Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475

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Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Short circuit fault analysis in a grid connected DFIG based wind energy
system with active crowbar protection circuit for ridethrough capability
and power quality improvement
Snehaprava Swain, Pravat Kumar Ray
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In power industry, improvement of the short circuit Fault-ride through (FRT) capability of grid integrated
Received 23 October 2015 Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs) for the wind power system is an important issue. In this paper
Received in revised form 24 February 2016 an Active Crowbar Protection (ACB_P) system is proposed to enhance the Fault-ride through (FRT) capa-
Accepted 8 May 2016
bility of DFIG so as to improve the power quality of the system. The protection scheme proposed here is
designed with a capacitor in series with the resistor unlike the conventional Crowbar (CB) having only
resistors. The importance of ACB_P is to maintain the connection of DFIG with the grid during fault con-
Keywords:
ditions to provide uninterruptable power supply to the loads. The major functions of the capacitor in the
Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
Fault Ride through (FRT)
protection circuit are to eliminate the ripples generated in the rotor current and to protect the converters
Active crowbar protection as well as the DC-link capacitor. The main objectives of the proposed approach are: minimisation of mag-
Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) nitude of rotor fault currents, maintenance of constant DC-link voltage, reduction in crowbar operation
time to avoid disconnection between the DFIG and the Rotor side converter (RSC), improvement in the
short circuit response of terminal voltage and enhancement in the dynamic responses of the DFIG.
These objectives are achieved through the incorporation of ACB_P scheme between the rotor of the
DFIG and RSC. The proposed scheme is validated on different types of fault conditions and it is observed
that there is significant improvement in the objectives. Simulation results are carried out on a 1.7 MVA
DFIG based WECS under different types of short circuit faults in MATLAB/Simulation and functionality of
the proposed scheme is verified.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Introduction variable speed type induction generators are the Doubly-Fed

Environmental problems like increasing concentration of CO2 in
the air, global warming and various problems that are arising due
to insufficiency in fuel energetic resources can be alleviated using
renewable large scale electrical power producing energy resources
such as solar, wind and tidal etc. [15]. Among all, wind power has
scientifically proven to be the most promising source for genera-
tion of electricity with least environmental impact [3]. In case of
wind energy system, the aerodynamic energy in the form of kinetic
energy of the wind gets converted to clean electrical energy
through a proper technical arrangement of a wind turbine (WT)
and an induction generator [6]. The induction generator used
may be of fixed-speed type or variable speed type. The mostly used
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: snehaprava86@gmail.com (S. Swain), rayp@nitrkl.ac.in (P.K.
Ray).
Induction Generators (DFIGs) [2].
DFIGs are preferred due to the advantages of using reduced size
(2530%) power converters, implementation of power factor con-
trol at a minimal cost and the four quadrant converter operation
which makes it similar to that of a synchronous generator. It has
the unique ability to generate power both in sub-synchronous as
well as super-synchronous regions of rotor speed [6]. To maintain
the operability along with reliability and power quality of the grid,
Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) are integrated with the
power grids rather operating standalone. But prior to grid integra-
tion, the WTs must meet the technical standards implemented by
most of the power system operators known as grid codes. The grid
code requirements are of two types: static and dynamic require-
ments. Static requirements include steady state behaviour and
power flow at the point of common coupling (PCC) whereas
dynamic grid code requirement includes the desired responses of
the induction generator during grid disturbances [79]. These
requirements include the operating range of voltage and frequency,

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.05.006
0142-0615/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475
Nomenclature
Symbols
t instantaneous line voltage (V)
i instantaneous line current (A)
V phase voltage (V)
I phase current (A)
R resistance (X)
L inductance (H)
x electrical angular velocity (rad/s)
grid-support capability, regulation of power factor, and low voltage
ride through (LVRT) or fault ride-through (FRT) capability. FRT and
LVRT are the grid code requirements according to which, the wind
turbines has to remain connected to the grid even during fault and
voltage sag conditions respectively maintaining the continuity in
power supply. The grid code specifies the %age depth of the voltage
sag versus the time for which a wind turbine generator is expected
to remain online. FRT or LVRT requirements are well explained by a
characteristic between voltage verses time, denoting the minimum
required wind power immunity to the voltage sags created in the
system [10].
In a grid integrated wind power system, since the stator of the
DFIG is directly connected to the grid as shown in Fig. 1, the
dynamic responses of DFIGs are very sensitive to short circuit
faults occurring at the grid. Usually the stator voltage, maintains
synchronism with the grid voltage and its frequency. So with grid
the stator responses get affected during fault, and hence the
induced voltage in the rotor and the rotor current. Thus FRT
capability of the DFIG is also negatively affected during fault.
There are different solutions to the improvement of FRT capa-
bility of DFIGs reported time-to-time in literatures [1131] with
numerous technical methodologies. They are classified into two
major groups: (1) Passive Methods and (2) Active Methods. Passive
methods include blade pitch angle control [14,15], external hard
ware circuit having conventional crowbar protection circuit
[1113], dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) [32], superconducting
fault current limiters (SFCL) [17], Stator Damping Resistors (SDR)
[16], Energy Capacitor System (ECS) and Energy Storage System
(ESS) [3335]. The disadvantages of passive method is that the
use of additional external hardware devices lead to extra cost
and increased system complexity. But, in active methods, appropri-
ate converter controls are used to enhance the FRT capability of
DFIG instead of using high cost hardware circuits. For example
along with conventional crowbar circuit, a feed forward transient
current control scheme for RSC of DFIG is proposed in [18,19]. A
parallel grid side rectifier (PGSR) with a series grid side converter
WT
DFIG
Gear
Box
RSC
DC-link
ACB_P
Control
PWM Control
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of DFIG based grid connected WECS system with an active crowbar protection circuit.
65
w flux linkage (T)
t time (s)
Subscripts
s stator
r rotor
d direct axis
q quadrature axis
(SGSC) is used to enable robust voltage disturbance ride through
with uninterrupted power processing [20]. Similarly adopting only
classical flux-oriented vector control techniques are for converter
control has proven to be more effective in the achievement of ini-
tial grid code requirements [21,22]. Despite of the simplicity, these
control methodologies are much sensitive to the parameter values
of the generator and works inefficiently to maintain FRT capability
of DFIG with the grid subjected to severe voltage sags [2326].
Using fuzzy logic and genetic algorithms (GA), controllers are
designed to ensure the ride through capability during faults result-
ing larger voltage dips [27]. In [28], a linear controller is designed
to accommodate the after-fault voltage sag situation and a new
technique called high-order sliding mode (HOSM) control is pro-
posed in literatures [2931] which is better than previously used
PI controllers and other classical sliding mode controls in improv-
ing FRT capability of DFIG. But due the mathematical and compu-
tational complexity of these methods, it is very hard to implement
them in complex back-to-back converter based DFIG system. Still
now use of modified crowbar protection circuits are preferred in
WT systems for its easy operation and control [36].
An Active Crowbar Protection (ACB_P) system is proposed in
this paper for the FRT improvement of the DFIG. This design is very
cost effective and it offers easy controlling of the short circuit tran-
sients produced in the rotor current and the DC-link voltage of the
DFIG system during fault conditions. The ACB_P consists of resis-
tors in series with capacitors of selected value along with elec-
tronic switches as shown in Fig. 4. Contrary to the previously
used crowbar (CB) circuits which are designed using resistors,
the ACB_P is more effective in limiting the high overcurrent of
the rotor and improving the dynamic characteristic of DFIG during
the CB triggered. The triggering time of the proposed crowbar is
also very less compared to the conventional one. So after fault
clearance again there is continuity in the power supply between
the DFIG and the grid. The improvements are helpful for the FRT
capability enhancement of DFIG.
The main objectives of the proposed approach are:
3-
Transformer
PCC Grid
GSC Filter
Circuit
66 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475

Minimisation of rotor fault currents. d~

ws

Maintaining constant dc-link voltage across the converter. ts Rs~is jxs ~
~ ws 1
dt

Reduction in the operation time of the crowbar to avoid discon-
nection between the DFIG and the RSC. d~
wr

Improvement in the transient response of terminal voltage. tr Rr~ir jxs  xr ~
~ wr 2
dt

Overall improvement in the dynamic response of the DFIG.
ws Ls~is Lm~ir
~ 3
To validate the proposed scheme, different fault conditions
(both symmetrical and unsymmetrical) are considered and signifi-
wr Lm~is Lr~ir
~ 4
cant improvement in the dynamic responses of DFIG are observed.
Simulation results are carried out on 1.7 MVA DFIG based WECS
Ls Lsr Lm 5
with different fault conditions using MATLAB/Simulation and are
compared without and with implementation of the proposed
Lr Lrr Lm 6
scheme.
The paper is organized as follows: In Section Response of DFIG where ~ tr ;~is ;~ir ; ~
ts ; ~ ws ; ~
wr are the voltage, current and flux in the stator
to grid faults, the dynamic model of DFIG as well as its response to and rotor; Rs ; Rr ; Ls ; Lr ; Lsr ; Lrr are the stator and rotor resistance,
fault conditions are described. The NACB_P circuit design and its inductance and leakage inductances; Lm is the mutual inductance
importance in the FRT capability improvement of DFIG are pre- of the generator; xr is the electrical angular velocity of the rotor
sented in Section Active crowbar protection (ACB_P) circuit. The

and r is the leakage factor denoted as r 1  L2m =Ls Lr .
simulation results are analysed and discussed in Section Simulati
on results. Section Conclusion concludes the paper. From (3) and (4), the expression for stator and rotor current can
be represented as a function of fluxes as:
 
