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Agenda 21
on sustainable construction
CIB Report Publication 237

CIB
Agenda 21
on sustainable construction

July 1999
3
Copyright CIB

ISBN 90-6363-015-8
Contact:
CIB General Secretariat
Post Box 1837
3000 BV Rotterdam The Netherlands
E-mail: secretariat@cibworld.nl
4
www.cibworld.nl
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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

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FOREWORD FROM CIB..............................................................................................................5

FOREWORD FROM PARTNER ORGANISATIONS............................................................................9
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................13
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1.1. BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................25
1.2. TOWARDS AN AGENDA 21 FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION..........................................26
1.3. THE CIB WORLD BUILDING CONGRESS 1998, GVLE, SWEDEN ......................................27
1.4. OBJECTIVES OF AN AGENDA 21 FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION .................................29
1.5. STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS ...........................................................................................31
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2.1. BACKGROUND AND DEFINITIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ...................................35
2.2. HOW THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IS CONCERNED .......................................................39
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2.3. A SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTIC OF THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS:
THE ROLE OF VARIOUS ACTORS .............................................................................................47
2.4. MAIN CHALLENGING DOMAINS FOR A SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR ..................49
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3.1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................53
3.2. PROCESS AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES ..............................................................................54
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Introduction................................................................................................................................. 56
Design process........................................................................................................................... 56
Environmental quality of construction........................................................................................ 56
Re-engineering of the building process..................................................................................... 57
New building concepts............................................................................................................... 57
Human Resources ..................................................................................................................... 57
Decision making processes....................................................................................................... 58
Education.................................................................................................................................... 58
Public awareness....................................................................................................................... 58
Standard and regulations........................................................................................................... 58
Research .................................................................................................................................... 59

3.3. PRODUCT AND BUILDING ISSUES...................................................................................... 59
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Objective..................................................................................................................................... 60
State of the art ............................................................................................................................ 61
Major challenges ........................................................................................................................ 62
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3.4. RESOURCES CONSUMPTION ............................................................................................ 68
(QHUJ\ 68
State of the art ............................................................................................................................ 68
Main challenges ......................................................................................................................... 69
0DWHULDOV 70
State of the art ............................................................................................................................ 70
Main challenges ......................................................................................................................... 71
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State of the art ............................................................................................................................ 73
Main challenges ......................................................................................................................... 73
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3.5. CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT ................................. 77
0DLQLVVXHVIRUEXLOWHQYLURQPHQWVXVWDLQDELOLW\ 78
Urban growth .............................................................................................................................. 78
Resource use and waste management..................................................................................... 78
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3.6. ENVIRONMENTAL BURDENS ............................................................................................. 83
3.7. SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES ..................................................................... 85
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4.1. GLOBAL APPROACH ........................................................................................................ 91
4.2. A REVIEW OF VARIOUS DETAILED STRATEGIES................................................................. 93
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3RVVLEOHVWUDWHJLHVIRUFKDQJH 95
The defensive strategy - complying with regulation .................................................................. 95
The offensive strategy - beyond compliance............................................................................. 96
Eco-efficiency strategy............................................................................................................... 96
Sustainability strategy ............................................................................................................... 97
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4.3. CHALLENGES TOWARDS VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS ........................................................101
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4.4. CONCLUSIONS ...............................................................................................................110
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1 ELABORATION OF SELECTED CIB ACTIVITIES CRUCIAL UNDER THE HEADING OF SUSTAINABLE
CONSTRUCTION ....................................................................................................................116
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2 PROJECT "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE FUTURE OF CONSTRUCTION" BY WORKING

COMMISSION W082 ON "FUTURE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION"...............................................119

FOREWORD FROM PARTNER ORGANISATIONS
The Construction Engineering Research Foundation - CERF

CERF is an independent, non-profit organisation created by the American
Society of Civil Engineers and headquartered in Washington DC. Operating
since 1989, CERFs mission is to bring together diverse groups within the
civil engineering community to facilitate, coordinate, and integrate research
by the civil engineering community and the design, construction, and
environmental industries. CERF operates innovation technology evaluation
centers in the areas of highways, public works, the environment, and buildings
to help the design and construction industry expedite the transfer of
innovation into practice. By uniting voices and leveraging resources from
across the industry, CERF identifies needs, sets priorities, and organises
collaborative projects. The Agenda 21 on Sustainable Construction provides
a valuable benchmark and springboard for the future for the building and
construction sector globally.
Harvey M. Bernstein
President
The International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials

and Structures - RILEM
RILEM provides a worldwide network of communication throughout
80 countries, to bring together specialists from research and industry with
the common objective to promote progress in the design, testing,
manufacture and use of building materials. The RILEM engagement in
developing sustainable construction practices is demonstrated through the
manifold activities of its Technical Committees. A life cycle view on material
resources in building is an obvious need to reach the goal of sustainable
development and an environmentally sound construction industry. The
Agenda 21 on Sustainable Construction gives essential support to and
direction for the work towards a sustainable building and construction
sector.
Carmen Andrade
Vice President
9
The International Energy Agency Implementing Agreement on Energy
Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems - IEA ECBCS
On behalf of the Implementing Agreement on Energy Conservation in
Buildings and Community Systems of the International Energy Agency, I wish
to express my support for this Document. The well-substantiated need to
reduce the impacts of the construction industry on the global environment
makes it imperative for the industry to undertake substantial and rapid
improvements in the way buildings and other structures are designed, built
and operated. The contents of Agenda 21 provide a summary of the issues
and outline a path forward which can guide our policy-making and daily
operations towards this desirable and indeed most necessary end.
Richard Karney
Chairman
Energy Conservation in
Buildings and Community Systems Executive Committee
The International Society for Indoor Air Quality and Climate - ISIAQ
The Board of Directors of ISIAQ, together with its 500 members spread
over 40 countries, are strongly motivated partners with CIB in the Agenda
21 for Sustainable Construction. Sustainable buildings are those that protect
and promote the health and comfort of the occupants while at the same
time safeguarding the environment and making an effective use of energy.
The ISIAQ mandate is to promote the design and construction of indoor
environments that support peoples health, welfare and productivity. ISIAQ
intends to collaborate in Agenda 21 to the utmost of its professional and
intellectual energy.
Marco Moroni
President
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sustainable development is
development that meets the needs of
executive summary the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet
their own needs 15
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section three
main issues and challenges of sustainable construction
51
The Objective for the Building Industry
challenges Responsibilities
- ethical and human rights policies
- high environmental standards in the business
Legal matters
Economic matters Social matters Sustainable aspects on
Management and Organisation
Political matters
Building industry
Actions: Integrated design process
Improvement of environmental standards
Re-engineering of the building process
Sustainable
construction
New building concepts Barriers to progress:

- defending the status quo
Sustainability in decision making processes
- poor understanding of the problems
Education and research - poor vehicles for participation
- market delay, insufficient data
Public awareness
- lack of communication, lack of client
Standard and regulations - political insecurity
Human resources
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Agenda 21

CIB Report Publication 237

CIB Report Publication 237

CIB Report Publication 237

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

FOREWORD FROM CIB..............................................................................................................5

 AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

2 PROJECT "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND THE FUTURE OF CONSTRUCTION" BY WORKING

 AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

The Construction Engineering Research Foundation - CERF

The International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories for Materials

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

 AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

Challenges for construction

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 AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

 AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

Reduce Use of energy sources Minimise depletion through:

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

 AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

New building concepts Barriers to progress:

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

 AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

 AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION 

 AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

Promoting Reducing Selecting Contributing

Issues and Challenges of Sustainable Construction

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

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AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION

AGENDA 21 ON SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION