1

Network Definition

      

www.kutub.info
&  2#$ 
-. / 01 &'( *!+ #$%!
 2

      

www.kutub.info
&  2#$ 
-. / 01
&'( *!+ #$%! Network Definition

.
.

.

:
*
Communications
*
Transportation
*
Social
*
Biological
*
Utilities

" "
.

.
Computer Resources
) Peripheral (
.
:

-1
.
3

-2
.

-3
.. .





.
Protocol
.
.
.
:
-1 ,
.
-2 Adapter
Network
. Interface Card
Servers
. Clients

.

( Network Operating System ) NOS
Windows NT & Windows 2000
.

4

(Local Area Network) LAN

LAN ,

.
LAN
:
-1 Twisted pair cable
). (Shielded or Unshielded
-2 . Coaxial cable
-3 . Optic Cable Fiber
-4 . Wireless transmission media
Metropolitan ) MAN
(Area Networks
LAN
20 100 .
LAN



(Wide Area Networks ) WAN
.

:
-1 : e-mail
.
-2 : Scheduling


5

...
-3 : Groupware


.
6

/
Peer-to-Peer Networks &
Server-Client Networks
7

/
Peer-to-Peer Networks & Server-Client Networks

-1-2 : Peer-to-Peer Networks

.
: LAN
Server
.
. Workgroup


.

.
:
-1 .
-2
.
-3 .
-4
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.
-4
8

.

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.
:
Windows 3.11 for Workgroup -1
Windows 95 -2
Windows 98 -3
Windows Me -4
Windows NT 4.0 Workstation -5
Windows NT 4.0 Server -6
Windows 2000 Professional -7
Windows 2000 Server -8
Windows NT & Windows 2000
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
(Remote Access Service) RAS .
-4 Win 9x
9

-2-2 / : Server-Client Networks

/ Server-Based Network
)

( ) ( dedicated

/ /

.
/ :

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.
-5

.
-6 Security /
)
( Administrator

.
:
-1 . File Servers
-2 . Print Servers
-3 . Application Servers
-4 . Communication Servers
-5 . Database Servers
10

Windows NT Server & Windows 2000 Server

:
-1 Mail Server .
-2 Fax Server .
-3 Communication Server
Server Directory Services
) Domain ( Windows


.
-4 / . Internet Intranet
-5 File and Print Server
.
-6 Application Servers

.

.

Microsoft LAN Manager
MS-DOS , UNIX , OS/2
.

Windows NT Server :
-1 (Symmetric Multi Processing ) SMP
Processor
.
-2 ).( PowerPC , Digital Alpha AXP , Intel , MIPS , RISC
-3 .Services Directory Architecture
-4 EB 1) Exabyte 16 260 (.
11

-5 .EB 16
-6 .
Windows NT Workstation . Win9x
/
.Combination Network
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 Processing Activity .

:
-1 10 .
-2 .
-3 .

.
/


RAM
.
12

Networks Classification

- .
- )(.
- .
13

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

-1 :
:
-1 . LAN
-2 . MAN
-3 . WAN
-1-1 : LAN

.
Campus
:

LAN
.
14

: - - -
, ...
.
(
)
:
- .Ethernet
- . Token ring
- .( Fiber Distributed Data Interface ) FDDI
- .Gigabit Ethernet
- .( Asynchronous Transfer Mode ) ATM
:

) ( Segments
Switch Ethernet
Layer2
VLANs
Ethernet
Pass Token
Token Ring
.
.
Backbone
Gigabit
1000Mbps Ethernet Ethernet
.
LAN WAN
) ( Email
ATM

.
15

-2-1 : MAN
LAN

.
LAN MAN
.
-3-1 : WAN
WAN .
. WAN
LAN MAN
.
.
WAN
.
WAN
.
:
: Enterprise Network
.
: Global Network
.
: Internet Network
LAN WAN MAN
,
.
) ( Router
) ( MANs & LANs
.
16

2 ) ( :

.

.
Network Topology
Topology
Physical Layout . Design

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 . Cable Connectors
:
-1 .Bus
-2 . Star
-3 .Ring
-4 .Mesh
-5 .Tree
-1-2 : Bus
Bus
) ( Segment
: Linear Bus
17

.
:
-1 ).( Signal
-2 ) .( Signal Bounce
-3 ) .( The Terminator
Signals

.
Bus
Collision

Bus :
-1 ) Hardwar
.( Capabilities
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .


. :
18

FCD ?>
GHI>JKD
JKLM>N?O

.
Terminator .
:

Terminator

.
:
-1 .
-2
.
.Network being down
Bus
19

.
:
-1 .Barrel Connector
-2 .Repeater
Barrel Connector
:

TU>V WHX

.
Repeater

.
:

PQRO
20

Bus
. .

-2-2 : Network star

Star
Hub Concentrator
Central Point Wiring Center
.
:

Hub
Hub
.
.
.
Star
.











.
:
21

. Star-Bus-1
. Star-Ring -2
Star Bus Bus . Star :

. Linear Bus Segments
.

.
Star Ring Ring . :
22

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

.
-3-2 :Ring networks

:

.
Token
Passing Token .
:Token Passing
Free
Token


Token .

23

Free Token

.
Token Passing

:
* .
* ) ( .
Bus

) Token Ring (
Token Ring
.
Token Ring IBM IEEE
. LAN
: . :
24

-4-2 :Mesh
,
.

.

. :

-5-2 :Tree
.


:


) (
.

.
25

-3 :
:
-1 .General network
-2 . Special network
-3 .Additional network
-1-3 :
)
( .

. .
-2-3 :
.

.
.

.
-3-3 :



.
.
26

OSI
OSI Reference Model

OSI

: Physical layer

: Data link layer

: Network layer

: Transport layer

: Session layer

: Presentation layer

: Application layer
27

OSI
OSI Reference Model



.
International Organization for ) ISO
( Standardization . ISO


) ( Interoperability
OSI ) OSI
( reference model 1984

)
(
) The Basic Reference Model for Open
( Systems Interconnecting

:



OSI
.
:
- 1 . Reduces complexity
- 2 . Standardizes interfaces
- 3 Ensure interoperable
. technology
- 4 )
28

( . Facilitate modular engineering

- 5 . Accelerate evolution
- 6 . Simplifies teaching and learning

-1-4 : OSI
OSI :
-1 The physical layer
-2 The data link layer
-3 The network layer
-4 The transport layer
-5 The session layer
-6 The presentation layer
-7 The application layer

.
:
Network Transport Data-Link
.Physical

.
.
.
.
OSI
Interface
. :


) ( . :
29

Peer-to-Peer Communications

.
:

Physical

Encapsulation
OSI Physical
De-Encapsulation
.
30

OSI


Data
. Protocol stack

.
OSI

. OSI ) ( Packets

Operate
.
31

:
Layer 1:Physical Layer
, .

ISO " " 1 .

.
Bit Stream


.
...
-1-1-4 : Cables
:

-1 .Baseband
-2 .Broadband
Baseband systems
Bandwidth
.Baseband

.
attenuation
Baseband Repeaters
.
Broadband systems Analog
.
Broadband unidirectional
:
-1 dual-cable
.
32

-2
midsplit


.
:

Broadband .amplifiers

Cable TV . .

-1-1-1-4 :
:
-1 .Coaxial Cable
-2 .Twisted Pair
-3 .Optic Fiber
:
 . Cable cost
 . Usable cable length
 . Transmission rate
 . Flexibility
 . Susceptibility interference
 Preferred uses
33

-2-1-1-4 :Coaxial Cable

:
-1
.
-2 .
-3

. Teflon :
) (

EMI . Crosstalk
.

:
-1 .Thin
-2 .Thick

0.6
10Base2 .

1.2
10Base5

) (
185
500 .
34

:
50 -1 RG-8 ) RG-11 (.
50 -2 RG-58 .
75 -3 RG-59 .
93 -4 RG-62 .ARC net

( British Naval Connectors ) BNC BNC
:
. BNC cable connector -1
. BNC T connector -2
. BNC barrel connector -3
. BNC terminator -4 :


:
.( Poly-Vinyl Chloride ) PVC -1
.Plenum -2
PVC

.
plenum
plenum


.
plenum .PVC
:
-1 .
35

-2 .
-3 .

-3-1-1-4 :Twisted Pair Cables

.
:
-1 (Unshielded Twisted Pair ) UTP
..Base10T:

-2. Shielded :
36

The Electronic ) EIA/TIA

(Industries Association and the Telecommunications Industries Association
UTP :
Category -1 .
Category -2 4 .
Category -3 10 .
Category -4 16 .
Category -5 100 .
UTP
:
Shielding

(STP) Shielded-twisted pair


.

STP UTP :
-1 .
-2 .
.
-3

TP
:
-1 .
-2 .

RJ-45 :
37

-4-1-1-4 :Optic Fiber Cables

Core
Kevlar . :

Core
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 100
200000 .
-4
.

.

.
.
:
38

-1 .
-2 .
Interfaces .
:
 Fiber Optic Cable Single
Mode
.
 Fiber Optic Cable Multimode
.

Fiber Optic Cable Multimode Graded Index
:

:
(1 : Transmitters
- ) . LED ( Light Emitting Diode
- ) . ILD ( Injection Laser Diode
(2 : Receivers
- .PIN
- . APD
) ( :
(1 ST connector .
39

(2 SC connector .
:

/ /
100GHz 1GHz 20MHz
)(
1.5 5m 50 60m 8 m
15 50m 100 120m > 160 m

10 Base FL 2Km 10Mbps
10 Base FB 2Km 10Mbps
10 Base FX 2.5Km 100-1000Mbps

-2 -1-4 :
-1-2-1-4 ):(Crossover Cables
UTP Ethernet





.
-2-2-1-4 ): (loopback
) (loopback


RJ-45
40

.


.
-3-2-1-4 :
UTP . )
, (
.
)
.(Fox & Hound
.
.
.
.

.


. .
.UTP
(
)
.

UTP .


.

UTP .
.
41

.
.


.

-4-2-1-4 :
) ( WIRE MAP TESTER
UTP .
.



.
) (Split pair

.
. UTP
.




42

. .


.

.
-52-1-4 :
)(Multifunction cable tester
.


:
1 ):( Length
Time Domain Reflectometry
) (TDR .
) Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP
) ( .
.
-2 ):( Attenuation

) (.
-3 ): Near end crosstalk (NEXT
)
(
.
-4 : Power Sum NEXT (PSNEXT) NEXT

.
Gigabit Ethernet .
43

-5 Equal level far end crosstalk

): (ELFEXT

.
-6 : Power sum LEFEXT (PSELFEXT)ELFEXT

.
7 ): (Propagation Delay
.
-8 ): (Delay Skew
.
UTP .
-9 ):(Return Loss
)impedance
( .
.

.
.


.
.



.

44

-3-1-4 : Wireless
Wireless LAN
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.

.


. Hybrid
:
-1
.
-2 .
-3 .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

.
Transceiver
Transceiver
.
Transceiver
.
:
-1 single-frequency radio
45

. Narrow-Band High-Frequency Radio

-2 . spread-spectrum radio
-3 . infrared


.

.
Transceiver .
single-frequency radio
Radio Frequency (RF) Range
GHz
.


.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
)(
.


.

Watt.
1 10
.
46

.
.
spread-spectrum radio

.

.
:
-1 .Sequence Modulation Direct
-2 .Frequency Hopping
.


.chips

.
Frequency Hopping

.

.


.
.
2 6
.

47

.


) (.
:
-1 .
-2 .
( Light Emitting Diode ) LED
.( Injection Laser Diode ) ILD

.

.
100 300
.

.
.
:
-1 .Point Point to
-2 .Broadcast
-3 .Reflective


.
48

.
.
16
.


.

. Scatter Infrared Networks

.
1


.
Reflective
Transceiver
.

. .
-4-1-4 :
-1-4-1-4 : Modem

.
) Modems
MOdulator ( DEModulator

.

.
49

:
.
.

.
:
Internal -1 .
External -2 . RS-232
RJ-11
:
Dial-up network lines -1 .
leased lines -2 .



56 .
24

64 45 .
Baud



28.800

115.200 .
The International Telecommunications
) Union (ITU
V :
) 1_ V.22bis 2400 bps ( Bit Per Second
2_ V.32 9600 bps
3_ V.32 bis 14.400 bps
50

4_ V.32terbo 19.000 bps

5_ V.34 28.800 bps
6_ V.34 bis 33.600 bps
7_ V.90 57.000 bps
:
-1 asynchronous
-2 . synchronous


Star Bit Stop Bit




Parity Bit
.
33.400
115.200 .
:
Channel Speed -1
.
Throughput -2

.
.

Frames


51

.
:
-1 ). Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC
-2 ). High-level Data Link Control (HDLC
-3 Protocol ( Bisync ) Binary Synchronous
Communications

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

.

-2-4-1-4 : Repeaters





Token Ring

Access Method
.



Broadcast
Storm
.
52

Hub

. :

-3-4-1-4- : Transceiver
:
 Adapter (Attachment Unit Interface) AUI . RJ-45
 )( Converter RJ-45 ST .
 .
53
54

Data link layer
-1-2-4 : Layer Specification
) (Data link
. ) (
.
.

.
:
-
-
-
- ) ( hubs



.
Ethernet
Token Ring Fiber ) FDDI
.( Distributed Data Interface
:
- ) (.
- .( Media Access Control ) MAC
- .
:
: :

55

frame

.
Ethernet Token Ring
12 ) 6 Byte (
. MAC
( Media Access Control Address ) Address
OSI Destination Address
Source Address :

.

.

.
.
Cyclical ) CRC
( Redundancy Check
.
56

.
.
: OSI
.
frame
. datagram packet
. OSI
: ) : Media Access Control ( MAC
) ( Half- Duplex


) ( collision .
.

) Media Access Control ( MAC
.
.
Ethernet Carrier
)) .Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection ( CSMA/CD (.
Token Ring ) ) . ( Token Passing (.
: :

.

) ( MAC .
.
) ( WANs
) Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP -
) Point To Point Protocol (PPP .

802 Data-Link :
57

( Logical Link Control ) LLC -1 .

( Media Access Control ) MAC -2 .
LLC MAC OSI
:
-1 .LAN
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
LLC .
LLC :
-1 Connectionless

.
-2 Connection-Oriented


.
-3 Acknowledged Connectionless
.
MAC :
-1 .
-2
.
-3 LLC .
-4
MAC Address
ROM .( BIA) Burned-In-Address
-5 .
MAC Error-Detecting
Frame-Check Sequence
58

OSI .
MAC )
(Connection-Oriented :
-1 Request .
-2 .Indication
-3 Response
.
-4 .Confirmation
Connectionless .

Devices :
- .( Network Interface Card ) NIC
- .Switch
- .Bridge

-2-2-4 :
-1-2-2-4 : NIC
-1-1-2-2-4 :
Network Adapter Cards
:
-1 )Network Interface Card (NIC
-2 LAN Card ,LAN
-3 LAN Interface Card , LAN
-4LAN Adapter, LAN
. :
59

Expansion Slot
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 ,

.
, unique IEEE
MAC
( Media Access Control Address) Address 48
ROM , 24
24 ,
, .
HARDWARE FIRMWARE

, SOFTWARE ROM
.
60

,
, , Parallel
Serial Transmission
) .( Half- Duplex





_
. Transceiver

:
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .


.

, RAM
, . Buffering


.

.
:
1 .
61

2 .
3 .
4 .
5 . Overflow
6 .
.
:
1 .
2
.
3 .

-2-1-2 :

.
62

.
.
:
: ( Industry Standard Architecture ) ISA 1
ISA 8 16 . 8 Mbps
: ( Micro Channel Architecture ) MCA 2
16 32 ISA
.
: ( Extended Industry Standard Architecture) EISA 3
32 33 Mbps
. ISA
: ( Peripheral Component Interconnect ) PCI 4
32 .132 Mbps
PCMCIA 5
.RJ-45:

) Plug and Play
(
( :
63

1 : Interrupt

.
) Interrupt Request ( IRQ
.
IRQ5 IRQ3
.
2 / ):(Base I/O Port Address
.
Port
Base I/O Port .
:
310 to 31F , 300 to 30F .
3 ) :( DMA Channel


.
4 ) : ( Base Memory Address
RAM

D8000 D800
.
5- ) : ( Transceiver
:
. On-Board BNC 1
. On-Board RJ-45 2
. On-Board AUI 3
Combo
Card ) Jumpers
( NIC
.
64

-3-1-2-2-4 :

.
:
: :
:
/ : Programmed I/O
.
/ I/O Address

.
.

.
: Shared Adapter Memory
RAM


.
) : Direct Memory Access ( DMA

:
: DMA Controller

.
: .

.
: Bus Mastering
Parallel Tasking
65

DMA
.
20 70
.
EISA,MCA PCI . Bus Mastering
: : Driver Software
Network Card Driver
.
.
: :

32
16 .
: :


)(Bottle Neck
:
Ram Buffer
.

.
:
1 : RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computing

.
2 : CISC Complex Instruction Set Computing

.
66

RISC CISC

RISC . CISC
-4-1- 2-2-4 :
Wireless LAN
.
:
1 .
2
:
1 .
2 Wireless Concentrator
Transceiver
:
. Radio Waves
- . Microwaves
- . Infrared

-5-1-2-2-4 : Terminals

:
1 .
2 .
3 .



Remote-Boot PROM
.
67

22-2-4 : Switch
) ( HUB

( .

Data Link layer OSI
.

.
:
Micro Segmenting
.
VLANs VLAN
) .
( .

Layer2 MAC Address

.
MAC Address .
68

Layer2
) MAC (Media Access Control Address
MAC .

:
) . ( Cut-through
). ( Store-and-forward

.
.
/
. ) ( matrix switching
). ( crossbar switching

) .( Latency
) ( store-and-forward
. :
) ( shared-memory switch
) (buffer
) ( Bus architecture switch
.
69

) . Cyclical Redundancy Check ( CRC

) ( runts ) ( giant ) . ( jabber

.
: LAN
-1
.
-2 VLAN
.
-3 ATM Fast
. Ethernet
-4 VLANs Segment

.
. : -5
10 Base T Ethernet
100 Base T Ethernet
1000 Base T Ethernet
Fiber based Fast Ethernet
Token Ring
CDDI / FDDI
...

:
70

-32-2-4 : Bridge

:
_1 .
 Hub
_2




.

:
-1 .
-2 .
:
-1 802.3
.
-2 .
71

-3 .
-4 Ethernet Token Ring
:

) (






:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
IPX TCP/IP . OSI



.
:
-1
.
72

-2 .
:
-1 . Local
-2 .Remote




:

. :

) ( MAC Address
.


. Bridge Learning


Routing Table
73

.

:
: :
-1

.
-2


) ( .
:
.

.
:
-1 Backbone :
74

-2 Cascade :

-3 Star :

:

.


.
75

Multiport Bridge
.
:
.


Broadcast Storm . :

:
-1 .
76

-2
.
)Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA



Automatically .
:

.
) ( Bridge Id :
2 2 bytes for Priority
6 6 bytes for MAC address MAC
Port ) ( Port Id .
:
-1 : Root Port
. Bridge Id Priority MAC address
.
-2 Root port ) (
)
( .

-3 Designated bridge . designated port
Designated bridge designated port
,
,
) . ( Root port
-4
designated port stand by
) , ( Blocked ports
.
77

-5 ,
)
(.
: STP
) CBPDU (Configuration Bridge Protocol Data Unit
78

Network Layer
-1-3-4 : Layer Specification

)
(
. LAN

Packets
.


.

.
( IP ) Internet Protocol ) ( TCP/ IP
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet protocol /
. Novell NetWare
) Inter-network Packet Exchange ( IPX

) NetBIOS Extended User Interface ( NetBEUI
Net BIOS Microsoft Windows.
) . ( IP

.
:
: Addressing



.
79

.
: Network Layer Addresses
.
) ( hierarchical address
logical address virtual address
.
) / (
.
) (
/ .
Internet
TCP/ IP )
. ( IP
IP

.
:
- : Static
Network manager
.
- : Dynamic

.

Resolution :
: ( ARP) Address Resolution Protocol
.
A
80

) B A B ( A ARP
Request ) ( Broadcasting
B
B MAC
. Address
(
A B ) C
C A B
Reply A
MAC Address ) ( C A C
. B
) : Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ( RARP
.
Diskless computers
) (
RARP Request
RARP RARP Reply
.
IP .
IP 32 Bit .

. unique
IPX
MAC Address .
NetBEUI NetBIOS
.
: Fragmenting


.
Token Ring 4500 Bytes
81

Ethernet . 1500 Bytes

Token Ring Ethernet
1500 Bytes
. Fragmenting


.
.
.
:Routing


.

.
.
) ( Internetwork

) . ( Routers

:
) . ( End Systems
) . ( Intermediate systems

.
OSI
:

82

.
) ( .

.
.

.

.
:

.
.
83

-2-3-4 :
12-3-4 : Router

Router
.
:
) ( Filtering .
.
Broadcast
Messages
.


.


.

(
) TCP/IP

.

.
.
:
.
.
.

.
84

MAC

.
Routing Algorithms
:
-1 ) RIP ( Routing Information Protocol
-2 ) OSPF (Open Shortest Path First
-3 NLSP ( NetWare Link Services Protocol ) Netware
RIP Distance-Vector
Algorithms
) Hops (
1 2 .
)
( .
.


30 ways
) ( .
OSPF Link-State


.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3
.
85

OSPF TCP/IP
:
-1 Hops
-2
-3 .
-4
NLSP Link-State IPX
Link-State
. Distance-Vector
: Routing Protocol:

Update routing massage
) metric hops count cost . ( time
:
. ( OSPF ) Open Shortest Path First
. ( RIP) Routing Information Protocol
.( EGP ) Exterior Gateway Protocol
.( IGP ) Interior Gateway Protocol
:Routing Protocols
.
:
( IP ) Internet Protocol Transmission
... DECnet , XNS , IPX , Apple Talk ( TCP) Control Protocol

.
.


.
:
86

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
Broadcast Messages
. Broadcast Storms
:
Static
Dynamic
:

.
.


.
:
.


:







.



87

. Storm Broadcast


.
:
-1 20 .
-2 .TCP/IP
-3 LAN .WAN
Brouter
Multiprotocol Router
.
Brouter :
-1
-2 .
-3 .
22-3-4 : Gateway
:
-1
-2
-3
-4
NT

IBM

.




88

:
.
.
:



:
" " Router
TCP/IP
" . " Gateway TCP/IP Microsoft
Windows
.

.

:

:

:
: .
) (.
89

Transport Layer
.

TCP/IP TCP
IP .
.
TCP ) .User Datagram Protocol ( UDP

IPX
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) NetWare
) . Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX

. ) ( Connection-oriented
.
. TCP


) ( Three-way Handshake .

.
) (Packet Acknowledgment
) (Data Segmentation ) ( Flow Control .


.
) . ( Reliable
.
.

.
90

TCP/IP TCP 20 Byte UPD

8 Byte .
) ( Connectionless
.

. ) ( UDP

) ( Transactions ) ( requests
) . (responses .


TCP UDP
.



.
91

The Session Layer

OSI.

Presentation
. Application
.
22 .
) ( Dialogs Control ) . ( Dialogs Separation
) . ( Dialog
.
Two-Way ) TWA
( Alternate . ( Two-Way Simultaneous ) TWS
TWA
.
TWS
.
) ( Checkpoints
. TWA
.TWS
92

Presentation Layer

) ( Syntax .

.


.
) ( Abstract Syntax
.
) ( Transfer syntax .
.
93

Application Layer
OSI
.
( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ) SMTP
.
( File Transfer Protocol ) FTP
.
.

.

: OSI
Cloud :
94

<=>?@A< CDEA F=GHIJ H=MNO
LAN Standards & technology
95

LAN Standards & technology
: Ethernet -1-5
Ethernet LAN Architecture
Xeror . IEEE
. Networking Standard 802.3
.


)Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD

.

.
:
96

10
100 . 1
. Bus Star-
.Bus
Basebend Signaling
. Broadband Signaling
Ethernet Network
Controller
. Controller
. :

:
). 10 BaseT (Twisted-Pair
). 10 Base2 (Thin Coaxial
). 10 Base5 (Thick Coaxial
). 10 BaseF (Fiber Optic
Gigabit Ethernet
1024
Bridges . Routers .
97

.10-Base-2
Bps .
Baseband
.Broadband
100
.Segment
10Base2 10
Baseband
200.

10BaseT 10BaseF
. 10BaseT T Twisted F 10BaseF Fiber
Optic .
Frame
64 1518 18 46
1500 . :
98

:
-1 Preamble Section
.
-2 Source and Destination Section
.
-3 Type Section IP
. IPX
-4 Cyclical Redundancy
Check (CRC) Section
.
.TCP/IP

Bridge Router Segment
. .

:
-1 .
-2 High Bandwidth
Applications .
99

:
.Windows me Windows 98 Windows 95 -1
. Windows NT Server Windows NT Workstation -2
.Windows 2000 -3
.(Professional , Advanced Server Server -4
.Windows for Workgroup -5
.Microsoft LAN Manager -6
.Novell Netware -7
.IBM LAN Server -8
.Appel Share -9
:
.IEEE 802.3
CSMA/CD .
:
10Base2,10Base5,10BaseF,10BaseT,Gigabit Ethernet

.
.

-1-1-5 : 10BaseT
10BaseT 10
Twisted pair )( Baseband
.Twisted pair


) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP 3 4 5
) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP
.
10BaseT Star
.Bus
:
100

10BaseT
Hub
Bus
.CSMA/CD
10BaseT :
10BaseT Transceiver -1 ) (Transmitter-Receiver
.
-2 . Wiring Hub
-3 .Repeaters
-4 .RJ-45 Connectors

Multiport Repeater .
Twisted Pair RJ-45 Connectors
.
.
Transceiver )Attachment Unit (AUI
Interface Controller
.
10BaseT Transceiver
.
Segment 10BaseT 100
2.5.
10BaseT
.
Thick Coaxial
Twisted Pair 10BaseT :
Thick Coaxial 10BaseT Tansceiver
.Twisted Pair :
101

-2-1-5 : 10Base2
10Base2 1985 10
Baseband
Bus Thin
.Coaxial 10Base2 200
185 200
185 30 . 10Base2
:
-1 (10Base2 Transceiver) 10Base2
.
-2 . Thin Coaxial
-3 .Tconnectors
-4 ).BNC Barrel Connectors(50Ohm
-5 ).BNC Termination (50Ohm
-6 .Repeaters
10Base2 :
: BNC

Barrel Connectors .
: T
.Tconnectors
102

: T Ethernet Controller
. :

: Segment
T
BNC Terminator
10Base2.
10Base2 10Base5
.10Base5
1024
1000 925.
10Base2 Segment

. :
3-4-5 Rule 5-4-3
103

-3-1-5 : 10Base5
10Base5 10 Baseband
Bus Thick
Coaxial
.
Segment 100 .
2.5


. Reflection
500 .
2.5
. .
104

10Base :
.
-1 Transceiver
-2 - .Transceiver Cable
-3 .50-ohm Terminator
-4 .
-5 .Wiring Hub
-6 .Barrel Connectors
-7 .Coring Tool



Transceiver Cable 9 9-pin
Ribbon DB-15 Connector
.Controller :

10Base5 Trasceiver
.Transceiver Cable :
105

Transceiver Cable Transciever

. Transceiver
Coring Tool
.Transceiver .

In-Line Connector .Transceiver
.

10Base5 5-4-3 Rule .

Repeaters 2500.
:10Base5
106

-1
) Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI
.

-2 10BaseT .10Base2
10Base2
.
-4-1-5 :10BaseF
10BaseF Fiber Optic
2

.
10BaseF Electro-
).Magnetic Interference (EMI
10BaseF:
-1 .Fiber Optic Cable
-2 ).Fiber Optic Transceiver (FOT
-1
Sub Miniature Assembly (SMA) Connectors Straight Tip
).(ST
:
-1 .Single Mode
-2 .Multimode

.LAN

Twisted Pair Fiber Optic Transceiver
) (FOT
. :
107

Repeater
FOT
Bridge .Router
FOT ) Sub Miniature Assembl Connector (SMA
. :

10BaseF :
.10BaseFL-Fiber Link-1
.10BaseFB-Fiber Backbone-2
10BaeFP-Passive Fiber-3
10BaseFL Repeaters
Segment 2 .
10BaseFL FOT Repeaters
Hubs .
10BaseFL .
108

10BaseFB
Repeaters.
Transceiver .Repeaters
10BaseFB Repeaters
Segment 2.
10BaseFP
Passive Hub Transceivers
Repeaters Network Adapter Cards
Transceiver 500.
Hubs
.

-2-5 100Mbps IEEE Standard : Broadband

100
10
:
-1 )Computer Aided Desin(CAD
-2 )Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM
-3 .Video Conferencing
100 :

.100BaseVG-AnyLAN Ethernet -1
.100BaseX Ethernet (Fast Ethernet) -2
10Base 10BaseT
.
IEEE802.12
Token Ring .

100BaseVG(Voice Grade) Any LAN
Token Ring .Hewlett-Packard
:
100VG-AnyLAN -1
109

.100Base VG -2
.VG -3
.AnyLAN -4
100BaseVG(Voice Grade)Any LAN Star
34 5 Twisted Pair .
.
) 100BaseX Ethernet (Fast Ethernet 5 UTP
STP . CSMA/CD
.StarBus
) 100BaseX Ethernet (Fast Ethernet :
100BaseT4 -1 4 34 5 .UTP
100BaseTX -2 5 UTP .STP
100BaseFX -3 .
IEEE 802.3 ) Baseband ( Broadband
Broadband
.Coaxial
Broadband 10Broad36
Baseband Baseband
Broadband
. Radio-Frequency Modem :
110

Broadband
.
10Broad36 Bandwidth ) (
18 6 MHZ 10Broad 36
3 .
300-400MHZ
Community Antenna Television (CATV) Coaxal Cable
.
Broadband :
-1 CATV
.LAN
-2 LAN
.

-3-5 : ( Gigabit Ethernet ) IEEE 802.3Z

.server
1000Mbps
500m
.
. server
IEEE 802.3z
1000MBPS
25 m COAX .100UTP5 25m coax , UTP5
.
) Tam Del'Orro
( IEEE 802.3z 70% SERVER
50 96% 100
:
111

:
-1 > .50M
-2> .100M
GIGABIT ETHERNET
FIBER OPTIC BACKBONE COAX
) JUMBER Thicknet ( .
FIBEROPTIC COAX "
Gigabit Ethernet
UTP5 )UTP5E(Enhanced
) UTP6 ( UTP STP
. :
112
113

-4-5 : ( The IEEE 802.5 specification ) Token Ring

Token Ring
IEEE 802.5 Token Ring
Ring 1985 .IEEE 802.3
Token Ring LAN :
-1 .Token Passing
-2 - .Hybrid Star-Ring Topology
IEEE 802.5
(Media Access Control )MAC Token
Passing :
-1
.
-2
.
Token Ring Token
Token 3 .

:
114

Token Ring
.
Frame:
.1 Start Delimiter .
.2 Access Control

Token .
.3 Frame Control
) Media Access Control (MAC Logical Link Control
) (LLC .
.4 Destination Address
.
.5 Source Address
.
.6 Information Data
.
.7 Frame Check Sequence
3 4 5 6
.

.8 End Delimiter .
.10 Frame Status

.
.
Token Ring

Hub
-.
115

IBM Token Ring IBM

( Multistation Access Unit ) MAU
Twisted Pair 255.
Token Ring :
-1 .STP
-2 4 6 .
-3 .Baseband
Token Ring Token


Token

.
:
 )( .
 Token .
Token Ring
:
-1 Phase Lobe Test


.
-2


Token


.
-3 Duplicate Address
Test
116

.
-4
) Nearest Active Upstream Neighbor (NAUN
)( Token Ring

.
Ring -5
) Parameter Server (RPS :
.1 Initialization
.Values
.2 :
Code Level .NAUN Address
Token Ring

.

:
 IBM
101.
 IBM
100.
 IBM
45.

.
.Repeaters
:
117

Token Ring :
1 ) connectors Media interface (MIC
. :

2 RJ-45 Telephone connectors (8 pin) RJ-45

.
3 (4 Pin) RJ-11 Telephone connectors RJ-11
.
Token Ring:
 4 .
 16 .
118

-5-5 AppleTalk : ARCnet

: AppleTalk -1-5-5
Apple Computer
.
) Apple Macintosh ( Mac
Apple .
Apple :
AppleTalk -1
LocalTalk -2
AppleShare -3
EtherTalk -4
TokenTalk -5
Apple Mac
AppleTalk Distributed Peer to
. Peer
1985
AppleTalk Phase1
.AppleTalk Phase2
AppleTalk Mac
.
Mac RS-232 Serial Port
.AppleTalk
AppleTalk LocalTalk
.AppleTalk
:
-1.
-2.
-3 .Cable Extended
LocalTalk Optic Cable , STP , UTP .STP
119

300 32 Segment
.
:
 . 8pin DIN Din
 ). Din 25pin (DB25
 ).RJ-11 (Telephone Jack
 ). Din 9Pin (DB9

:MAC
SCSI Port -1 .1

ADB Port -2 .2

Modem Port -3 .3

Printer Port -4 . 4

LocalTalk CSMA/CA
.
120

LocalTalk PhoneNET Farallon

communications
254.
AppleShare File Server Software Apple Talk
Apple
.AppleShare Print Server
LocalTalk
Zone
.Zone Name LocalTalk
. Token Ring
LocalTalk .
LocalTalk Zones
.
Apple AppleTalk :
IBM PC-1 .
.IBM Mainframes-2
.Digital Equipment Corporation VAX-3
-4 .UNIX
EtherTalk .Mac
Mac .EtherTalk
EtherTalk 10 Coaxial Thick and
Thin EtherTalk Mac . EtherTalk
.AppleTalk Phase2
TokenTalk Mac Token Ring
TokenTalk .AppleTalk Phase2
AppleTalk
:

-1
.
-2 .
121

-3
.
AppleTalk
:
-1 ) Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP
.
-2 ) Name Binding Protocol (NMP
Distributed Database
Names Directory
.Numerical Addresses
-3 ) Zone Information Protocol (ZIP
.
-4 :AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP): AppleTalk
.
:Apple Talk Session Protocol (ASP) :AppleTalk

-5
.
-6 :Printer Access Protocol (AFP):
.
-7 :Apple Talk Filing Protocol : AppleTalk
.
-8 Apple Talk Data Stream Protocol AppleTalk :
) :(ADSP .
-9 )( Apple Talk Echo Protocol : AppleTalk
):(AEP
PING
.
122

: ARCnet -2-5-5
) Attached Resource Computer Network (ARCnet
.
ARCnet Datapoint Corporation .1977
ARCnet .1983
ARCnet Token Passing Bus Star
.Bus

) Source Identifier (SID
) Next Identifier(NID

.
Token ARCNet
) Invitation To Transmit (ITT :
ITT
(Free Buffer Enquiry) FBE

ACK
Acknowledgment Frame
(Negative Acknowledgment
Frame) NAK .
ACK
ACK
ITT .
ARCnet :
- 1 .
- 2 .
508 - 3 ARCNet ARCnet Plus
4096 .
ARCnet Plus 20 .
123

ARCNet 93ohm RG-62 A/U

Coaxial Cable UTP .
BNC
610 305 .
UTP RJ-11 RJ-45 244
.
124

<AVWD @A< IJHYA@?>=< A HCDEA T=@UO
Designing Switched LAN Internetworks
125

-1-6 :

. Hubs Routers
Data Centers .

-
.
,Switches :

.
.
, Standardizing
, ) ,(LANE ATM

.
126

,ATM
.

-2-6 :
, ,
, .
:
-1-2-6 :LAN Switching Technology


- :Ethernet
.VLANs .
- :Token Ring .Token Ring
Token Ring .
- :(Copper Distributed Data Interface) CDDI
,( single-attachment station) SAS
,(dual-attachment station) DAS
,CAT5 Rj-45 100 .
- Fiber Distributed Data ) FDDI
:(Interface ,
.
-2-2-6 :ATM
. ATM
.
-3-2-6 :
.
,
.
: Internetwork
.
127

-3-6 :

:
- ,
.
-
.
,
.
- ,
.

, Fast Ethernet
.ATM
Segmanting

.
LAN ,Microsegmantation
,
. 10 100 1000 .
Token Ring 16\4 .

. ,
.
. ) (
.
:
- HUBs ,
.
-
.
128

10BaseT 10/100BaseT , 100BaseT Ethernet ,
, , CDDI/FDDI,Token Ring ,
). ATM LAN Emulation(LANE

-4-6 :
.
.
.
, :
- .
- .
-
.
- ) ,(Scalability
.
) (RMON . -
( Remote Monitoring. MIB(Management Information Base. Database of
network management information that is used and maintained by a network
management protocol such as SNMP or CMIP.) agent specification described in
RFC 1271 that defines functions for the remote monitoring of networked
devices. The RMON specification provides numerous monitoring, problem
detection, and reporting capabilities).

.

WAN .
.

) .(Scalability LAN ATM
.
129

LAN WAN .
VLANs .

. .
, , ,
.
.
-5-6 :
:
- .
- .
- .
.

-1-5-6 :
.
ATM ,LAN .router
-1-1-5-6 :ATM Switches
,
ATM .

LANs .WANs ) Quality of Service ( QOS
- ,-Bandwidth on demand

.
ATM .ATM
ATM .
ATM ,Cell ATM
:
130

- .
-.
- .ATM
- .
- .
- (switched virtual circuit) SVC
.(permanent virtual circuit or connection) PVC

, ATM
:
- .(Workgroup ATM switches) ATM
- .(Campus ATM switches) ATM
- .(Enterprise ATM switches) ATM
- ).(Multiservice access switches
.ATM
131

ATM :
ATM ATM desktop
, ATM
ATM QoS .
ATM ATM
) ATM .( LAN ATM

.VLANs
.

ATM .
.

ATM:

.Enterprise
) .(high-end multiprotocol routers ATM
ATM ATM , .LANs
,ATM

.
, Platform
ATM.

:
- ATM -
.
,Frame Relay
MAN ) WAN
,LAN ATM( .ATM
ATM
, .
132

-2-1-5-6 :LAN
)
( Token Ring ) 100 1000 /
,FDDI 155 ( ATM
.
LAN , .
,
100/10 16 , Token Ring
:

LAN
, MAC
, .
" "A " "1 " "B " ,"2
LAN " "1 " ,"2 ""3
"."B

" "C " "3 " "D " "4
, " "1 " ,"2 ""3
"."4
LAN MAC
) , (
133

, ) (
.Flooding
,
. LAN
Flat .
) ( .
LAN ) VLANs (
.

-3-1-5-6 :
LAN
. LAN
) ( HUB ,
) , ATM ATM
( .
LAN WAN . ,
,
, .

-2-5-6 :
.
: ,LAN ,ATM
.
, :
- ) (Topology .
- .
- .
- , , , .
134

Cisco ) Cisco IOS

.(Internetwork Operating System Cisco IOS
.
Cisco IOS ,
, WAN
, ,LAN ,ATM private ) PBX
(branch exchange .ATM
,VLANs
,ATM ,
, .

:VLANs
, ) ( ,
VLANs .
. VLANs ) (LANs
(VLAN trunking protocols) VLANs .
VLANs Spanning Tree ). (IEEE 802.1d
VLANs OSI
)multiplexing ,(IEEE 802.10 ) , (LANE
,(Inter-Switch Link) ISL
.
:VLANs
135
136

.
OSI
, ,
, , , .
IEEE : ,MAC
,LLC .

10
. D C B A 100 VLANs .E
10 6 8 A 2 VLANs 20 . B
1 A 1 3 . B

VLANs ,
.
. VLAN
, .
VLAN
VLAN .

-3-5-6 :
.

,
.
LANs Hub
.Router , ,

.
.
137

-6-6 :
, :
- . Cisco ATM
- . Cisco LAN
- .Cisco

-1-6-6 :Cisco ATM

) (LightStream 1010 ATM

.
ATM .IOS
LightStream 1010 ) (Slots
)dual, load-sharing, hot-
.(swappable power supplies 5 ,
) ,(nonblocking 65,536 ATM

) . (shared ATM cell buffers.
( (slots ,
. ATM
,

UTP-5 155 Mbps
.OC-12
LightStream 1010
. LAN
Packet
, , TCP/IP

.IPX ABR (Available
) Bit Rate ATM , LightStream 1010
.
- ,(Private network-network interface) PNNI
.
138

LightStream 1010 .
, )( ,
ATM .
,ATM LANs ,
.
SNMP CiscoView
) (GUI AtmDirector Cisco ) ATM
, (Works .
Cisco IOS LightStream 1010
.
, LightStream 1010 BOOTP, DHCP,
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) ,Telnet .
Cisco IOS
Terminal Access Controller Access ) TACACS
(Control System ,
.
LightStream 1010
.
Cisco/StrataCom BPX/AXIS ATM
9.6-Gbps
.
Cisco/Stata com IGX ATM 1.2 Gbps WAN
. ATM

-2-6-6 : Cisco LANs

Catalyst
.
cost-effectiveness
, ,
139

. LAN
.VLANs
.
.

140

:Catalyst
141

-3-6-6 :CISCO
:
142

-7-6 :
-1-7-6 :
:

:
. :
.
.

. .

:
:
,
.

:
.
.

:
.
:
143

:

)(core

)(distribution

)(access
.
.
,
.

.
.
,:
.
.
/ .
.VLAN
.
.

.
.
.
.

. :
.
.
.MAC
).(Microsegmentation
144

) (wide-area Frame Relay ISDN .
) (
, .
.

.
.
:
)(.
.
:

.
.
.
,
)( .
.CPU Overload

145

FDDI .
.
-2-7-6 :

.
) (campus :
- .
- .QoS
- .
- .
. :
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- QoS.
-.
- .
- .
- .


(Internet Group IGMP
) Management Protocol
.
CISCO
.(Cisco Group Management Protocol ) CGMP
, ,

CGMP
146

.multicast Bridging
.

.
CISCO
.VLAN

:
: %100

.
CMSA/CD
.
VLANs
VLAN
. VLAN
.
.
VLANs : VLAN VLAN
80% .VLAN
: VLAN

.
:
.

. :
.
/ .
/.
147

-1-2-7-6 :

.
.

.


VLANs . VLANs
VLAN VLAN
.

-2-2-7-6 / :
/ ATM
LAN ATM/LAN .
.
148

LAN Spanning-Tree
.
/ .
VLANs VLAN ) .(inter-VLAN

.
/ VLANs
.VLAN 80%
VLAN ) (intra-VLAN 20%
VLAN VLAN .
VLAN 20%
.

-3-2-7-6 /:
/ ,
. :
149

/ .
.
.80/20
VLAN ,
.
150

ZC[=\ H]^ZJ W`a bcWJ
Introduction to Cisco Routers Configuration
151

Router Configuration
-1-7 :
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .
-2-7 :
-1 :
-2 : .ROM-RAM-Non Volatile RAM-Flash Memory:
ROM , RAM
RAM , Flash
, NVRAM .
-3 : ,

, Ethernet0
.
,
. Serial5/0
, 7507
.
7500 ) (VIP
Port Adapter Ethernet 4/0/1
. 4
-4 ) (:Control Port
) (RS-232
RJ45 ). DB25F(Female
152

-5 : .
-6 : :
- ):(Running Configuration )(
RAM ,
.
- (: (Startup Configuration NVRAM
,
.
-6 : , IP
Apple Talk .
. RAM
-3-7 :
, 2520
, ,T1
,1.544 Mbps Ethernet
.LAN 10 Mbps
153

:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

- : ,
, )(
. .RFC 1035
63 .
- : , T1
.Ethernet LAN 10 Mbps

,
, )( )(. , Ethernet0 &Serial1
. Ethernet0&Serial0

-4-7 :
:,.
154

- : ,
. ,
.
:
- UNIX .TCP/IP
- Novell Net Ware .IPX
Apple Macintoshes - . Apple Talk
- :
. :
. IP Routing Information Protocol (RIP) -
.IPX RIP -
.AppleTalk Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) -
IPX IPX RIP ,
.

-5-7 :
, .
: IP - IP,
,
. .
:IPX - IPX,
IPX.
, .
:Apple Talk - . ,
.
- :
,
, .

:
155

Router IPX AppleTalk AppleTalk

Interface IP Address Network Cable Range Zone Name

Ethernet0 172.16.10.1 AC100A00 100-109 Twilight
Serial1 172.16.11.1 AC100B00 1001-1001 WAN

Ethernet0 172.16.20.1 AC101400 200-209 Headquarters
Serial0 172.16.11.2 AC100B00 1001-1001 WAN

:
-1 ) .(itsasecret
-2 )(enableme
-3 )(letmein

-6-7 :
-1 : RJ45 .DB25F
-2 :
, .

-7-7 :
-1 .
: ,
POST
. Flash :

1. System Bootstrap, Version 11.0(10c), SOFTWARE

2. Copyright (c) 1986-1996 by cisco Systems
3. 2500 processor with 6144 Kbytes of main memory
4.
5. Notice: NVRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase.
156

. NVRAM
. Flash Bootstrap : -2
:

1. Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software

2. IOS (tm) 2500 Software (C2500-JS-L), Version 11.3(5), RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
3. Copyright (c) 1986-1998 by cisco Systems, Inc.
4. Compiled Tue 11-Aug-98 04:06 by phanguye
5. Image text-base: 0x030489A8, data-base: 0x00001000
6.
7. cisco 2520 (68030) processor (revision M) with 6144K/2048K bytes of memory.
8. Processor board ID 10353060, with hardware revision 00000003
9. Bridging software.
10. X.25 software, Version 3.0.0.
11. SuperLAT software copyright 1990 by Meridian Technology Corp).
12. TN3270 Emulation software.
13. Basic Rate ISDN software, Version 1.0.
14. 1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s)
15. 2 Serial network interface(s)
16. 2 Low-speed serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
17. 1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
18. 32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory.
19. 16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read ONLY)
20.
21. Notice: NVRAM invalid, possibly due to write erase.

,
.NVRAM , ,
: -8-7
. NVRAM
.
. Enter
:
. -
. -
. -
. -
...
157

-1-8-7 - :

,
, , , .
:

1. --- System Configuration Dialog ---

2.
3. At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.
4. Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.
5. Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.
6. Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes]: yes

,
> <Ctrl-C
.
,
,
:
: ,

>.<setup
: .
,
. Enter
Yes , Y No .N
:

1. First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]: yes
2.
3. Any interface listed with OK? value "NO" does not have a valid configuration
4.
5. Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
6. BRI0 unassigned NO unset up down
7. BRI0:1 unassigned YES unset down down
8. BRI0:2 unassigned YES unset down down
9. Ethernet0 unassigned NO unset up down
10. Serial0 unassigned NO unset down down
11. Serial1 unassigned NO unset down down
158

12. Serial2 unassigned NO unset down down

13. Serial3 unassigned NO unset down down

,
, .
-2-8-7- :
, ,.
:

1. Configuring global parameters:

2.
3. Enter host name [Router]:

,
.
.

, :
1. The enable secret is a one-way cryptographic secret used
2. instead of the enable password when it exists.
3.
4. Enter enable secret: itsasecret
5.
6. The enable password is used when there is no enable secret
7. and when using older software and some boot images.
8.
9. Enter enable password: enableme
10. Enter virtual terminal password: letmein

,
.
, .
) (VTY Telnet .
,
:

1. Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]: no

159

2. Configure LAT? [yes]: no

3. Configure AppleTalk? [no]: yes
4. Multizone networks? [no]: no
5. Configure DECnet? [no]: no
6. Configure IP? [yes]: yes
7. Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: no
8. Configure RIP routing? [no]: yes
9. Configure CLNS? [no]: no
10. Configure IPX? [no]: yes
11. Configure Vines? [no]: no
12. Configure XNS? [no]: no
13. Configure Apollo? [no]: no
14. Configure bridging? [no]: no
15. Enter ISDN BRI Switch Type [none]: none

, ,
.

: - -3-8-7
. ,

1. Configuring interface parameters:

2.
3. Configuring interface BRI0:
4. Is this interface in use? [no]: no
5.
6. Configuring interface Ethernet0:
7. Is this interface in use? [no]: yes
8. Configure IP on this interface? [no]: yes
9. IP address for this interface: 172.16.10.1
10. Number of bits in subnet field [0]: 8
11. Class B network is 172.16.0.0, 8 subnet bits; mask is /24
12. Configure AppleTalk on this interface? [no]: yes
13. Extended AppleTalk network? [no]: yes
14. AppleTalk starting cable range [0]: 100
15. AppleTalk ending cable range [100]: 109
16. AppleTalk zone name [myzone]: Twilight
17. Configure IPX on this interface? [no]: yes
18. IPX network number [1]: ac100a00
19.
20. Configuring interface Serial0:
21. Is this interface in use? [no]: no
22.
23. Configuring interface Serial1:
24. Is this interface in use? [no]: yes
25. Configure IP on this interface? [no]: yes
160

26. Configure IP unnumbered on this interface? [no]: no

27. IP address for this interface: 172.16.11.1
28. Number of bits in subnet field [8]: 8
29. Class B network is 172.16.0.0, 8 subnet bits; mask is /24
30. Configure AppleTalk on this interface? [no]: yes
31. Extended AppleTalk network? [yes]: yes
32. AppleTalk starting cable range [2]: 1001
33. AppleTalk ending cable range [1001]: 1001
34. AppleTalk zone name [myzone]: WAN
35. Configure IPX on this interface? [no]: yes
36. IPX network number [2]: ac100b00
37.
38. Configuring interface Serial2:
39. Is this interface in use? [no]: no
40.
41. Configuring interface Serial3:
42. Is this interface in use? [no]: no
,
, ,
, , ,
.

: - -4-8-7

: ,

1. The following configuration command script was created:

2.
3. hostname
4. enable secret 5 $1$S.px$gAcVrJaShGu2x6Rvu/F1C/
5. enable password enableme
6. line vty 0 4
7. password letmein
8. no snmp-server
9. !
10. appletalk routing
11. no decnet routing
12. ip routing
13. no clns routing
14. ipx routing
15. no vines routing
16. no xns routing
17. no apollo routing
18. no bridge 1
161

19. !
20. isdn switch-type none
21. !
22. interface BRI0
23. shutdown
24. no ip address
25. !
26. interface Ethernet0
27. no shutdown
28. ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0
29. appletalk cable-range 100-109
30. appletalk zone Twilight
31. ipx network AC100A00
32. !
33. interface Serial0
34. shutdown
35. no ip address
36. !
37. interface Serial1
38. no shutdown
39. ip address 172.16.11.1 255.255.255.0
40. appletalk cable-range 1001-1001
41. appletalk zone WAN
42. ipx network AC100B00
43. !
44. interface Serial2
45. shutdown
46. no ip address
47. !
48. interface Serial3
49. shutdown
50. no ip address
51. !
52. router rip
53. network 172.16.0.0
54. !
55. end
56.
57. Use this configuration? [yes/no]: yes
58. Building configuration...
59. [OK]
60. Use the enabled mode 'configure' command to modify this configuration.
61.
62.
63. Press RETURN to get started!
162

, 57
, ,
.Startup Configuration NVRAM
. configure 60
================================================================

.
:

: - -1-8-7

--- System Configuration Dialog ---

1. At any point you may enter a question mark '?' for help.
2. Use ctrl-c to abort configuration dialog at any prompt.
3. Default settings are in square brackets '[]'.
4. Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes]: yes
5. First, would you like to see the current interface summary? [yes]: yes
6. Any interface listed with OK? value "NO" does not have a valid configuration
7. Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
8. BRI0 unassigned NO unset up down
9. BRI0:1 unassigned YES unset down down
10. BRI0:2 unassigned YES unset down down
11. Ethernet0 unassigned NO unset up up
12. Serial0 unassigned NO unset up down
13. Serial1 unassigned NO unset down down
14. Serial2 unassigned NO unset up down
15. Serial3 unassigned NO unset down down

: - -2-8-7

Configuring global parameters:

1. Enter host name [Router]:

2. The enable secret is a one-way cryptographic secret used
3. instead of the enable password when it exists.
4. Enter enable secret: itsasecret
5. The enable password is used when there is no enable secret
6. and when using older software and some boot images.
7. Enter enable password: enableme
8. Enter virtual terminal password: letmein
163

9. Configure SNMP Network Management? [yes]: no

10. Configure LAT? [yes]: no
11. Configure AppleTalk? [no]: yes
12. Multizone networks? [no]: no
13. Configure DECnet? [no]: no
14. Configure IP? [yes]: yes
15. Configure IGRP routing? [yes]: no
16. Configure RIP routing? [no]: yes
17. Configure CLNS? [no]: no
18. Configure IPX? [no]: yes
19. Configure Vines? [no]: no
20. Configure XNS? [no]: no
21. Configure Apollo? [no]: no
22. Configure bridging? [no]: no
23. Enter ISDN BRI Switch Type [none]: none

: - -3-8-7

Configuring interface parameters:

1- Configuring interface BRI0:

2- Is this interface in use? [yes]: no
3- Configuring interface Ethernet0:
4- Is this interface in use? [yes]: yes
5- Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: yes
6- IP address for this interface: 172.16.20.1
7- Number of bits in subnet field [0]: 8
8- Class B network is 172.16.0.0, 8 subnet bits; mask is /24
9- Configure AppleTalk on this interface? [no]: yes
10- Extended AppleTalk network? [no]: yes
11- AppleTalk starting cable range [0]: 200
12- AppleTalk ending cable range [200]: 209
13- AppleTalk zone name [myzone]: Headquarters
14- Configure IPX on this interface? [no]: yes
15- IPX network number [1]: ac101400
16- Configuring interface Serial0:
17- Is this interface in use? [yes]: yes
18- Configure IP on this interface? [yes]: yes
19- Configure IP unnumbered on this interface? [no]: no
20- IP address for this interface: 172.16.11.2
21- Number of bits in subnet field [8]: 8
22- Class B network is 172.16.0.0, 8 subnet bits; mask is /24
23- Configure AppleTalk on this interface? [no]: yes
24- Extended AppleTalk network? [yes]: yes
25- AppleTalk starting cable range [2]: 1001
26- AppleTalk ending cable range [1001]: 1001
27- AppleTalk zone name [myzone]: WAN
28- Configure IPX on this interface? [no]: yes
29- IPX network number [2]: ac100b00
30- Configuring interface Serial1:
164

31- Is this interface in use? [yes]: no

32- Configuring interface Serial2:
33- Is this interface in use? [yes]: no
34- Configuring interface Serial3:
35- Is this interface in use? [yes]: no

: - -4-8-7

1- hostname
2- enable secret 5 $1$LKJD$eQwhzhNEr4LsUFCwrJ8eG0
3- enable password enableme
4- line vty 0 4
5- password letmein
6- no snmp-server
7- !
8- appletalk routing
9- no decnet routing
10- ip routing
11- no clns routing
12- ipx routing
13- no vines routing
14- no xns routing
15- no apollo routing
16- no bridge 1
17- !
18- isdn switch-type none
19- !
20- interface BRI0
21- shutdown
22- no ip address
23- !
24- interface Ethernet0
25- ip address 172.16.20.1 255.255.255.0
26- appletalk cable-range 200-209
27- appletalk zone Headquarters
28- ipx network AC101400
29- !
30- interface Serial0
31- ip address 172.16.11.2 255.255.255.0
32- appletalk cable-range 1001-1001
33- appletalk zone WAN
34- ipx network AC100B00
35- !
36- interface Serial1
37- shutdown
38- no ip address
39- !
40- interface Serial2
41- shutdown
165

42- no ip address
43- !
44- interface Serial3
45- shutdown
46- no ip address
47- !
48- router rip
49- network 172.16.0.0
50- !
51- end
52- Use this configuration? [yes/no]: yes
53- Building configuration...
54- ][OK
55- Use the enabled mode 'configure' command to modify this configuration.
56- !Press RETURN to get started

T1
, ,
, OSPF

.RIP .
166

JV>qO rstO
(h>e ZOF=g) <\WJ <AHe
Case Study (ALEPPO SHERATON)
167

) (


, ,
) ,(Intranet

,
.
{ .
-1-8 :
SHERATON
.

) (.
, ) ,(Deck Floor .
.
42
.
-2-8 :
:
168

) (Switched LANs ) (Scaled Switching

, , ,
,
.
(Gigabit Ethernet) IEEE 802.3Z .112-110
:

CISCO Catalyst 6503 .

CISCO Catalyst 2948G.
.

. IBM x345

.

Racks
(Patch Panels) RJ-45
.
169
170
171
172

:
173

:
-1 ) ( Interanet .
-2 Extranet .
-3 :
(1 .Fault Management
(2 .Accounting Management
-4 .Configuration & Name Management
-5 .Performance Management
-6 .Security Management
-7 :
.Network Parameters 
.Status Information Situations 
.Troubleshooting 
SNMP

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
:
-1
) TCP / IP( Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
.
-2 SNMP .
-3
-4 SNMPV2 + SNMPV1
. SNMPV3
-5 SNMP :
(1 Managed Media
(2 Agents
(3 ) . NMS( Network Management Systems
: SNMP Agent
) ( NMS . SNMP
174

: Agent
. SNMP
:NMS
NMS .
175

Unidirectional
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Inter-Switch Link (ISL)
Fast Ethernet
Peripheral Devices
Multifunction Cable Tester
Coring Tool
Signal Bounce
Signaling
Unshielded Twisted Pairs (UTP)
Responses
Preferred Uses
Twisted Pairs Wires
Shielded-Twisted Pairs (STP) Wires
Coaxial Cables
Two-Way Simultaneous (TWS)
Packet Acknowledgment
Infrared
Runts
Fibers Optic
Security
Delay Skew
Intermediate Systems
End Systems
Wireless
Chips Bit
Serial Transmission
Groupware
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol
(RARP)

176

Name Binding Protocol (NMP)

NetBIOS Extended User Interface Protocol NetBIOS
Protocol BISYNC (Binary Synchronous
Communications)

NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) NetWare
Internet Protocol (IP)
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)
Apple Talk Session Protocol (ASP) Apple Talk
Connection-Oriented Protocol
User Datagrams Protocol (UDP)
Zone Information Protocol (ZIP)
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)
AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) Apple Talk
Apple Talk Echo Protocol (AEP) Apple Talk ( )
TCP/ IP (Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol)
/
NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) NetWare
AppleTalk Routing Table Maintenance
Protocol (RTMP) AppleTalk

Apple Talk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) Apple Talk

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Configuration Bridge Protocol Data Unit
(CBPDU)

Apple Talk Filing Protocol Apple Talk
VLAN Trunking Protocols VLANs
Connectionless Protocols
E-mail
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Micro Channel Architecture (MCA)
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
177

Extended Industry Standard Architecture

(EISA)

Gateway
Baud
Propagation Delay
Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX )
Crossbar Switching
Matrix Switching
Fragmenting
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Flow Control
Dialogs Control
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Bus Mastering
High-level Data Link Control (HDLC)
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)
Store-and-Forward
Attenuation
Crosstalk
Near end crosstalk (NEXT)
Bit Stream
Video Conferencing
Filtering
Collision
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
Transactions
Direct Sequence Modulation
Acknowledged Connectionless
Bridge Learning
Encapsulation
Microsegmantation
178

Data Segmentation
Cable Cost
Automatically ( )
Token Passing
Two-Way Alternate( TWA)
Parallel Tasking
Startup Configuration
Running Configuration
Routing
Standardizing
Network Being Down
Jabber
Routing Table
Scheduling
Bridge
Multiport Bridge
Designated Bridge
Quality of Service (QOS)
Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
Star-Ring
External
Remote Access Service (RAS)
Cell
Distance-Vector Algorithms
Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA)
Internal
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
Invitation to Transmit (ITT)
ILD (Injection Laser Diode)
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
179

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Ram Buffer
Shared Adapter Memory
Peripheral Components Interconnect (PCI)
Packets
Plug and Play
Split Pair
Static
Cloud
Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP)
Channel Speed
Dual-Cable
Scatter Infrared Networks
Campus Networks
Server-Client Networks /
Wide Area Networks (WAN)
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Internet Network
Enterprise Network
LAN Local Area Network
Bus Network
Internetwork ( )
Global Network
Combination Network
Expansion Slot
Distributed Peer to Peer Networks
Syntax
Abstract Syntax
Transfer Syntax
Return Loss
Application Layer
180

Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Interrupt Request (IRQ)
Requests
Usable Cable Length
LightStream Cisco 1010 Family 1010
Broadcast Storm
Reflective
Cut-Through
Nonblocking
Bandwidth
Bandwidth on Demand
Giant
Bottle Neck
Virtual Address
Burned-In-Address (BIA)
Logical Address
Base I/O Port Address /
Hierarchical Address
Shared ATM Cell Buffers ATM
Flooding
Asynchronous
Wire Map Tester
Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC)
Error-Detecting Frame-Check Sequence (FCS)
Dialogs Separation
De-Encapsulation
Connection-Oriented
181

Susceptibility
Scalability
Source and Destination Section
Linear Bus Segments
Frequency Hopping
DMA
Cables
Fiber Optic Cable Multimode
Community Antenna Television (CATV)
Coaxial Cable

Thick Coaxial Cable

Crossover Cables
Poly-Vinyl Chloride
Latency
Media Access Control (MAC)
Fiber Optic Cable Multimode Graded Index
Fiber Optic Cable Single Mode
Bus Architecture Switch
Shared-Memory Switch
Store-and-Forward Switches
Switch
Ethernet Controller
Ethernet Network Controller
Synchronous
Domain
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)
Concentrator
Wiring Hub
Wireless Concentrator
Workgroup
Dual-attachment station (DAS)
Single-Attachment Station (SAS)
Datagram
182

Network Topology
Hybrid Star-Ring Topology -
Radio Frequency (RF) Range
Network Administrator
Data Centers
Transceiver
Transmitters
Fiber Optic Transceiver (FOT) -
Flexibility
Ring Parameter Server (RPS)
Servers
Receivers
Equal Level Far End Crosstalk (ELFEXT)
Flat
Network Card Driver
Three-Way Handshake
Amplifiers
Processor
Symmetric Multi Processing
Transmission Rate
Available Bit Rate (ABR)
LANs Architecture
Interrupt
Preamble
Private Branch Exchange (PBX)
Protocol Stack
Repeater
Multiport Repeater
Impedance
Platform
International Organization 4 Standardization (ISO)
Control Port
183

Designated Port
Terminator ( )
Computer Resources
Reliable
Single-Frequency Radio
Spread-Spectrum Radio
Router
High-End Multiprotocol Routers
Modem
Radio-Frequency Modem
Hub ( )
Barrel Connector
British Naval Connectors (BNC)
Cable Connectors
BNC Termination (50ohm) BNC
Linear Bus
Star-Bus
Narrow-Band High-Frequency Radio
Processing Activity
Baseband Signaling
Broadband Signaling
Broadband ( )
Networks Operating System (NOS)
Checkpoints
Central Point
OSI Reference Model (OSI) OSI
Directory Services Architecture
Standardizes Interfaces
Interface
Attachment Unit Interface (AUI)
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Private Network-Network Interface (PNNI) -
184

Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI)

Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI)
Multistation Access Unit (MAU)
BNC Barrel Connectors(50 ohm) BNC