~is 1 Lm 1
Response of DFIG to grid faults
2 ~
ws 
2w~
r 7
Lm
Ls  Lr Lr Ls  LLmr
The DFIG has been interconnected with the grid in which the
stator of the generator is directly connected with the grid whereas  
the rotor get connected through a Back-to-Back converter arrange- ~ir  Lm 1

~ws
1

2 ~
wr 8
Ls Lr  L2m Lr  Lm
ment as shown in Fig. 2. The converters are known as the rotor side Ls Ls
converter (RSC) and the grid side converter (GSC) and these two
The equations can further be modified to simpler forms written
are connected cascaded through a DC-link capacitor placed
in (9) and (10) below:
between them. This capacitor is chosen in such a way so that it
can provide a DC-link voltage twice that of the stator voltage to ~is 1 ~
protect the converters during any over-voltage condition. The con-
ws  kr ~
wr 9
A
verter is capable of transferring energy in both directions that is
both in sub-synchronous and super synchronous mode of opera- ~ir  1 ks ~
ws  ~
wr 10
tion of DFIG. The GSC controls the DC-link voltage independent B
of the rotor power and the RSC controls the rotor currents. Con-
where ks ; kr are the constant values representing the coupling
verters are assumed to be ideal to exactly make the voltage set
factors of the stator and rotor respectively and expressed mathe-
by the controller and reference voltage signal to be same [37].
matically by:
The modelling of DFIGs are described in large number of litera-
tures [3840]. But only the most necessary aspects of modelling Lm Lm
ks and kr 11
are presented here. The DFIG system has been modelled using Ls Lr
the Simulink toolbox of MATLAB. A fifth-order model of induction
Similarly A; B in (9) and (10) can be represented as:
generator known as Park model has been simulated in a syn-
chronously rotating dq reference frame. The stator flux is oriented L2m
along the direct d-axis and the speed of rotation of the reference
A Ls  12
Lr
frame is chosen to be same as that of the speed of stator voltage.
Finally, a decoupled control between rotor current and the electri- L2m
cal torque is achieved. B Lr  13
Ls
The following set of mathematical equations [41] are used for
modelling of the DFIG based on which the equivalent circuit dia- which are similar to the transient stator inductance (L0s ) and tran-
gram for transient analysis of the induction generator shown in sient rotor inductance (L0r ) of a synchronous machine respectively.
Fig. 2 can be obtained. They are denoted by:

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of DFIG for transient analysis.

