ng di dng ch Cng b thng th

thn Trn Vn Tnh. L du Quan phng ca Thng th b Cng Trn Vn Tnh. Du c
kch thc bng hai du trn. (H. 134)

Page 203
Lc Hoa Vin

- Du L b t tham tri quan phng c kch thc 2,1x3,3cm ng di dng

ch L b t tham tri thn Nguyn ng Tun. L du Quan phng ca Nguyn ng Tun
gi chc T Tham tri b L. (H. 135)

- Du H b hu tham tri quan phng ng di dng ch Th h b hu

tham tri thn Hong Vn Din. C kch thc 2,1x3,3cm. y l du Quan phng ca quyn
Hu Tham tri b H Hong Vn Din. (H. 136)

Page 204
 Lc Hoa Vin

Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
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Page 205
Lc Hoa Vin

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- Du Cng b t tham tri quan phng c kch thc 2,1x3,3cm. ng di

dng ch Th cng b t tham tri thn Bi c Cn. L du Quan phng ca Bi c Cn
gi chc quyn T Tham tri b Cng (H. 137)

- Du Binh b hu tham tri quan phng c kch thc 2,1x3,3cm. ng di

ch Th binh b hu tham tri Hong Vn Quyn, l du Quan phng ca Hong Vn Quyn
gi chc quyn Hu Tham tri b Binh. (H. 138)

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Lc Hoa Vin

- Du Bin l h b quan phng c kch thc 2,1x3.3cm. ng di ch Cai

b[202] bin l h b s v thn Nguyn c Hi. L du Quan phng ca chc Cai b kim
Bin l s v b H tn l Nguyn c Hi. (H. 139)

- Du Bin l binh b quan phng c kch thc 2,1x3,3cm, ng di dng ch

Cai b bin l binh b s v thn ng Vn Ha. L du Quan phng ca chc Cai b kim
Bin l s v b Binh tn l ng Vn Ha. (H. 140)
- Du Bin l hnh b quan phng c kch thc 2,1x3,3cm, ng di dng ch
Hip trn[203] bin l hnh b s v thn Nguyn Kim Bng. L du Quan phng ca
Nguyn Kim Bng, gi chc Hip trn kim Bin l s v b Hnh. (H. 141)

Page 207
Lc Hoa Vin

- Du Li b hu th lang quan phng c kch thc 2,1x3,3cm, ng di

dng ch Li b hu th lang thn Don Un. L du Quan phng ca Hu Th lang b Li
Don Un. (H. 142)

Qua 11 hnh du c dn chng trn[204] chng ti thy:

- Du Quan phng chc v ca Thng th cc B c cng kch thc v ln hn n du cc

chc khc.

Page 208
Lc Hoa Vin

- Ngi quyn th chc, tuy vn bn c ghi r l Th (Tm quyn) nhng du ln vn

gi nguyn chnh thc, khng c ch Th trong du.

- T l kim chc cp B tng i nhiu nh vin Thng th b Li Trn Li Trinh kim

qun c To chnh s v.

- Thi Gia Long cho n u Minh Mnh, chc Bin l cc B u do cc chc Ph quan
chnh quyn a phng cp tnh kim qun, nh vin Hip trn Nguyn Kim Bng kim
nhim c chc Bin l b Hnh. Hai vin Bin l b H l Nguyn c Hi, b Binh l ng
Vn Ha u ng nhim chc Cai b.

h thng lc B cn mt loi n kim na c lm ngay t u i vua Minh Mnh. S

c ghi li: Ch to n bng ng dng nhng lc xut hnh cho b Binh, nay chun cho
quan Hu t theo kiu mu ch thm cho cc b Li, H, L, Hnh, Cng mi b u mt
qu n dng lc hnh qun v 6 B u mt du kim bng ng. Sau y phm ngy i
tun hnh, vin no l ng quan B no s dng i H gi th lnh n dng i ng,
cn vin no lu B lm vic, vn gi n B dng thng l[205].

Trong quyn 17 - Thiu Tr th 2[206], chng ti tm thy hnh du ca loi n ny. Du

hnh vung, kch thc 4,2x4,2cm. Bn ch Trin chia 2 hng, mi ch xp theo hnh vung
1x1cm l ch Binh b hnh n . Du c ng di dng ch ghi nin hiu ngy
thng, vo ngy 13 thng 8 Thiu Tr th 2 (1842). (H. 143)

Nh vy 5 b: Li, H, L, Binh, Hnh, Cng u c n du ring cng kch thc v kiu

loi nh du Binh b hnh n trn. Loi n ny dng khi vic H gi tun hnh xong n
ngy hi loan, th vin ng quan theo H gi y mang n kim ny np cho Ni cc ct i,
khi no c vic xut hnh th n Ni cc nhn mang theo s dng.

Trong hng vn quan, Thng th l chc quan cao nht, nhng phm trt cng ch l
Chnh nh phm. Triu Minh Mnh cn t ra nhng chc hm i hc s: Cn chnh, ng
cc, V hin, Vn minh v Hip bin u c phm trt cao hn Thng th. Chc Thng
th c khi c gia phong hm chc i hc s vi trt phm cao nht, thc ra ch l
vinh hm tng thm uy lc ca cc Thng th, thm ch c ngi kim nhim nhiu
chc v nh Trng ng Qu l Thng th b Binh triu T c.

Trong quyn 119 - T c[207], chng ti in li c hnh du ca i thn Trng ng

Qu. Du hnh ch nht c c 3x4cm ln hn du Thng th, 3 hng 8 ch Trin Cn
chnh in i hc s quan phng (Quan phng ca Cn chnh in i hc

Page 209
 Lc Hoa Vin

s). Du ng my dng ch Hn Thi bo Cn Chnh in i hc s qun l binh b s

v sung c mt vin i thn sung kinh din ging quan kim lnh khm thin gim sung s
qun tng ti tuy thnh qun cng thn Trng ng Qu - Nin i ca vn bn c hnh
du ny ghi nm T c th 13 (1860) - Tuy Thnh Qun cng Trng ng Qu vi chc
hm Thi bo Cn Chnh in i hc s, l Thng th b Binh v mt i thn ca Vin c
mt, sung kinh din ging quan, quan lnh c Khm thin gim v l Tng ti ca Quc s
qun. Nhiu chc v nh vy nhng im ni bt ca Trng ng Qu l mt i thn vi
chc Thng th b Binh trong giai on lc lng qun i c coi trng. (H. 144)

V chc nng ca mt vi B c lin quan n n du, nh b Li gm 5 Ty, trong Ty Li

n do cc ty ln lt phi nhn vin phng gi n ca B, tip nhn chng s v t
t, trnh ng quan ri chuyn giao cho cc Ty chiu bin, c 1 thng th ht hn lun
phin.

Ty Li trc do cc Ty ln lt phi chuyn vin vit bi trnh tin v vit tinh t phiu
ngh trc hu ng du n vng.

B L l B c lin h mt thit nht vi Bo T ca Hong v vic phong sch n cho

Hong thi hu, n cc vng cng Hong tc v cc loi hnh n trin khc. Cc nh l
v vic c n vng, ch to cc n kim, Quan phng, k, Kim k v Trin u do b
L phn chia tng loi tu ln, nh vua ph chun ri t cho cc ni thi hnh. S c cn
ghi: Phm khi c c n bng bc, Quan phng bng bc, n ng, Quan phng, K Trin
bng ng hoc khi ch Quan phng bng ng, K Trin bng g b L t cho Hu t theo
ng kiu thc m ch to. Ch xong b trnh ln giao cho Ni cc ct gi i ban cp. Nu
lu ngy b hao mn, ty n bng bc, ng hay ng, cn c khai bo, b tu xin cp
thay con du khc Nu l n g th kinh ngnh vn do b Li, ngnh v do b Binh,
ngoi do quan Thng ty cc ht theo y th thc ch ra m cp v thu hi tiu hy n c,
khng cn tu xin[208].
Tr Li Vi Trch Dn
9. 02-09-2008, 14:53#49

Page 210
Lc Hoa Vin

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II. n chng trong binh ch qun i thi Nguyn

. T chc qun i v n du ca mt s danh tng u thi Nguyn

Qun i nh Nguyn c tin thn t thi cc cha Nguyn. Trong thi k chin tranh vi
nh Ty Sn, qun i l lc lng cn bn thnh lp nh Nguyn, v sau ny khi nh
Nguyn ginh c quyn thng tr th qun i tr thnh mt b phn quan trng ca
nh nc phong kin Vit Nam ng thi.

Khi Nguyn Phc nh xng vng Si Gn (nm 1780) th qun i nh Nguyn c

t chc v trang b tng i y . Bin ch qun i Nguyn theo hnh thc Ng ch,
mi bc chia lm nm: Trung, Tin, T, Hu, Hu. Cp Qun l cp cao nht v c chia
lm nm Qun: Trung qun, Tin qun, T qun, Hu qun v Hu qun. Mi Qun c mt
vin Chng ph s hay mt chc thng ng u, thng c ghi l thng ph
chng ph s. C binh chng t Doanh khng t Qun, cp Doanh nh hn cp Qun,
mi Doanh c 5 V u do mt chc thng hay mt quan Thng ch ch huy, di cp
Qun, Doanh l cp V hoc C, di V, C l cp i, Thuyn.

Sau ny khi chin tranh chm dt, nh Nguyn t ring lc lng qun i kinh gm ba
loi: Thn binh, Cm binh v Tinh binh. Mi Binh chia lm cc Doanh, V hoc Vin, thuc
cp c cc i, Ban. Nm Minh Mnh th 12 (1831) t cp tnh, ng u qun binh tnh
l chc c hoc Lnh binh, Ph Lnh binh, ty tng tnh ln hay nh m t cp s V,
C, i nht nh.

Hng ng tng t trong qun i, t i tng ng u Qun cho n Vin ch huy cp

i, Thuyn u c ban cp n kim, Quan phng hoc k dng trong vic qun
binh. Mt n du thng khc tn n v, tn chc v, hoc c tn n v v tn chc v
trong mt qu n.

Page 211
Lc Hoa Vin

Thi Gia Long Nguyn nh cho n giai on u triu Minh Mnh, tng lnh trong qun
i gi v tr then cht trong chnh quyn. Hu ht cc i tng ng u nm Qun u l
nhng i thn quan trng ca triu nh. Chc v v quyn hn ca tng lnh hn hn cc
vn quan mc du phm trt c ngang nhau. S bin i t nhng i tng cm qun
trong chin trn tr thnh vin quan cai tr v mt hnh chnh cc cp l c trng ni bt
ca t chc hnh chnh quan ch u thi Nguyn.

Nhiu tng ti theo gip Nguyn nh, nhng khi chin tranh chm dt ch cn li s t
tng lnh c tn tui nh Nguyn Vn Thnh, Nguyn Vn Nhn, L Vn Duyt v.v H
u l nhng i tng ng u mt trong cc Qun, khi c phong chc cc tng trn
u c nhn n tn. n tn y biu th cho quyn lc ca vin tng v php lnh ca
vng triu i vi qun i v c dn chng. S liu gip ta bit c n ca nm
tng nm Qun u c lm bng ng, phn nm n c hnh k ln, mt du hnh
vung, kch thc 2 tc, 1 phn 6 ly, trng lng v th tch rt ln ch sau mt s Bo T
ca Hong Nguyn. Nhng hin vt n tn ny ng tic cho n nay hu ht khng cn
gi c.

Hin vt tuy mt nhng du tch vn cn. Trong tp Cng vn cu ch cn lu gi hnh

du ca Tin qun Nguyn Vn Thnh, du hnh vung c 9,3x9,3cm, bn ch Trin vung
vc xp theo hai hng l 4 ch Tin qun chi n (n ca Tin qun). Du c
ng di dng ghi nin hiu Gia Long nguyn nin bt nguyt s tht nht. Trc trang
c hnh du l trang c dng ch Hn Khm sai chng tin qun bnh ty i tng qun
qun cng. (H. 145)

Vic khng nh con du ny l ca Nguyn Vn Thnh l chnh xc. S c ghi: Cho

Khm sai chng Tin qun Bnh ty i tng qun iu bt ch o B binh Qun
cng[209]. Con du Tin qun chi n ca Nguyn Vn Thnh c ng vo ngy 7 thng
8 nm Gia Long th 1 (1802) trong mt vn bn ch Hn ngn gn ni v huyn Lc Th,
ph Thin Quan, x Thanh Hoa ngoi.

Page 212
Lc Hoa Vin

Chu bn triu Nguyn gip chng ti tm c du tch ca nhng tng lnh khc ngoi
Nguyn Vn Thnh. Trong quyn 2 trang 239 i Gia Long c hnh du vung c ln mu
son, kch c, b cc, t dng u ging nh du Tin qun chi n ch khc bn ch Trin
bn trong l Hu qun chi n (n ca Hu qun). Trang bn cn ghi r dng ch
Hn Khm sai chng hu qun thn Nguyn Vn Nhn. S c ghi li khi theo Nguyn nh
th Nguyn Vn Nhn mi l Cai i, khi chin tranh chm dt Nguyn Vn Nhn c thng
l Khm sai chng Hu qun Bnh Ty tng qun. (H. 146)

Page 213
Lc Hoa Vin

Gn y trong bi Ch nhn n ng nm 1802 ? hai tc gi Nguyn Hu Thng v Nguyn

Vn ng gii thiu qu n T qun chi n m h tm c Hu nm 1992. Xin c
trch dn bi vit trn.

n c c bng ng thau. Hnh th qu n gm 2 phn:

Phn nm c hnh con k ln, ming ngm ht chu, u to ngng cao, thn trn, ui i
vt qu phn thn. Hai bn hng t chn n lng c 4 di trang tr ao la c ni; sng
lng chm vn thy ba. Dng nt tinh xo, b th. Ton b chiu cao ca nm n (con ln)
v thn n l 7,2cm.

Phn thn n (hay b n) dy 2,1cm, phn di cao 1,45cm, 4 ra cnh phn mt trn ca
thn n c vt xin, mp vt, rng 1,25cm. Mt trn thnh thn n, pha tri con ln
khm 4 ch Hn, kiu ch chn: T qun chi n. Pha phi khm 8 ch Hn cng kiu Nhm
Tut trng xun ct nht gim to (Tu to vo ngy tt thng 2 nm Nhm Tut). Trng
lng n nh mt s lot n khc cn c 1,82kg. C hai dng ch trn u c khm
bc sc nt, tri qua bao s bin vt khm vn cn kh nguyn vn.

Mt du ca n hnh vung c kch thc 9,25x9,25cm. Bn ch Trin xp theo hai hng,

nt khc su m. Nt ni v nt khc rt u v cn xng nhau, mi nt rng 0,025cm.
l 4 ch T qun chi n[210]. (H. 147)

Qua xem xt i chiu v da trn cc b chnh s thi Nguyn, hai tc gi c nhng

nhn nh xc ng v nin i c n v khng nh ch nhn ca chic n trn l T qun
L Vn Duyt.

Page 214
Lc Hoa Vin

Cng trong tp Chu bn triu Nguyn trn, chng ti tm thy hnh du ca T qun L
Vn Duyt, du c kch c, b cc t dng nh hai du ca Tin qun Nguyn Vn Thnh v
Hu qun Nguyn Vn Nhn, ch khc bn ch Trin bn trong l T qun chi n
(n ca T qun). Sch s ghi li, L Vn Duyt l mt thi gim tr, theo ph Nguyn
nh lp nhiu cng trng. Trong chin tranh, Duyt gi chc Thng ch T dinh qun
Thn sch. Nm 1802 ng c phong lm Khm sai chng T qun Bnh ty tng qun.
(H. 148)

Nhng danh tng trn, khi chin tranh chm dt lp tc phi nhn trng trch mi l cng
vic t chc qun l hnh chnh. Nhng cng vn tu s gi v kinh vi hnh du qun i
m ni dung nhiu khi l vic dn s. y l giai on chuyn tip, mt t chc hnh chnh
quan chc ch c thay i v tt yu xut hin mt loi n trin mi ph hp vi thc
ti, do c s bin i t nhng tng lnh cm qun tr thnh i quan cai tr v mt
hnh chnh cc cp, l c trng ni bt ca t chc hnh chnh quan ch u thi
Nguyn. Thng 9 nm 1802 Nguyn Vn Thnh c phong lm Tng trn Bc thnh v s
dng b n kim mi Bc thnh tng trn chi n. Thng 9 nm 1808 Nguyn Vn Nhn
c phong lm Tng trn Gia nh thnh v dng b n kim Gia nh thnh tng trn chi
n. Cn L Vn Duyt n ma thu nm 1820 lnh chc Tng trn Gia nh thnh thay
Nguyn Vn Nhn v nhn li b n kim mi ca thnh Gia nh. Trn thc t lc by gi
ngoi cp thnh, quan chc ng u cp trn, doanh, o hu ht u do cc v quan
m nhim.

Page 215
 Lc Hoa Vin

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2. Nhng quy nh lm n, kim, Quan phng, k ca tng t qun i thi

Nguyn

n, kim, Quan Phng, k ca cc tng t qun i Nguyn c lm ra trn c s

nhng quy ch chung v cht liu hnh th, kch c, kiu ch khc v quyn s dng.
Nhng quy ch ny c ban hnh v thc thi ch yu i Minh Mnh v Thiu Tr. Giai
on ny v tip sau , binh ch qun i vn gi nguyn c cu c nn quy ch v n
trin tng i n nh.

Khi ln ngi Minh Mnh rt ch trng n vic c n v s dng n trong qun i. S c

ghi: Minh Mnh nm u ch d: Chun cho c cc qu n bng ng cho: T Thng ch
qun Th trung, Hu Thng ch qun Th trung, Thng ch dinh Thn c qun Th ni, Thng
ch dinh Huyn v qun Th ni u vung 1 tc 7 phn 6 ly, dy 3 phn 2 ly, nm chm
con s t, dy eo n mu xanh[211].

Mt lot n, Quan phng c lm tip theo - Chc Gim Thn sch qun, Chng Tng
qun, Chng Hu qun c cp Quan phng bng bc nm hnh k ln. Thng ch Ng
dinh, ph tng Ng qun, Thng ch Kinh tng dng n ch khng dng Quan phng
chc v. Quan phng ca nm dinh Thn sch, thng ch v Thng ch 4 dinh: Thn c,
Tin phong, Long v, H oai cng Quan phng ca T Hu thng qun V lm u lm
nm hnh s t. Chc T, Hu Thng ch, Chng Trung qun, Tin qun, chng Thy
qun, Thng ch cc qun, cc dinh: Trung, Tin, T, Hu, Hu dng Quan phng nh trn.
Chc quyn th nh Thng ch th tng qun th dng Quan phng bng ng, kch
thc bng du ca chc Chng Tin qun v.v

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Lc Hoa Vin

Nm Minh Mnh th 5 (1824) nh vua li cho c n ng cho Ph tng Ng qun: Trung,

Tin, T, Hu, Hu nm n lm hnh con h, khc 6 ch Trin (M) qun ph tng chi n
v ban cp mt kim n bng ng. ng thi ch tip Quan phng chc v cho cc Ph
tng trn, cng khc 6 ch Trin: (M) qun ph tng quan phng. Sau c Quan
phng bng ng, kim n bng ng cho cc n v Hng c, Ng kch, cc v c Tng
binh.

Nm Minh Mnh th 7 (1826) nh vua lnh chn ngy tt c n cho tng lnh cao cp.
n Tho nghch i tng qun vung 2 tc 3 phn, dy 6 phn 3 ly, n Tho nghch hu
tng qun, n Tho nghch t tng qun, n Bnh nam tng qun, cc n Trn ty, An
vin v Ph bin tng qun u lm hai tng, nm c hnh con h, vung 2 tc 1 phn,
dy 5 phn 4 ly. Mi n km mt Kim n bng ng. Ring n Trn ty tng qun, n An
vin tng qun v Ph bin tng qun n nm Minh Mnh th 15 (1834) c c mt
n na bng bc, hnh thc nh c, cng kim n giao cho Ni cc gi phng s dng[212].

T nm Minh Mnh th 9 (1828) n ht triu Minh Mnh nh Nguyn nhiu t cho ch

tc n kim, Quan phng cho tng t cc n v nh Thng ch bn dinh, Trung, Tin, T,
Hu, Hu, thng ng qun; c, Lnh binh, Ph Lnh binh cc tnh; Kinh k Thy s
thng v Kinh k Thy s c v.v

i Thiu Tr c b sung thm s t n trin, Quan phng nh vic t chc chuyn vin
Thng qun ca dinh K v v ban cp cho mt n Quan phng bng ng, mt Kim n
ng dng. Chc Thng qun cho x Th v dng n Quan phng bng bc khc Thng
qun th v quan phng.

Nhng n v cp c s ca qun i nh cc V nh thuc qun Thn sch v hn 100 C

chnh quy cng V, C ca cc qun kinh, thnh, dinh, trn, (tnh) u c cp mt
k bng ng, nm n hnh tay quai (Vng trn) mt kim n bng g dng. Cc hiu
Thuyn ca Thy qun nh Nam Hng, Phn Bng, c cp k bng ng, khc ch
Trin. Cn hiu Thuyn Ba Hi th dng k ng, khc ch Chn.

Hin tng hai kiu ch Hn (Ch Trin v ch Chn) cng c khc trong mt qu n.
l k ca cc V thuc Kinh tng v cc ban Tc trc, Thng trc ca Cm y v, k
lm bng ng mu ging nh cc V, C trn.

Qu n duy nht thuc qun binh cn lu gi ti Vin Bo tng Lch s H Ni. n c k

hiu LSb 2524 bng ng, cn chui v tht y, cao 7cm, dy 1,2cm, mt n c ghi nin
i to n vo nm Minh Mnh th 16 (1835) v trng lng n nng 12 lng. Du n hnh
ch nht c 7,8x4,8cm, 8 ch Trin khc r nt: Hng Ha ph lnh binh quan quan phng
ch xp theo chiu dc 3 hng, hng gia di gp ri ch hng bn. l
Quan phng ca quan Ph Lnh binh tnh Hng Ha. (H. 149 a,b,c)

Page 217
 Lc Hoa Vin

1. 3. Gii thiu mt s n du ca tng lnh qun i Nguyn trn vn bn Hn Nm

Nhng du tch v n trin qun i thi Nguyn ch yu nm kho Chu bn triu

Nguyn. Trong cc tp i Minh Mnh, Thiu Tr, chng ti in sao c mt s hnh du
ca cc tng t nhiu n v, binh chng v khu vc khc nhau.

Du Trn ty tng qun chi n[213] (n ca Trn ty tng qun) c kch

thc 9x9cm, su ch Trin chia lm ba hng. Du ng ln ch nguyt dng ghi nin
hiu Minh Mnh thp cu nin cu nguyt tht nht. Trang trc ghi tn h cc quan tng
Trn ty: Trng Minh Ging, Nguyn Vn Trng, Dng Vn Phong. y l bn tu trnh
gi v kinh ca cc quan tng thnh Trn ty c ng n ca Trn ty tng qun vo
ngy mng 7 thng 9 nm Minh Mnh th 19 (1838). (H. 150)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Hai du Tho nghch t tng qun chi n (n ca Tho nghch T tng

qun) v Tho nghch hu tng qun chi n (n ca Tho nghch Hu tng
qun)[214], u hnh vung c c 8,3x8,3cm. Trn vn bn hai du ng dnh lin nhau
on ngy thng ca dng nin i nm gia hai du (nin i ghi nm Minh Mnh th 16
[1835]), y l du ca hai tng qun th Gia nh ng trn mt bn Tu. Xin minh
ha mt hnh du Tho nghch hu tng qun chi n. (H. 151)

Trong Chu bn triu Nguyn s lng du Quan phng chc v nhiu hn hn du n

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Lc Hoa Vin

quan, ring hai trang quyn 18 chng ti in sao c 5 du Quan phng khc
nhau[215].

Du Chng trung qun quan phng (Quan phng ca chng Trung qun) c c
3,0x4,2cm, nm ch Trin chia ba hng. Du ng di dng ch Hn Chng doanh th
trung qun n v kim qun thng thuyn thn Tng Phc Lng (B ti Tng Phc Lng
chc chng Doanh quyn Trung qun n v kim qun thng thuyn). (H. 152)

Du Thn sch hu doanh quan phng (Quan phng ca Hu doanh Thn sch)
c c 2,5x3,8cm, su ch Trin chia ba hng. Du ng di dng ch Thn sch qun hu
doanh thng ch thn Tn Tht Trch (B ti Tn Tht Trch chc Thng ch Hu
doanh qun Thn sch). (H. 153)

Du Hu thng ch quan phng (Quan phng ca Hu thng ch) c 2,5x3,8cm,

nm ch Trin chia ba hng. Du ng di dng ch Th trung hu thng ch thn Trn
Vn Cng (B ti Trn Vn Cng chc Hu Thng ch qun Th trung) (H. 154)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Du Long v thng ch quan phng (Quan phng ca thng ch doanh

Long V) c 2,5x3,8cm, by ch Trin chia ba hng. Du ng di dng ch Th ni long
v thng ch thn Phan Vn Thy (B ti Phan Vn Thy chc Thng ch doanh Long
V qun Th ni). (H. 155)

Du Th tng th thng ch quan phng (Quan phng ca quyn Thng ch

v Th tng) c 2,2x3,4cm, by ch Trin chia lm ba hng. Du ng di dng ch Th
tng qun thng ch chuyn qun th tng cai tham v thn Phm Vn in (B ti Phm
Vn in quyn Thng ch qun Tng chuyn qun Cai tham v Th tng). (H. 156)

Nhng hnh du trn ng trong mt vn bn ch Hn ghi v cuc hp Cng ng thng

k m chng ti m t phn lc B. Dng ghi nin i nm Minh Mnh th 7 (1826)
c ng n ln Cng ng chi n. Pha di v sang c trang sau l cc dng chc v tn
h ca nhng ngi d hi ngh, di mi dng u c hnh du Quan phng, cc du trn
l i din cho hng v quan tham d hp.

Page 221
Lc Hoa Vin

Trong quyn 5 i Thiu Tr nguyn nin xut hin nhiu Quan phng ca chc thng
ph Ng qun.

Du Tin qun thng ph quan phng (Quan phng ca thng ph Tin qun), du
Trung qun thng ph quan phng (Quan phng ca thng ph Trung qun), du
Hu qun thng ph quan phng (Quan phng ca thng ph Hu qun), v Hu
qun thng ph quan phng (Quan phng ca thng ph Hu qun). Cc du u c
kch thc 3,0x4,2cm, by ch Trin chia ba hng[216].

Mi du Tin qun, Trung qun, Hu qun v Hu qun u ng di mi dng ch ghi

tn h chc tc khc nhau. V d du Tin qun thng ph quan phng
ng di dng ch Tin qun thng ph thng chng ph s tn phc hu thn
Phn Hu Tm (B ti Phm Hu Tm, tc Tn phc hu, chc thng ph thng
chng ph s Tin qun). (H. 157)

V Vn Gii, mt trong bn i thn quan trng i Thiu Tr v T c, ng kim qun

nhiu chc v, trong c chc quyn th Thng ch doanh H oai (i Thiu Tr) m hnh
du sau ny l minh chng.

Page 222
Lc Hoa Vin

Du H oai thng ch quan phng[217] (Quan phng ca Thng ch doanh H

oai) c c 2,5x3,8cm, su ch Trin chia ba hng. Du c ng dng ch Th h oai
doanh thng ch kim qun th v tng qun thi gim thn V Vn Gii (B ti V Vn Gii
quyn Thng ch doanh H oai kim qun Th v Tng qun Thi gim). (H. 158)

Vn bn lu gi ghi v cuc khng chin chng Php ca triu nh Hu v nhn dn Nam

B i T c l nhng tp tu c ng du son. quyn 119 - T c chng ti gp hai
hnh du ng lin nhau on ch nguyt ca dng ghi nin i T c thp tam nin
s nguyt nh thp bt nht nm gia hai du.

Du Thng c tiu b qun v quan phng[218] (Quan phng ca Thng

c Tiu b qun v), c c 5,5x7,7cm, 8 ch Trin u nhau chia hai hng. Du ng pha
tri dng ghi nin i, pha di l dng ch Hn Qung Nam qun th thng c cch lu
thn Nguyn Tri Phng (B ti Nguyn Tri Phng chc Thng c (thi hn) cch lu
qun th Qung Nam). (H. 159)

Page 223
Lc Hoa Vin

Du Tham tn qun v quan phng[219] (Quan phng ca chc Tham tn qun

v) c c 5x7,3cm, su ch Trin chia lm hai hng. Du ng pha phi dng ghi nin i,
bn di l dng ch Hn Tham tn qun v thn Phm Th Hin (B ti l Phm Th Hin
chc Tham tn qun v). (H. 160)

y l bn Tu ca hai vin tng gi v Kinh bo co tnh hnh phng th, chin s

Qung Nam - Nng. Hai con du ng lin nhau c cng thi gian: ngy 28 thng ging
nm T c th 13 (1860) trn cng mt vn bn, th hin s quan trng v thng nht
ca cng vic. Trng hp ch c mt du ng th ngha ca vn bn s khc i.

Ch huy qun i cc tnh l chc c hoc Lnh binh, n du thng khc 6 ch Trin,
v d du Gia nh c quan phng[220] (Quan phng ca c tnh Gia
nh) c c 4,6x6,2cm. y l quy nh chung v n Quan phng ca c cc tnh. (H.
161)

Page 224
Lc Hoa Vin

Trong quyn 119 i T c chng ti thy xut hin hnh du c tiu b qun v quan
phng[221] (Quan phng ca c Tiu b qun v) c kch thc ln c
5,5x7,7cm. Du ng on ch nguyt dng nin hiu T c th 13 (1855), trang
trc c dng ch Hn c tiu b qun v thn Tn Tht Hn (B ti l Tn Tht Hn
chc c Tiu b qun v) cng trong tp tu gi v Kinh ca Tn Tht Hn trong vic
qun. Cng vi hnh du ca Nguyn Tri Phng, Phm Th Hin trn, hnh du ny
chng t trong chin tranh (thi T c) c nhng chc v, cp bc v vic binh c t
ra thm, hoc gn thm chc cho mt chc c sn (v d trn) m trong quy ch chc
v cp bc ca b Binh thi Nguyn khng thy ghi. (H. 162)

Khng ch tng lnh cp cao, m hng ng s quan cp V, C nh cp i, Thuyn v

nhng n v kinh cng dng loi n du k. k ch dng cho cc n v qun i
v cc c quan dn s cp thp, trong quyn 53 - i Minh Mnh th 19 c mt s hnh du
k.

Du Loan gi v k[222] ( k ca V Loan gi) c c 4,4x5,8cm, nm ch

Trin chia ba hng, du ng on ngy thng ca dng ghi nin hiu Minh Mnh th 19
(1838). y l bn trnh tu ca chc Loan gi khanh coi V Loan gi do Tn Tht Tng ch
huy. (H. 163)

Page 225
Lc Hoa Vin

Cc n v V Cm y, V Kim ng u s dng k c hnh thc v tnh cht nh V Loan

gi, ch khc v tn ch trong du.

Quy nh v v tr ng du k c ghi trong chnh s: T nay v sau k ca Th

trung, Th ni v Dinh v cc qun do quan cp cho, phm gp nhng cng vic nh tu,
s, t t s sch, tin lng v trnh bo u chun cho ng ln ch Thng m cn tt c
cc vic ring u khng c dng[223].

Cc n v hi thuyn c gi l Thuyn bin ch theo tng chin thuyn v dng k

c kch thc nh hn cc n v C, V. Xin v d mt du k ca n v Thuyn.

Du Nam hng k[224] ( k thuyn Nam Hng) c c 4x5,3cm, bn ch

Trin chia hai hng. Du ng trn ch nguyt dng ghi nin i Minh Mnh th 19
(1838), pha di c dng ch Hn vi ni dung l bn trnh bo ca cc s quan thuyn
Nam Hng khi i cng cn tr v. (H. 164)

Hin tng c hai kiu ch (Trin th v Chn th) trong cng mt con du cng trong loi
hnh k. Hai hnh du ca v d di y s kt thc dn chng ca mc: n chng
trong binh ch qun i thi Nguyn.

Du Kinh tng nht v k[225] ( k ca V th nht Kinh tng), c c

4,0x5,4cm. Chiu di du 5,4cm c chia lm hai phn bng mt ng k ngang, phn

Page 226
Lc Hoa Vin

trn nh c 1,2x4,0cm trong l hai ch Kinh tng , kiu ch Chn xp theo hng
ngang, phn di c ch 4,0x4,2cm l bn ch Trin Nht v k xp theo hai
hng dc. Du ng on ch nguyt dng nin hiu ghi nm Minh Mnh th 16 (1835).
Trang trc c dng ch Hn ghi r chc tc ca vin ch huy l L Vn Thy tc Thng
cng nam V th nht Kinh tng thuc Tng binh. (H. 165)

Du Cm y tc trc k ( k ca ban Tc trc V cm y) c c 4,0x5,4cm,

cng c chia lm hai phn ging nh du trn. Phn trn l hai ch Chn Cm y
phn di l bn ch Trin Tc trc k , du cng ng dng nin hiu ghi
nm Minh Mnh th 16 (1835). y l du ca vin s quan ch huy ban Tc trc v Cm y
thuc Thn binh bo v Hong thnh. (H. 166)

i ng Khnh binh ch qun i vn gi nguyn nh c, c iu chnh li i cht, gim

bin ch, dn hai Dc t, hu Doanh V lm qun Cm binh lm 4 V, dn 2 Doanh t, hu
Thy s lm hai V, s qun linh tinh cc Doanh, V: Tin phong, Long v, H oai v.v
dn thnh mt V.

Page 227
 Lc Hoa Vin

V n, Kim Quan phng, k i ng Khnh khng thay i ln, ch yu vn duy tr

cc loi hnh n trin c, b mt s Quan phng, k nhng n v gim bin ch, ng
thi c li nhng n trin b mt. Trn thc t cc sch ch Hn i ng Khnh chng
ti thy xut hin rt t n du qun i, ch c tha tht hnh du kim Thng soi, Loan
gi vi nt ch Trin xu v n gin hn do cht liu xu v k thut lm n trin km hn
trc.

n trin trong qun i nhiu khi c hng ch u tin ring ngoi quy nh chung.
Nh l phong, khai n th u dng cho tt c cc loi hnh n trin mi ngnh, ring n
trin trong qun i thi k v nhng khu vc c chin tranh gic gi, qun binh xut
chinh, nu qun v cha xong th cc quan tng ni vn gi nguyn n trin, Quan
phng, k v min l phong n, khai n.

Tr Li Vi Trch Dn

2. 16-09-2008, 15:58#52

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CHNG III

N CHUNG TRONG CC CP CHNH QUYN A PHUNG THI NGUYN

Sau chin tranh, Gia Long bt tay vo vic xy dng v cng c chnh quyn t trung ng
n a phng, h Nguyn p dng chnh sch tn quyn chia lnh th thnh ba khu vc
Bc, Trung v Nam, ng thi thit lp cc cp chnh quyn t cp thnh xung ph, huyn.

Nm 1820 Minh Mnh ln ngi chun b cho cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh t trung ng
xung ti a phng. n nm 1832 bi b cp thnh v cc trn c i ht l tnh, giai

Page 228
Lc Hoa Vin

on tn quyn chm dt v bt u thi k mi: Trung ng tp quyn tn ti n ht

vng triu Nguyn.

Chnh sch cng nh cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh a phng ca Gia Long v Minh
Mnh lm thay i trc tip n vic s dng v thay i n chng trong cc cp chnh
quyn a phng, thi k tn quyn v tp quyn c coi l im mc vic trnh by
v n chng c trnh t v theo h thng lch s t u n cui.

I. n, Chng v Tn chng trong t chc hnh chnh cp thnh, trn, doanh, o

. n v Chng trong t chc hnh chnh cp thnh, trn, doanh

Di triu Nguyn, Chng ch xut hin v tn ti t thi Gia Long cho n nm 1832 triu
Minh Mnh. Do mi lin h gia n chng v t chc hnh chnh quan ch triu Nguyn,
nn cn phi tm hiu s phn chia khu vc hnh chnh ca Vit Nam u thi Nguyn. Khi
ln ngi, Gia Long chia nc thnh ba khu vc: Bc, Trung v Nam. Bc thnh min Bc
qun 11 trn v cc o ph l; Gia nh thnh min Nam qun 5 trn; Trung phn t
Thanh Hoa tr vo n Bnh Thun gm 3 trn v 9 Doanh th trc thuc thng triu nh
(Kinh Hu). Thng 9 nm 1802 Gia Long t Bc thnh v phong Khm sai chng Tin
qun Bnh ty i tng qun Nguyn Vn Thnh lm Tng trn. S c chp: Ly Nguyn
Vn Thnh lm Tng trn Bc thnh, ban cho sc n, 11 trn ni ngoi u l thuc, phm
nhng vic ct bi quan li, x quyt kin tng u c ty tin m lm ri sau mi tu
ln[226]. Tng trn Nguyn Vn Thnh c nhn lnh b n kim Bc thnh tng trn chi
n, n bc nm hnh s t.

Trong Chu bn i Gia Long chng ti tm thy hnh du Bc thnh tng trn chi n
(n ca Tng trn Bc thnh). Du hnh vung, kch thc 8,8x8,8cm, su ch Trin
chia 3 hng nt vung vc[227]. Du ng cui dng ghi nin hiu ngy thng nm Gia
Long th 17 (1818), cnh du c dng ch ghi tn vin Tng trn v Hip Tng trn l L
Tng Cht v L Vn Phong[228]. (H. 167)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Trong tp Cng vn c ch chng ti tm thy 2 du kim hnh vung, kch thc 2,7x2,7cm
trong khc 2 ch Trin Bc thnh[229] dng nin i b rch 2 ch u ch c c 10
ch Hn Thp nht nin thp nguyt thp cu nht. Pha di l dng 5 ch Hn ln Nh
thp t nht o (n ngy 24), hnh du kim Bc Thnh ng ln ch T nht. Bn
phi dng nin hiu c 3 ch ln Ph duyt trnh (trao cho duyt trnh ln trn) v di l
hnh du kim Bc thnh na. Qua 2 du kim Bc thnh chng ti xc nh chnh xc 2
ch b mt l Minh Mnh v dng ghi nin i y l Minh Mnh thp nht nin thp
nguyt thp cu nht (Ngy 19 thng 10 nm Minh Mnh th 11 [1830]). Bi v du kim
Bc Thnh ch tn ti n nm Minh Mnh th 12 (1831) th triu Nguyn xa b cp thnh
v i trn thnh tnh, cc n kim (trong c Kim Bc thnh) c thu hi khng dng
v thay vo l loi n trin mi. Bn gc ( v tr bn gc du ln) ca on ghi ngy
thng dng nin i ca vn bn c 4 ch Tuyn Quang trn n gip chng ti khng
nh y l mt bn sao c ng du kim ca Bc thnh (cp chnh quyn ch qun ca
trn Tuyn Quang). Bn sao y bn chnh ny c thay th cho bn gc lu li h s lm
bng chng, v nh vy n c coi l mt vn bn mang tnh php quy c gi tr nh bn
gc chnh. (H. 168)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Nm Gia Long th 7 (1808) Gia Long thy a th Gia nh rng ln nn i Gia nh trn
lm Gia nh thnh cho qun l 5 trn, s c ghi: n thng 9 nm 1808 bt u t chc
Tng trn Gia nh thnh, ly Nguyn Vn Nhn[230] lm Tng trn, Trnh Hoi c[231]
lm Hip Tng trn. Ban n Tng trn thnh Gia nh (n bc nm hnh s t)[232]. Nh
vy Nguyn Vn Nhn c s dng b n Kim Gia nh thnh tng trn chi n. n ma
thu nm Minh Mnh th 1 (1820) L Vn Duyt[233] lnh chc Tng trn Gia nh thnh
thay Nguyn Vn Nhn, L Vn Duyt nhn li b n kim Gia nh t tay Nguyn Vn
Nhn.

Trong Chu bn triu Nguyn cn lu gi hnh du Gia nh thnh tng trn chi n
(n ca Tng trn thnh Gia nh) c hnh thc kch c ging nh n Bc Thnh tng
trn chi n, 7 ch Trin chia 3 hng, v tr c khc l ng on ngy thng dng ghi nin
hiu, ghi nm Minh Mnh th 7 (1826). y l n du ca L Vn Duyt trong mt bn
truyn sai v a phn Gia nh[234]. (H. 169)

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Lc Hoa Vin

i Gia Long n u Minh Mnh, cc cp trn, doanh, o u dng mt loi n cht liu
bng ng, nm khc con h, vung hai tc, v tr cui cng dng ch trong du khc ch
Chng . V d, 1 du c ch chng p trn vn bn tp Cng vn cu ch. Du hnh
vung c 8,4x8,4cm, 6 ch Trin xp thnh 3 hng, kiu ch khc vung vc, l 6 ch
Thanh Hoa trn th chi chng[235] (Chng ca chc Trn th trn Thanh
Hoa). Du c ng di ch nht pha di dng ghi nin i Gia Long tam nin thp
nguyt nh thp ng nht (Ngy 25 thng 10 nm Gia Long th 3 [1804]). Trong vn bn
ghi r chc quan ca con du ny l Khm sai chng Hu doanh thng ch lnh Thanh
Hoa trn. Thi Gia Long n u Minh Mnh, ng u cc trn vn l cc v quan, bn
cnh c cc chc Hip trn, Tham hip ph gip. (H. 170)

Page 232
Lc Hoa Vin

Cc doanh Trung k dng n chng, nh du Qung Nam doanh chi chng[236]

(chng ca doanh Qung Nam) c kch c ging nh du Thanh Hoa trn th chi
chng, ch Doanh gia di gp i hai ch hng bn. V tr du cng ng di ch
nht ca dng ghi nin i nm Minh Mnh th 7 (1826). ng u mi doanh l chc
Lu th, c cc chc Cai b v K lc ph t. (H. 171)

Page 233
Lc Hoa Vin

Lt gi chnh s chng ti thy nhng im khng khp gia chnh sch v thc tin v n
chng thi Nguyn. S c ghi vo nm Tn T Minh Mnh th 2 (1821): c n ng
cho cc doanh, trn, o, ph, chu, huyn (Trc th n trin c cc doanh, trn, o u
khc 5 ch Trin: M doanh, M trn, M o chi chng). n nay c n trin cho cc
doanh, trn, o u khc 4 ch Trin M doanh n, hoc M trn n, hoc M o
n[237].

C nhng cp dng n chng thay i ng nh quy ch l vic i chng thnh n

nh trn Thanh Hoa. Trong Chu bn triu Nguyn xut hin du Thanh Ha trn n[238]
(n ca trn Thanh Ha), c kch c bng chng c, nhng vin ngoi du nh
hn c: 0,7cm. Du c 4 ch Trin nn khun ch to hn, kiu ch khc hn, v tr du
thay i, ng vo trn ch nguyt ca dng ghi nin hiu nm Minh Mnh th 7 (1826)
(H. 172). Nhng c nhng doanh cho n nm Minh Mnh th 7 (1826) vn dng chng
nh du Qung Nam doanh chi chng m chng ti gii thiu trn.

Tnh cht phc tp ca n du th hin r trong giai on ny. Trn cng mt tp cng vn
c cng dng vn bn nh nhau (Nin i ghi cng mt thi gian, c cp n v ngang
nhau, cng mt khu vc Trung k) li xut hin 2 hnh du khc nhau hon ton v tn
cp hnh chnh v tn n, m trc khng lu chng c tn cp hnh chnh v tn n

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 Lc Hoa Vin

nh nhau. Hai du Qung Nam doanh chi chng v Bnh nh trn n (n ca trn
Bnh nh) cng ng trong mt tp vi cng nin i ghi trn vn bn l Minh Mnh th 7
(1826)[239]. Nu theo quy nh c, Bnh nh vn l doanh thuc Trung k nh Qung
Nam. S thay i doanh thnh trn phi c tin hnh ng b cng mt lc? Vic dng
n cng phi c thc hin cng mt lc (?) (H. 173)

Nhng trn thc t lc ny - Minh Mnh th 7 (1826), vua Minh Mnh ang tin hnh phn
chia li khu vc, thay i iu chnh phm cp quan chc, tn gi cc cp, thc cht mi
tin hnh s b bc u mt s ni, cha trit ng b trong thi gian ngn, nn tm
thi cng mt lc cng nhn hai loi n trin trn. n nm Minh Mnh th 8 (1827), doanh
c i ht lm trn v tt c cc chng c b L thu hi. Ti nm Minh Mnh th 12
(1831) min Bc v nm Mnh Mnh th 13 (1832) min Nam, bi b cp thnh (Tng
trn) v tt c cc trn c i lm tnh trc thuc thng triu nh, giai on tn quyn
n y chm dt.
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2. Tn chng

Cng vic tip xc vi vn bn gip ta hiu thm rng i Gia Long v u Minh Mnh
mi quy ch cha thc n nh, chnh s sau ny cng khng ni ti. Ngoi Chng ra, thi
gian u Nguyn s cn xut hin loi n na c tn l Tn chng .

Tn chng c dng cho cc vin quan Khm sai, Khm phi n v hnh chnh di cp
doanh, trn v trn cp huyn. Qun o l quan ng u mt o c dng n Tn
chng.