Abstract Syntax
Acknowledged Connectionless
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Amplifiers
Apple Talk Data Stream Protocol (ADSP) Apple Talk
Apple Talk Echo Protocol (AEP) Apple Talk ( )
Apple Talk Filing Protocol Apple Talk
Apple Talk Session Protocol (ASP) Apple Talk
AppleTalk Routing Table Maintenance
Protocol (RTMP) AppleTalk

AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP) Apple Talk

Application Layer
Asynchronous
Attachment Unit Interface (AUI)
Attenuation
Automatically ( )
Available Bit Rate (ABR)
Bandwidth
Bandwidth on Demand
Barrel Connector
Base I/O Port Address /
Baseband Signaling
Baud
185

Bit Stream
BNC Barrel Connectors(50 ohm) BNC
BNC Termination (50ohm) BNC
Bottle Neck
Bridge
Bridge Learning
British Naval Connectors (BNC)
Broadband ( )
Broadband Signaling
Broadcast Storm
Burned-In-Address (BIA)
Bus Architecture Switch
Bus Mastering
Bus Network
Cable Cost
Cable Connectors
Cables
Campus Networks
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Cell
Central Point
Channel Speed
Checkpoints
Chips Bit
Cloud
Coaxial Cables
Collision
Combination Network
Community Antenna Television (CATV)
Coaxial Cable

Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC)

Computer Aided Design (CAD)
186

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)

Computer Resources
Concentrator
Configuration Bridge Protocol Data Unit
(CBPDU)

Connectionless Protocols
Connection-Oriented
Connection-Oriented Protocol
Control Port
Converter
Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI)
Coring Tool
Crossbar Switching
Crossover Cables
Crosstalk
Cut-Through
Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC)
Data Centers
Data Link Layer
Data Segmentation
Datagram
Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP)
De-Encapsulation
Delay Skew
Designated Bridge
Designated Port
Dialogs Control
Dialogs Separation
Direct Sequence Modulation
Directory Services Architecture
Distance-Vector Algorithms
Distributed Peer to Peer Networks
DMA
187

Domain
Dual-attachment station (DAS)
Dual-Cable
Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI)
E-mail
Encapsulation
End Systems
Enterprise Network
Equal Level Far End Crosstalk (ELFEXT)
Error-Detecting Frame-Check Sequence (FCS)
Ethernet Controller
Ethernet Network Controller
Expansion Slot
Extended Industry Standard Architecture
(EISA)

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
External
Fast Ethernet
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
Fiber Optic Cable Multimode
Fiber Optic Cable Multimode Graded Index
Fiber Optic Cable Single Mode
Fiber Optic Transceiver (FOT) -
Fibers Optic
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Filtering
Flat
Flexibility
Flooding
Flow Control
Fragmenting
Frequency Hopping
Gateway
188

Giant
Global Network
Groupware
Hierarchical Address
High-End Multiprotocol Routers
High-level Data Link Control (HDLC)
Hub ( )
Hybrid Star-Ring Topology -
ILD (Injection Laser Diode)
Impedance
Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
Infrared
Interface
Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP)
Intermediate Systems
Internal
International Organization 4 Standardization (ISO)
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
Internet Network
Internet Protocol (IP)
Internetwork ( )
Interrupt
Interrupt Request (IRQ)
Inter-Switch Link (ISL)
Invitation to Transmit (ITT)
Jabber
LAN Local Area Network
LANs Architecture
Latency
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
LightStream Cisco 1010 Family 1010
Linear Bus

189

Linear Bus Segments

Logical Address
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Matrix Switching
Media Access Control (MAC)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Micro Channel Architecture (MCA)
Microsegmantation
Modem
Multifunction Cable Tester
Multiport Bridge
Multiport Repeater
Multistation Access Unit (MAU)
Name Binding Protocol (NMP)
Narrow-Band High-Frequency Radio
Near end crosstalk (NEXT)
NetBIOS Extended User Interface Protocol NetBIOS
NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) NetWare
NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) NetWare
Network Administrator
Network Being Down
Network Card Driver
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Network Layer
Network Topology
Networks Operating System (NOS)
Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP)
Nonblocking
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
OSI Reference Model (OSI) OSI
Packet Acknowledgment
Packets
190

Parallel Tasking
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Peripheral Components Interconnect (PCI)
Peripheral Devices
Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
Physical Layer
Platform
Plug and Play
Poly-Vinyl Chloride
Preamble
Preferred Uses
Presentation Layer
Private Branch Exchange (PBX)
Private Network-Network Interface (PNNI) -
Processing Activity
Processor
Propagation Delay
Protocol BISYNC (Binary Synchronous
Communications)

Protocol Stack
Quality of Service (QOS)
Radio Frequency (RF) Range
Radio-Frequency Modem
Ram Buffer
Receivers
Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC)
Reflective
Reliable
Remote Access Service (RAS)
Repeater
Requests
Responses
Return Loss
191

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

(RARP)

Ring Parameter Server (RPS)
Router
Routing
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
Routing Table
Running Configuration
Runts
Scalability
Scatter Infrared Networks
Scheduling
Security
Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX )
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP)
Serial Transmission
Server-Client Networks /
Servers
Session Layer
Shared Adapter Memory
Shared ATM Cell Buffers ATM
Shared-Memory Switch
Shielded-Twisted Pairs (STP) Wires
Signal Bounce
Signaling
Single-Attachment Station (SAS)
Single-Frequency Radio
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Source and Destination Section
Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA)
Split Pair
Spread-Spectrum Radio
Standardizes Interfaces
192

Standardizing
Star-Bus
Star-Ring
Startup Configuration
Static
Store-and-Forward
Store-and-Forward Switches
Susceptibility
Switch
Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
Symmetric Multi Processing
Synchronous
Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC)
Syntax
TCP/ IP (Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol)
/
Terminator ( )
Thick Coaxial Cable
Three-Way Handshake
Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)
Token Passing
Transactions
Transceiver
Transfer Syntax
Transmission Rate
Transmitters
Transport Layer
Twisted Pairs Wires
Two-Way Alternate( TWA)
Two-Way Simultaneous (TWS)
Unidirectional
Unshielded Twisted Pairs (UTP)
Usable Cable Length
193

)User Datagrams Protocol (UDP

Video Conferencing
Virtual Address
VLAN Trunking Protocols VLANs
)Wide Area Networks (WAN
Wire Map Tester
Wireless
Wireless Concentrator
Wiring Hub
Workgroup
)Zone Information Protocol (ZIP
194

1 -1
2
6 -2
7 -1-2 /
9 -2-2 /
12 -3
13
13 -1-3
13 -1-1-3 LAN
15 - 2 - 1-3 MAN
15 -3 -1-3 WAN
16 2-3 (
16 -1-2-3
20 -2-2-3
22 -3-2-3
24 -4-2-3
24 -5-2-3
25 -3-3
25 -1-3-3
25 -2-3-3
25 -3-3-3
26 -4
27 OSI
28 : OSI
31 -1-4 :
31
31
31 -1-1-4 Cables
195

32 -1-1-1-4
33 -2-1-1-4
35 -3-1-1-4 Twisted Pair Cables
37 -4-1-1-4
39 -2-1-4 :
39 -1-2-1-4
39 -2-2-1-4
40 -3-2-1-4
41 -4-2-1-4
42 -5-2-1-4
44 -3-1-4
48 -4-1-4
48 -1-4-1-4
51 -2-4-1-4
52 -3-4-1-4-
54 -2-4
54 -1-2-4
54 :

56 : ( Media Access Control
56 : :
58 - 2-2-4
58 -1-2-2-4 NIC
58 -1-1-2-2-4
61 -2-1-2-2-4
64 -3-1-2-2-4
66 -4-1-2-2-4
66 -5-1-2-2-4
67 22-2-4 Switch
69 LAN
70 -32-2-4 Bridge
196

76
78 -3-4
78 -1-3-4
78 Addressing
80 Fragmenting
81 :Routing
83 -2-3-4
83 12-3-4 Router
87 22-3-4 Gateway
89 -4-4
91 -5-4
92 -6-4
93 -7-4
94 -5
95
95 Ethernet -1-5
99 -1-1-5 10BaseT
101 -2 -1-5 10Base2
103 -3 -1-5 10Base5
106 -4-1-5 10BaseF
108

100Mbps IEEE Standard
-2-5
110 -3-5 : ( Gigabit Ethernet ) IEEE 802.3Z
113 The IEEE 802.5 -4-5 ) Token Ring
118 - 5-5 AppleTalk ARCnet
118 AppleTalk -1-5-5
122 ARCnet -2-5-5
124 -6
125
125 -1-6
126 -2-6
197

126 -1-2-6
126 -2-2-6
126 -3-2-6
127 -3-6
128 -4-6
129 -5-6
129 -1-5-6
129 -1-1-5-6 ATM
132 -2-1-5-6 LAN
133 -3-1-5-6
133 -2-5-6
134 VLANs
136 -3-5-6
137 -6-6
137 -1-6-6 Cisco ATM
138 -2-6-6 Cisco LANs
141 -3-6-6 CISCO
142 -7
143 ) (
143 -1-7
143 -2-7
144 -3-7
145 -4-7
146 -5-7
147 -6-7
147 -7-7
148 -8-7
148 -1-8-7
149 -2-8-7
151 -3-8-7
198

152 -4-8-7

166
167 ) (
167 -1-8
167 -2-8
175
184
194