 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475 67

Lrr Lm Stator flux,

L0s Lsr 14
Lr r Lm p
~ 2V s
ws ~
ws;0 19
Lsr Lm jxs
L0r Lrr 15
Lsr Lm Rotor flux,
It can also be well defined from the equivalent circuit diagrams p
~ 2V s jxs t
shown in Fig. 3. wr ~
wr;0 ks e 20
jxs
The expressions derived in (1)(15) are taken together to get a
mathematical expression for the maximum short-circuit current The rotor flux is oriented 180 out of phase after half a period
generated by the DFIG during fault. The differential voltages given and in an opposite direction, whereas stator flux has no change
in (1) and (2) are solved to get a particular solution which gives the in orientation and it is fixed to the stator only. Then the currents
current at steady-state condition. But, the general solution for the in DFIG become very high and reach the maximum value. The only
DFIG can be obtained through addition of the solution of the homo- parameters that play a key role in maintaining the current within
geneous differential equation to the current at steady-state. safe limit are the leakage inductances.
During fault condition, the currents shift from one stationary Mathematically, stator current during fault can be obtained by
state to other and the continuity in the flow of electrical energy substituting (19) and (20) in (9) as:
is maintained by the free currents. These free currents rotates p
nearly at synchronous speed in DFIG with a similar manner as in ~is 1 ~
ws  kr ~
wr
2V s
1  ks kr ejxs t  21
case of a synchronous generator. Shifting of currents from one state A jxs A
to other generates three different current components inside the Taking the leakage factor into consideration:
generator with varying frequencies. They are: stationary currents, p
stator dc current and rotor dc current [41]. ~is 1 ~
ws  kr ~
wr
2V s
1  1  rejxs t  22
Neglecting both the stator and rotor resistances and assuming a A jxs A
mechanically lossless system, the current equations for both wind-
where
ings in (16)(22) are analysed in steady state (before fault) and
ks kr 1  r,
transient (during fault) conditions after the short circuit fault. Dur-
V s = Magnitude of stator phase voltage before fault.
ing steady state, the phase rotor current (Ir ) is taken to be zero. The
system is also assumed to be undamped one.
Active crowbar protection (ACB_P) circuit
Steady-state behaviour of DFIG
The conventional crowbar (CB) protection circuit is a specially
designed electrical circuit. It is used to prevent the power supply
Before the occurrence of fault,
unit and the other electrical circuits connected to the supply from
Stator current is:
any over-voltage condition. The crowbar circuit provides a low
resistance path or a short circuit across the output voltage. Gener-
ts e
~is ejxs t ~
jx s t
16 ally resistors, thyristors, TRIAC, IGBTs are used as the shorting
jxs Ls devices. The triggering of these devices depend on the current-
limiting circuitry of the power supply unit.
Stator flux using Eq. (3) is: The crowbar circuits can be classified as active crowbar circuits
and passive crowbar circuits. The passive CB is consisting of either
ts ejxs t
~
ws ejxs t ~is ejxs t Ls
~ 17 resisters or thyristors. It has the capability of closing the circuit
jxs during high voltage conditions but it cannot allow the circuit to
re-open until the high current in the CB is extinguished. In contrast
Rotor flux using Eq. (4) is: to a passive CB, the active CB is fully controllable by means of a
semiconductor switch. An active crowbar provides the short circuit
ts ejxs t
~ during transient (high-voltage) conditions and it again allows the
wr ejxs t ~is ejxs t Lm ks
~ 18
jxs device to resume normal operation when the transient is over.
Transistor, IGBTs, gate turn off (GTO) thyristors or forced commu-
tated thyristors are generally used in active crowbars for switching
Transient behaviour of DFIG purposes. Active crowbars are used to protect the RSC of the DFIG -
from high voltage and current transients produced by the voltage
A fault is assumed to be occurred at time (t = 0) in the grid side sags during grid faults. Hence the DFIG can ride through the fault
of the WECS causing a short circuit to both windings. The angle and and can continue the power supply even during the grid voltage
magnitude of the fluxes in both windings remain unchanged and sags.
they can be written as: Conventional crowbar circuits, previously used in DFIG systems
are consisting of resistors and power electronic switches such as
IGBTs, MOSFETs. Due to the presence of resistors, it can restrict
the high short-circuit current up to a certain extent but it cant
restrict DFIG from absorption of reactive power from the grid
during the fault which further adds instability to the system per-
formance along with power quality of the system. In order to over-
come such issues and to improvise the FRT capability, a new design
scheme of an active crowbar circuit is proposed which shows bet-
ter performance in limiting the rotor current as well as improving
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit for calculation of (a) transient stator inductance, (b) the active and reactive power profile of the DFIG compared to
transient rotor inductance. traditional crowbar circuits.
68 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475

Capacitor and V 3 V s  V 1  V 2 ;
Resistor in series


DFIG Ccb Rcb xs Lr xs1C j r;cb
R
s
Rotor K S1

cb
;
xs Ls s j xs Lm  Ls Lr CLs
Rr;cb 2 2
cb



xs Lr  xs1Ccb j R2s r;cb

K S2

;
IGBT xs Ls R2s
r;cb
j x2s L2m  Ls Lr CLs
cb

Switch
 

xs Lr  s12 x CLs Lr L2 L L  LLs 2LL
m Lr
Rr;cb
j s1
Rotor Side Converter s cb m s r m s Lr
K S3

 ;
xs Ls s1 j x2s Lm  Ls Lr s1s2 C
Rr;cb 2 L
Fig. 4. ACB_P circuit for DFIG rotor circuit. cb

xs Lm
K r1

 ;
x j x2s L2m  Ls Lr CLs
Rr;cb
s Ls s
In this proposed ACB_P circuit, a capacitor in connected in series cb

with the resistor, an IGBT switch and a diode based rectifier circuit xs Lm
K r2


 ;
is connected together as shown in Fig. 4. When the rotor current or xs Ls R2s
r;cb
j x2s L2m  Ls Lr CLs
cb
dc link voltage exceeds the safe limits, the IGBTs of the RSC are
blocked and the protection circuit gets turned on. The crowbar  

resistor voltage and DC-link voltage are checked continuously dur- xs Lm  s12 xs LCs LmL2 Ls Lr j Rr;cb
s1
 LLs 2LL
m Ls
s Lr
cb m m
ing its operation. The instant at which both these voltage values K r3


 
xs Ls j x2s L2m  Ls Lr s1Ls2 C
Rr;cb
approaches the pre-set safe value, then the crowbar is turned off. s1 cb
It takes approximately 55 milliseconds for the decay of the rotor
currents after which the RSC is restarted and the reactive power where
rises up supporting the grid. A0 = Transient coefficient of DC component of rotor flux after
The capacitor is selected to compensate reactive power during fault [36].
fault and to accommodate the ripples generated in the DC-link T s0 ; T r0 = Time constant of damping in DC components of stator
[43]. It forces the current through the DC-link to be balanced and and rotor currents respectively [41].
hence tries to keep the DC-link voltage maintained during fault. Rr;cb = Sum of rotor and crowbar resistances.
The voltage ripple should be smaller than 10% of the DC-link volt- C cb = Crowbar capacitance.
age to make sure that the output voltages are sinusoidal.
The mathematical expressions of stator and rotor currents of The stator active and reactive power output can be represented
DFIG [41] after the ACB_P is triggered t P 0 are represented as: in terms of the stator current as [42]:
 
3 3 dw
~is t K S1 V 1 ejxs t K S2 V 2 ejxs t K S3 V 3 eT s0 Lm A0 eT r0 jxr t
t t
23 Ps V s  Is Rs Is s jxr ws  Is 25
2 2 dt
Neglecting the stator copper loss,
~ir t K r1 V 1 ejxs t K r2 V 2 ejxs t K r3 V 3 eT s0  Ls A0 eT r0 jxr t  
t t
24 3 dws
Ps jxr ws  Is 26
2 dt
where
ts t V 1 ejxs t : Positive sequence stator voltage component.
~ Similarly the reactive output power of the DFIG can be derived
ts t V 2 ejxs t : Negative sequence stator voltage component.
~ as:
 
3 3 dws
Q s  V s  Is  jxr ws  Is 27
Table 1
2 2 dt
Comparison between different hardware protection devices used for FRT improve-
Putting the value of stator current from (23) in (27), it becomes
ment based on cost.
 
3 dws
Hardware protection device Price (US$) Qs  jxr ws
2 dt
Classical DVR 67,229.99
t t jx t

Low cost DVR 36,778.79  K S1 V 1 ejxs t K S2 V 2 ejxs t K S3 V 3 eT s0 Lm A0 eT r0 28
r

STATCOM 200,000.00
Conventional crowbar 5 .0075.00
ACB_P 85.00
The time constants for damping of DC components in (23) and
(24) after the ACB_P is triggered can be represented by:

Table 2
Comparison of FRT strategies of different crowbar protection circuits [44].

Protection circuit Rotor current limit (p.u.) Status of RSC DC-link voltage limit (p.u.) Comment
Crowbar circuit with resistances only <2.4 Blocked <1.25 Useful for symmetrical faults only
Crowbar with DVR <2.0 Partly maintained <1.25 Useful for all types
Crowbar with chopper <2.4 Blocked <1.25 Useful for all types
Crowbar with RL <2.4 Partly maintained <1.25 Useful for all types
ACB_P <2.0 Partly maintained <1.08 Useful for all types
 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475 69

Table 3 Analysing (23)(29), the crowbar capacitor value is mathemat-

Comparison of different cases of fault studies. ically selected as:
Case Nature of fault Type of Status of protection device ACB_P
fault
Ls 1
C cb 31
I Symmetrical 3-U to (a) Without (b) With
x 2 L L
r s r  L2m x2r B
ground triggering triggering
II Unsymmetrical 2-U to So that the damping constant of rotor T r0 in (30) becomes zero
ground
III Unsymmetrical 1-U to
which then excludes the transient component of current
t jxr t t jxr t
ground Ls A0 eT r0 and Lm A0 eT r0 from stator current and rotor current
0 1 represented by (23) and (24) respectively.
1@ jxr L2m The reactive power output of the DFIG is ideally maintained at
T s0 Ls
A 29 zero during normal condition and it should be maintained at the
r;cb  j xr Lr  xr C
Rs R 1
cb same during grid faults according to the grid code requirements.
  The reactive power is dependent on the stator current and hence
1 1 on the damping constant T r0 as shown in (28). But the damping
T r0 B 2 30
Rr;cb xr C cb constant can be minimised to zero through proper selection of
the crowbar capacitor as given in (31). When it becomes zero,

CaseI (3- to Ground Fault)

Stator Voltage (p.u.)

Stator Voltage (p.u.)

1 A B C 1 A B C

0 0

-1 -1
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Stator Current (p.u.)

Stator Current (p.u.)

5 5
A B C A B C

0 0

-5 -5
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Rotor Current (p.u.)

Rotor Current (p.u.)

5 5
A B C A B C

0 0

-5 -5
5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2
DC-link Voltage (V)

DC-link Voltage (V)

2000 2000

1500 1500

1000 1000

500 500
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Rotor Speed (p.u.)
Rotor Speed (p.u.)

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5
5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7

1 1
Torque (p.u.)

Torque (p.u.)
Mechanichal

Mechanical

0.5 0.5

0 0
6 6.5 7 7.5 6 6.5 7 7.5

Fig. 5. Dynamic response of a 1.7 MVA DFIG under 3-U symmetrical fault with ACB_P scheme (a) without triggering, (b) with triggering.
70 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475

4 4

Electromagnetic

Electromagnetic
Torque (p.u.)

Torque (p.u.)
2 2

0 0

-2 -2
5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Active Power (MW)

Active Power (MW)

4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Reactive Power (p.u.)