Chng ti xin gii thiu mt Tn chcmg p trn vn bn ch Hn. Du hnh vung c

7,4x7,4cm, ch Trin khc vung vc vi 4 ch Khm mnh tn chng (Tn
chng ca quan khm sai). Du c ng di ch nht v bn phi di dng ghi
nin hiu Gia Long thp t nin tam nguyt s t nht (Ngy mng 4 thng 3 nm Gia Long
th 14 [1815])[240]. Trc trang c hnh du ca bn Ph ny l trang ghi ch nhn ca
hnh du l Qun o o Thanh Bnh, tc Thnh Tn hu trong cng vn ni v ph Thin
Quan o Thanh Bnh[241]. (H. 174)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Cng nh Chng, Tn chng ch tn ti n u i Minh Mnh, s phn cp khu vc, i

tn cc n v hnh chnh, thay i thang quan ch bc u ca vua Minh Mnh i o
Thanh Bnh thnh o Ninh Bnh[242]. Ging nh Chng ca cc doanh, trn, Tn chng
c i lm n theo ch d ca vua t nm Minh Mnh th 2 (1821), nhng mi my nm
sau vic thc hin mi xong. Tn chng c thu hi khng dng na, thay th bng n
mi c khc ch n v tr ch ch chng. Trn vn bn nm Minh Mnh th 8 (1827),
du Ninh Bnh o n (n ca o Ninh Bnh) xut hin vi c du bng du Khm
mnh tn chng. Du c p trn vn bn c ghi nin i Minh Mnh ng nin thp
nguyt s lc nht. Ngy 6 thng 10 nm Minh Mnh th 5 (1824)[243], v tr ca du c
khc hn l ng vo ch nguyt dng ghi nin i. Hnh thc du vi 4 ch Trin khc
nhau v nt ch cng khc nhau, thc cht y l du thay th du c mang tnh cht n
nh v r rng hn. (H. 175)

Chng v Tn chng l hai loi hnh n xut hin v tn ti trong khong thi gian ngn
so vi cc loi hnh n khc, nht l n li thi k u triu Nguyn, lc m mi quy ch

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 Lc Hoa Vin

cha n nh. Do vy vic tm hiu chng gp khng t kh khn, chng ti bc u ch

gii thiu mt cch khi qut s b nh vy.

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Page 238
Lc Hoa Vin

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II. Quan phng v n kim vi vic thnh lp v c nh cp tnh

. Quan phng chc v v kim n ca Tng c, Tun ph cp tnh v lin tnh

Giai on tn quyn chm dt vo thng 10 nm Minh Mnh th 13 (1832), triu nh

Nguyn thit lp tnh thay cho trn, tr ph Tha Thin ton quc c chia lm 30 tnh.
Theo nguyn tc t chc hnh chnh mi a phng cp tnh phi c mt chc quan cao
cp lnh o, nhng v a th mt s tnh xa trung ng, ng thi thun li cho vic
qun l nn Minh Mnh ghp 30 tnh thnh 14 lin tnh, tr tnh Thanh Hoa l t pht
tch. Tt c quan chc cp tnh u c ban n kim, Quan phng mi s dng.

Triu Nguyn Minh Mnh t chc Tng c ng u mi lin tnh, Tng c va l chc
quan cao nht a phng va l mt Khm sai i thn ti a phng . Phm hm ca
Tng c ngang vi chc Thng th mi B, qun ht ca Tng c khng c danh xng
m ch dng tn a phng gi. Tng c tnh no th kim lun chc Tun ph tnh
, nhng lin tnh nh hoc khng quan trng th t Tun ph ch khng t Tng c.

S c ghi: Nm (Minh Mnh) 12 (1831) chun ngh: Chia ra tng ht t ra quan, t

Qung Tr ra Bc chia lm 18 tnh, Qung Nam tr vo pha Nam chia lm 12 tnh, u
chun kim ht t ra mt Tng c, chia ht t 1 Tun ph, vy nn c n Quan phng
bng bc cp cho mi tnh mt, u nm thng, di 2 tc 2 phn, ngang 1 tc 4 phn, dy
2 phn 3 ly. Du kim bng ng u mi tnh mt,[244].

Nh vy Tng c, Tun ph khng dng n quan m s dng Quan phng chc v v kim
nh hnh vung. Quan phng ca Tng c khc tn a phng (lin tnh) m vin Tng
c qun ht.

Vic ng du Quan phng trn vn bn ca Tng c, Tun ph cng c quy nh trong

Page 239
Lc Hoa Vin

i Nam in l: L nm Minh Mnh 13 (1832) nh: Quan Tng c Tun ph cc tnh

n Quan phng u dng hp son ng trn ch nguyt dng nin hiu[245]. Xin gii
thiu mt du Quan phng v du kim ca Tng c mt lin tnh. Du hnh ch nht c
kch thc 6,0x9,3cm, vin ngoi 0,8cm, 8 ch Trin chia 3 hng, hai ch gia di gp
ri ch hng bn, l 8 ch Qung Nam Qung Ngi tng c quan phng (
Quan phng ca Tng c lin tnh Qung Nam Qung Ngi). Du ng trn ch nguyt
dng ghi nin hiu T c thp tht nin lc nguyt thp tht nht (Ngy 17 thng 6 nm
T c th 17 [1864]). Bn phi c du kim hnh vung c 2,6x2,6cm, 2 hng vi 4 ch
Trin trong du l: Nam Ngi tng c (Tng c lin tnh Nam Ngi). Kiu ch
ging nh ch Quan phng ln trn, du kim c ng di 2 ch Y lnh . pha
di du Quan phng ln l dng ch Hn L trng Nguyn Vn Vinh k tip di l hnh
du trin rch nhe khng c c[246].

Cng trong tp Cng vn cu ch[247] du hnh ch nht c 6,0x9,3cm, vin ngoi nt m

c 0,4cm, 6 ch Trin xp theo chiu dc 2 hng, kiu ch vung thng, l 6 ch Ninh Bnh
tun ph quan phng (Quan phng ca Tun ph tnh Ninh Bnh). Du p trn

Page 240
Lc Hoa Vin

ch nguyt dng nin i Minh Mnh thp tam nin nh nguyt s thp nht. y l du
Quan phng chc v ca quan Tun ph tnh Ninh Bnh, ng vo ngy 10 thng 2 nm
Minh Mnh th 13 (1832). Bn cnh du Quan phng ln ny c hnh du kim nh ng
ni gip trang, du kim hnh vung c 2,4x2,4cm, hai hng vi 4 ch Trin Ninh Bnh tun
ph (Tun ph tnh Ninh Bnh). (H.177)

Cng trong tp Cng vn cu ch[248] chng ti thy xut hin du Ninh Bnh tun ph
quan phng khc c kch c, v tr ca du, 6 ch Trin y nh du trn. Nhng nhn k th
thy du th hai ny c hai ng vin v nt ch Trin mm cong v t nt hn. Du ng
trn ch nguyt dng ghi nin i T c tam thp nin thp nh nguyt nh thp bt nht
(Ngy 28 thng 12 nm T c th 30 [1877]). Pha di du l 2 dng ch ghi tn h ca
vin Th li v vin Thng phn Phin ty. (H. 178)

Page 241
Lc Hoa Vin

Page 242
 Lc Hoa Vin

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Page 243
Lc Hoa Vin

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2. B chnh s v n st s vi vic dng n kim

mi tnh nh Nguyn t ra hai ty trc thuc s cai qun ca Tun ph hay Tng c.

Ty B chnh s (hay Phin ty) trng coi vic inh in, iu thu kha, ti chnh, h tch.
t chc B chnh s m nhim.

Ty n st s (hay Nit ty) coi vic hnh n, phong ha k cng, trng thanh quan li, giao
thng trm dch. Do chc n st s m nhim.

B chnh s v n st s khng dng Quan phng chc v nh Tng c, Tun ph m s

dng b n kim ca mt ty c ch qun trc tip. S c ghi: Nm th 12 (1831) ngh
chun: ln ny phn ht t quan, mi ht t mt B chnh s, mt n st s, ngh nn
c n ng nm thng, vung 1 tc 8 phn v ch con du kim bng ng mi ht B
chnh, n st u cp cho mt dng.

Ti Vin Bo tng Lch s H Ni cn gi c my qu n thi Nguyn. Qu n k hiu LSb

2528 c nm hnh chui v tht y, cao 7cm v dy 1,2cm. Trn mt phn nm n khc 2
dng ch Hn. Dng bn phi ghi: Minh Mnh thp nh nin (Minh Mnh th 12 [1831]),
bn tri ghi: Trng thp nh lng ng tin tam phn (Nng 12 lng 5 tin 3 phn), du
hnh vung c 7,5x7,5cm, 8 ch Trin xp theo 4 hng l 8 ch Hng Ha b chnh s ty chi
n nt ch cong mm, khun ch nh v di cn i vi b cc du hnh
vung. y l n ca ty B chnh s tnh Hng Ha. (H. 179 a,b,c,d)

Qu n ng duy nht thuc thi Nguyn Vin Bo tng Lch s c k hiu LSb 463/GI 253,
ngoi hnh kiu hnh thp bng u, mt trn khng ghi nin i, du hnh vung c
2,5x2,5cm, bn ch Trin chia hai hng Hng Ho n st . y l Kim n ca vin
n st s tnh Hng Ha, i cng cp vi n ln Hng Ha n st s ty chi n. Nhng n ln
b mt, ti a phng ny, ngi ta ch tm thy mt n ln ca B chnh s v mt
kim nh ca n st s Hng Ha. (H. 180)

Page 244
Lc Hoa Vin

Cng nh cc loi hnh n khc, nhng chng tch n du ca B chnh, n st n nay ch

cn li trn vn bn ch Hn, xin gii thiu du n - kim ca B chnh s Ninh Bnh. Du
hnh vung c 7,5x7,5cm, 8 ch Trin chia 4 hng, nt ch mm cong l 8 ch Ninh Bnh b
chnh s ty chi n (n ca Ty b chnh s tnh Ninh Bnh). Du ng trn

Page 245
Lc Hoa Vin

ch nguyt dng ghi nin hiu Thiu Tr nh nin thp nh nguyt thp tht nht (Ngy 17
thng 12 nm Thiu Tr th 2 [1842]).

Pha di du ln v bn tri l du kim vi 4 ch Trin Ninh Bnh b chnh ng

di ch chp bng - chng thc ca bn ph[249]. Du hnh vung c 2,5x2,5cm, 2 ch
Ninh Bnh nt ch c khc 2 ch Ninh Bnh du ln trn. iu ny cho thy khng phi
bt c t dng ca mt du kim no cng phi ging t dng ca n. Quan phng ln cng
cp[250]. Pha bn phi l dng ch Hn ghi tn h ca vin L trng v mt dng khc
ghi tn h ca vin V nhp lu th li Phin ty. (H. 181)

Xin gii thiu tip du n ca ty n st s H Ni. Du hnh vung c 7,5x7,5cm, 8 ch

Trin trong du H Ni n st s ty chi n (n ca ty n st s tnh H Ni
). Du ng trn ch nguyt dng ghi nin i Minh Mnh thp lc nin nhun lc nguyt
thp nh nht bn tri l dng ch Hn k khai vic hnh phm a phng. C hnh 4 du
Kim ng trn ch tn h ngi, du Kim hnh vung c 2,5x2,5cm, 4 ch Trin H
Ni n st c nt khc vung vc hn nt ch du ln trn. Dn n ca vin n

Page 246
Lc Hoa Vin

st s tnh H Ni ny ng vo ngy 12 thng 6 nhun nm Minh Mnh th 16 (1835).

(H.182)

cc tnh khi m chc Tng c, Tun ph i vng; hoc tnh vn khuyt chn Tun ph,
nu c vic c mt quan B chnh phi hp vi quan n st s. Cng vn tu trnh ln phi
ng lin hai du ca B chnh s v n st s trn on ngy thng dng ghi nin hiu
(Hai du ng dnh nhau vi dng ghi nin hiu gia).

L v n, Quan phng i vi cc chc quan cp tnh c chnh s ghi: L nm Minh Mnh

14 (1833) nh rng phm ht no gm cc quan Tng c, Tun ph, B chnh, n st
cng mt tnh, khi gp c khuyt mt trong bn chc ni trn th n trin ca quan Tng
c chun giao cho quan Tun ph tm gi; n trin ca quan Tun ph chun giao cho
quan Tng c; n trin ca quan B chnh hay n st u chun giao cho quan Tng c.
Nu khi y khng c quan Tng c th giao cho quan Tun ph. Ht no chc hm Tng
c m lnh Tun ph, hay hm Tun ph m th Tng c quan phng cng vi quan B
hay n mt tnh, khi khuyt chc no th n trin ca quan B hay quan n u giao cho
quan Tng c hay Tun ph tm gi [251].

Page 247
 Lc Hoa Vin

Cc ngch khc cp tnh cng c s dng Quan phng chc v ring nh chc c,
Lnh binh, Ph lnh binh c dng Quan phng bng ng, Kim bng ng hoc bng g,
Nha Hc chnh dng Quan phng bng ng v du kim bng g.

Nn gic gi, chin tranh mt s tnh thuc hai khu vc Nam k v Bc k thi Nguyn
tng i nhiu. Do n trin b tht lc khng t, nn t thi Minh Mnh th 14 (1833)
c ch d v vic i cp n trin khc thay cho nhng ci b mt. Sau lon Nam k nm
1833 vua Minh Mnh ra ch d: Nay chun y theo kiu ch to quan hng Tng c nh
liu n Quan phng Tun ph Gia nh, n trin B chnh n st Cc quan vin trn ny
u mt n trin Quan phng du Kim k v n trin ph huyn su tnh y hi khc i 1,
2 nt ch nhm c th phn bit tht gi tin giao cho vin mi b nhim, s dng. Cn
nhng qu n Quan phng, n trin du Kim trc, chun i sau tra r xem tht lc vo
u, nu c cn phi np v B hi ng tiu hy i[252].
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III. n, k cp ph, phn ph, huyn, chu

Ngay t thi Gia Long n u Minh Mnh phn cp ph, huyn, chu v t cc chc Tri
ph ng u mt ph v Tri huyn qun lnh mt huyn. Thi k ny ph t hai vin Tri
ph, mi huyn t hai vin Tri huyn gi l ng ng v Ty ng. Nm Minh Mnh
th 2 (1821) vua xung ch chun cho cc ph, huyn, chu u c s dng n bng
ng. Ti nm Minh Mnh th 3 (1822) quy nh v n trin c th hn: Phm cc ph
thuc v Trc l[253] n bng ng, vung mt tc 6 phn 7 ly, trong khc 4 ch Trin M
ph n. Cc huyn thuc v Trc l, n bng ng vung 1 tc 5 phn 3 ly, trong khc ch
Trin M huyn n. Cc ph thuc cc thnh, trn n bng ng vung 1 tc 6 phn 2 ly,
trong khc 4 ch Trin M ph n. Cc huyn, chu thuc cc thnh, trn n bng ng
vung 1 tc 4 phn, trong khc 4 ch Trin M huyn n[254].

Page 248
Lc Hoa Vin

Thi gian ny nh Nguyn ch nhiu n cp ph, huyn chu. Thng k c nc c 37

ph v 127 huyn, chu. Tng cng 164 ph, huyn, chu u c ban cp n bng ng
v kim g, c quy nh c v mc ng du v dy eo n ca mi loi. n nm Minh
Mnh th 4 (1823) nh vua xung ch cho ph huyn cc thnh, doanh, trn gim mt
vin Tri ph mi ph v mt vin Tri huyn mi huyn, nn vic s dng n trin cp
ph, huyn c n nh hn.

Cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh a phng vi vic bi b cp thnh v cc trn c i

lm tnh vo nm 1831 - 1832 lm thay i khng t n cp ph, huyn, chu. Cp
phn ph vi chc ng tri ph ra i v c ban cp n k. S c ghi: Ph huyn cc
a phng trong c ph rt trng yu hay trng yu m thiu ngi lm vic, ni no
bn huyn tr ln t mt vin ng tri ph cp thm mt phn ph k bng ng v
mt Kim bng g ( k di 1 tc 4 ly ngang 1 tc 8 ly, nm vng trn, trong khc ch
Trin: M phn ph k)[255].

k dng cho cc quan nh cp di mi t, hoc c nhng phn bit vi n

trin ca cc chc quan cp tng ng hoc gn tng ng. Cc chc Huyn tha,
Gio th, Hun o, Trng quan cc ty v.v u s dng k. y l vic lm khoa hc
ca triu Nguyn - Minh Mnh trong vic kin ton t chc hnh chnh a phng vi gn
200 n v ph, phn ph, huyn, chu. R rng s phc tp trong cng tc qun l ca cp
tnh v c trung ng i vi cp ph, huyn (v cc cp tng ng) s gim hn so vi
trc, ng thi n l mc thc cho cc vua Nguyn sau ny noi theo.

Vic ng du n, k cng Kim n ca cc cp ph phn ph, huyn, chu c quy

nh r. n, k phi ng trn ch thng m dng ch nin hiu, kim n ng ch
ty xa, sa cha v ch gip trang.

Xin gii thiu mt du cp ph trong tp Cng vn c ch[256]. Du hnh vung, c

6,9x6,9cm. Bn ch Trin khc vung vc chia hai hng, l 4 ch Quc Oai ph n
(n ca ph Quc Oai). Du ng trn ch nguyt dng ghi nin hiu Minh Mnh thp
nin lc nguyt s cu nht. y l n du ca vin Tri ph ph Quc Oai trong mt bn
tu ng vo ngy 9 thng 6 nm Minh Mnh th 10 (1829). Bn tri du Tri ph trn l hai
dng ch Hn ghi tn tui ca bn ngi c kim du rt nh ng di mi tn, v m
nhe nn khng c c. Tuy nhin qua ngoi hnh v nt nhe ca du chng ti khng
nh y khng phi l du kim ph Quc Oai, cng khng phi l kim du c ch Tn,
loi Kim du ny him thy trong cc vn bn ch Hn thi Nguyn. (H. 183)

Xin gii thiu tip du k ca mt phn ph trong tp Cng vn c ch[257]. Du hnh

ch nht c 4,6x4,6cm, su ch Trin chia hai hng. Nt ch mm cong r nt l 6 ch ng
Ha phn ph k ( k ca phn ph ng Ha). Du ng trn ch
nguyt dng ghi nin hiu Minh Mnh thp bt nin lc nguyt nh thp t nht. y l
du ca chc quan ng Tri ph ph trch phn ph ng Ha ng vo ngy 24 thng 6
nm Minh Mnh th 18 (1837). (H. 184)

Vic thay i cp ph, phn ph, huyn, chu thi Nguyn khng ch din ra mt ln, m l
t qua nhiu t khc nhau. Nhng im ny chnh s khng ghi li - nhng trn thc t
vn bn ch Hn chng ti thy c qua s thay i khc bit ca du n. Trong cun
Cng vn tp xut hin hnh du Quc Oai phn ph k ( k ca phn
ph Quc Oai). Du hnh ch nht c c 4,2x6,2cm v ng dng ghi nin hiu ghi nm
Minh Mnh th 21 (1840). (H. 185)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Nh vy ta gp li hnh du ca a danh Quc Oai, nhng khng phi l cp ph vi du n

vung nh c na, m l hnh du k c hnh ch nht vi tn gi mi cp phn ph
do chc ng Tri ph qun lnh.

Theo thng k u thi Minh Mnh: C nc c 127 huyn, chu (sau ny c thay i iu
chnh i cht), chc chn phi c t nht 254 qu n, kim cp pht cho tt c cc Tri
huyn, Tri chu, nhng cho n nay, nhng hin vt ny hu nh b chn vi. Vin Bo
tng Lch s H Ni may mn cn gi li c 3 qu n (trong c mt kim nh) ca hai
vin Tri huyn v mt qu ca chc Huyn tha.

Qu n c k hiu LSb 2526 cht liu bng ng cn chui v, trn to di thun, cao
6,5cm v dy 1,5cm. Phn trn n khc hai dng ch Hn hai bn Minh Mnh tam nin v
V kh phng to. Mt du hnh vung c 6x6cm, bn ch Trin chia hai hng l 4 ch An
lp huyn n (n ca huyn An Lp). y l qu n ca vin Tri huyn huyn An
Lp c xng V kh c vo nm Minh Mnh th 3 (1822). (H. 186 a,b,c,d)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Kim n cng bng ng c k hiu LSb 2521, hnh thp bng u, cao 2,2cm, mt du
hnh vung c 1,9x1,9cm, hai ch Trin An lp (huyn An Lp) xp theo chiu ngang. y
l kim n cng cp vi n ln trn, chc chn c nin i t nm 1822. (H. 187 a,b,c)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Qu n th ba c k hiu LSb 2418, cn chui v tht y cao 7cm dy 1,3cm. Phn trn
khc hai dng ch Hn Thiu Tr nht nin v Trng thp nh lng, bn ch Trin mt
du Tht Kh huyn n (n ca huyn Tht Kh). y l qu n ca vin Tri huyn
huyn Tht Kh c c vo nm Thiu Tr th 1 (1841), n nng 12 lng. (H. 188
a,b,c,d)

Page 254
Lc Hoa Vin

n th 4 c k hiu LSb 2522. y l qu n ng duy nht c cn kiu tay quai, cao 3,5cm
dy 1,2cm. Nin i khc du ghi nm Minh Mnh th 15 (1834), trng lng ghi 7 lng,
3 tin 6 phn. Du hnh ch nht c kch thc 4,3x5,8cm, 5 ch Trin trong du l K sn
v k l k ca v K Sn. C ngi li cho rng l 5 ch K Sn tha
k . k ca Huyn tha huyn K Sn? (H. 189 a,b)

Page 255
Lc Hoa Vin

Cc hnh du cp huyn cn gi c nhiu v iu kin c hn nn chng ti ch n c

mt vi v d di y:

Trong tp Cng vn cu ch xut hin hnh du Lc An huyn n (n ca huyn Lc

An). Du hnh vung c 6x6cm, 4 ch Trin Lc An huyn n chia hai hng, du c ng
hai v tr khc nhau, hai i vua khc nhau.

Quyn 1[258], du ng on di 2 dng ch Hn song song di trang giy, pha

phi ca dng ghi nin i Minh Mnh nh thp nin ng nguyt nh thp cu nht. Ch gip
trang c du kim hnh vung c 1,8x1,8cm mt du hnh hai ch Trin Lc An (Huyn
Lc An). y l du n v kim ca Tri huyn Lc An ng vo ngy 29 thng 5 nm Minh
Mnh th 20 (1839). (H. 190)

quyn 4[259], chng ti li thy xut hin du Lc An huyn n c hnh thc t dng
ging y nh hnh du trn, nhng li ng on ch nguyt dng ghi nin hiu T c
nguyn nin thp nguyt thp ng nht (Ngy 15 thng 10 nm T c nguyn nin
[1847]). Bn tri c 2 hnh du kim Lc An (H. 191)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Nh vy cng mt con du ca cng mt chc quan ng trong cng mt dng cng vn

thi im gn nhau, li c s khc bit v v tr hnh du. Hnh du i T c l hnh du
ng bnh thng ng theo quy nh dng ghi nin hiu, cn hnh du ng i Minh
Mnh l du trong mt bn sao t nguyn bn chnh ca Tri huyn huyn Lc An. Dng ghi
nin i khng c du ca cp ch qun hoc du huyn Lc An cng chng t y l mt
bn sao gc, vn bn chnh hon thin c gi i khng nm trong tp cng vn ny.

Cng cuc ci cch ca vua Minh Mnh nm 1827 cng lm thay i b mt cc vng dn
tc thiu s. Cc chc Tuyn y s, Chiu tho s, Phng ng s v.v ca th quan min
ni b xa b, thay vo l nhng chc quan ni trn, ng thi vi vic ban cp n trin
cho h. Cc chc quan ny c s dng k bng ng v Kim bng g, mt du khc
4 ch (M) th huyn k, (M) th chu k dng mc mu ta ng du.

Nhng hin vt v ngay c hnh du trn vn bn ca loi k ny ngy nay khng cn

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Lc Hoa Vin

gi c. Nhiu nm nghin cu chng ti ch tm thy mt hnh du duy nht ca du

k ny, nhn chuyn i cng tc vo kho Chu bn triu Nguyn Tp. H Ch Minh nm
1990. Du hnh ch nht c kch thc 4,0x5,5cm, 6 ch Trin chia 3 hng, ch thun di,
nt khc n gin, l 6 ch N Bn th chu k ( k ca Th chu chu
N Bn)[260]. (H. 192)

Du ng trn vn bn bng giy vit hon ton bng ch dn tc thiu s. y l hnh du

n ca vin th Tri chu chu N Bn, trn vn bn bng ch dn tc, c ng quyn 2
i Hm Nghi, nn chng ti cho rng du c nin i khong i Hm Nghi. Vic xc nh
con du gp thm t liu cho cng tc nghin cu ngn ng vn ha cc dn tc Vit Nam
thi Nguyn.

Thuc quan cp ph, huyn, chu nh ngnh gio dc cng c s dng n trin ring,
chc Gio th, Hun o dng n k. Quy ch ny ghi trong chnh s: n ca vin
Gio th, Hun o di 1 tc 3 phn, ngang 8 phn 1 ly Dng hp son ng trn ch
nguyt dng ghi nin hiu[261].

Xin miu t mt k ca chc Hun o cn tn ti trong dn gian. n c cht liu bng

ng, lm theo hnh nm tht y loe ln. Dy khong 1cm v cao khong 2,5cm. Du hnh
ch nht c 3,1x5,4cm, 6 ch Trin chia 2 hng, nt ch r rng vung vc l 6 ch Qunh
Ci hun o k[262] . y l n k ca vin Hun o ph trch vic
Gio dc huyn Qunh Ci ph Thi Bnh[263]. Trn n khng ghi nin i nhng qua
hnh du, t dng ch Trin chng ti khng nh y l k thi Nguyn. (H. 193 a,b).

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Page 260
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IV. Kim k

Mt loi hnh n hin na tuy xut hin vi s lng rt t, nhng cng phi c xp vo
danh mc cc loi hnh n trin ngang hng vi n, Chng, Quan phng, k: l Kim
k . Kim k l loi n dng cho cc chc ch huy cc ca thnh, ca bin, ca khu, i
quan st, trm, n, o i, cc thuyn nh v cc s tun ty v.v

Kim k l hai ch cui cng trong du cng nh k hay Quan phng trong mt con du.
y ta phi ch phn bit s khc nhau hon ton gia Kim k v Kim n. Kim n l
loi n nh hnh vung i cng cp vi nhng n ln nh n c quan, Quan phng; ch khc
trong Kim n thng rt gn, c cng ni dung vi n ln cng cp. Cn Kim k mang
ngha php lnh ring bit ca cc chc quan cp thp dng cho cc n v nh nu trn.

Nhng ch d di y ca Minh Mnh c coi l nh l bt di bt dch ca loi Kim k

ny.

Li d nm Minh Mnh th 8 (1827): Ch to cho 9 ca Cung thnh, 5 ca Hong thnh,

10 ca Kinh thnh, cu Thy quan 1 du Kim bng g v 1 ci hp bng thic ng du
ta ng du, cp cho vin Th h phng lc tu bo v gp vic quan trng chun
cho s dng. Du kim mi ci di 1 tc 1 phn 7 ly, ngang 5 phn 4 ly. Tng trn khc 2
ch chn phng M thnh, tng di khc 2 ch chn phng M mn hoc Quan vin
kim k.

Ca Thun An, T Hin thuc ph Tha Thin, cc ca Nng, i Chim, i An thuc

tnh Qung Nam chun cho ch v cp u mt du Kim bng g v mt ci hp bng
thic ng du ta ng du[264].

Ch d ca Minh Mnh nm 1828: Ch cp cho i Trn Hi, in Hi mt du Kim bng

g, di 1 tc 2 phn 6 ly, ngang 5 phn 4 ly, chun cho ng du son [265].

Ch d nm Minh Mnh th 10 (1829): Ch cp cho ca b Vn Uyn, ca b Du Thn, mi

ni u mt du Kim bng ng, di 1 tc 2 phn 6 ly, ngang 7 phn 6 ly

Cc hiu thuyn Ba hi chiu theo kiu mu du Kim k thuyn Tnh ba s 4, cht ng

khc ch chn phng, di 1 tc 8 phn ngang 9 phn, ban cho s dng thng
nht[266].

Qua nhng trch dn trn ta thy Kim k c lm vi nhiu cht liu khc nhau: bng
ng, bng ng v bng g. Kch thc ca Kim k mi n v cng khc nhau, cht liu
tt hn c kch thc ln hn s t l thun vi cp bc chc v ca vin ch huy n v.
iu ng ch l tt c cc du Kim k u khc chn phng, khng dng ch Trin
nh cc loi hnh n khc.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Xin gii thiu mt s du Kim k in sao c Chu bn triu Nguyn. Mt du thuc

loi ca thnh c hnh ch nht kch thc 3,4x5cm. Du chia hai phn bng mt nt
ngang, phn trn l 1/5 din tch du khc 3 ch chn i quan mn (Ca i quan)
xp theo hng ngang t tri sang phi. Phn di cn li khc 4 ch Chn xp theo 2 hng
dc l 4 ch Th h kim k (Kim k ca chc Th h). Du ng trn ch nguyt
dng ghi nin hiu Minh Mnh thp cu nin tam nguyt s nh nht (Ngy 2 thng 3 nm
Minh Mnh th 9 [1838]). Trc trang c du l trang c dng ch Hn ng trc thn
Trn Vn Tr v V c Khu th h i quan mn (By ti Trn Vn Tr v V c Khu
chc Th h ca i quan ng trc)[267]. (H. 194)

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 Lc Hoa Vin

Du Kim k ca bin c hnh ch nht 3,3x5,3cm, 8 ch Hn kiu Chn th chia lm hai

hng dc, l 8 ch Cn Gi hi khu tn th kim k (Kim k ca n binh
canh gi ca bin Cn Gi). Du ng trn ch nguyt dng ghi nin hiu Minh Mnh thp
cu nin tam nguyt s ng nht (Ngy 5 thng 3 nm Minh Mnh th 19 [1838]). Trc
trang hnh du l trang c dng ch Hn Cn Gi tn th th ng thn Phm Vn L (By
ti Phm Vn L chc Th ng n binh canh gi ca bin Cn Gi)[268]. (H 195)
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V. K Trin hay Trin ca tng l cp tng x

Loi hnh n trin cui cng ca cp chnh quyn a phng c gii thiu trong chng
ny l K Trin hay cn gi l Trin . K Trin hay Trin l n du ca Cai tng (tc
Chnh tng) v L trng - nhng ngi i din cho chnh quyn cp tng, x l n v
hnh chnh thp nht Vit Nam.

L nh Nguyn quy nh mi tng t mt Cai tng, tng no rung t nhiu hoc ng

i xa n hai ba ngy th t mt Cai tng v mt Ph tng. Khi c khuyt th vin Tri ph,
Tri huyn tuyn chn nhn vin trong ht, bt ln. B Li duyt, tu cho cp vn bng
lm Cai tng th sai 3 nm st hch, ng l ngi mn cn, thanh lim mi cho thc
th. Cai tng thc th lm vic tt th c thng Chnh bt phm, thm nin c thnh tch
c thng hn na. Tng c nhiu x, mi x t mt vin L trng, lm 9 nm mn
cn c thng hm Cu phm.

Tm hiu t chc chnh quyn trung ng v a phng thi Nguyn chng ti thy n v
hnh chnh cn bn ca Vit Nam l tng, x c hng mt ch t tr kh rng ri. Cai
Tng, L trng i din cho hi ng tng x hng ng, c quyn nh ot ti sn
ca mi gia nh nng dn, quyt nh s phn ca mi ngi dn lao ng. Mt trong
nhng biu tng chnh cho quyn lc ca Tng, L l du Trin.

Tuy l cp thp nht, nhng Trin ca Cai tng L trng vn c lm theo nguyn tc
nht nh. S c ghi: L Minh Mnh 13 nh Trin ca Cai tng di 1 tc ngang 5 phn.
Trin ca L trng di 8 phn, ngang 4 phn, u dng hp mc, na trang di dng
ch nin hiu, k tn ri ng di tn k[269].

Trin thi Nguyn s lm nh, vin ngoi du nt mnh, 6 ch Trin chia hai hng.
Thng l tn a phng (Tng, x) + chc (Cai tng, L trng) + k.

Trin nh Nguyn sau ny (khi Php vo nc ta) c c to hn, vin khung rng hn
ghi ch Php hoc ch Quc ng, bn trong vng khung mi c ch Trin hoc ch Hn
Chn th. iu ny th hin 2 hoc 3 dng vn t trong cng mt con du.

Gii thiu hai con du ca Cai tng v L trng cng mt a phng ng trong cng mt
tp a b tng ng Xun[270]. Trin Cai tng hnh ch nht c 1,9x4cm, 6 ch Trin xp
theo hai hng, l 6 ch ng Xun tng cai tng k (K Trin ca Cai tng tng
ng Xun). (H. 196)

Trin L trng hnh ch nht, c 1,6x3,5cm, su ch Trin xp theo hai hng l 6 ch

ng Xun phng l trng k (K Trin ca L trng phng ng Xun).
Du ny ng di dng ch Hn ghi tn h, chc v vin l trng phng ng Xun (H.
197)

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i ng Khnh th 1 (1886) v king tn hy cha ca mnh l Kin Thi vng Hng

Cai, nn ng Khnh thay ch Cai tng bng Chnh tng. L ny c duy tr cho
n ht vng triu Nguyn nm 1945, v du Trin ca Cai tng t nm 1886 tr i cng
c thay ch Chnh tng vo v tr ch Cai tng c.

Sau i ng Khnh, lng x Vit Nam cn ra nhng loi Trin na. Nhng du Trin
ny khng thy ghi thnh quy nh nh Trin hay cc loi hnh n khc, nhng trn thc t
chng ti thy du Trin ca Chng b, H tch lng x. Du c hnh thc kh c bit
v khc hai loi vn t: ch Quc ng v ch Hn trong du. Thng l vin ngoi du l
ch Quc ng v khung trong l ch Hn li Chn th, nh du H tch Vnh Chn x Vnh

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Chn tng H Ha huyn Ph Th tnh (H tch x Vnh Chn,

tng Vnh Chn, huyn H Ha, tnh Ph Th), hai ch H tch ln hn v nm gia du
c hai ng k ngang[271]. (H. 198)

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CHNG IV TN K, K V N T NHN THI NGUYN

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Lc Hoa Vin

I. Tn K v K vi du tn ring

S a dng ca n chng cn th hin trong loi hnh n trin nh m chng ti tm t l

Tn K v K .

Ngay t thi Gia Long, tt c cc quan tng ln nh trong triu ngoi kinh ai cng c
php t ch to mt qu n nh cho ring mnh. Vic to n ny mang tnh t do ging vi
n t nhn trn mi lnh vc ngoi x hi. Cha c quy nh c th v vn ny, dn n
nh hng trong vic qun l ca chnh quyn t trung ng xung a phng. n nm
Minh Mnh th 7 (1826) quy ch v Tn K bt u c ch . S c chp: nh thn tu:
Trc nay cc quan vin trong triu ngoi qun c giao cho n, trin, Quan phng u
c php nht nh. Duy c vic dng K Trin ring t ch to, th thc ch khc nhau,
cha phn bit tn ty m tn nhim c, xin nh cho cch thc th ch[272].

Theo thng k ca chng ti, ch Trin khc trn tt c cc n ring ca cc quan vin ny
thng l: TNH DANH + TN K, hoc TNH DANH + K, c rt t chc danh khng Tn K.
Cn K Trin l t dnh cho cp tng, x, u i Minh Mnh cha c quy ch v loi hnh
n ny, nn Minh Mnh chnh yu gi K Trin ring (hoc cch gi ca ngi dch). Theo
chng ti phi t loi n tn ring ny l loi TN K hoc K mi ng.

Cng vo nm 1826, quy ch v lot hnh Tn K v K chnh thc ban hnh: Nm th 7,

phc chun cho quan vin vn v t T phm tr ln c ch ring mt qu n trin vung
ng hay g ty , Trin khc ch Tn h m tn k. Nht, Nh phm di 1 tc 4 phn, ngang
1 tc 3 phn, Tam, T phm di 1 tc 2 phn, ngang 1 tc 1 phn u cho ng du son
nhng vic ring, chun cho dng Trin ring mi ch, ng vo bn di ch ngy m
trong dng nin hiu, cn t Ng phm tr xung, vn cho dng K Trin bng mc nh
trc[273].

1. Tn K

Tn K l n du chng nhn cho mt s vn bn mang tnh cht khu vc, c gi tr ln i

vi a phng m chc quan qun ht, cng nh c hiu lc i vi quan li v thuc
vin cp di. Nhng i vi cng v, nhng vic tu trnh ln trn, th gi tr ca Tn K
khng c cng nhn, ngoi s cng nhn n, Quan phng, k v Kim k.

Gii thiu mt du Tn K p trn vn bn Hn Nm. Du hnh ch nht ng, c

4,7x5,1cm, nm ch Trin xp theo 3 hng, 4 ch chia hai hng bn, l 5 ch Trn L
Nghi tn k (Tn k ca Trn L Nghi)[274]. Trang c hnh du khng c dng ghi
nin hiu, m du ch ng di dng ch Hn ghi chc danh ca tn ngi trong du l
Lnh binh tnh Ninh Bnh trn mt vn bn gi xung cho thuc quan cp di ti tn x
thn. Du c ng vo nm Minh Mnh th 13 (1832). (H. 199)

B cc ch Tn K khc trn du: Nu tnh danh c tn m th h c vit gia v 2 ch

Tn K xp cng mt hng. Nu tnh danh khng c tn m th 4 ch Trin du c chia
hai hng v 2 ch Tn K cng xp cng 1 hng, hoc Tn K c xp 2 bn theo kiu
ch thp nhng Tn K hnh vung.

Xin gii thiu mt hin vt Tn K cn gi c n ngy nay, c cht liu bng ng mu ta

nht, lm theo 4 cnh hnh thp bng u. Mt du cng c hnh bt gic, 2 cnh gia
lm hnh vng cung, vin ngoi khc ha tit rt p. ng vin hnh ch nht trong c
kch thc 1,3x2,5cm, 4 ch Trin xp trong chia theo 2 hng dc l 4 ch Phm Tn tn

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Lc Hoa Vin

k (Tn k ca Phm Tn). Vic xc nh ch nhn ca n tn ny cha thnh cng,

ch dm khng nh y l Tn K thi Nguyn qua vic so snh mt s hnh du loi ny
trn vn bn Hn Nm. (H. 200 a,b,c)

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2. K

Cng hng vi Tn K cn c K thng dng cho cc Li thuc cc c quan (Th li, V

nhp lu th li), nhng ngi c phm hm thp nht, hoc cha c phm hm thp.

K y c s ng hng v danh xng ln vi K Trin ca Tng, L, v Cai tng c phm

hm ngang vi Th li. Nhng v ngoi hnh n du ca K cng tng t nh Tn K. Do
chng ti xp K ngang hng vi Tn K v t cng chng mc, tch hn vi K
Trin ca cp tng, x. Trn thc t s lng th li rt nhiu, nhng kiu du k cng mt
loi.

Nhng du K c hnh thc ging nh du Phm Tn tn k ( m t mc 1), ch khc l

du K thun nh hn, khun hnh ch nht trong du nh hn v ch 1 dng ch Trin bn
trong xp theo hng dc: H + Tn + K.

Ti Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam thnh ph H Ch Minh cn gi my qu n thuc loi hnh

K. ng ch l qu n c cht liu bng ng, nm n khc hnh con s t ming h rng,
ui vnh, th nhn chn. Phn n chnh l b chn s t m phn di lm theo hnh
bt gic lm hai cnh gia n. Mt du hnh bt gic, 2 cnh gia lm hnh vng cung, vin
ngoi khc ha tit. ng vin gia hnh ch nht c kch thc 1,5x4,0cm, ba ch Trin
trong du xp theo hng dc 3 ch Nguyn Chnh k . y l du k ca mt v th
li tn l Nguyn Chnh (H. 201 a,b,c)

Gii thiu mt du K c hnh lc gic, vin ngoi c ha tit, khun hnh vung kch thc
1x2,2cm, trong c 3 ch Trin Trn T k .y l du K ca ng Trn nh T, l V
nhp lu th li. Du p trn bn cng vn m chnh tay ng vit trong tp Cng vn c
ch[275]. (H. 202)

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Page 272
 Lc Hoa Vin

y xin lu mt chi tit l du K khc hn vi ch K ca cc quan li chc dch ngy

xa l ch thay cho ch k nh ngy nay ta thng dng.

Ngoi Tn K v K ra cn c loi du, chc danh khng Tn K hoc chc danh khng K.
Thm ch c ngi cn ang thi k Hu b cng dng ch Hu b[276] khc vo du
cng tn h ring nh du Hu b H Trng Phin m chng ti sao li c
trong tp Cng vn cu ch[277]. (H. 203)
1. II. n t nhn trong x hi thi Nguyn

Khc vi quan n trn, T n l n t nhn nhiu lnh vc khc nhau trong x hi

thi Nguyn, tp trung ch yu cc lnh vc thng mi, vn ha ngh thut v tn gio
tn ngng. V iu kin c hn, chng ti ch gii thiu mt cch khi qut, s lc n du
t nhn trong lnh vc ny. y chng ti dng t n tn cho ph hp vi tnh
cht ca loi hnh n ny.

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Lc Hoa Vin

1. n tn trong lnh vc vn ha ngh thut thi Nguyn

Lnh vc vn ha ngh thut bao gi cng a dng phong ph v phc tp, nn n tn t

nhn trong vn ha ngh thut cng kh a dng v phc tp.

X hi u thi Nguyn xut hin nhng nh tng bn hon thin hn thi Hu L, trn
nhng n bn c ng hnh con du vung vc r rng khc tn nh tng bn. V d nh
tng bn a Vn ng thi T c cn li hnh du trong cun T lc sao[278], du
hnh vung, c 2,8x2,8cm, 3 ch Trin bn trong xp theo hng ngang, nt ch un ln l
3 ch a vn ng , nin i ca sch chp nm T c th 11 (1858). (H. 204)

Cc dng h nh Ng gia vn phi, Phan Huy, v.v u c nhng kho th vin sch ring
khi ln vi cc dng h khc.

Dng Ng gia vn phi vi du Danh gia tng th c hnh vung, kch thc
2,6x2,6cm, 4 ch Trin bn trong khc vung vc p , du c in trong cun Ng gia
vn phi[279]. (H. 205)

Dng h ni ting Bi Huy Bch cng s dng du n ring trn sch ca h. Trong cun
Hong Vit thi tuyn[280], dng ch Tn Am gia tng vit ngay ngn v bn cnh l hnh
du Danh gia hi tuyn , du hnh vung kch c 3,4x3,4cm, bn ch Trin trong
du c nt khc khc hn du ca h Ng trn. (H. 206)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Nhng c vt ngy nay cn li kh nhiu. Trn cc gm, s, ng v.v v nhng bc

tranh, th c c nhiu hnh du khc nhau, nhng bc tranh, di nhng bi th c
thng l du tn hiu cc ha s, thi gia. Vic xc nh chnh xc l tranh c Vit Nam
hay Trung Quc v thuc thi no, ng thi xc nh r hnh du trn l mt vic lm
kh khn, ch c cc ha s, thi gia lo thnh v cc nh nghin cu tranh, th c chuyn
nghip mi gii p c.

gm, s, ng thi Nguyn kh phong ph. Cc c vt Trung Quc trn ha cng tn

ti vi gm Bt Trng, Thanh Ha trn t Vit. Nhng hin vt dn tc thng khng khc
n du, chng ti ch thy nhng dng ghi nin hiu nh Gia Long nin ch v.v mt
nh l hng v di trn a, l, bnh.

T thi cha Nguyn v sau, ngoi nhng Ng dng c t lm Trung Quc, mt s

quan li v ph thng snh chi thng mua hoc t lm nhng gm s Trung Quc
v dng, trn nhng c vt ny mi c nhng hnh du n. Chuyn cng tc vo Si Gn

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Lc Hoa Vin

trc y chng ti c mt t ca c Vng Hng Sn cung cp t t liu c nh hin

vt v n du. Trong c nh mt chic a m ng knh thc ngoi l 15,5cm, mt a
v cnh vt khng in hnh ch Hn. Mt trn a c in mt du hnh vung c 4x4cm, 4
Trin trong du vit m nt, c ch khng u nhau, l 4 ch Thi lai thanh ngon
. y l a nh Thanh Trung Quc c nin i tng ng u thi Nguyn. Chic a ny
c dng vng kinh Hu thi Nguyn m sau ny c Vng Hng Sn mua li v
xp vo loi gm s c Hu. (H 207)

Ti Vin Bo tng Lch s thnh ph H Ch Minh chng ti chp nh v in c mt s

qu n v hnh du thuc lnh vc ny. n c k hiu BTLS 1202 bng , cao 16,8cm,
chiu ngang 6,2cm, khc hnh con ngh m cng ngh con ng trn mt khi hnh ch
nht. Mt du hnh ch nht ng c 2,4x6,2cm, hai ch bn trong xp theo chiu dc l 2
ch Lan sng . Du ghi tn hiu ngi l Lan Sng. (H 208 a, b)

Ngoi ra cn mt s hnh du ghi li hay p nh Ca vnh thi bnh theo hnh elp,
c c 2,2x3,3cm, 4 ch Trin khc ni xp theo hnh ch thp, hai ch ca v vnh nm
gia v rng gp i hai ch hai bn[281]. (H 209)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Nhng quan li v vn nhn gii thng khc n tn ring ghi tn hiu ca mnh, nh du
Tng tuyt trai c kiu ch Trin tht l mt v c o[282]. (H. 210)

M tp du ch Phc Lc Th theo li ch Trin c trn rt nhiu hin vt cht liu

khc nhau, v chm khc nhiu nh, n, cha trong dn gian. Mi mt ch loi ny c
rt nhiu kiu khc nhau, y th hin s phong ph mang tnh sng to v th loi ch
Trin ca nhng ngi sng tc v c cc ngh nhn iu khc. (H. 211)

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 Lc Hoa Vin

Nhng ngi chi n thng to ra nhng qu n rt nh, mt du lm theo hnh tri cy,
hoa l, khc tn hiu, hoc khc nhng m t m h thch. Trong du dng ch Trin nh
du Thun ct[283] (H. 212) hoc khc li Chn th nh du Tng hp[284] . (H
.213)

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Lc Hoa Vin

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2. n tn trong lnh vc thng mi thi Nguyn

Cng cuc ci cch ca vua Minh Mnh t nhiu thc y s i ln ca nn kinh t t

nc. Nng nghip, thy li c ch trng, vic khai thc m vng, kim loi, qu pht
trin, ngh kim hon khi phc tr li, hng nm vng bc qu v mt s mt hng khc
c tp trung n thng cng Hi An ta i cc nc.

Hi An l khu vc l tng ca gii thng mi lc , s lng ngi Hoa, Nht Bn Hi

An ngy mt tng. y c coi l trung tm cng ng Hoa kiu Vit Nam v cc nc
ng Nam trong thi nh Nguyn.

