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1966, . 195-198.
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 . : (2) .
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! ' (3) .. 20-5-1833.
(4) .. 21-11-1869.
, . (5)
.
,
, . :
,
, ,
.
, 1994.

(6) 1926, .. 13-5-1926.
. (7) A History o f the Early Orders of
. Knighthood and Chivalry D.G. Neville.
1978 Albemarle Enterprises ltd. London.
. (8) B A . 18-1-1936.
(9 ) /1913.
, (10) A.N. 2646/1940.
(11)
,
.
, ",
- , 1991,
, -
;
- .
- (12) .
,
.
.
,
',
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.


;
(1) :
,
, 1922.
; (2) :
j

, , 1991. <31
(3) :
() :
,
(). ,
, 1994.

. (4) Tarpell . Dorling and L.F. Guille: RIBBONS

AND MEDALS, George Philip and Son ltd.
-
London, 1970.
. (5) V.A. Durov: RUSSIAN AND SOVIET
MILITARY AWARDS. Order of Lenin State
, ' History Museum. 1990.
, (6) Edward C. Joslin: BRITISH AWARDS AND
1782.0 , . MEDALS, Frederic Warne Co. ltd, London 1974.
(7) Vaclav Mericka: BOOK OF ORDERS AND
. , DECORATIONS, Hamlyn, London 1975.
(8) D.G. Neville: A HISTORY OF THE EARLY
20 ,
ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND CHIVALRY.
. , Alberm arle Enterprises ltd, London 1978.
- (9) Robert Werlich: RUSSIAN ORDERS.
DECORATIONS AND MEDALS, Quaker Press.
, Washington D.C. 1968.
, (10) P. Hieronymussen: ORDERS. MEDALS
AND DECORATIONS OF BRITAIN AND EUROPE,
. . Blandford Press, London, 1966.


. .
, (1) 1915. 613/16-1-1915,
,
. . _



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1.000
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( ,
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.
(1) John W arry: WARFARE IN THE
CLASSICAL WORLD, London. 1980.
, (2) Peter C onnolly: THE ROMAN ARMY,
, London, 1975.
(3) Peter C onnolly: TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS
-
MAXIMUS, THE LEGIONARY, O xford. 1988.
. (4) M ichael S im kins: WARRIORS OF ROME,
. London, 1988.
(5) M.C. B ish o p & J.C.N. Coulston: ROMAN
MILITARY EQUIPMENT, London, 1993.
(6) G. R. W atson: THE ROMAN SOLDIER.
Bath, 1969.
38 ( (7) Peter C onnolly: TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS
MAXIMUS, THE CAVALRYMAN, O xford,
)
1988.
. (8) Peter C onnoly: THE ROMAN FORT,
. , O xford, 1991.

(9) Phil B arker: THE ARMIES OF IMPERIAL
, .
, ROME, W orthing. 1981.
(10) R onald Em bieton & Frank Graham :
. HADRIANS WALL IN THE DAYS OF THE
ROMANS, N ewcastle, 1984.
( via praetoria via
(11) R onald Em bieton & M ichael Sim kins:
principalis)
THE ROMAN ARMY FROM CAESAR TO
, . TRAJAN. London. 1984.
- ( (12) R onald Em bieton & M ichael Sim kins:
. ' praetorium). THE ROMAN ARMY FROM HADRIAN TO
CONSTANTINE, London, 1979.
( ) (13) B o ris Rankov & R ich a rd H ook: THE
- PRAETORIAN GUARD, London, 1994.
.
(14) D aniel P eterson: THE ROMAN
. ,
LEGIONS RECREATED IN COLOUR
. PHOTOGRAPHS. London. 1992.
-
,

. .
, ,
,
.
. ,

,


1943 01



".



,
ROMMEL





.
,

,


.

Erich von Manstein ()

1943. ,

.
,
Liddell Hart
".

von Paulus

330.000
.

VON MANSTEIN ,

.

1

Ewald von Kleist
,

( 1943)
.
-

 Manstein ,
.
von Lewinski (
) .

.
,
-,


. ,

-
. Zhukov

. 18 1943




.


1943, (,
" ) , -
, . : ,
. 6
.
,
. Filip -
Golikov, -
, 2 ,
,
, 87.000 .
. .
Golikov
, -
500 -


,
.

24 1941.

. 320 .
-
.
, -

, .

Georgy
Zhukov,

"

Golikov ()
Vatutin. 9

9
. ------------------------------------
Vatutin
.
,
1943 . 29 1944
.
1
Nikolai Vatutin Paulus Hausser, Erich von Manstein.