Reactive Power (p.u.)

5 5

0 0

-5 -5
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1

Voltage at PCC (p.u.)

Voltage at PCC (p.u.)

1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Time (s) Time (s)

(a) (b)
Fig. 5 (continued)

8
the transient component present in the fourth term of the current < Ira I sinxt  / I sinxt  /
>
expression gets eliminated and hence it improves the reactive Irb I sinxt  /  120 I sinxt  /  120 34
power profile of the DFIG based WT system effectively. >
:
Irc I sinxt  / 120 I sinxt  / 120
The DC-Link Voltage of the Back-to-Back converter is also
affected by the high rotor current. The safe limit of the voltage is where I+, I are the positive and negative sequence components of
nearly two times that of the rated voltage of the DFIG. For example the rotor current. M is the modulation index and / is the phase dif-
if rated voltage of the DFIG is 575 V, then the DC-link voltage must ference, x is the fundamental angular frequency.
be within 1200 V. But during grid faults due to high rotor current Hence analysing (33) and (34), it is observed that the DC-link
transients, the DC-link voltage exceeds beyond the safe limit. So current is a function of the rotor current. The transients produced
for FRT capability improvement, the DC-link voltage must also be in the rotor current contribute towards generation of +ve and ve
checked along with other parameters. The proposed protection sequence components and hence ripples.
scheme is helpful in maintaining this voltage through appropriate
selection of the crowbar capacitor. Idc f Ir
Mathematically the DC-link voltage during fault can be
t t jx t

f K r1 V 1 ejxs t K r2 V 2 ejxs t K r3 V 3 eT s0  Ls A0 eT r0 35
r
expressed as [43]:
Z Z
1 1 Similarly, DC-link voltage ripple over one carrier period can be
V dc V co ic dt V co Idc  idc dt
C dc C dc represented as,
V co DV dc 32
3MI T
DV dc cos2xt  h f dc Ir 36
where 4C dc
Vco is the initial value of the dc-link voltage Vdc and DVdc is the
Dc-link voltage ripple. where Cdc is the DC-link capacitor and T is the time period.
Idc is the average DC-link current over one fundamental period From the analysis of (32)(36) it can also be theoretically
and idc is the current ripple. proved that the ripples in both DC-link current and DC-link voltage
are due to the transients in the rotor current. Hence with the pro-
Mathematically, posed scheme, the ripples in the DC-link voltage can also be miti-
gated by mitigating the rotor current transients through the
3MI cos /
Idc 33 accurate selection of the Crowbar capacitor using (31). Thus the
4 overcurrent of the rotor, reactive power profile and DC-link voltage
During fault or any load unbalance, the rotor phase currents can profile during grid fault can be controlled ensuring a better capa-
also be represented by, bility of improving the FRT and power quality of the DFIG.
 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475 71

Economic feasibility of NACB_P Based on the data given in the above table it is much clear that
the conventional crowbar is the cheapest one and then the ACB_P.
For assessment of economic viability of the proposed scheme, a But due to the better performance of the ACB_P as compared to
comparative study is tabulated here in Table 1. The main parame- other crowbar schemes as given in Table 2, it is used in this paper
ter that has taken into consideration is the cost in US$. The com- for FRT improvement of the DFIG.
parison is done between different hardware protection devices Analysing the comparative parameters presented in Table 2, it
that are generally used for FRT and power quality improvement can be noted that proposed ACB_P is more advantageous than
of grid integrated DFIG systems. other conventional crowbar protections. Its rotor current limit

CaseII (2- to Ground Fault)

Stator Voltage (p.u.)

Stator Voltage (p.u.)

2 2
A B C A B C

0 0

-2 -2
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Stator Current (p.u.)

Stator Current (p.u.)

5 5
A B C A B C

0 0

-5 -5
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Rotor Current (p.u.)
Rotor Current (p.u.)

5 5
A B C A B C

0 0

-5 -5
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
DC-link Voltage (V)

DC-link Voltage (V)

2000 2000

1500 1500

1000 1000

500 500
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Rotor Speed (p.u.)
Rotor Speed (p.u.)

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5
5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7

1 1
Torque (p.u.)

Torque (p.u.)
Mechanical

Mechanical

0.5 0.5

0 0
6 6.5 7 7.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
Electromagnetic

4 4
Electromagnetic

Torque (p.u.)
Torque (p.u.)

2 2

0 0

-2 -2
5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

Fig. 6. Dynamic responses of a 1.7 MVA DFIG under 2-U to ground unsymmetrical fault with ACB_P scheme (a) without triggering, (b) with triggering.
72 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475

Active Power (MW)

Active Power (MW)

4 4

2 2
0
0
-2
-2
5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Reactive Power (p.u.)

Reactive Power (p.u.)