Cc ca hng mc ln xung quanh cc hi qun, vi nhng ca hng kim hon, la t tm,

vi vc, snh, s, dc phm, v.v bn s v bn l. m bo s tn thc, chc chn
v n nh lu di trong cng vic lm n, mi ch hiu u s dng n tn ring. n thng
c lm bng g, bng xng, bng ng v p, hnh thc kch c n ty theo s thch
ca mi ngi, mt du c khc ch Trin hay n gin theo li Chn th. Chuyn cng
tc vo Hi An nm 1989 chng ti c mt thng nhn ngi Vit gc Hoa cho xem
cc n tn ca tin nhn h v bn bun thi [285].

Nhng qu n y u c ngoi hnh lm n gin kiu hnh thp bng u v kiu c

Page 279
Lc Hoa Vin

nm cm, kch c to nh khc nhau. Mt du ca mi qu n cng hon ton khc nhau, ci

hnh ch nht, ci hnh vung hoc hnh trn. Bn trong du l nhng dng ch Trin hoc
Chn th, kch thc ha tit ca du c lm theo mun ch nhn ca chng. Trong
cc loi hnh n trin, y l loi n c kch thc v hnh du vo loi nh, nt khc ch
Trin rt p v cng phu. y thng l du tn h ca ch hiu v tn mt hng, hoc
ch khc tn ch hiu khng thi. l c trng ni bt v tnh t do ca n tn t nhn
trong lnh vc thng mi thi Nguyn.

Xin gii thiu mt s hnh du n m chng ti in rp c Hi An. Hai qu n nh,

du khc ch Trin ng ch n v ch Chng. Du th nht c hnh vung kch thc
1,15x1,15cm, bn ch Trin khc vung vc chia lm hai hng l 4 ch Dip Khi Minh n
. y l n du tn ring ca mt thng nhn tn l Dip Khi Minh. (H. 214)

n du th hai c hnh vung, kch thc 1x1cm, bn ch Trin khc vung vc rt p xp

hai hng l bn ch Dip Truyn Anh chng . y cng l n du ca mt t
thng gi l Dip Truyn Anh. (H. 215)

Cc ca hng ln h thng dng my loi n du khc nhau. Ngoi n tn ring cn c n

ln tn bn hiu v n ha n ring. Nhng n du ny thng khc theo th Chn th v
c kch thc ln hn du tn ring rt nhiu. iu c bit y l loi du ny t lm
ng vin vng ngoi mt du, do khi p ln giy s cho mt, hai hoc ba dng ch
Hn bnh thng. Nu khng t tay cm n ng trn vn bn, m ch xem du ch Chn
trn giy nh nhng dng ch Hn in, th c l chng ti cng cha dm khng nh y l

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Lc Hoa Vin

nhng hnh du trong lnh vc thng mi. Tt c n loi ny u c lm bng g, c

nm cm, theo th hnh ch nht hoc gn ch nht. Nh du Dip ng Xun c
kch thc 2,5x7,5cm. Ba ch Hn xp theo hng dc, kiu Chn th ch ln rt r rng,
y l du hiu ca hng gi l Dip ng Xun. (H. 216)

C khi hai loi n du ca mt ca hng (mt du tn hiu v mt du ha n) c cng

mt hnh thc, kch c, kiu ch v cch b cc vn t du. Trn dng ch du khc hai
ch Chn Hi An xp ngang, c nh bng na ch ca dng du, nh du Hi An Dip
ng Nguyn hiu th ng c kch thc 1,2x7,2cm. y l du cho hiu
sch Dip ng Nguyn Hi An. (H. 217)

V du Hi An Dip ng Nguyn pht ha n . y l du ha n ca

hiu Dip ng Nguyn trn (H. 218)

Ca hng kim hon v dc phm ca ngi Hoa Hi An li s dng n du c hnh th

khc bit. Khi ng du trn giy s thnh 3 dng ch Hn: dng gia ch ln gp i ch
ca hai dng bn. Nh du ca ca hiu kim hon gc ngi tnh Qung ng c kch thc
3x5cm, ch khc du theo th Chn th. Nm dng ch gia l Qung ng di xng
m , bn ch dng bn tri l Bn hiu i th , bn ch dng bn phi l
Thp tc kim dip . (H. 219)

y l n du ca ca hng kim hon vo loi ln lc by gi, tn hiu gn lin vi a danh

qu hng ca h. iu ny cng ni ln c s tn thc, m bo trong vic bun bn
lm n, nht li l i vi loi hng l vng, bc phi s dng loi cn tiu ly. Vic khng
nh loi vng l mi tui (thp tc kim dip) trong hnh du, n c gi tr hn nhiu v
lng tin so vi chic cn tiu ly ca bn tim i vi khch hng n mua v bn. Ngy nay
cc tim kim hon ca ta vn s dng n ring trn vng bc v ha n, nhng l ch
Quc ng v s La M.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Con du ch Chn duy nht c ng vin m chng ti in rp c Hi An l n du ca

ca hng bng vi xa. n bng g c nm n ngn, mt du c kch thc 2,5x3,9cm, ch
trong du theo th Chn th. Pha trn l hai ch Hi An vit ngang, di l ba dng

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Lc Hoa Vin

ch Hn xp theo hng dc. Hai ch Min xng gia vit ln gp i cc ch khc,

l tn bn hiu, bn ch bn tri l Pht ha chng , bn ch bn phi l Chi
th bt chun . (H. 220)

Ch Chng cng nh ch n , y ch loi n du ca ca hiu bn hng ny, v

dng ch trn nh l mt khu hiu khng ch i vi nhng ngi mua hng m i vi
nhng thnh vin ca bn hiu bn hng na.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Nhng ca hng dc Hi An m ngy nay chu cht vn duy tr c ngh nghip ca t

tin h, cn hng ha th c mt khp mi ni trn t nc. Nh hiu Nh Thin ng c
gc gc t tnh Qung ng, Trung Quc, xut hin nc ta t thi Nguyn s v cn tn
ti cho n by gi, khng ai l khng bit n hiu du Nh Thin ng. Con du Qung
ng nh thin ng c t thi Nguyn cn lu gi c th x Hi An l minh
chng. (H. 221)

S phong ph ca n tn t nhn trong thng mi thi Nguyn khng ch Hi An -

Nng, m cn tim n Bc k vi thnh H Ni c knh v Nam b mt vng Si Gn -
Ch Ln sm ut. Ti Vin Bo tng Lch s Thnh ph H Ch Minh chng ti in chp

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 Lc Hoa Vin

c mt s n du ca thng nhn thi Nguyn, xin nu mt v d cui cng ca mc

ny, n c k hiu BTLS 1368 bng ng, cao 4,2cm, chiu ngang 2,5cm, hnh mt con vt
ng trn khi hnh ch nht. Mt du hnh ch nht ng c 0,8x2,5cm, bn ch Trin xp
theo mt hng l bn ch M nh tho ng . y l n du ca mt bn hiu
Si Gn - Ch Ln c tn l M nh tho ng. (H. 222a&b).

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3. n tn trong lnh vc Tn gio tn ngng thi Nguyn

X hi phong kin thi Nguyn rp khun hon ton theo khun mu ca x hi phong kin
Vit Nam trc n. T tng Tam gio (Nho gio, Pht gio v o gio) n su cm r
vo con ngi Vit Nam qua nhiu th h. mt x hi phong kin ngho nn lc hu, b
tc chng cht khin con ngi lun tm n tn gio tn ngng, hy vng mt s gii thot
hu hiu. Tm linh h n ca Pht, thnh, thn, ng hong, b cha v.v mt tm lng
thnh nhng mong c bnh an v gii hn. Li thnh cu ca h c gi gm vo l s
ha cng vng m, vo l ba dng trn ym v.v Trn nhng l s, l ba thng
c in hnh con du ring bit c trng cho loi hnh s v tng loi ba khc nhau.

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Lc Hoa Vin

Khng nh l s c lu hnh rng ri t do, l ba ch c cc thy cng, thy ph thy.

Khi gia ch yu cu v vic g th thy s cho o ba ng yu cu . Nhng ngi dng
nh mi, d t c d hay khng, nhng l Nhp trch h thng mi thy hnh l v t
ba Trn trch nhiu ch trong ngi nh. Trn l ba, ngoi nhng dng ghi ch Hn,
nhng nt ba ch cn in mt hoc hai ba hnh n du. Khng ch c mt m c vi ba loi
ba Trn trch khc nhau. Hnh du mi loi cng hon ton khc nhau, ci hnh vung,
ci hnh ch nht, ci to, ci nh v.v Nhng gia nh c ngi mi mt b phm vo ngy
gi trng tang, trng phc hay nht Sa, nh Sa, tam Sa v.v, gia ch mi thy v hnh l.
Thy cho nhiu ba khc nhau. Ngoi cc l ba ym m, cng ng, tm gc trn di
trong nh, cc ca, ba cun vo tay ngi mt, v dn trong o quan, l ba to p vo
mt ngi mt, v dn trn cc ca ra vo v.v Ngoi ba trn trch v ba tang ma ra
cn nhiu loi ba khc na c cc nt trc, phc v nhng nt v, vit long ngong cc
k kh hiu. mt s loi ba thng c in hnh con du khc nhau, nhng hnh du ny
u c ng t mi qu n cha, n hay in th.

Qua nhng chuyn cng tc n nhiu cha, n, in th khc nhau chng ti in chp
c mt s hin vt n tn bng g. S n ny c lm theo nhiu kiu khc nhau, nhng
u c im chung l hnh th n gin, nm cm thp, n mng, vn khc theo th ch
Trin v cng c cht liu t g o, g l. Theo li k ca nhng ngi gi n v xem xt
c th tng qu n, chng ti ch c th xc nh nhng n ny c nin i khong trn
di 100 nm, tc l vo giai on cui thi Nguyn. Trong s c n c qut sn ta
mu , c n th mc.

u tin xin ni n qu n dng ng trn s mt ngi cha Thng Tn, H Ty. n

hnh vung thun theo hnh thp thp, nm nh c khc ch Thng . Du hnh vung
kch thc 7x7cm, vin ngoi khc ha tit, bn trong l 4 ch Trin Pht php tng bo
(Bo n ca Pht - php - tng, cn c ngha l Tam bo). Du Pht php tng bo
chuyn dng ng trn l s. Hin nay nhiu cha, n cn lu gi n g c ni dung vn
khc ging nh qu n ny. (H. 223 a,b,c)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Nm 1998 chng ti c mt cn b vn ha tnh Lai Chu cung cp bn chp v du ca

mt qu n ng m ng chp t hin vt c lu mt ngi n c thuc Lai Chu.
n c nm cm hnh mt con th ngi vn c ngng u, chng chn trc, chiu cao n
l 7,5cm, n hnh vung kch thc 5,3x5,3cm. Mt du hnh vung bng c mt n,
vin ngoi khc ha tit, bn trong l 4 ch khc theo li Chn, l 4 ch Pht php tng
bo, hai ch Pht, php c khc theo kiu phn th . y l qu n ng c hnh
th l v vn khc khc vi kiu ch thng dng trong n chng. (H. 224 a,b,c)

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Lc Hoa Vin

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Lc Hoa Vin

Ngoi s t n tn c ni dung trng lp Pht gio, cn li hu ht l nhng n tn thuc

o gio. S n ny hin c lu gi nhiu ngi n, in th c Thnh Trn Hng
o, tam, t ph cng ng, Ngc hong thng , ch v Thnh mu cng cc t b
cha, ng hong v.v Xin c gii thiu mt s n bng g tiu biu. Nhng qu n ny
c hnh thc khc nhau, nm n chic no lm n gin th mc, chic no o gt cn
thn th qut sn ta. Mt n khc vin ra cnh, ch Trin khc vung vc v r nt.
n th nht lm theo kiu hnh thp bng u, ngoi ph lp sn ta c, cao 4,8cm. Mt
hnh vung c 3,3x3,3cm c khc ch Thng (). Mt trn hnh vung c 4,2x4,2cm.
Mt du hnh vung bng c mt n, vin ngoi 0,5cm, bn trong l 4 ch Trin Kip
Bc linh ph . y l ph n ng trn cc o ba n Kip Bc. (H. 225 a,b,c)

Cc n tip theo di y u c chung hnh thc l nm cm ngn, gn nh khng c

chiu cao ca n, phn dy ca n gn lin vi nm cm. Qu n c phn mt n
khc ng g ln gc, nm cm thp nhng rng v cnh un hnh sng nc, trn mt
khc ch Chnh () Mt n hnh vung kch thc 5,5x5,5cm. Mt du hnh vung bng
c n, vin ngoi 0,8cm, bn trong l 4 ch Trin Tam ph cng ng (). y

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Lc Hoa Vin

l n du ban Tam ph cng ng. Theo quan nim o gio Tam ph tc l ba ph

Thin ph, a ph v Thy ph. o gio nc ta, Tam ph cng ng l ban th
ln chnh tht th ch v Thnh mu. nht Thng thin (Tng l mu Liu Hnh),
nh Thng ngn (Mu Thng ngn) v tam Thoi ph (Mu Thoi - tc mu Thu
ph). V sau ny mt s n, in th ban Tam ph cng ng cn th thm nhiu hnh
tng khc, b cc xp t cng khng c thng nht, l s bin tng kh phc tp
ca o gio Vit Nam. (H. 226 a,b)

Page 290
Lc Hoa Vin

Mt qu n khc c ton thn mc, nm ngn n gin, n mng hnh ch nht, kch
thc 6,9x8,3cm. Mt n li khc khun du hnh l ng, kch thc 6,7x8,1cm khc

hai ng vin ra cnh c 0,5cm. Bn ch Trin trong du xp theo b cc . Nt ch

un nhiu nt theo hnh l nn tng i kh c, l 4 ch Ngc hong thng
y l n ca Ngc Hong Thng (H. 227 a,b,c)

Theo quan nim ca o gio th Ngc Hong Thng l v cao nht ca cc v

thn thnh, cng mun loi c ba ci thin nh, trn gian, m ph. Khng ch o gio
m nhiu gio phi khc trn th gii t xa n nay cng tn sng v th phng Ngc
Hong Thng .

Tip theo l qu n cng c ton thn mc, nm cm nh, n hi dy lm theo hnh

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Lc Hoa Vin

vung, kch thc 5,7x5,7cm, bn ch Trin khc vung vc, ch Hn th 2 c nt un ko

di, l 4 ch Bc u namto . y l n du ca Nam To Bc u (H. 228 a,b,c)

Theo quan nim ca o gio th Nam To, Bc u l hai bn t, hu ca Ngc Hong

Thng . T Nam To Din th tinh qun c t bn tri Ngc hong, coi sc v tui
th ca chng sinh. Hu Bc u Gii ch tinh qun t bn phi Ngc Hong, trng coi
v sc kho v bnh tt ca chng sinh.

Mt qu n na c dy v nm cm trung bnh, ton b n c qut sn ta mu .

Mt n hnh vung kch thc 6,5x6,5cm, du hnh vung kch thc bng mt n,
vin ngoi c 1cm. Bn ch Trin khc nt ngn l 4 ch Ng h i tng . y
l n ca nm i tng h (H. 229 a, b, c)

Page 292
Lc Hoa Vin

Theo quan nim ca o gio th Ng h tng trng cho nm thn tng trn gi 5
phng (ng, Ty, Nam, Bc v Trung ng). Nm h vi nm mu sc khc nhau c
nh theo mu sc ca ng hnh phng v l h en, h , h xanh, h trng v h vng.
H vng bao gi cng c t gia (trung ng th). n v in th no ca o gio
Vit Nam cng c am th Ng h hoc c h. Cng c nhiu n du hnh c h, loi con
du ny c khc hnh mt con h, bn gc quanh h khc 4 ch kim , mc , thy ,
ha v bng h l ch th . N tng trng cho ng h 5 phng 4 hng khc nhau.
(H. 230)

Page 293
Lc Hoa Vin

Ngoi n ng h v c h trn cn c n Ng h tng n c hnh thc n v chc

nng, ni dung vn khc c ngha tng t n Ng h i tng. Ring kch thc mt
n (tc mt du) c nh hn mt cht, n c c 5,7x5,7cm. (H. 231)

mt s in, n th c ban th Ngc Hong Thng cn thy tng Thin li thn

tng. Hnh tng Thin li thn tng cng c th hin qua ph n vi hnh du c 4
ch Trin Thin li thn tng . (H. 232)

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Lc Hoa Vin

Theo cc o s, thy php th nhng con du trn c dng ng vo l ba, l s m h

c bn khc in sn, hoc l nhng bn cn vit tay. Trc khi tn ch n cu cng xin
ba, s v nh th nhng l s, l ba c ng hnh du c dng ln in th thy
hnh l, ku cu sao cho c linh nghim. y th hin r s gn b gia in th v
con du ca bn in, hay ni mt cch khc l s gn b mt thit gia ph n v hnh
tng thnh thn c tn th.

Ni v o gio Vit Nam l ni n c Thnh Trn vi bao ngi n th, in th, ban th
Trn Hng Do trn khp t nc ta. Rt nhiu im di tch ny cn lu gi n tn v vn
bn Hn Nm c lu hnh du v Trn Hng o. Mt s n c nin i kh cao nh s n
g m chng ti gii thiu mc Thc trng n chng thi L trung hng trong Phn
I. Cn hu ht n c nin i vo khong cui thi Nguyn. Nhng qu n ny c ni dung
vn khc ging nhau nh Trn Hng o n, Trn triu Hng o, Trn Hng o vng
n. Phn cui ny xin c gii thiu mt qu n ln c ni dung vn khc kh c bit ni
v v thnh linh thing ca chng ta.

n hin nay c bo qun Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam ti H Ni. C k hiu
LSB1425/245, nin i n c to tc khong cui thi Nguyn. n c cht liu g, hnh
th n gin nm cm ngn lin . Mt n hnh du c kch thc 10,3x11,5cm, vin
ngoi rng v khc ha tit. Vn khc c 12 ch Trin xp theo 3 hng dc, l 12 ch
Cu thin v Trn triu Hng o i vng chi n tc n ca
Cu thin V Hng o i vng triu Trn[286]. (H. 233)

Page 295
Lc Hoa Vin

Trn Hng o khi mt c vua Trn truy tng l Thi s Thng ph Thng quc cng
Nhn V Hng o i vng. Nhiu t liu ch Hn v mt s n g cn gi n ngy nay
cng ch ghi l Hng o i vng, ring qu n ny th li ghi thm my ch Cu thin
V . Trong tn ngng ca o gio Vit Nam, cc bc thnh thn nh Tn Vin Sn
thnh, Cao Sn v.v cng ch c phong l i Vng, khng v no c xng c.
n du ny chng minh cho vic Trn Hng o, mt v tn thn duy nht ca nc ta
c phong l Cu thin V . Ti sao mt con ngi bng xng bng tht nh Trn
Hng o thi Trn li c tn sng nh mt v thnh, v cao nht trong th gii tm
linh ca ngi dn Vit Nam nh vy (?)

Trn Quc Tun sinh ngy 10 thng 12 nm Bnh tut nin hiu Kin Trung th 2 (1226)
thi Trn[287]. ng l con An Sinh Vng Trn Liu v Thun Thin Cng cha L Th
Nguyt. i Vit s k tin bin ghi v ng: Khi mi sinh ra c ngi xem tng trng
thy bo rng: Ngi ny ngy sau c th cu nc gip i, n khi ln ln dung mo
khi ng thng minh hn ngi, c rng cc sch, c ti vn v[288]. Sau ny ng
tr thnh mt v tng ti ba v nm Thiu Bo th 5 (1283) ng c tin phong lm Quc
cng Tit ch thng lnh ch qun. Trn Quc Tun lm nn trang s ho hng ca dn
tc Vit Nam vi chin cng oanh lit ba ln chin thng gic Nguyn Mng.

Nm Trng Hng th 5 (1289) khi triu nh xt cng trng, ng c tin phong lm Hng
o i vng, c ngi i tn lm anh hng dn tc v hu th coi nh mt ngi
Tri xung gip nc cu i.

Page 296
 Lc Hoa Vin

Sinh vi tng t vi thn, sinh ra lm tng gip dn gip nc, mt i cng lm thn gip
dn gip nc. Khi qua i, tng truyn Trn Hng o thnh thn, thnh thnh hin
linh cu gip chng sinh, c ng thi v hu th tn th, l tm linh tn gio ca
nhn dn ta m bit bao in, n th c thnh Trn cn tn ti n nay nh mt minh
chng sinh ng. Theo t liu dn gian do nh nghin cu Hn Nm Hong Gip su tm
c th sau khi mt, Trn Hng o ln thin nh nhn lnh ch ca Ngc Hong
Thng lm Cu thin V . c nhim v tr o khp c ba ci l Thng gii
(thin nh), Trung gii (trn gian) v H gii (m ph) Cu thin V lun hin ha
ci tri Nam gip dn gip nc.

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1.

Page 297
Lc Hoa Vin

Nghin cu n chng Vit Nam t th k XV n cui th k XIX gn b mt thit vi

Hong v thit ch t chc hnh chnh t trung ng xung a phng ca cc triu i
phong kin Vit Nam t thi L s n thi Nguyn. n chng biu th quyn lc ca
Hong , ca chnh quyn cc cp, ca mi c quan v n v qun i v mang tnh php
lnh quc gia.

Ngay khi ln ngi t L Thi T, L Thnh Tng n Gia Long, Minh Mnh thi Nguyn song
song vi vic ban hnh chiu sc chnh s l vic ra ch d ch tc v s dng Bo T cng
cc loi n chng khc. Mi mt Bo, T, n, Chng, Quan phng, k v.v u c
cch s dng ring v dng cho mt loi vn th ch nh. Cc Bo n Ch co chi bo, Sc
mnh chi bo, Ng tin chi bo v.v vi chc nng ring bit c duy tr t u thi L s
n ht thi Nguyn l in hnh ca tnh lch s k tha n chng qua nm triu i. Bo
n Tin nhu chi bo dng ng trn sc phong thi Ty Sn mang nt c th ring ca Bo
T Vit Nam. Ngc T i Nam thin t chi t i Minh Mnh dng ng trn cc vn kin
ban sc th cho ngi nc ngoi, vt ra ngoi tnh cht ni tr mang ngha trn
trng quc t. Quc hiu i Nam c khc trn mt n ngc biu th t tng quc
gia c lp v thc t ho dn tc.

Cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh triu L Thnh Tng v triu Minh Mnh t trung ng xung
a phng u dn n s thay i v n chng. Nhng c quan mi thnh lp, chc
nng mi c b nhim s c ban cp mt loi n tn mi; hoc vic thay i chc v
cp bc ca mt vn quan hay v tng cng u c s thay i n chng, n mi vi tn
gi mi s thay th cho n c.

Ci cch hnh chnh a phng cng l cuc ci cch n chng ti a phng. i L

Thnh Tng khi chia t nc thnh 12 o Tha tuyn, i chc L An ph s lm Tri ph
l vic ban ra n Tri ph thay cho n An ph s. i Minh Mnh, s chm ht ca Chng
v Tn Chng cng l s nh hnh hon ton ca n, Quan phng khi giai on tn quyn
chm dt nm 1832. n k ngy thm hon thin khi chnh quyn cp ph, phn ph,
huyn, chu thnh cng trong ci cch. Kim k ra i khi nh Nguyn cho thit lp cc
ca thnh, ca khu, ca bin, n trm. K Trin ca Tng, L nm trong quy ch
thi k m ci cch hnh chnh ph, huyn hon thnh. S thay i v hon chnh n,
Quan phng cng k trong binh ch qun i gp phn khng nh trong nghin cu h
thng n chng. Vic hon thin v n nh dn ca n chng i Minh Mnh a tnh
t do ca Tn K vo trong quy ch chung.