. Auftragstaktik, .
Markian -
Popov 15 von Lewinski,

. 20 ,

Karl Hollidt Maximilian Georg von
Fretter-Pico. , Manstein, .
6 1 . -

, 12
.
Golikov - 40, 69 1913.
3 - .

. Vatutin, .
,
Hubert Lanz Manstein
- . 18

,
1940.
. Barbarossa"
: 2 SS, 56 ,
,
320 .
,
. , - .
- , .
,
Waffen SS, ,
Leibstandarte Das Reich", -
Manstein
. . Walther von Brauchitsch.
,
62 SS -
Paul Hausser .
- 1942,
42 " - 11
. , ",
.
Hausser .
-
.
.
Golikov
- ,
-
: Vorontsov. 6 -
.


. Hausser

Lanz. ,
2
SS
, -
.

1943.

 Hausser. .
2 Manstein

,
SS. 15



.

. ,
9 !
-
.

,
Hausser ,
7 .

.


.

350 ,



7:1. 40
. Siegfried Heinrici
, 2
SS Hausser
48
Otto von Knobelsdorff
.
6 1
.
, 48
Manstein . ;
, ;
. ; , .
. -
4
. -
- Hermann Hoth.
. 0 SS - 43
. ,
- Totenkopf ,
Manstein . .
SS. 57 52
. Vatutin
,
.

. . .
, - -
, - . - 1
. Lanz.
,

SS .
. .
- Manstein
,
Lanz, SS
.
Werner Kempff, Vatutin
. Totenkopf .
Manstein

.
. .
1 ,
, -

 88 mm,
. ".

, 1.500 .
-34
-
, , Vatutin
.
.
, .
-34
SS ; Tiger ".
, Tiger
.
von Manstein -34
1942 . .
2 SS,
blitzkrieg" Grossdeutschland",

Tiger .
. . :
No 325, 1943 Hermann Balck,

. -
" 12:1
' , , Graf Strachwitz,
.
. .
Panzer III IV, Leibstandarte",
, - SS Sepp Dietrich,

, -34.
- Patton.

. 11 1944
1943 Porsche. .
Tiger,
- 11 cm Luftwaffe
55 . . Manstein -

44
0 von Manstein


, 250.
.

17


,
Manstein
9

.
9

:

.


9
.
30 1944
9
von Manstein



.

 von Manstein 19 , 6
1 . 6
So (40, 69 3 ).
20 , 28
1 18 .

Wolfram Balck
von Richthofen , 10
!
. 40
, Richthofen ,
4 !
I, .
IV VIII ' -
. -. ,
Wiking'' SS 6
! , 40 1
. 0 . 2
19 20 SS Hausser
Manstein , Vatutin -
. . . -
15 -

, ! . Das Reich

. Manstein Stuka Knobelsdorf ,
11 Luftwaffe

 . 24
SS
,
19


.
.
, Stuka
Richthofen,
,
.

!



Manstein -

. .
Manstein
Rybalko -

.
. - Golikov,
40 Zhukov
493 .
. 110.

6 Vatutin .
. 3
.
.


615 , 1.000 ,
100.000 , Vasilii
. Koptsov, .
, Rybalko - 15
Manstein
1943.
: .
.
46 Manstein 6 - - .
,
.
, , . von
. Hausser Manstein
.
.
, , . ,
48 11
SS
.
,
Hausser Knobelsdorf 20.000
. 8 , . .
.
, . ,
Golikov ,

. , -
- .
.
15 17
, SS
Grossdeutschland ,
. 69 ,
Mikhail Kazakov, 40 Kirill , yta
Moskalenko, 3 . .
Pavel Rybalko, ,

 .
. - Manstein, SS,
,
365
- 11.154 ,
. .
.
,
, von Ribbentrop
1942. .
-
1943 -
. .
.
,
Molotov
. " .
, Ribbentrop
. . ,
, 1943
Sergei Shtemenko,
: .


1943,
(1) Richard Armstrong: RED
. ARMY TANK COMMANDERS.
Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1994.
(2) Alan Clark: BARBAROSSA:
THE RUSSIAN-GERMAN
. ,
CONFLICT Papermack, 1985,
(3) Gunther Fraschka:
KNIGHTS OF THE REICH,
Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1994.
, (4) David Glantz: THE ROLE OF
INTELLIGENCE IN SOVIET
. MILITARY STRATEGY IN WORLD
WAR II. Presidio Press, 1990.
(5) HIAG Wenn alle Bruder
- .
Schweigen", Nation Europa Verlag Gmbh., 1992.
9
(6) ' ,
43. ,
1956.
9 9 .
.
23
(7) Rudolf Lehmann: DIE LEIBSTANDARTE IN
BILD, Munin Verlag Gmbh.. 1988.
47

(8) Sir Basil Liddell-Hart: TOY
,
. , .
9 .
(9) Sir Basil Liddell-Hart:

,
1971.
- (10) Erich Manstein: LOST VICTORIES. Presidio
Press. 1982.
(11) Samuel Mitcham: EAGLES OF THE THIRD
. . REICH, Airlife Publishing Ltd.. 1989.
1943 (12) Bryan Perrett: THE BATTLE BOOK, Cassell.
1992.

