Embedded Linux From Scratch: in 40 Minutes! Michael Opdenacker Free Electrons

EmbeddedLinuxFromScratch
in40minutes!
MichaelOpdenacker
FreeElectrons
http://freeelectrons.com/
nada+40min=
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EmbeddedLinuxFromScratch...in40minutes!
Copyright20042005,MichaelOpdenacker
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Tutorialgoals
Buildatinyembeddedsystementirelyfromscratch,in40minutes
Linuxkernelconfiguringandcompiling
Rootfilesystemcreation
Busyboxcompilingandinstallation
Devicefilecreation
Systeminitializationscripts:virtualfilesystems,networking
SetupofasimpleHTTPinterfacetothesystem
Showyouhowsimplethiscanbe!
Topdownapproach
Topdownapproachtobuildinganembeddedsystem
StartingfromacompletedesktopGNU/Linuxdistribution(Debian,
Fedora...)andremovingunneededstuff.
Verytediousjob:needtogothroughahugenumberoffilesand
packages.Needtounderstandwhateachfileandpackageisabout
beforeremovingit.
Keepingunnecessarilycomplexscriptsandconfigurationfiles.
Theendresultisstillquitebig,asstandarddesktoptoolsetsand
librariesareused.Lotsofsharedlibrariesstillneededtoo.
Bottomupapproach
Bottomupapproachtobuildingembeddedsystems
Startingwithanemptyorminimalisticrootfilesystem,adding
onlythingsthatyouneed.
Mucheasiertodo!Youjustspendtimeonthingsyouneed.
Mucheasiertocontrolandmaintain:youbuildanunderstanding
aboutthetoolsyouuse.
Youonlyneedverysimpleconfigurationscripts.
Theendresultcanbeextremelysmall,allthemoreasyouuse
lightweighttoolsetsinstead.
Toolsusedinthistutorial
Explanatoryslidestoshowwhilecompiling
qemu
http://qemu.org
Fastprocessoremulator
usingaportabledynamictranslator.
2operatingmodes
Fullsystememulation:processorandvariousperipherals
Supported:x86,x86_64,ppc
Usermodeemulation(Linuxhostonly):canrunapplications
compiledforanotherCPU.
Supported:x86,ppc,arm,sparc
qemuexamples
Useremulation
EasytorunBusyboxforarmoni386GNU/Linux:
qemuarmL/usr/local/arm/3.3.2\
/home/bart/arm/busybox1.00pre8/busyboxls
L:targetClibrarybinariespath(herecrosscompilertoolchainpath)
Systememulation
Eveneasiertorun:
qemulinux.img
linux.img:fullpartitionimageincludingthekernel
Plentyofimagesforfreeoperatingsystemsonhttp://freeoszoo.org!
Generalpurposetoolbox:busybox
http://www.busybox.net/fromCodepoetConsulting
MostUnixcommandlineutilitieswithinasingleexecutable!
Evenincludesawebserver!
Sizeslessthan1MB(staticallycompiledwithglibc)
lessthan500MB(staticallycompiledwithuClibc)
Easytoconfigurewhichfeaturestoinclude
Thebestchoicefor
Initrdswithcomplexscripts
Anyembeddedsystem!
Busyboxcommands!