Mi loi hnh n, t Bo T ca Hong xung n K Trin ca Tng, L u biu th cho

quyn lc. Vi Bo T l tng trng ca quyn i din cho mt quc gia, mt dn tc.
Vi Tng, L l quyn lc bt kh khng ca chnh quyn x thn, vic tun th l tuyt i
v nh mt nh lut bt bin. Tnh php quyn ca n chng y c cc Hong t
thi L s n Nguyn ging cao bng nhng ch d m chnh s phi ghi li. N ph hp
vi ch qun ch chuyn ch, t tng chnh tr cao php tr v c tn Nho gio nht
l trong thi Nguyn.

S pht trin v hon thin ca n chng Vit Nam t th k XV n cui th k XIX

tc ng tch cc tr li i vi cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh, cng c ch trung ng

Page 298
 Lc Hoa Vin

tp quyn ca cc vng triu t L s n Nguyn. Bin c 1885, ngi Php chnh thc
t quyn bo h, cng l lc chnh th nh Nguyn suy sp, iu khin cho h thng
n chng mt mt nhiu c v s lng ln cht lng.

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2.

Nghin cu n chng Vit Nam t th k XV n cui th k XIX l nghin cu vn bn

Hn Nm. Mi hnh du l mt vn bn Hn Nm hon thin, vn bn ny ng c lp
hoc nm trong mt vn bn Hn Nm khc. y l c th ring m ch c loi hnh n
du.

Mi hin vt n chng s cho ra i vn bn Hn Nm, y c coi l mt vn bn hon

thin v trung thnh nht. Vic phin ch Trin ra ch Chn ca Hn t trong du l thao
tc u tin v tt yu ca ngi nghin cu n chng. Ch n du t thi L s n
triu Gia Long thi Nguyn c nt khc vung vc un nhiu nt, nn kh phin gii. T i
Minh Mnh tr i, ch Trin trong du nt khc mm v ngn hn, nhiu hnh du t dng
gn nh ch L nn vic phin gii c thun li.

Page 299
Lc Hoa Vin

Vic phin gii trc ht phi xc nh n du thuc loi hnh no (Bo T, n hay Quan
phng), thuc t chcno (lc B, qun i hay chnh quyn a phng) v thi k
no (L s, Mc, L Trung hng, Ty Sn hay Nguyn). C nhng ch Trin vi nhiu kiu
vit khc nhau cc loi hnh n khc nhau, thm ch cng trong mt loi hnh n thc s
gy kh khn trong vic phin gii. n gin nh mt ch n () trong du cng c ti
vi chc kiu vit khc nhau. nhng hnh du c lp, cng tc vn bn phin gii kh
hn du in trn vn bn Hn Nm.

Qua hnh du n c th xc nh ngay c loi hnh vn bn l sc phong, lnh ch hay vn

bn hnh chnh no. Du Sc mnh chi bo, Tin nhu chi bo, Phong tng chi bo khng
nh ngay vn bn l sc phong. Du Bnh An vng t cng du Ngc T ca cc cha
Trnh khc hay du Hong thi t th tn cho ta bit l cc bn Lnh ch. Nhng du
chnh quyn cc cp thng l cc vn bn hnh chnh thuc dng vn th ngoi gi v
Kinh hoc chuyn ngang. Nhng du ca Ni cc hay lc B th hin vn bn hnh chnh
thuc dng vn th ni gi xung chnh quyn cc cp hay trc Ty tun nhn.

Nu trn vn bn c hnh du n, Chng hoc Tn chng in di ch Nht hoc di

bn phi dng ghi nin hiu, th vic khng nh l vn bn i Gia Long n trc nm
1823 l chnh xc. Tt c nhng hnh du n, Quan nhng, k ng trn mt ch
Nguyt ca dng nin i th chc chn l t gia i Minh Mnh tr v sau.

Qua hnh du c th xc nh c ch ghi nin hiu b mt, rch. Trng hp du kim Bc

thnh trnh by l mt v d. Nhng nt ch thay cho hnh du dng nin hiu, c du
kim ca cp ch qun chng thc bn cnh gip cho vic xc nh bn chnh hay bn
ph c chnh xc.

Qua hnh du trn vn bn c th bit ngay c vn bn l bt tch ca mt v Hong

, i thn hay tng lnh, ng thi cn bit c c l bt tch ca v Hong , i
thn no, tng lnh no. K c vic vn bn khng ghi nin i hoc dng ghi nin hiu b
rch mt. Du T c thn hn Chng 1 phn II l minh chng c th[289].

Trn mt hoc hai trang vn bn Hn Nm xut hin nhiu hnh du khc nhau th c coi
l vn bn quan trng. Nu l hnh du ca chc quan cao cp th tm quan trng ca vn
bn cng c nng cao. Trn mt vn bn c hnh du Sung bin ni cc s v quan
phng thi Nguyn th ta bit ngay l mt bn sao t mt bn gc chnh c bt tch ca
Hong . Bn sao ny khi pht xung cc trc Ty tun nhn th v hnh trung c coi
l bn chnh theo thc thi. Mt bn sao ca Ni cc trn, ng thi c coi nh mt
bn chnh th chc chn ngy nay n s c cng nhn l mt bn chnh gc. Cch nh
gi chnh xc v hai dng vn bn ny trong mng cng vn ti liu Hn Nm rt hu ch
trong cng tc vn bn hc v cc lnh vc Lu tr, Bo tng.

Qua n du xc nh c chnh xc tc gi, tc phm nht l nhng dng h hoc tc gia

ni ting. Du Danh gia tng th ca dng Ng gia vn phi v du Danh gia hi tuyn ca
Bi Huy Bch chng minh cho lp lun ny.

Page 300
 Lc Hoa Vin

n du trn vn bn Hn Nm l mt trong cc du tch cng nhn ng tin cy nht, to

cho vn bn mt gi tr v uy tn cao i vi ngi tip nhn. Mt ti liu Hn Nm y
(nht l mng cng vn ti liu hnh chnh, a b) m khng c du n, s s khng c
coi l ti liu gc. Du tch cng nhn bng n chng li cng khng nht thit phi l,
hoc ch l hnh du ca mt ngi hay mt c quan tho ra. M trn ng i ca mt vn
bn, nhng du n khc c th c ln lt thm vo, m nu khng c chng vn bn s
khng c coi l mt vn bn hon thin.

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3.

Nghin cu n chng t th k XV n cui th k XIX ti hin mt cch khi qut ton

b lch s, x hi, vn ha v nhng nhn vt lch s ng thi.

Nh L s bt u s nghip dng nc t i Thi T, Thi Tng v nh cao l i Thnh

Tng vi cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh quy m ng b t trung ng xung a phng,
t lc lng qun i n cc c quan dn s. Ch tam Snh b bi b, h thng lc B
c hon chnh v t y c nng cao vai tr gi tr. Lch s m mang b ci chinh pht

Page 301
Lc Hoa Vin

Chim Thnh cn lu tch trn sc phong c du Kim Bo Sc mnh chi bo. Thng li ny
i lin vi tn tui L Thnh Tng cng cc quan tng nh Trung qun thng Phm Nh
Tng Nhng n c Phng mnh tun ph tng qun n v thng tng qun chi n
lu li chng tch v tn chc Tng qun ca giai on L s.

Nghin cu ba qu n thi Mc Khung tr v lng xuyn tin s chi n, Honh hi hu s

chi n v Thanh ti t s chi n gn nh ti hin phn no bc tranh v lc lng qun i
nh Mc cng nh giai on chin tranh khc lit gia hai tp on phong kin L - Mc.

T cc bn Lnh ch c in du T n ca cc cha Trnh m bt u bng Lnh ch ca Bnh

An vng Trnh Tng nm 1599 n Lnh ch ca oan Nam vng Trnh Tng nm 1785,
lch s x hi thi L - Trnh cng c phi by. Nhng t liu ny rt c ngha trong vic
nghin cu, nh gi v s kin v nhn vt lch s ca mt thi k mi trong th ch
phong kin Vit Nam tn ti c Vua v Cha. Giai on ny cn lu li n nay khng t
hnh n du trn cc dng t liu hin vt khc nhau. l hnh nhng du c khc trn
bia , ma nhai, bin g, n i lin vi bt tch ca mt s nhn vt lch s ng thi.

Thi Ty Sn tn ti tuy khng lu nhng n chng giai on ny kh phong ph v a

dng. L nhng n tn ca tng lnh qun i v my chc vn bn c in hnh du cc loi
ca triu nh v c quan n v khc nhau. ng li v chnh sch ca nh Ty Sn th
hin trn cc sc, chiu, ch, d c ng du Qung vn chi bo, Sc mnh chi bo, Tin
nhu chi bo. Hnh nh ca Quang Trung - Nguyn Hu ti hin qua cc vn bn gi La Sn
phu t gn lin vi du Qung vn chi bo v Ng dng chi bo. Nhng ngi con ca
Quang Trung k tc s nghip c lu tch trn hnh du Hong thi t chi bo v Khm
sai tit ch hu khang kim dn th v chi n. S kin lch s cng cc vn thn v tng
xut sc nh Trn Vn K, Nguyn Vn Thn, Nguyn Vn T cn li du tch trn vn
bn Hn Nm vi cc hnh du Trung th lnh chi chng, Ngh An trn ph chng v i
t m chi n v.v

Thi Nguyn bt u vi ng li chnh sch ca Gia Long trong thi k tn quyn l vic
bin cc i tng cm qun tr thnh cc i quan cai tr v mt hnh chnh cp doanh,
trn v thnh. Tng ng vi chnh sch trn l vic thay i n tng qun bng n hnh
chnh. Nhng nhn vt lch s nh i tng Nguyn Vn Thnh vi du Tin qun chi n
tr thnh Tng trn Nguyn Vn Thnh cng du Bc thnh tng trn chi n.

Cng cuc ci cch ca Minh Mnh chm dt thi k tn quyn v bt u giai on

trung ng tp quyn. Ch Vn quan tn Nho c ging cao vi vic hon thin h
thng lc B, lc T, thit lp ch nha, Ni cc v.v Nm 1827 t chc hng ng lnh o
lc B c hon thin, vic thay i n kim trong h thng ny mi hon chnh. Thng
th mi B c coi l chc quan cao nht trong hng vn quan, nhng hnh du Quan
phng gn lin vi nhng nhn vt tn tui l nhng Thng th, Tham tri, Th lang, Bin l
lc B nh Trn Li Trinh, Hong Kim Xn, Nguyn ng Tun, Don Un, Trng ng
Qu v.v

Nhng n du ca tng lnh qun i Nguyn trn vn bn Hn Nm, gp phn khng

nh trong vic tm hiu lch s, x hi, nhn vt thi Nguyn v vai tr ca qun i trong

Page 302
 Lc Hoa Vin

gn mt th k. Du Trn ty tng qun chi n ca Trng Minh Ging, Nguyn Vn

Trng, Dng Vn Phong in nm 1838 gip cho vic nh gi lp trng chnh tr ca Minh
Mnh i vi cc nc ln bang ng thi. Hai du Thng c tiu b qun v quan phng
ca Nguyn Tri Phng v Tham tn qun v quan phng ca Phm Th Hin, gn lin vi
vn bn Hn Nm ghi v cuc khng chin chng Php ca triu nh Hu v nhn dn Nam
B thi T c. Cng vi hai du trn, hnh du c tiu b qun v quan phng ca
Tn Tht Hn chng t trong chin tranh (thi T c) c nhng chc v, cp bc v
vic binh c t ra thm, hoc gn thm chc cho mt chc c sn, m vn trong quy
ch chc v, cp bc ca b Binh thi Nguyn khng thy ghi.

Nghin cu n chng thi Nguyn cng thy c vic lp ph Tn nhn ca cc vua

Nguyn mang mu sc chnh tr r nt. Ph Tn nhn nh mt t chc ring vi ch u
i c bit. Hng trm n qu c ban phong cng cp sch vng, bc cho Hong thi t,
Hong t, Hong thn v.v cha k s lng n vng, bc ca Hong thi hu, Thi phi.

Kim ngc Bo T ca Hong l nh cao ca cc loi hnh n chng thi Nguyn. Con
ngi ca Gia Long, Minh Mnh, Thiu Tr, T c v cc vua khc gn nh hin ra bn
cnh cc ch d v Bo T ca h. Nhng s kin trng i ca dn tc Vit Nam thi
Nguyn lu li trn vn bn Hn Nm gn lin vi cc Bo T: Quc gia tn bo thi Gia
Long nh mt khu hiu ging cao t tng quc gia dn tc. Hong chi bo ca Minh
Mnh in trn cc sc th, vn kin quan trng gi i nc ngoi. i Nam th thin vnh
mnh truyn quc t l s kin ch tc c mt khng hai ko di nhiu thng tri cui i
Thiu Tr. i Nam hong chi t nh du quan im chnh tr gia hai nc Php - Vit
thi T c, cn Ng tin chi bo v Vn l mt st c nhc n nhiu ln trong chnh
s

Bc tranh x hi i thng thi Nguyn c ti hin qua n tn t nhn mt s lnh vc.

Du Danh gia tng th, Danh gia hi tuyn nhc ta nh ti nhng dng vn phi ni danh
ng thi. Du trn gm, du ghi tn hiu v.v l bc tranh sinh ng ca n tn vn
ha ngh thut. n du ca nhiu tim bun Hi An, Si Gn chng t x hi thi Nguyn
bc vo ngng ca ca nn kinh t hng ha th trng. Hnh du l s l ba cn
lu hnh ti ngy nay l mt chng minh v s vnh cu ca tn gio, tn ngng trong con
ngi Vit Nam.

Ngh thut iu khc chm tr t th k XV n cui th k XIX sng li t nhiu qua

vic ch tc cc loi hnh n chng. Mi qu n l mt hnh rng, s t, k ln hay tri ni
v.v t hnh rng my un ln trn n ln bng ngc ca Hong n chic n g nh
xu ca mt thng dn u do bn tay, khi c v tm huyt ca ngi th to nn.

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Lc Hoa Vin

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4.

Nghin cu n chng Vit Nam t th k XV n cui th k XIX mt cch h thng c

ngha thc tin i vi cng cuc ci cch hnh chnh ca chng ta hin nay.

Bt c mt cuc ci cch hnh chnh trung ng hay a phng cng tt yu phi thay
i n chng. Nu ci cch hnh chnh tin hnh ng b t trung ng xung a phng,
t lc lng qun i n nhng n v kinh t ring l mang tnh cht quc gia v biu
th tnh php lnh, th vic thay i n chng l mt vn quan trng v cp thit.

Nghin cu n chng Vit Nam v tham kho thc trng h thng n chng giai on
hin i cho n nay ca nc ta, vi nhiu v lm gi n chng cc loi, nhiu v giy t
ng du gi b phanh phui Nhiu hnh du c hnh thc, kch c, b cc, kiu ch, ha
tit rt ging nhau hoc cha hp l Nhng im ny d gy nhm ln v hn ch trong
cng tc hnh chnh, kim tra, chng thc, thng k k ton v.v Do chng ti thy cn
phi c mt cng trnh k tip ca n chng giai on cn i v hin i. Cng trnh ny
c th vi tn gi n chng trong h thng hnh chnh Vit Nam t cui th k XIX n
cui th k XX. Trong vai tr ca n chng trong ci cch hnh chnh s c trnh by
y . y l mt cng trnh mang ngha khoa hc v cp thit, chng ti hi vng s
c thc hin trong mt thi gian khng xa.

Page 304
 Lc Hoa Vin

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TI LIU THAM KHO

A. Sch ting Vit

1. Bng i chiu m dng lch 2000 nm v Nin biu lch s, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1976.

2. Bi Dng Lch: Ngh An k, Nxb. KHXH, H.1993.

3. Di sn Hn Nm Vit Nam - Th mc yu - Trn Ngha & Gros F ng ch bin, Nxb.

KHXH, H. 1993.

4. i Nam chnh bin lit truyn, TV Vin NCHN, KH: D.1087 - D.1014.

5. i Nam in l, Nh in Tn Tht L, Si Gn, 1962.

6. i Nam hi in tot yu v quan ch i Minh Mnh, TV Vin NCHN, KH: LA.13.

Page 305
Lc Hoa Vin

7. i Nam lit truyn tin bin, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1995.

8. i Nam nht thng ch, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1970 - 71.

9. i Nam thc lc chnh bin, Nxb. S hc, 1963.

10. i Vit s k ton th, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1974 v 1985.

11. i Vit s k tin bin, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1997.

12. i Vit s k tc bin, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1991.

13. o Duy Anh: Lch s Vit Nam, Nxb. Vn Ha, H. 1958.

14. o Duy Anh: t nc Vit Nam qua cc i, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1964.

15. Vn Ninh: Tin c Vit Nam, Nxb. KHXH, HN. 1992.

16. Vn Ninh: T in chc quan Vit Nam, Nxb. Thanh nin, H. 2002.

17. inh Khc Thun: Lch s triu Mc qua th tch v vn bia, Nxb. KHXH, H. 2001.

18. H Vn Tn - Trn Quc Vng: Lch s ch phong kin Vit Nam (Gio trnh khoa
S trng HTH H Ni).

19. H Vn Tn - Phm Th Tm: Cuc khng chin chng xm lc Nguyn Mng th k

XIII, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1975.

20. Hong Xun Hn: La Sn phu t, Nxb. Minh Tn, Paris. 1952.

21. Khm nh i Nam hi in s l, Nxb. Thun Ha, Hu. 1993.

22. Khm nh Vit s thng gim cng mc, Nxb. S a, H. 1960.

23. L Qu n: i Vit thng s, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1978.

24. L Qu n: Kin vn tiu lc, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1962.

25. L Qu n: Ph bin tp lc, Nxb. KHXH. H. 1977.

26. L Qu n: Vn i loi ng, Nxb. Vn ha, H. 1962.

27. L qu dt s - Nxb. KHXH, H. 1987.

28. L triu quan ch, Nxb. Vn ha Thng tin - Vin S hc, 1997.

Page 306
Lc Hoa Vin

29. L Xun Dim - o Linh Cn - V S Khi: Vn ha c Eo nhng khm ph mi, Nxb.

KHXH. H. 1995.

30. L Kim Ngn: T chc chnh quyn trung ng di triu L Thnh Tng - B Quc gia
Gio dc Si Gn. 1963

31. L Lc Ngh - Jim Waters: Tm v ci ngun ch Hn, Nxb. Th gii, H. 1997.

32. Mc lc Chu bn triu Nguyn Minh Mnh, Nxb. KHXH, H. 2000.

33. Ng c Th: Nghin cu ch Hy Vit Nam qua cc triu i, Nxb. Vn Ha, H. 1997.

34. Ng Cao Lng: Lch triu tp k, Nxb. KHXH. H. 1975.

35. Nguyn Phc tc th ph, Nxb. Thun Ha, Hu. 1995.

36. Nguyn Phc tc gin yu, Nxb. Tp. H Ch Minh. 1992.

37. Nguyn S Hi: T chc chnh quyn thi Nguyn s, (Lun n Tin s Lut khoa Si Gn
1962).

38. Nguyn Vn Huyn: Mt s n ng thi L Thnh Tng mi pht hin ti H Ni, NC

Lch s s 158 - 1976.

39. Nguyn Vn Huyn: Bc u tm hiu cc n ng c bit c nc ta, Tp ch

Kho c hc s 20, 1976.

40. Nguyn Th Ty Sn k, Bn dch TV Vin NCHN, KH: 00344.

41. Phan Huy Ch: Lch triu hin chng loi ch, Nxb. S hc H Ni, H. 1961.

42. Phan Huy L: Lch s ch phong kin Vit Nam, Nxb. S hc, H. 1962.

43. Ty Sn thc lc, Bn dch TV Vin NCHN, KH: Bt 00062.

44. Ty Sn thut lc, Ph quc v khanh c trch vn ha xut bn, Si Gn. 1971.

45. Tn lng x Vit Nam, Nxb. KHXH. H. 1992.

46. Tuyn tp vn khc Vit Nam, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1992.

47. Trn Trng Kim: Vit Nam s lc, Tp II, B Quc gia Gio dc Si Gn xut bn, Si
Gn. 1971.

48. Trn Thanh Tm: Tm hiu quan chc ch nh Nguyn, Nxb Thun Ha, Hu. 1996.

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 Lc Hoa Vin

49. Trn Vit Ngc: V mt cng vn ca tng trn Thun Qung Nguyn Hong nm 1597,
Nghin cu Hu, S.1, 1989.

50. Trn Kinh Ha: Mc lc Chu bn triu Nguyn - Triu Gia Long, Nxb. i hc Hu, Hu.
1960.

51. Vn khc Hn Nm Vit Nam, i hc Trung Chnh i Loan v Vin NC Hn Nm hp

tc xut bn, 2002.

52. V Vn Sch: Mt vn bn thi L Thnh Tng, Tp ch Vn th Lu tr, S.1, 3/1998.

53. Vng Hng Sn: Kho v s men lam Hu, Nxb. M thut, 1994.

54. Vit s cng mc tit yu, Nxb. KHXH, H. 2002.

55. Vit s lc, Nxb. Vn S a. H. 1960.

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B. Sch Hn Nm

56. Bc Ninh tnh Tin Du huyn i Vi tng i Vi x a b, TV Vin NCHN, KH: AG.a5/9.

57. C mt vin tc trnh, Vin C mt nh Nguyn chp nm 1926, T sch h Phan, 29

Nguyn Ch Thanh, Thnh ph Hu (khng c k hiu).

58. Cng vn tp, TV Vin NCHN, KH: A.2763.

59. Cng vn c ch, TV Vin NCHN, KH: A.3086.

60. Cng vn cu ch, TV Vin NCHN, KH: A.3032.

61. ng Khnh, quyn 1, 2, 3, 4, Chu bn triu Nguyn, Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia H

Ni.

62. ng Xun tng cc thn phng a b, TV Vin NCHN, KH: A.1275.

63. ng Xun tng cc thn phng a b - TV Vin NCHN, KH: A.629.

64. Gia Long, quyn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Chu bn triu Nguyn, Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia H
Ni.

66. H Ni a b, TV Vin NCHN, KH: A.629.

67. H Ni tnh Th Xng huyn ng Xun tng cc x thn a b, TV Vin NCHN, KH:
AG.a14/4.

68. H ng tnh Thng Phc huyn H Ni tng cc x a b, TV Vin NCHN. KH: AG

a1/77.

69. H ng tnh Thng Phc huyn Triu ng tng cc x a b, TV Vin NCHN, KH: AG
a1/85.

70. Hm Nghi, quyn 2, Chu bn triu Nguyn, Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia H Ni.

71. Hoi An huyn cng vn tp, TV Vin NCHN, KH: A.1273.

72. Hong Vit thi tuyn, TV Vin NCHN, KH: VHv.1451.

73. Minh Mnh, quyn 1 n 83 (tr cc quyn 6, 9, 13, 17, 20, 28, 31, 32, 46, 47, 55, 56,
60, 61, 65), Chu bn triu Nguyn, Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia H Ni.