5 5

0 0

-5 -5
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Voltage at PCC (p.u.)

Voltage at PCC (p.u.)

1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Time (s) Time (s)
(a) (b)
Fig. 6 (continued)

and DC-link voltage limit are effectively less than that of other the stator voltage nearly reduces to zero and the surge current in the
mentioned crowbars. It is also applicable to both symmetrical stator reduces below its rated value. The rotor current rises to 2 p.u.
and unsymmetrical fault conditions. The cost is much less than which is hazardous for the partially rated RSC to withstand. But, the
the crowbar with DVR but performance is better compared to that. voltage and current profile of the stator and that of rotor current
It is easy to implement and the operation is very simple. improves significantly, ensuring enhanced FRT capability of the
But the only disadvantage of the proposed scheme is that it DFIG as the ACB_P triggered in Fig. 5(b). Most importantly, the C-
adds extra hardware to the system. Hence the cost and the system phase current of the stator which was zero in Fig. 5(a), now sta-
complexity increases compared to other software technologies bilises to its rated value as seen in Fig. 5(b) soon after ACB_P is trig-
used for FRT improvement as mentioned in Section Introduction gered. Simulation results show that the rotor current value reduces
of this paper. In future research works, the soft technologies will significantly after the application of proposed protection because
be included along with the proposed ACB_P. the capacitor implemented in the protection design accommodates
the ripples generated during fault. The DC-link voltage increases
from rated value 1150 V to around 1600 V without protection but
Simulation results drastically reduces to 1300 V after it is triggered. Although the
amplitude of mechanical and electromagnetic torque experiences
Three different cases of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults little changes, but the rotor speed improves significantly. In the first
at t = 5.91 s that are injected at PCC are considered for the simula- case, without triggering of the protection the rotor speed increases
tion analysis as shown in Table 3. The typical schematic diagram of beyond 1 p.u whereas when protection is triggered, it approaches
DFIG based grid connected WECS system for the validation of the nearly 1 p.u. satisfying the rated condition. Hence the proposed
proposed work as shown in Fig. 1 is taken from Ref. [1]. Each case scheme is fully capable of protecting the DFIG as clear from the com-
is analysed using MATLAB/Simulink model of 1.7 MVA/1.5 MW, pared results. The active power profile suddenly reduces zero and
DFIG based WECS with ACB_P design circuit. In every case as the reactive power fluctuates making the whole system unstable,
shown in Table 3, two sub-cases are represented showing the during fault and the terminal voltage at PCC reduces severely as
responses of DFIG such as: (a) without ACB_P triggering, (b) with shown in Fig. 5(a). But, as the protection circuit is triggered, the
ACB_P triggering as shown in Figs. 5(a)7(a) and 5(b)7(b) respec- capacitor compensates reactive power making it nearly zero satisfy-
tively. All the responses of DFIG except the DC-link voltage (volts) ing the grid code requirements. Active power and terminal voltage
and active power (MW), are taken in p.u. The parameters used in at PCC are also observed to be improved due to the control action
simulation are taken from Tables 4 and 5. MATLAB/Simulink model of the designed protection circuit.
of the proposed work is shown in Fig. 8. A comparative study is done between the simulation results
The triggering time along with the time of operation of the pro- shown in Fig. 6(a) and (b) when the applied fault is an unsymmet-
posed scheme is 5.925 s to 5.980 s which is 55 ms. It approaches to rical 2-U to ground fault. It is observed that as soon as the protec-
grid code requirement according to which the time of operation of tion is ON, badly affected dynamic responses of DFIG become
the protection circuit should be within 50 ms. stable. The DC-link voltage, active and reactive power profiles are
Simulation results for the FRT performance of DFIG system with controlled to rated values. The ripples in the DC-link voltage is
a three-phase symmetrical fault are shown in Fig. 5. The DFIG was absolutely mitigated after the proposed protection scheme is trig-
intended to run at 1 p.u. and its nominal load. The symmetrical fault gered and it is showing a value of 1150 V. Without the protection,
occurs at t = 5.91 s, lasting for 0.7 s. From Fig. 5(a), it is observed that the reactive power profile is not approaching towards ideal zero
when fault occurs and the protection circuit ACB_P is not triggered, value but after the activation of the protection, it shows perfect
 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475 73

Case-III (1- to Ground Fault)

Stator Voltage (p.u.)

Stator Current (p.u.) Stator Voltage (p.u.)
2 2
A B C A B C

0 0

-2 -2
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1

Stator Current (p.u.)

A B C A B C
2 2

0 0

-2 -2
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1

Rotor Current (p.u.)

Rotor current (p.u.)

5 5
A B C A B C

0 0

-5 -5
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
DC-link Voltage (V)
DC-link Voltage (V)

2000 2000

1500 1500

1000 1000

500 500
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Rotor Speed (p.u.)
Rotor Speed (p.u.)