(13) Horst Scheibert: KAMPF UND UNTERGANG
.
DER DEUTSCHEN PANZER-TRUPPE 1939-1945,
Podzun-Pallas Gmbh, 1992.
. Goebbels (14) SCORCHED EARTH.Time-Life Books, 1991.
' (15) Harold Shukman: STALINS GENERALS,
Grove Press, 1993.
". SS, (16) Helmuth Spaeter: PANZERKORPS
. GROSSDEUTSCHLAND, Schiffer Publishing Ltd.,
1990.
- , Heinrich Himmler, -
(17) THE ROAD TO STALINGRAND, Time-Life
. Books, 1991.
Paul Hausser (18) THE SS, Time-Life Books, 1989.
, (19) Otto Weidinger: DIVISION DAS REICH IN
. BILD, Munin Verlag Gmbh., 1987.
(20) Georgy Zhukov: .
. , 1971.
,
Hausser -
. ,

 TO SUPERMARI
SPITFIRE

'


Spifire M kX IV pc
130 RAF.
LFM k Vb
-:
. - V . '

60
1936,
, TO SPITFIRE Type 300
Spitfire 5054 ,
5 ,
Eastleigh.
Reginald J. Mitchell ,
, -

.
. -

:
16 1939 Ju-88
' .



23 1940
, Spitfire 54
( )
Messerschmitt Bf 109,
.
Spitfire .



.
,
Spitfire
,

.
1940
Bf 109 ,
Spitfire Mk I Royal
Aircraft Establishment Farnborough.
-

,
.

Spitfire
,

,
.



Spitfire
(Fighter Command) RAF.
, 49
: Spitfire
1940,
,
36% ,
Spitfire

50% .
Spitfire

RAF (.. Hawker Hurricane).


Luftwaffe:
. Spitfire (Mk I) 602 , -
603 RAF
Junkers fighter sweeps (
, -
Horst von Riesen. ),
Ju-88 ,

.
Spitfire

( ). Spitfire
.
, Hurricane
Spitfire ",
. .

 Spitfire Hispano
Suiza 20 mm,
1939
Spitfire Mk I s.n. ( ) L 1007.

,
" -

.
1940 -

Spitfire
.


,
: 5054 . .
1940
,
: Spitfire ,
Spitfire ,
, 10 Rotol, .
( 8 ) Spitfire,
31 1940. Spitfire - ,
38% - ,
, , Me 110,
- .

. , ,
Spitfire Mk I Merlin II III .
Messerschmitt Bf 109 ,

.
, 1940
'
. DB 601 Bf , -

, Spitfire
-
,
50 . -
Luftwaffe :
Spitfire
.
(!)
Messerschmitt,
.

: 6000 m

,
640 km/h

Spitfire Mk I 1939.
,
-

(ailerons)
109 . Luftwaffe
4 sec
45 ! (
Spitfire Barbarossa ).
, - 0,303 .
(elevators) Bf 109 Me 110 Heinkel 111
, RAF
200
, , "Circus ,
.
Messerschmitt - Spitfire. 19 Spitfire
, , RAF . -

 ( (BDA). - , )
22 Spitfire) - Spitfire
.
Bismarck .
Tirpitz , -
[ Fw 190 , -
Spitfire. 360 .
( gg - Spitfire
fighter sweeps) Spitfire II Wuerzburg ,
( Merlin Bruneval
XII 1.175 hp), Walcheren,
Spitfire V,
.
: Fw 190 -
Luftwaffe. Spitfire IX,
(1941)
1942 64 .
Eagle -
; Merlin
s ' 61, -
. ?
. Spitfire VII -
ir . -

: 9.000
m Merlin 61 40%
Merlin
45.
71 , Spitfire IX (
, ) Fw 190
121 133
. , 6.600 m,
, . Fw 190
USAAF, Spitfire ,
. .
Focke-Wulf Fw 190
1942
Fighter Command,


To Spitfire Mk V
Spitfire
- ,
. RAF.
,
Fw 190 1942
-
Merlin 46 32 Spitfire VB.
km/h , - 300 m 7.500 m .
32-56 km/h , 1942
,
, , Luftwaffe Regia Aeronautica.
0,303 in 135 m/min.
20 mm , ,
Fw 190 ( , -
150%.
,
fighter sweeps,
Circus"

Spitfire
. Luftwaffe
!
Spitfire II V
Me 109 F.
-

Mk IV.