74. Ninh Bnh tnh Gia Vin huyn Lin Huy tng cc x a b, TV Vin NCHN, KH: AG
a4/12.

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Lc Hoa Vin

75. Ng gia vn phi, TV Vin NCHN, KH: VHv 16/12.

76. Ph Th tnh H Ha huyn Vnh Chn tng cc x a b, TV Vin NCHN, KH: AG

a11/13.

77. T c, quyn 1 n 352 (tr 34 quyn b h nt), Chu bn triu Nguyn, Trung tm
Lu tr Quc gia H Ni.

78. T lc sao, TV Vin NCHN, KH: A.152.

79. Trng Sn thn hng l, TV Vin NCHN, KH: VHv.2678.

80. Thnh Thi, quyn 7, 9, 13, Chu bn triu Nguyn, Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia H
Ni.

81. Thiu Tr, quyn 1 n 51 (tr cc quyn 13, 11, 15, 16, 23, 24, 28, 41, 42, 44), Chu
bn triu Nguyn, Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia H Ni.

82. Thin Nam d h tp, phn Quan ch, TV Vin NCHN, KH: A.334/1 v 1313/b.

83. Ng tin vn phng Chu bn, do Ng tin vn phng triu Nguyn lm nm 1938, T
sch h Phan, 29 Nguyn Ch Thanh, thnh ph Hu (khng c k hiu). Sch gm 3 loi
ch Vit Hn - Php.

* Mt s thc bn vn bia, chung TV Vin NCHN.

C. Sch ngoi vn

84. Bulletin de la Socit des tudes Indochinoises 120 Annec - N0.1 - 1937, TV Thng tin
KHXH.

85. Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hu 130 Annec - N0.1 - 1926, TV Thng tin KHXH.

86. : - - 1979.

87. : - - 1990.

88. : - - 1994.

89. : - - 1971.

90. - - 1992.

91. - - 1994.

92. : - 1963.

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 Lc Hoa Vin

93. : - 1981.

94. : - 1987.

95. : - 1995.

96. : - 1996.

97. : - 1997.

98. : - 1998.

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T LIU NH N CHNG

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Sfdhghnc

1. N CHNG VIT NAM T TH K XV N CUI TH K XIX

Chu trch nhim xut bn

TS. VI QUANG TH

Bin tp ni dung

TS. KIU VIT CNG

Dch ting Anh

NGUYN QUC HNG M.A

nh

PH XUYN - NGUYN XUN HONG

ha

TC GI

Ba v trnh by

Ha s L TM

Vit ch minh ha ba sau

L QUC VIT

Ch bn

TRN XUN PHNG - NGUYN T LAN

Sa bn in

PH XUYN - NGUYN T LAN

In 1000 cun, kh 14x26cm ti Cng ty C phn in 15 - B CN. S ng k KHXB

59/1135/CXB cp ngy 19/7/2005. In xong v np lu chiu thng 10 nm 2005.

Page 326
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____________________________

[1] Sigillographie, trong Lhistoire et ses methods Gallimard, Paris, 1961, tr. 393 - 446.

[2] Nh trn

[3] Sigillographie, Lhistoire et ses methods Gallimard, Paris, 1961, p. 393 - 446.

[4] Sigillographie, Lhistoire et ses methods Gallimard, Paris, 1961, p. 393 - 446.

[5] Translate summarily from About the seals in VietNam (item 2 & 3, page 70-88).

[6] Theo cun n chng ca Lu Nht Vn, Thng Hi c tch xut bn x, 1996, tr.1.

[7] Trch dch t cun Th sn thch ton th, mc n chng s nguyn ca Phng Tng
Khu, Thng Hi th im xut bn x, 1994, tr.98.

[8] Ngc t thi Tn Thy Hong (Doanh Chnh) (246-209 TCN) c coi l n truyn
quc qua nhiu i ca Trung Quc.

[9] Bo n c lm t i Tng Thi T Triu Khung Dn (960-984) thi Bc Tng - Trung

Quc truyn n thi k Nam Tng.

[10] Bo n c lm u thi Minh (1386-1662) Trung Quc.

[11] H.1 n H.14 chp li t sch n chng, Tn y T, Thng Hi nhn dn m thut

xut bn x, 1998.

[12] u Dng Tu (1007-1072) u Tin s khoa Canh Ng (1030), nm 1058 c gia hm

Long cc i hc s quyn Tri ph ph Khai Phong, nm 1068 c thng Binh b
Thng th. ng mt i Tng Hy Ninh th 5 (1072).

[13] Tng Cng (1019-1083) u Tin s khoa inh Du (1057).

[14] M Phn (1051 - 1107), nm 1092 lm Tri ph Thng Khu, nm 1103 c thng
Thi thng Bc s.

[15] Bulletin de la Socit des Etudes Indochinoises - tp 22. S 1 nm 1937, Th vin

Thng tin KHXH.

[16] Hong Xun Hn: La Sn phu t, Nxb. Minh Tn, Paris, 1952.

[17] Mc lc Chu bn triu Nguyn - Triu Gia Long, Trn Kinh Ha, Nxb. i hc Hu,
1960.

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 Lc Hoa Vin

[18] Nguyn Vn Huyn: Nghin cu lch s - S 158, nm 1974 v Tp ch Kho c hc -

S 2, nm 1976.

[19] Phm Vn Knh, Quang Vn Cy: Vn ha Hoa Lc, Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam,
1977, tr.71.

[20] Vn ha Hoa Lc. Sd, tr.220-221.

[21] Xem L Xun Dim, o Linh Cn, V S Khi: Vn ha c Eo, nhng khm ph mi,
Nxb. KHXH, HN. 1995, tr.330.

[22] Bi vit ca Tanaguchi Fusao ng trn t Nghin cu nin bo ca S Nghin cu vn

ha Phi, trng i hc Tokyo, s 31, thng 3, nm 1997, tr.176 - 188.

[23] H Vn Tn, V mt qu n Vit Nam thi Trn tm thy tnh Qung Ty, Trung
Quc, Nhng pht hin mi v kho c hc nm 1999, Nxb. KHXH, H, 2000.

[24] ng Kinh: Tc thnh Thng Long, trc gi l ng , cng thi vi thnh Ty

Thanh Ha. u i L Li, i ng gi l ng Kinh, Ty gi l Ty Kinh.

[25] L Vn Linh (1377-1448) l bc cng thn khai quc nguyn lo ca ba triu L Thi
T, L Thi Tng v L Nhn Tng.

[26] VSKTT, Nxb. KHXH, HN, 1972, t3, tr.102 - Phn ch Hn l chng ti a thm vo.

[27] VSKTT, sd, tr.79.

[28] T tng l quan ng u triu cn gi l Tng quc. Nh Trn t hai quan ng

u triu l T, Hu Tng quc. Nh L s i gi l Tng quc v gia thm danh hiu l
Kim hiu Bnh chng qun quc trng s.

[29] Tam Snh hay Tam Tnh : xin xem phn sau.

[30] C quan kim st:

a. Lc Khoa u tin t nc ta t thi L Nghi Dn ( 1459-1460) gim st lc B,

gm ng khoa, Ty khoa, Nam khoa, Bc khoa, Trung th khoa v Hi khoa.

b. Ng s i: c t thi Trn, c nhim v khuyn co li ca vua v n hc quan li

phm ti. L Thi T t chc Ng s ng u Ng s i.

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[31] Ni mt vin: C quan c nhim v xem xt nhng vic c mt trong triu. nc ta

c t thi L vi tn gi l Khu mt vin, n u L s i lm Ni mt vin, t chc
Chnh s v Ph s qun l.

[32] L triu quan ch, Nxb. VH-TT - Vin S hc, HN. 1997. tr.12.

[33] VSKTT, Sd. tr.214-220.

[34] Hn lm vin: C quan phng mnh vua khi tho cc ch, co, ch, d, vn th.

[35] ng cc: C quan phng mnh vua sa cha, hiu nh cc vn bn khi tho trn
ca Hn lm vin; ng thi ph trch vic bu c ca triu nh.

[36] Trung th gim: Tin thn l tam Snh, ph trch vic bin chp nhng vn bn m
ng cc sa cha giao cho. ng thi bin chp t Kim tin (giy sc vng), Ngn tin
(giy sc bc) cng sc phong, biu, ging t, vn t in miu.

[37] B th gim: C quan trng coi th vin ca Hong .

[38] Xem VSKTT, sd, tr.199.

Page 329
Lc Hoa Vin

[39] Nm 1469 L Thnh Tng cho i gi Nam Sch l Hi Dng, Thin Trng l Sn
Nam, Quc Oai l Sn Ty, Bc Giang l Kinh Bc.

[40] VSKTT, Sd, tr.198.

[41] Bn sc phong nm Hng c th 2 (1471) nay c con chu dng h Phm Nh

Tng truyn i gi gn tn ti n trc nm 1963 Qu Sn, Qung Nam c Gio s
L Kim Ngn cng b nguyn bn trong T chc chnh quyn trung ng di triu L
Thnh Tng, B Quc gia Gio dc Si Gn in nm 1963. Chng ti s gii thiu mc sau.

[42] Thnh Bn cn c tn l thnh Li hay thnh S Bn, nay thuc huyn Tuy Vin -
Bnh nh. Nm 1778 Nguyn Nhc xng i lm thnh Hong , sau Nguyn nh
chim Bnh nh b khng dng.

[43] Khi Bn tht th, tng Chim l B Tri Tr chy v gi t Phan Lung ri u hng
xin xng thn. L Thnh Tng ph d phong vng cho B Tri Tr, ri li cho lp ra hai Tiu
quc na l Nam Phan v Ha Anh h khng ch ln nhau khng quy nhiu nc ta. Di
du ca cc vng tiu quc ny cn tn ti mi n thi Nguyn, h c nhng kho bu
trong c mt s qu n m sau ny nm 1957-1958 cc nh kho c min Nam tm
ra.

[44] Xem VSKTT, sd, tr.221.

[45] Qu n Mn h snh n ny c ng Nguyn Vn Huyn gii thiu trong bi Bc

u tm hiu cc n ng c bit c nc ta, Tp ch Kho c hc s 20-1976, tr.49:
Chic n c th hai l Mn h snh n pht hin ti x Hng Giang, huyn Hng Kh,
tnh H Tnh nm 1962 c ch to nm Long Khnh ng nin i Trn Du Tng
(1377). n c nht ng cho l 6 chic n tm thy trong m tng Thiu Dng, Thanh
Ha, c nin i khong cui thi Ty Hn n u thi ng Hn. Tc gi cha c iu kin
gii thiu v cng cha chng minh c 6 chic n ny, do chng ti tm coi Mn h
snh n l qu n c nht c nin i r rng nc ta.

[46] Nm 1368 khi Minh Thi t Chu Nguyn Chng lp ra nh Minh ra lnh bi b
Trung th snh v n Minh Vnh Lc (1403-1418) mi thit lp Ni cc thay th cho Mn
h snh. Dn dn chc nng nhim v ca Ni cc cng a dng hn v c ci bin nhiu
ln ph hp vi qu trnh pht trin ca th ch phong kin Trung Quc.

[47] Giai on u thi Trn, chc ng u Thng th snh l Hnh khin Thng th,
tc l chc tng. n u thi L s i l Thng th lnh cng l chc tng, cn
gi l Mt vin Tham tri. Mn h snh c thit lp thi Trn khng r c th chc g ng
u, ch thy s ghi l chc Hnh khin iu hnh. n u L s ghi l chc Tri t s ng
u, th nh l Th lang, di c cc chc Lang trung v Khi c x nhn.

[48] VSKTB, Nxb. KHXH, tr.427-438.

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[49] VSKTB, Sd, tr.469-477.

[50] VSKTB, Sd, tr.479, 481, 483.

[51] Trc kia Tng ti Trung th snh l Trung th lnh thng giao cho T tng kim
gi.

[52] L triu quan ch, Sd, tr.9, 33.

[53] Xem Nguyn Vn Huyn: Bc u tm hiu cc n ng c bit c nc ta,

Sd. Tc gi c nhm ch Thun thnh ch Tun .

[54] Xem T chc chnh quyn trung ng di triu L Thnh Tng (1400-1407), L Kim
Ngn - B Quc gia gio dc Si Gn, 1963, tr.92. Khng hiu tc gi tham kho bn
dch ch Hn hay ch Quc ng m ghi l Quy lm (?) C th do t dng ch Quy v Bo
hi ging nhau, qua sao chp in chp b nhm ln. C kh nng l s Bo Lm mi ng.

[55] Thi L chc ng u ngch v l thng, B ch huy qun s Kinh gm cc v

quan cao cp l Nguyn sy, Tng qun, Khu mt s, T hu Kim ng, Thng tng, i
tng, tng, cc V tng qun, Ch huy s.

[56] Xem Vn Ninh: T in chc quan Vit Nam, Nxb. Thanh nin, HN, 2002, tr.233.

[57] Xem Nguyn Vn Huyn: Bc u tm hiu cc n ng c bit c nc ta, Sd.

[58] Khm nh Vit s thng gim cng mc, q.21, t 39a.

[59] T chc chnh quyn trung ng di triu L Thnh Tng, Sd, tr.95.

[60] Tr K sau i thnh Kim Tr ri Hng Tr duy tr tn gi n nay. Huyn Phong in

(ni pht hin vn bn) c thnh lp t t ca 2 huyn Hng Tr v an in vo nm
Minh Mnh th 15 (1834).

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[61] Tm lc bi: Pht hin vn bn Hn Nm thi L s ti Phong in, Tha Thin - Hu

ca ng Nguyn Th - Phng VHTT huyn Phong in, Tha Thin - Hu. Nhn y c li
cm n ng Nguyn Th v Trung tm Bo tn di tch c Hu.

[62] T chc chnh quyn trung ng di triu L Thnh Tng, Sd, tr.28-29.

[63] Xem V Vn Sch: Mt vn bn thi L Thnh Tng, Tp ch Vn th lu tr s 1, 3 -

1988. Nhn y xin c li cm n ng V Vn Sch gin tip gip chng ti t liu ny.

[64] Phng ng s l chc ch huy lc lng bo v bin gii, gi l Phng ng s ty.

nc ta chc ny c t thi Trn v duy tr n thi Nguyn. Phng ng Thim s v Phng
ng ng tri l chc ph, c t ra cng thi vi chc trng ca Phng Ng s.

[65] loi hnh sc phong, nhng nm gn y ngi ta lm gi kh nhiu, do chng

ti cho rng ngi lm cng tc nghin cu Hn Nm khi cng b mt vn bn c ghi nin
i c (nht l loi hnh sc phong) bt buc chng ta phi tun th nhng tiu ch c bn
nh: Cht liu giy v mu mc, mu nh (m, nht); Ha tit hoa vn trang tr; Th
ch; Li hnh vn dng m t; Nin i ghi trong vn bn; Hnh con du in trn vn bn.
Ring hnh con du cng c nhng tiu ch ring xc nh du tht hay gi nh: Kch c
du, mu mc du vi mng m, nht, l ch (chng minh cho cc loi mc tinh ch ring
dng cho cc loi du khc nhau); Vin ngoi du vi nhng ha tit ring; kiu ch Trin);
Ni dung qua cc dng ch trong du v v tr ng du trn vn bn.

[66] L Qu n: i Vit thng s (bn dch), tr.138.

[67] Xem inh Khc Thun: Lch s triu Mc qua th tch v vn bia, Nxb. KHXH, HN,
2001, tr.156.

[68] Nm 1579 - Tng binh s o Ninh Sc trao quyn Tng binh s ng tri trn
Cao Bng cho Phm Vn Tun l c tin Kim t vinh lc i phu trn gi.

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[69] Xem Lch s triu Mc qua th tch v vn bia, Sd, tr.158-159.

[70] Thin Nam d h tp, phn Quan ch, Th vin Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm. KH:
A.334/1 v 1313/b.

[71] Ph Kinh Mn: mt trong 4 ph ca o Hi Dng qun 7 huyn nay thuc t ca ba

tnh Qung Ninh, Hi Phng v Hi Dng.

- Vnh Li nay l huyn Vnh Bo, Hi Phng.

- An Lo thi Mc gm c Sn v An Lo, nay thuc thnh ph Hi Phng.

- Nghi Dng: xa gm c th x Kin An v huyn Kin Thy - nay thuc thnh ph Hi

Phng.

- ng Triu: nay l huyn ng Triu, tnh Qung Ninh.

- Ph Hi ng: Ph duy nht ca o An Bang thi Mc qun 3 huyn 4 chu, nay thuc
a phn hai tnh Qung Ninh v Hi Phng.

[72] Thin Nam d h tp, Sd. KH: A.334/1 - VHv. 1313/b.

[73] Trong chuyn cng tc thc a, TS. Phm Th Thy Vinh (Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm)
pht hin ra s sc phong thi L-Mc n Quang Lng, Thy Hi, Kin Thy, Thi
Bnh. Sau , vo nm 2001 chng ti trc tip xung a im trn, chp nh v o c
ton b s sc phong, trong c cc sc phong thi Mc.

[74] VSKTT, Nxb. KHXH, HN, 1968, t4, tr.250.

[75] VSKTT, Sd, t4, tr.254.

[76] VSKTT, Sd. t4, tr.267.

[77] VSKTT, Sd, t4, tr.271.

[78] VSKTT, Sd, t4, tr.259.

[79] Ph Thin Trng mt trong 11 ph ca o Sn Nam u thi L Trng hng qun 4

huyn Giao Thy, M Lc, Thng Nguyn (nay thuc M Lc) v Ty Chn (nay l Trc
Ninh) u thuc tnh Nam nh ngy nay.

[80] Chu Bnh Nguyn l mt trong nm chu thuc ph Yn Bnh o Tuyn Quang u
thi L Trung hng, nay thuc huyn V Xuyn, Bc Quang v Hong Su Ph tnh H Giang.

[81] ng Trn Trung Thng nguyn l mt s quan tham mu Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam

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thi chng M. Sau Gii phng min Nam, ng v ngh hu, tip tc nghip o s truyn
thng ca gia nh. Con trai ng thuc i th tm, hin nay ang k tc cng vic ca ng.

[82] Du th 5 v du th 6 l con du ch Thng tng qun Phm Ng Lo.

[83] Chng ti c tham kho v s dng t liu ca ng Trn Vit Ngc trong bi: V mt
cng vn ca Tng trn Thun Qung Nguyn Hong nm 1597, Nghin cu Hu s 1 -
1989. Nhn y xin c cm n ng Trn Vit Ngc v ng Phan Thun An gip chng
ti t liu ny.

[84] Cc a danh thuc khu vc Nam Trung B t o C Mng n Ph Yn.

[85] Vo Thun Ha bui u Nguyn Hong t bn doanh x i T, huyn V Xng

(nay l huyn Triu Phong, tnh Qung Tr). Nm Canh Ng (1570) Nguyn Hong di ra
lng Tr Bt huyn V Xng.

[86] Qung Nam trc do Trn Qun cng Bi T Hn trn th, nm 1570 do Tng binh
Nguyn B Qunh trn gi. Khi Nguyn Hong lm Tng trn Thun - Qung, Qunh c
iu v gi Ngh An.

[87] Vit s cng mc tit yu, Nxb. KHXH, HN. 2000, tr.416, 436.

[88] Xem: V mt cng vn ca Tng trn Thun Qung Nguyn Hong nm 1597, Sd.

[89] Ngc Bo l con gi Thng ph Thi s Nguyn Kim - nht cng thn ca bui u
thi L Trung hng, l ch rut ca Nguyn Hong - v cha Nguyn u tin ca triu
Nguyn sau ny.

[90] VSKTT, Sd, tr.164.

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[91] VSKTT, Sd, tr.254.

[92] Trn mt vi trang phn chnh vn ca mt s Lnh ch ny c ng du TV. Vin

NCHN, HC.9.

[93] Nhng vn bn sao chp li bn gc chng ti khng o kch thc hnh du m

bo tnh chnh xc ca con du.

[94] Xem VSKTT - Bn k tc bin, T.1, Nxb. KHXH & NV 1982, tr.77, 88.

[95] Thc bn bia ny do TS. Phm Thy Vinh - Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm cung cp.

[96] T tin ba anh em Nguyn Nhc, vn qu huyn Hng Nguyn - Ngh An, khong
nm 1653-1657 ng t t i b qun cha Nguyn bt v p Ty Sn huyn Quy Ninh
(nay l Hoi Nhn), sau chuyn n p Kin Thnh huyn Tuy Vin; Nguyn Nhc,
Nguyn L v Nguyn Hu sinh ra y.

[97] Nguyn Thung v Huyn Kh khng r ngi u - Huyn Kh sau cht trn, cn
Nguyn Thung nm 1786 b Nguyn Nhc git.

[98] Ph Ly, Bng Sn v Tuy Vin u thuc ph Quy Nhn - Ph Ly nay i l Ph Ct

u thuc tnh Bnh nh.

[99] N cha Chim Thnh tn ch Hn l Th Ha, sau b qun ca Tng Phc Hip git.

[100] Ngh An k, Nxb. KHXH, HN, 1993, tr.322.

[101] Thnh Bn cn c tn l thnh Li hay thnh S Bn nm a phn ba thn An

Nam, Bc Thun v Ba Canh thuc huyn Tuy Vin, tnh Bnh nh - xa kia l kinh nc
Chim Thnh.

[102] Xem NCBLT - S tp. TV. Vin NCHN. KH: D.995 v Nguyn th Ty Sn k - TV.
Vin NCHN, KH: 00344.

Page 335
Lc Hoa Vin

[103] Xem NCBLT, Sd, tr.10 v Nguyn th Ty Sn k, Sd, tr.14.

[104] Nguyn Hu Chnh ngi lng ng Hi - Ngh An, trc l thuc h ca cha con
Hong Ng Phc, sau theo v Ty Sn. Trong t nh Ph Xun ny Nguyn Hu Chnh
ng vai tr quan trng, va l ngi hin k va ng vai tr ngi tnh bo. V c Phu
Nh l thuc h ca Phm Ng Cu l ngi quen ca Nguyn Hu Chnh nn la c
Ng Cu. Nm 1787 Chnh b V Vn Nhm git.

[105] V Vn Nhm - Chnh tn l V Vn S, v king hy tn T c nn cc s gia nh

Nguyn sau ny u ghi l V Vn S. Nhm l con r ca Nguyn Nhc. Nm 1787 b
Nguyn Hu git.

[106] Phm Ng Cu mt tng ca cha Trnh gi chc Trn th Thun Ha nm 1786

cng ph tng Trn nh Th.

[107] NCBLT, Sd, tr. 18.

[108] Ty Sn thut lc - Ph Quc v khanh c trch vn ha xut bn 1971, tr.12. TV.

Vin NCHN.

[109] Trn Vn K cn c tn l Trn Chnh K ngi huyn Hng Tr x Thun Ha (Tha

Thin - Hu). Tng u Gii nguyn i Cnh Hng, ng ni ting hay ch khp min Nam
Trung B. ng theo Ty Sn t khi khi ngha, lc u gi chc Ni tn bn cnh Nguyn
Hu. Khi Nguyn Hu ln ngi vng phong ng lm Trung th lnh. ng l ngi B th ti
gii ca Quang Trung. Khi Nguyn Hu mt, ng b bim phi lm lnh trm, ri li c
phc chc c. Cui i Cnh Thnh ng b Gia Long bt, ng tr hng ri b trn, b Gia
Long git.

[110] NCBLT, Sd, tr.44

[111] L qu dt s, Nxb. KHXH, HN, 1987, tr.95.