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5
5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7

1 1
Torque (p.u.)

Torque (p.u.)
Mechanical

Mechanical

0.5 0.5

0 0
5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7
Electromagnetic

Electromagnetic

4 4
Torque (p.u.)
Torque(p.u.)

2 2

0 0

-2 -2
5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Active Power (MW)
Active Power (MW)

4 4

2 2

0 0

-2 -2
5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 5.8 5.9 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

Fig. 7. Dynamic responses of a 1.7 MVA DFIG under 1-U to ground unsymmetrical fault with ACB_P scheme (a) without triggering, (b) with triggering.
74 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475

Reactive Power (p.u.)

Reactive Power (p.u.)

5 5

0 0

-5 -5
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Voltage at PCC (p.u.)

Voltage at PCC (p.u.)

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5
0
0
-0.5
-0.5 5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
5.8 5.85 5.9 5.95 6 6.05 6.1
Time (s) Time (s)

(a) (b)
Fig. 7 (continued)

Table 4
DFIG and grid parameters. matching with the ideal value. The efficient performance of the
Parameter Value proposed scheme in maintaining the DC-link voltage and the reac-
tive power is because of the presence of the compensating capac-
Rated power 1.7 MVA
Rated line to line voltage 0.575 kV
itor selected in it. Due to the new protection scheme, the rotor
Frequency 60 Hz current as well as the rotor speed profile has also improved. The
Stator/rotor turns ratio 1 rotor sped is maintained nearly at a constant value during the fault
Stator resistance 0.0014 X also. Similar results are observed in 2-phase to ground fault in case
Stator leakage inductance 8.998  105 H
of rotor speed as in symmetrical fault. Hence in case of asymmet-
Rotor resistance 9.9187  104 X
Rotor leakage inductance 8.2088  105 H rical 2-U to ground fault, the protection scheme is also performing
Magnetising inductance 1.526  103 H satisfactorily.
Generator inertia about HSS 53.036 kg m2 In Fig. 7(a) and (b), the simulation responses of DFIG during an
Pole pairs 3 unsymmetrical 1-U to ground fault is observed without and with
Transformer rated apparent power 1.75 MVA
Transformer impedance (0.0077 + j0.0579) p.u.
the proposed protection scheme respectively. In Fig. 7(a), all the
dynamic responses of the DFIG along with the instantaneous stator
voltage and current profiles are presented which are affected due
the fault in a similar manner as in case of 3-U and 2-U to ground
Table 5
Wind turbine parameters. faults. But the difference lies in the number of phases of current
and voltage affected. After the ACB_P is triggered, nearly steady-
Parameter Value
state values for stator current, rotor current and DC-link voltages
Rotor diameter 70 m are observed in Fig. 7(b). Due to appropriate selection and imple-
Cut-in wind speed 4 m/s
mentation of the capacitor in the proposed protection design
Cut-out wind speed 25 m/s
Rated wind speed 12 m/s reduces the ripples in the rotor current. Hence maintains the DC-
Rated rotor speed 19.7 rpm link voltage insuring safety of the RSC and the DC-link capacitor.
Hub radius 1.75 m The rotor speed is closely at 1 p.u. and the mechanical torque also
Blade pitch angle range 490 becomes nearly constant after the implication of the protection cir-
Blade number 3
Hub inertia about rotor axis 34.6  103 kg m2
cuit. The most importantly, the terminal voltage at PCC is settled to
Drivetrain torsional damper 1.0  107 Nm/s rated value within comparatively lesser time. The improvement in
Gearbox ratio 75.7098 dynamic responses of DFIG is due to the crowbar capacitor which is

Fig. 8. MATLAB/Simulink model of DFIG based WT system.

 S. Swain, P.K. Ray / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 84 (2017) 6475
chosen to nullify a major part of the transients generated in the
rotor current and hence in the DC-link voltage.
Conclusion
In this paper, a active crowbar protection design is demon-
strated which has the objective to maintain an uninterrupted con-
nection between the DFIG and the grid during all types of
symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults ensuring improved FRT
capability. The key objective of the proposed design is to restrict
the high rotor current within safe limits and to bypass it through
a couple of resistor and capacitor connected in series. Compared
to conventional crowbar the proposed scheme is more operative
in improving the FRT capability of DFIG and the power quality of
the system. The proposed design is described and applied through
a time dependant analytical expression of the transient stator and
rotor currents of the DFIG. A comparative short circuit analysis is
carried out between the dynamic responses of the induction gener-
ator under the influence of variety of grid faults. Simulation results
reveal the efficacy of the proposed novel crowbar design applicable
both in case of symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. This analy-
sis is very much effective for the system design and further
research issues such as selection and calibration of the crowbar
resistance, switching-off timing of crowbar including hardware
implementation of the proposed scheme aiming towards quality
improvement.
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