addgroup,adduser,adjtimex,ar,arping,ash,awk,basename,bunzip2,
bzcat,cal,cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,chroot,chvt,clear,cmp,cp,cpio,
crond,crontab,cut,date,dc,dd,deallocvt,delgroup,deluser,devfsd,
df,dirname,dmesg,dos2unix,dpkg,dpkgdeb,du,dumpkmap,dumpleases,
echo,egrep,env,expr,false,fbset,fdflush,fdformat,fdisk,fgrep,
find,fold,free,freeramdisk,fsck.minix,ftpget,ftpput,getopt,getty,
grep,gunzip,gzip,halt,hdparm,head,hexdump,hostid,hostname,httpd,
hush,hwclock,id,ifconfig,ifdown,ifup,inetd,init,insmod,install,
ip,ipaddr,ipcalc,iplink,iproute,iptunnel,kill,killall,klogd,
lash,last,length,linuxrc,ln,loadfont,loadkmap,logger,login,
logname,logread,losetup,ls,lsmod,makedevs,md5sum,mesg,mkdir,
mkfifo,mkfs.minix,mknod,mkswap,mktemp,modprobe,more,mount,msh,
mt,mv,nameif,nc,netstat,nslookup,od,openvt,passwd,patch,pidof,
ping,ping6,pipe_progress,pivot_root,poweroff,printf,ps,pwd,rdate,
readlink,realpath,reboot,renice,reset,rm,rmdir,rmmod,route,rpm,
rpm2cpio,runparts,rx,sed,seq,setkeycodes,sha1sum,sleep,sort,
startstopdaemon,strings,stty,su,sulogin,swapoff,swapon,sync,
sysctl,syslogd,tail,tar,tee,telnet,telnetd,test,tftp,time,top,
touch,tr,traceroute,true,tty,udhcpc,udhcpd,umount,uname,
uncompress,uniq,unix2dos,unzip,uptime,usleep,uudecode,uuencode,
vconfig,vi,vlock,watch,watchdog,wc,wget,which,who,whoami,xargs,
yes,zcat
glibc
http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/
ClibraryfromtheGNUproject
Designedforperformance,standardscomplianceandportability
FoundonallGNU/Linuxhostsystems
Quitebigforsmallembeddedsystems:about~1.7MBonFamiliar
LinuxiPAQs(libc:1.2MB,libm:500KB)
Examplehelloworldprogramsize:12KB(dynamicallylinked),
350KB(staticallylinked)
uClibc
http://www.uclibc.org/forCodePoetConsulting
LightweightClibraryforsmallembeddedsystems,withmost
featuresthough.
ThewholeDebianWoodywasrecentlyportedtoit...Youcan
assumeitsatisfiedmostneeds!
Examplesize(arm):approx.400KB(libuClibc:300KB,libm:
55KB)
Examplehelloworldprogramsize:2KB(dynamicallylinked),18
KB(staticallylinked).
Kerneluserspaceinterface
Afewexamples:
/proc/cpuinfo:processorinformation
/proc/meminfo:memorystatus
/proc/version:versionandbuildinformation
/proc/cmdline:kernelcommandline
/proc/<pid>/environ:callingenvironment
/proc/<pid>/cmdline:processcommandline
...andmanymore!Completedetailsinthekernelsources:
Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
Whatwedid
CompilingtheLinuxkernel
GettingtheLinuxsourcesfromhttp://kernel.org
SettingEXTRA_VERSIONinMakefile
Settingaminimalistickernelconfiguration:
makeallnoconfig
Addingsettingsspecifictotheembeddedsystem:
makexconfigormakemenuconfig
Compiling:
make
Result:compressedkernelimage
arch/i386/boot/bzImage
Creatingarootfilesystem
Creatinganemptyfilewitha320Ksize:
ddif=/dev/zeroof=rootfs.imgbs=320kcount=1
Formatingthisfilefortheext2filesystem:
mkfs.ext2i1024Frootfs.ext2
1inodeevery1024bytes>320files
insteadof1inodeevery4096bytes>only80files!
Compilingbusybox
Gettingthesourcesfromhttp://busybox.net
Configuringbusybox:
makemenuconfig
Choosingtobuildastatically,nativelycompiledexecutable.
Compilingbusybox:
make
Preinstallingbusybox(inthe_install/subdirectory):
makeinstall
Result:a500Kexecutableimplementing
allthecommandsthatweneed!
Recompilingbusybox
500Kwasalreadywaytoobigforaperfectembeddedsystem!
Configuringbusyboxagain
makemenuconfig
Choosingtobuildastatically,crosscompiledexecutable,using
auClibctoolchaininsteadofthestandardglibcone.
Compilingbusybox:
make
Preinstallingbusybox(inthe_install/subdirectory):
makeinstall
Result:a250Kexecutableimplementing
allthecommandsthatweneed!