[112] NCBLT, Sd, tr.43.

[113] NCBLT, Sd, tr.44.

[114] Xem Ty Sn thut lc, Sd, tr.12. Vic lp th Tn bi ny l theo k sch ca Ng

Th Nhm.

[115] Xem Ty Sn thc lc, TV. Vin NCHN, KH: Bt.00062 Nguyn T Nh dch, Nguyn
Hu Ch hiu nh.

[116] La sn phu t Nguyn Thip: qu Nguyt Am, tng Lai Thch, huyn La Sn, x
Ngh An (nay c Th - H Tnh), h Nguyn hy Minh, t Quang Thip (v king hy
Quang i Trnh Doanh nn b ch Quang). Nguyn Thip cn c tn t Khi Xuyn, Hnh

Page 336
 Lc Hoa Vin

Am, hiu l: Lp Phong c s, Bi Phong c s, Hnh Am, Cung n, in n. c ngi i

t tn hiu khc l Hu Lc Nin, Lc Nin tin sinh, Hnh Am tin sinh, La Giang phu t,
La sn phu t, La sn tin sinh, Nguyt Am tin sinh.

[117] Xem LSPT, Nxb. Minh Tn, Paris, 1952, tr.105-107.

[118] Xem LSPT, Sd, tr.249. Nh in in nhm ch Qung vn chi bo thnh Quc vn chi
bo.

[119] Xem LSPT, Sd, tr.262.

[120] LSPT, Sd, tr.121, 250.

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[121] Vn bn ghi lm ch Thip ra ch Thip (?).

[122] Xem LSPT, Sd, tr.123, 124, 125 v 251 (nh 24-C13).

Page 337
Lc Hoa Vin

[123] Yn Trng: Tn lng Yn Trng nm trn sng Dng Quyt, t thi L c ly

lm Trn ty th ph Ngh An coi l Vnh Doanh, tc thnh ph Vinh ngy nay.

[124] Xem LSPT, Sd, tr.123, 124, 125 v 251 (nh 24-C13).

[125] Xem LSPT, Sd, tr.248.

[126] Thn Trc hu tc Nguyn Vn Thn l ngi tm phc ca Nguyn Hu, gi chc
Trn th Ngh An, theo Nguyn Hu t cui nm 1787, sau c thng Thn Qun cng.
ng trn nhm Ngh An tri n i Bo Hng, nm Nhm Tut (1802) Quang Ton thua
chy, ng thua trn chy ra Thanh Hoa th b bt v b git.

[127] Xem Gp thm mt s ti liu v n trin thi Ty Sn, Tp ch Kho c hc s 1 -

1989, tr.20.

[128] Xem L Qu n, Kin vn tiu lc, quyn III, Nxb. KHXH, HN, 1977.

[129] Xem KNHSL, phn Binh ch, Nxb. Thun Ha, Hu, 1993.

[130] Xem i Vit thng s, quyn III, Nxb. KHXH, HN 1978, tr.268.

[131] L Qu dt s, Nxb. KHXH, HN, 1978, tr.95.

[132] Qu n ng ny do mt ngi dn thn 6 x i Lnh, huyn i Lc, tnh Qung

Nam khi o t vn pha sau nh pht hin c qu n ng t trong mt ci h t
nung. Nh gio Nguyn Vn Cng nghin cu qu n ny v cng b trn tp san Th
gii mi nm 1997: Tm c n ng ca vua Quang Trung. Nhn y xin c li cm n
nh gio Nguyn Vn Cng v cng xin lu mt cht trong bi vit c nhm ch V
thnh ch Thut v t dng ch vit rt ging nhau.

[133] Cc trn tng x danh b lm. (Bn ch Hn) KH: A.570, TV. Vin NCHN - bn dch
Tn lng x Vit Nam u th k XIX - Dng Th The, Phm Th Thoa dch, bin son Nxb
KHXH, HN, 1981.

[134] Xem Ng c Th, Nghin cu ch hy Vit Nam qua cc triu i, Nxb. Vn ha,
1997, tr.107, 108.

[135] Cao Bnh, tn ph t thi L tr v trc gi l Cao Bnh, n thi Ty Sn i gi l

Cao Bng v gi nguyn cch gi n nay. Lc Bnh: chu Lc Bnh c t thi thuc Minh,
thi Ty Sn i l Lc Bng. n i Gia Long li i lm Lc Bnh.

[136] Theo t chc chnh quyn thi Hu L th mi huyn t 2 vin Tri huyn gi l ng
ng v Ty ng, n thi Nguyn mi xa b v t mi huyn mt Tri huyn.

[137] Xem Ty Sn thut lc, Sd, tr.11.

Page 338
Lc Hoa Vin

[138] Ni dung bc th c c GS. Hong Xun Hn dch v gii thiu nh trong LSPT,
Sd, tr.137, 138 v 252.

[139] Xem LSPT, Sd, tr.151, 253.

[140] Xem LSPT, Sd, tr.150 v 253.

[141] Xem LSPT, Sd, tr.153 - 254.

[142] Xem LSPT, Sd, tr.153-154.

[143] Nay thuc x Ng Hip, huyn Thanh Tr, H Ni.

[144] L Qu dt s, Nxb. KHXH, HN, 1987, tr.95.

[145] C quan qun l hong tc, rt c th lc triu Nguyn.

[146] Du ny c kch thc 3,2x3,2cm, c p trn vn bn ch Hn, ch B Nha, quyn

2, Gia Long th 18, hin gi kho lu tr Trung ng I, H Ni.

[147] Nay l x Trn Ph, huyn Thanh Tr, H Ni

[148] S quan nh Nguyn gi qun Ty Sn l Ngy.

[149] i Nam thc lc chnh bin, Nxb. S hc, HN, 1963, tr.339.

[150] Ti liu dch theo hp ng cng tc khoa hc gia Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm v nh

Bo tng Quang Trung - Ngha Bnh 1984 - k hiu D992 - Xem tr.8-14.

[151] in s: cn gi l Li in ch nhng nhn vin lm vic trong B, Vin khng c

chc v g.

[152] T v: chc quan nh gi vic nhn v pht cc vn co B, Vin, di chc Vin

ngoi lang v Lang trung h thng lc B.

[153] Xem Ty Sn thc lc, TV. Vin NCHN, KH: Bt 00062, tr.85a.

[154] C mt vin tc trnh: Sch ch Hn giy bn c dy 58 trang, kh 28,7x16cm, phn

ln ghi v Kim ngc Bo T triu Nguyn. C ng n C mt vin n v Kim du C mt.
y l cun sch ca Vin C mt chp nm Bo i nguyn nin (1926) do nh nghin cu
Phan Thun An ti Hu cung cp.

[155] i Nam thc lc chnh bin, Nxb. S hc, HN, 1963, tr.33.

[156] Trn bia cn hai du nh na, nhng v qu cao nn chng ti khng in rp c.

Page 339
 Lc Hoa Vin

[157] Nm 1714 Cha Nguyn Phc Chu sai Chng c Tng c i trng nom vic trng
tu v m rng cha Thin M, xy thm nhiu in i, nh ca trng l, dng bia rt
ln. n nm 1715 th hon thnh.

[158] Minh Mnh chnh yu, B Vn ha, Gio dc v Thanh nin xut bn, 1974, tr.27.

[159] y l mt bn sao m chng ti sao chp li nhn chuyn cng tc vo Hu nm

1998.

[160] Ch co: Co sc phong cho cng thn theo lnh vua.

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[161] Xem Nguyn Qung Tun: T chiu ca vua Gia Long phong cho Nguyn Du tc Du
c hu, Tp ch Hn Nm, s 3-1997, tr.78-82.

[162] Xem KNHSL, Nxb. Thun Ha, Hu, 1993, tr.286.

[163] MMCY, Sd, tr.28.

Page 340
Lc Hoa Vin

[164] KNHSL, Sd, tr.33.

[165] KNHSL, Sd, tp 6, tr.284-285.

[166] KNHSL, Sd, tp 14, tr.29.

[167] Xem V chic n Hong tn thn chi bo ca ng Vn Thng v Phm Hu Cng

trong Nhng pht hin mi v kho c hc 1995, Nxb. KHXH, HN, 1996.

[168] Nguyn Ha ng nin: i L Trang Tng nin hiu Nguyn Ha 5 (1537).

[169] NTLCB, Sd, tr.59.

[170] KNHSL, Sd, tr.34.

[171] Du Sc mnh chi bo i L Chiu Thng in sc phong thn thn oi, x Ph

X, huyn Kim Anh, tnh Bc Ninh, c cng a im vi 2 du Phong tng chi bo v Sc
mnh chi bo thi Nguyn. Nhng sc phong ny do nh nghin cu Hong Gip - Trng
phng Su tm Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm cung cp.

[172] Theo t liu ca c L Vn Hong khu Kim Long - Hu. C l mt trong cc nhn
vin c giao trng trch gi Bo n Sc mnh chi bo di i Bo i.

[173] MMCY, Sd, tr.27.

[174] Ngc T truyn quc ca i Nam, nhn mnh lu di t tri.

[175] KNHSL, Sd, tr.41.

[176] Bn phc th c du Ngc T ny do T Am Nguyn Toi su tm v dch, To Trang

hiu nh v ch thch. Bi Hong nc i Nam knh phc p Hong nc i Ph
Lng sa trc in xem th, Tp ch Hn Nm, s 4-1995.

[177] KNHSL, Sd, tr.42.

[178] Hip k l Hip dng ng k; 5 k l: Nm, thng, ngy, tinh t v lch s.

[179] Phn ch Hn t Ng ch c ng Nguyn Hu Tng, cn b Vin Nghin cu Hn

Nm dch ngha v PGS. TS. o Thi Tn, Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm hiu nh.

[180] NTLCB, Sd, tr.24.

[181] MMCY, Sd, tr.42.

[182] i Nam hi in tot yu v Quan ch i Minh Mnh, Ng Th Long dch, KH:

Page 341
 Lc Hoa Vin

LA.13, TV Vin NCHN.

[183] Vic kim duyt ng n Bo T do h thng Gim st gm i din st vin, Cp

s trung Lc khoa v Gim st Ng s cc o thc hin.

[184] Pht thc: lau chi qut phi bi bm.

Ti liu v l Pht thc do nh nghin cu Phan Thun An ti Hu cung cp.

[185] Chuyn cng tc vo Nam nm 1998 chng ti in chp c mt s n trin, trong

c Khnh Ninh cung bo. Nhn y xin c cm n b Gim c TS. Trnh Th Ha v
cn b Vin Bo tng Lch s Vit Nam ti thnh ph H Ch Minh gip chng ti v
mt s t liu n trin thi Nguyn.

[186] KNHSL, Sd, tr.298, 308.

[187] NTLCB, Sd, tr.403.

[188] Hai du ny ng trong quyn 5, Thiu Tr nguyn nin, tr.394, CBTN.

[189] Hai du ny ng quyn 13, Thnh Thi nh nin, tr.186, CBTN.

[190] KNHSL, Sd, tr.127.

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Page 342
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[191] KNHSL, Sd, tr.127.

[192] Du Hong thi t th tn ng trong quyn 2, i Gia Long th 4, tr.176, CBTN.

[193] KNHSL, Sd, tr127,129.

[194] KNHSL, Sd, tr.127, 129.

[195] Ph Hoi c thi Gia Long thuc Bc thnh (Tng trn trc tip qun l) nay thuc
tnh H Ty.

[196] Du Vn th phng quan phng ng trong quyn 18 - i Minh Mnh th 7, tr.391,

CBTN.

[197] Du Sung bin ni cc s v quan phng ng trong quyn 46 - i Thiu Tr th 2,

tr.4, CBTN.

[198] Sung lm cng vic Ni cc gm hai ngi trt nh phm l Th lang lc B, hoc
Chng vin hc s, Trc hc s vin Hn lm, hai ngi trt t phm ly Th c hc s vin
Hn lm.

[199] Kim du Ni cc ng trong quyn 1 - ng Khnh nguyn nin (1886) - CBTN.

[200] Hnh du ny in quyn 2 - Gia Long th 18, tr.259, CBTN.

[201] Hi ngh cng ng c lp t nm 1787 vi tn gi S Cng ng, dng n Cng

ng chi n. n nm Minh Mnh th 16 (1835) i lm hi ngh nh thn vi t chc nh
c, n nh thn chi n c lm ra thay cho n Cng ng.

[202] Cai b: Thi Gia Long v u Minh Mnh, ng u mt doanh (Tc tnh sau ny) l
mt Lu th, c cc chc Cai b, K lc ph t - Cai b chnh l chc Ph doanh.

[203] Hip trn: Thi Gia Long v u Minh Mnh ng u mi trn (tc tnh sau ny) l
mt Trn th, c cc Hip trn, Tham hip ph t. Hip trn chnh l chc Ph trn.

[204] Tt c nhng du trn quyn 18 - Minh Mnh th 7, tr.16, 17, 18, CBTN.

[205] KNHSL, Sd, tr.304.

Page 343
 Lc Hoa Vin

[206] Quyn 17 - Thiu Tr th 2, tr.23, CBTN.

[207] Quyn 119 - T c th 13, CBTN.

[208] i Nam hi in tot yu v quan ch i Minh Mnh: KH. LA. 13, Sd, tr.116.

[209] NTLCB, Sd, tr.424.

[210] Ch nhn n ng nm 1802 ?: Nguyn Hu Thng - Nguyn Vn ng trong Tp ch

Xa & Nay, s 10B 2000. Nhn dy chng ti xin c cm n hai tc gi trn gin tip
cung cp t liu v n T qun chi n.

V s khc bit mt cht v kch thc gia hnh du in trn vn bn ch Hn v hnh du

ng t qu n trn chng ti thy du trn vn bn bao gi cng nhnh hn mt t v
mc du thm loang trn giy bn c. Cn vic v li hnh du trn vn bn (trng hp
du T qun chi n, Hu qun chi n, do khng c php chp nh photocopy) s khng
m bo chnh xc 100% nh hnh du in t hin vt n.

[211] KNHSL, Sd, tr.300.

[212] KNHSL, Sd, tr.229,304.

[213] Du Trn ty tng qun chi n quyn 67 - Minh Mnh th 19, tr.26, CBTN.

[214] Hai du ny quyn 52 - Minh Mnh th 15, tr.459, CBTN.

[215] 5 du Quan phng ny ng quyn 18 - Minh Mnh th 7, tr.15, 16, CBTN.

[216] Bn du ng quyn 5 - Thiu Tr nguyn nin, tr.353, 367, 369, CBTN.

[217] Du ca V Vn Gii in trong quyn 5 - Thiu Tr nguyn nin, tr.377, CBTN.

[218] Du ny trong quyn 119 - T c th 13, tr.137, CBTN.

[219] Du ny in trong quyn 119 - T c th 13, tr.137, CBTN.

[220] Du c Gia nh in trong quyn 53 - Minh Mnh th 16, tr.493, CBTN.

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[221] Du c Tiu b qun v - quyn 119 - T c th 13, tr.153, CBTN.

[222] Du Loan gi v k trong quyn 67 - Minh Mnh th 19, tr.162, CBTN.

[223] KNHSL, Sd, tr.136.

[224] Du Nam Hng k ng quyn 67 - Minh Mnh th 19, tr.161, CBTN.

[225] Du Kinh tng nht v v Cm y tc trc u ng cng quyn 53 - Minh Mnh th

19, tr.368, CBTN.

[226] NTLCB, Sd, tr.80.

[227] Du ca Tng trn Bc thnh in trong CBTN i Gia Long.

[228] Cui i Gia Long - Tng trn Bc thnh Nguyn Vn Thnh b vu co phi ung thuc
c t t. Gia Long ly L Tng Cht lm Tng trn v L Vn Phong lm Hip Tng trn
Bc thnh v giao b n kim Bc thnh tng trn chi n m Nguyn Vn Thnh dng
cho L Tng Cht v L Vn Phong s dng.

Page 345
Lc Hoa Vin

[229] Du kim Bc thnh quyn 5, Cng vn c ch. KH: A.3086, Sd, tr.42.

[230] Nguyn Vn Nhn theo ph Nguyn nh t nm 1778 lm ti chc Khm sai chng
Hu qun Bnh ty tng qun, nm 1808 c phong lm Tng trn thnh Gia nh.

[231] Trnh Hoi c theo gp Nguyn nh t khi cn chin tranh gi chc Tham tri b H,
nm 1808 lm Hip tng trn Gia nh thnh. Hin nay th x Bin Ha cn lng m bia
.

[232] NTLCB, Sd, tr.394.

[233] L Vn Duyt: Thi tr l thi gim theo Nguyn nh t 1778, sau lm n Khm sai
chng T qun Bnh ty tng qun, nm 1820 lm Tng trn Gia nh thnh. Hin nay
trung tm qun Bnh Thnh - Tp. H Ch Minh cn khu lng m n th L Vn Duyt c
bo qun xp hng Di tch lch s vn ha.

[234] Du Gia nh thnh tng trn chi n in quyn 18 - Minh Mnh th 7, tr.82, CBTN.

[235] Thanh Hoa trn th chi chng sao chp Cng vn cu ch. KH: A. 3032, TV Vin
NCHN.

[236] Qung Nam doanh chi chng quyn 18 - Minh Mnh th 7, tr.86, CBTN.

[237] NTLCB, Sd, tr.206.

[238] Thanh Hoa trn n quyn 18 - Minh Mnh th 7, CBTN.

[239] Hai du Qung Nam doanh chi chng v Bnh nh trn n cng ng trong quyn
18 - Minh Mnh th 7, tr.78, 86, CBTN.

[240] Du Khm mnh tn chng sao chp tp I, Cng vn c ch. KH: A. 3032, tr.57, TV
Vin NCHN.

[241] Thi Gia Long mt s cp hnh chnh mt s ni cha c n nh, nhng ni ny

u do cc quan Khm sai, Khm phi m nhim. Trng hp o Thanh Bnh ny l mt
v d.

[242] o Thanh Bnh gm 2 ph, 6 huyn, 41 tng, 271 x, thn, trang (Thin Quan l
mt trong hai ph). u Minh Mnh i lm o Ninh Bnh.

[243] Du Ninh Bnh o n chp Cng vn cu ch, Sd, quyn 4, tr.25.

[244] KNHSL, Sd, tr.314.

[245] i Nam in l: Nguyn S Gic dch - Nh in Tn Tht L, Si Gn, 1962.

Page 346
 Lc Hoa Vin

[246] Trang ti liu ny do nh nghin cu Cao T Thanh ti Tp. H Ch Minh cung cp,
nhn chuyn cng tc ca chng ti vo Nam nm 1989.

[247] Cng vn cu ch: KH: A 3032 - quyn 1, tr.76.

[248] Cng vn cu ch: KH: A.3326 - quyn 5, tr.71.

[249] Ph - Bn ph, mt trong cc loi vn bn thuc dng cng vn triu Nguyn dng
phn bit vi bn chnh v bn lc.

[250] Du n v du kim B chnh s Ninh Binh in trong Cng vn cu ch quyn 5, Sd,

tr.2.

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[251] i Nam in l: Sd, tr.103.

[252] KNHSL, Sd, tr.334, 335.

Page 347
Lc Hoa Vin

[253] Trc l, cn gi l T Trc l v Hu Trc l - Gm 4 tnh gip kinh Hu l Qung

Nam, Qung Ngi, Qung Tr v Qung Bnh.

[254] KNHSL, Sd, tr.301.

[255] KNHSL, Sd, tr.319.

[256] Cng vn c ch, KH: A.3086, quyn 2, tr.2.

[257] Cng vn c ch, Sd, quyn 3, tr.42.

[258] Cng vn cu ch, quyn 1, KH: A.3032

[259] Cng vn cu ch, quyn 4, KH: A.3032

[260] Du N Bn th chu k trong quyn 2, tr.161 - Hm Nghi nguyn nin, CBTN. V

nguyn tc lu tr, chng ti khng photocopy c nguyn bn hnh du v trang vn t
dn tc thiu s nn - ch ha li. (Chu N Bn thuc tnh Qung Tr).

[261] i Nam in l, Sd, tr.337.

[262] Hnh n v k ny do ng Hong Gip - trng phng Su tm Vin Nghin cu

Hn Nm, in rp c nguyn bn ti huyn Hu Lng, tnh Lng Sn nm 1985.

[263] Huyn Qunh Ci i Gia Long thuc ph Thi Bnh, trn Sn Nam - sau thuc phn
ph Thi Bnh, nay thuc tnh Thi Bnh.

[264] KNHSL, Sd, tr.322.

[265] KNHSL, Sd, tr.322.

[266] KNHSL, Sd, tr.323.

[267] Du in quyn 67 - Minh Mnh, tr.144.

[268] Du in quyn 67 - Minh Mnh th 19, tr.6.

[269] i Nam in l, Sd, tr.337.

[270] ng Xun - i Gia Long thuc huyn Th Xng, ph Hoi c, nay thuc qun
Hon Kim - H Ni. Hai du Trin ny ng trong tp ng Xun tng cc thn phng a
b - KH: A.3086 - TV Vin NCHN.

[271] Du in trong Ph Th tnh, H Ha huyn, Vnh Chn tng cc x a b, KH: AG

a11/13.

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[272] MMCY, Sd, tr.17.

[273] KNHSL, Sd, tr.328.

[274] Du in trong Cng vn cu ch, quyn 4, KH: A.3032, tr.9.

[275] Cng vn c ch, KH: A.3086, Q.5, tr.54.

[276] Hu b: Nhng ngi mi trng Hu b, hoc quan li i khuyt b vo

nhm chc.

[277] Cng vn cu ch, KH: A.2918, tr.69.

[278] T lc sao, KH: A.152, tr.2, TV Vin NCHN.

[279] Ng gia vn phi, KH: VHv.16/12, tr.17, TV Vin NCHN.

[280] Hong Vit thi tuyn, KH: VHv.1451, tr.2, TV Vin NCHN.

[281] Du Ca vnh thi bnh, in li nguyn bn hin vt ti Vin Bo tng lch s, Tp. H Ch
Minh.

[282] Du Tng tuyt trai sao li Bulletin de la Socit des tudes Indochinoises, Sd.

[283] Du Thun ct in rp nguyn bn hin vt ti Hi An, Nng nm 1989.

[284] Du Tng hp in li nguyn bn hin vt ti Vin Bo tng Lch s, Tp. H Ch Minh.

[285] Gia nh ng Sng ngi Vit gc Hoa sang Vit Nam t thi Nguyn, tr ti ph c
Hi An, hin cn lu gi c t nhiu c vt qu gi. Ngoi s n tn c bit chng ti cn
c xem nhiu c vt bng ng, bng gm, g v mt kho sch ch Hn, ch Trung Quc
c gi tr.

[286] Cu Thin, theo T nguyn l ch Tri; cu thin l tm phng tri v khu trung
ng gia tri. Ngy nay khi khn vi, dn ta thng m u bng cu: Ly chn
phng tri mi phng Pht.

[287] Theo sch Trn i vng bnh Nguyn th Trn Quc Tun sinh nm Bnh Tut
(1226), mt s t liu khc th khng nh ng sinh nm 1228.

[288] i Vit s k tin bin, Nxb. KHXH, 1997, tr.362.

[289] Ngoi du T c thn hn cn cc du Minh Mnh thn hn, Thiu Tr thn hn,
Thn hn chi t c chc nng tng t.

HT

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