Ph.D.

Qualifying Exam, Real Analysis

September 2005, part I
Do all the problems.

1 (Quickies)
a. Let B denote the set of all Borel probability measures on [0, 1]? What are the extreme
points of this set?
b. Suppose that u is a continuous linear functional on C (T) (i.e. a distribution on the
circle), which has the property that hu, i 0 whenever 0, C (S 1 ). Show that u is
a measure.
Hint: Show that hu, i can be estimated by a constant times sup ||.
2
a. Suppose that P (1 , . . . , n ) is a polynomial on Rn such that for some constants C1 , C2 >
0,
|P ()| C1 || when || C2 .
Let P () be the differential operator defined by replacing each j by /xj . Suppose that
P ()u = f in Rn , that f C0 (Rn ), and that u Lp (Rn ) for some 1 p . Prove that
u C (Rn ).
b. Prove that for every C0 (R),
Z
(x)
lim dx
0+ x + i

exists, and that moreover the value of this limit depends continuously on in some C k norm.
3 Show that if g L1 (T), M (T) (a finite measure on T), and (x + ) (x) = gdt,
for some irrational , then is absolutely continuous.
4 Let f C (R) (the space of infinitely differentiable functions on the line). Assume that for
every x R, f (n) (x) = 0 for at least one n 0. Prove that f is a polynomial.
Hints: Use Baires theorem to show that there exists a dense open set G such that the restriction
of f to any of its interval components agrees (on that interval) with a polynomial (i.e., for some
n, which may depend on the component, f (n) (x) = 0 identically). Use the Baire category
theorem again.
5 Convolution and smoothness:
a. Let f, g L2 (T). Prove that f g C(T).
b. Assume f C k (T) and g C l (T). Prove that f g C k+l (T).
c. Construct a function C(T) such that (k times) is not differentiable for
any k.
 Ph.D. Qualifying Exam, Real Analysis
September 2005, part II

Do all the problems.

1 (Quickies)
a. Describe a norm k k0 on R3 such that the unit vectors (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) have
1
norm 1 while k(1, 1, 1)k0 < 100 .
Hint: Think in terms of the unit ball.
P ijt where |f (j)| |j| log j for |j| > 75, uniformly in n.
b. Let fn (t) = jZ fn (j)e n
P ijt
Assume that for all j, limn fn (j) exists, and denote it cj . Prove that g = cj e C (T)
and that fn converges to g in the topology of C k (T) for every k > 0.

2 Prove that every measurable homomorphism of T = R mod 2Z into the multiplicative

group T = {z : |z| = 1} C is given by (t) = eint with n N.
Hint: Prove, and then use, the fact that is continuous.

3 The HardyLittlewood maximal function of a function f L1 (R) is defined by:

Z
x+h
1
Mf (x) = sup |f (t)|dt.
h>0 2h
xh

a. Proof that, for f 6= 0, Mf is not integrable, but is of weak-L1 -type, that is

c
({x; Mf (x) > }) .

b. Identify the function

Z
x+h
1
mf (x) = lim sup |f (t)|dt.
h0+ 2h
xh

T = R/2Z is the circle 1 2

4
1
R group. Let k L (T) and let K be the integral operator on L (T)
defined by K : f 7 2 k(x t)f (t)dt.
a. Prove that K is compact and normal (i.e. commutes with its adjoint). When is it actually
self-adjoint?
 b. What is the spectrum of K and what are the corresponding eigenfunctions and eigenval-
ues?
c. If we replace T by R, then is the analogous operator on L2 (R) (with k L1 (R)) compact?

5 Suppose that for some p, 1 < p < , fn Lp ([0, 1]) and kfn kp 1, uniformly in n.
Assuming that fn (x) 0 a.e.; prove that fn 0 weakly in Lp .