, LFM k V
- , .

 .
Mk
IV
,
.



54 RAF Darwin

1943. Mk V,
1944 -
Mk VIII , Mk IX,
Merlin 61.

Mitsubishi 6 Zero -
.
,
54 , -
Spitfire
.

,
RAF USAAF Seafire, Spitfire,
9
1942 807
Spitfire. Fleet Air Arm 1942.
Mk V, Seafire (Mk IB)
Mk VB,
, 145 Mk MC Mk L II
. RAF. , C, .
, Mk III
Spitfire .
, Seafire
( ,
Spitfire ) .
. Spitfire . ,
2 250 Ib.
. (
1.000 km,

.-
52
Spitfire,
()
(
),
409 It 773
It,





.
1942 Spitfire Mk VII 640 km/h,
Merlin 61.

Spitfire
)
, ( )
(fighter sweeps), . .
, Seafire
. Zero.

Mk IX, 140 Mk VB 1944 L II C
- 1.200 Mk IX
Mk V. 1942, 4.500 m
Spitfire ,
RAF -
Spitfire. - , 7.500 m -

 Spitfire


.
1943
.

-
.
282 km/h

(roll rate),
Seafire
. Seafire -
Zero
,

-
.

,

.
Spitfire
,
(.. Biferno)
( Zara,
Zadar).
Spitfire 73 ,
253 352
Prkos
Zara.
,


-
.
Spitfire 73


250 lb Dakota

-
,
().
, ,
Mk VB VC
, Mk XIV Griffon 65
. . 2.050 hp,
Spitfire -
: .
.
Mk XIV
Luftwaffe , (
Fw )
190 V1.
Spitfire XII,
RAF,
Griffon III IV. ,
1943, Mk XII 41 91 .

Mk XIV, V1
.

To Spitfire Mk XII V1,
Griffon. 1.900 lb

M kX IV.

 . -


.

, V1
.

Spitfire V1

.
Mk XIV.

,
Spitfire,

,
.

.
MkXIV,

610 RAF.
V1,

-
. - zoom XIV).
( 200.000
. ).
- , 6 (
. , -
Fw 190 ) 5 1944
. Spitfire (
Spitfire XIV , VC, IX XVI, -
Merlin 266
, - - Packard).
(
, ). , ,
. 500 lb
300 V1 Spitfire Mk
XIV.
Mk XIV 409 It. V1.
54 Spitfire
. , Fw 190 , Seafire II III RN,
Tempest V, Fw 190 Me 109 G Me 109 G
Mustang III . Fw
, 190 D, Me 262, - 6 1944
(
( - ).
, Tempest V Me 262 Mk


-

,
Spitfire


,
.

1940
,



.

Fw 190 Spitfire Mk IX.

5.000 .

 .
..

;
-
: ;
(1)
,

; ;...

80
.
(2)

, -
.
(3)
,


,
(...)
.
(4) .
(5)
,
--
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,
.

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.
.

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,
,
. :
. - . Luftwaffe
,
... , . .
; .

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, . ..
. -
- , . , -

.
, .

,

" " ,
.

, ,


(

).

' , ,

.
Wehrmacht

.

,
.
- 5.000 ,
( 1941) .

, ( - ,
. .. ) . -
.
: -
. - 57
.
( ), - () : 8 16 .
() :
:
. - , 10 3,7 in
() 150. .
. (6) 600 () : 36.
, - 100 . () : 2 , 2
, () - , 12 .
. .
()
. . , ,
()
. 20/5/1941 ,
.
25.000 . ,
, 22 ,
,
1/6/1941 , -
.
.
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, , 1996
, 1996 331
197 Wehrmacht ,
. , -
Robert Jackson
,
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65

- - Spitfire .
. , -
.
,
, Robert Jackson V-1. I. (28-10-
1940/29-1-1941).
.
SPITFIRE. THE COMBAT Spitfire , (29-
HISTORY 1-1941/4-3-1941)
Airlife Publishing Ltd
, 1995 , (5-3-1941/26-4-1941).
194
,
To 1996
Spitfire' . To Spitfire. The Combat ""
, History" .
60
. ,
( ) ,
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"Spitfire. The Combat ,
History'' Robert Jackson -
()
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,
.
19,95 ( .
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