Populatingtherootfilesystem
Loggedasroot:
Creatingamountpoint:
mkdir/mnt/rootfs
Mountingtherootfilesystemimage:
mountolooprootfs.img/mnt/rootfs
Copyingthebusyboxfilestructureintothemountedimage:
rsyncabusybox/_install//mnt/rootfs/
chownRroot:root/mnt/rootfs/
Flushingthechangesintothemountedfilesystemimage:
sync
Bootingthevirtualsystem
Usingtheqemuemulatorasabootloader
(noneedtocopythekerneltothetargetstorage)
qemu\
m32\ Amountofmemory(MB)intheemulatedtarget
hdarootfs.img\ Contentsoftheemulatedharddisk
kernellinux2.6.12/arch/i386/boot/bzImage\
Kernelimage
append"root=/dev/hdaclock=pit"
Kernelcommandline
Creatingdevicefiles
Creatingdevicefileswhenprogramscomplain:
mkdir/mnt/rootfs/dev
mknod/mnt/rootfs/dev/consolec51
mknod/mnt/rootfs/dev/null13
TakingtheGNU/Linuxhostasanexampletofindcorrect
majorandminornumbers:
lsl/dev/console
lsl/dev/null
Mountingvirtualfilesystems
Making/procand/sysavailable
(requiredbyseveralcommandlinetoolssuchasps)
Mounting/proc:
mounttprocnone/proc
Mounting/sys:
mounttsysfsnone/sys
Filesystemtype Rawdevice Mountpoint

orfilesystemimage
Inthecaseofvirtual
filesystems,anystringisfine
/etc/inittabfileforbusyboxinit
Creatingthe/etc/inittabfilerequiredbybusyboxinit
Gettinganexamplefrombusyboxdocumentation
(notfromtheGNU/Linuxhost...missingfeatures!)
#Thisisrunfirstscript
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
#Startan"askfirst"shellontheconsole
::askfirst:/bin/sh
#Stufftodowhenrestartingtheinitprocess
::restart:/sbin/init
#Stufftodobeforerebooting
::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
::shutdown:/bin/umountar
Settingupnetworking
AddingTCP/IPandnetworkcarddrivertothekernel
Bringingupthenetworkinterface:
ifconfigeth0172.20.0.2
UsingtheGNU/Linuxhostasagateway:
routeadddefaultgw172.20.0.1
Testingnetworking:
pingc3172.20.0.1
c3:usefulwhen[Ctrl][C]doesn'twork
(missingttysettings)
Testingrouting:
pingc3<externaladdress>
Startingupahttpserver
CopyingHTMLpageson/www(forexample)
CreatingCGIscriptsin/www/cgibin/
Startingthebusyboxhttpserver:
/usr/sbin/httpdh/www/&
/etc/init.d/rcSstartupscript
#!/bin/sh
mounttprocnone/proc
mounttsysfsnone/sys
ifconfigeth0172.20.0.2
routeadddefaultgw172.20.0.1
/usr/sbin/httpdh/www/&
/bin/sh
Seehowsimplethiscanbe!
AsimplisticCGIscript
/www/cgibin/uptime:
#!/bin/sh
echo"Contenttype:text/html"
echo""
echo"<html><header></header><body>"
echo"<h1>Uptimeinformation</h1>"
echo"Yourembeddeddevicehasbeen
runningfor:<pre><fontcolor=Blue>"
echo`uptime`
echo"</font></pre></u>"
echo"</body></html>"
Limitations
Afewminorlimitations
CGIscripts:can'timplementnontrivialscripts
NeedtocodeinCtosupportpostingandURLparsing.
Systemspecificsoftware:can'tbepartofbusybox.
NeedmoreCexecutables.Asaconsequence,needtoinclude
theuClibclibraryandcompiletheexecutableswithshared
librarysupport.
Theyareeasyandcheaptoovercome!
Realembeddedsystems
Thistutorialhasalreadybeendoneonrealdevelopmentboards!
Needtoinstallandconfigureabootloader(ifmissing)
Needtotransferkernelandrootfilesystemimagestothetarget.
AnefficientwayistomakethetargetbootonaNFSexported
directoryontheGNU/Linuxhost.
Relateddocuments
ThisdocumentbelongstothematerialsofanEmbeddedLinuxtrainingfromFree
Electrons,availableunderafreedocumentationlicense(morethan900pages!)
http://freeelectrons.com/training http://freeelectrons.com/articles
IntroductiontoUnixandGNU/Linux JavainembeddedLinuxsystems
EmbeddedLinuxkernelanddriver What'snewinLinux2.6?
development
IntroductiontouClinux
ToolsforembeddedLinuxsystems
Linuxrealtimeextensions
AudioinembeddedLinuxsystems
LinuxonTIOMAPprocessors
MultimediainembeddedLinux
Introductiontosoftware
systems
developmenttools

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