Proceeding Paper
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis and Protection of 1.5 MW DFIG
Wind Turbine Converters †
Muhammad Uzair Khalid *, Hassan Abdullah Khalid, Hasaan Farooq
Citation: Khalid, M.U.; Khalid, H.A.;
Farooq, H.; Khan, A. Unsymmetrical
Fault Analysis and Protection of 1.5
MW DFIG Wind Turbine Converters.
Eng. Proc. 2022, 20, 41. https://
doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020041
Academic Editor: Saad Ahmed Qazi
Published: 9 August 2022
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
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Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
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Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Eng. Proc. 2022, 20, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022020041
and Afzaal Khan
Department Electrical Power Engineering, U.S. Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E),
National University of Science and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
* Correspondence: uzairkhalid3770@gmail.com
† Presented at the 7th International Electrical Engineering Conference, Karachi, Pakistan, 25–26 March 2022.
Abstract: Due to rapid increase in the installation of renewable energy resources in the grid, the
use of power electronic-based devices is increasing day by day. Whenever a wind farm is installed
and integrated with the grid, most of the work and control depends on its electronic converters.
Whenever a grid fault occurs, it can cause significant overcurrents and overvoltage, placing the entire
facility at risk. It can quickly cause the converter system to deteriorate if countermeasures are not
taken. Thus, a proper protection scheme is needed to protect the generator and its converter from
faults. In this paper, an asymmetrical fault analysis and protection scheme is presented in which
a single line to ground fault is created, followed by a check of its effects on the DFIG, rotor circuit
and converters. Then, a proper protection scheme for a crowbar circuit is designed and we assess its
operation on a 1.5 MW DFIG-based industrial wind turbine model in EMTDC/PSCAD.
Keywords: asymmetrical fault; crowbar circuit; doubly fed induction generator; wind turbine; rotor
side converter; rotor current
1. Introduction
There has been a significant increase in the energy demand and environmental issues.
The world is thus shifting towards renewable energy resources and its technologies, because
these resources are clean and their operation is free of cost. Wind is one of the renewable
energy resources. It should be of no surprise that electricity in the future will be produced
largely through the installation of wind farms [1]. However, there are certain challenges
associated with the use of wind energy, such as the impacts of wind turbine generators
on the integration with the power systems, and also the variation in the wind speed. The
concept of a variable-speed wind turbine (VSWT) with a doubly-fed induction generator
(DFIG) is gaining popularity due to its distinct advantages over fixed-speed induction
generators, such as increased power capture and a four-quadrant converter topology
that allows decoupled and fast active and reactive power control, and lower mechanical
stresses [2]. Due to the variable wind speed, wind turbines with DFIG doubly fed induction
generators are extensively used, as they can be easily controlled under varying wind
speeds and can maintain the connection with the public grid and the stability of the power
output [3].
Although DFIG-based wind turbines have been successful, there are still several
challenges that need to be solved. In a highly competitive power system, voltage imbalance
with magnitudes that differ from one another is quite common, owing to faults [4]. In
normal conditions, the rotor converter adjusts the rotor current during normal operation to
obtain the active and reactive reference powers [5]. The single and three-phase line faults
represent special cases of high currents and voltage dips. The voltage completely drops
during faults [6–8]. High currents are induced in the machine during line faults, causing
the system to become imbalanced [9]. Transmission line faults provide a large flow of
current to the rotor side of the DFIG, which is connected by back-to-back converters; the
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/engproc
Eng.Eng. Proc.
Proc. 2022,
2022, 20,20,4141 2 of 4 2 of 7

causing the system to become imbalanced [9]. Transmission line faults provide a large
converters may be damaged due to these high currents. Thus, a proper protection scheme
flow of current to the rotor side of the DFIG, which is connected by back-to-back convert-
is needed
ers; to protect
the converters maythe DFIG anddue
be damaged converter fromcurrents.
to these high the transients
Thus, a and
properfaults [10].
protection
scheme is needed to protect the DFIG and converter from the transients and faults [10]. single line
This paper will examine the behavior and analysis of the asymmetrical
to ground fault
This paper onexamine
will a 22 kVthe
HT line connected
behavior to aofwind
and analysis turbine. Whenever
the asymmetrical single linethese
to faults
occur, they can cause significant overcurrents and overvoltages, placing
ground fault on a 22 kV HT line connected to a wind turbine. Whenever these faults occur, the entire facility
at risk.
they can This
causequickly causes
significant the converter
overcurrents system to deteriorate
and overvoltages, if countermeasures
placing the entire facility at risk. are not
This quickly causes the converter system to deteriorate if countermeasures
taken. Thus, a proper protection scheme is needed to protect the generator are not taken.
and its converter
Thus, a proper
from faults. protection scheme is needed to protect the generator and its converter from
faults.
2. Analysis of DFIG in Normal Operation
2. Analysis of DFIG in Normal Operation
The study has been conducted on a 1.5 MW industrial wind turbine model, as shown
The study
in Figure 1, inhas been conducted
which the DFIGon a 1.5aMW
with industrial
rating of 1.73wind
MVA turbine model, asto
is connected shown
back-to-back
in Figure 1, in which the DFIG with a rating of 1.73 MVA is connected to back-to-back
converters of rating 770 kVA. When the DFIG is operating in normal conditions, its nominal
converters of rating 770 kVA. When the DFIG is operating in normal conditions, its nom-
output voltage is 690 Volts. To raise its voltage, it is connected to a step-up transformer,
inal output voltage is 690 Volts. To raise its voltage, it is connected to a step-up trans-
former, increases
which its voltage
which increases up toup22tokV.
its voltage TheThe
22 kV. other side
other is is
side fedfedbybya athree-phase
three-phase nominal
voltage of 132 kV, which is reduced by a step-down transformer
nominal voltage of 132 kV, which is reduced by a step-down transformer to 22 to 22 kV.kV.
The simulation
The
results are shown in the following sections.
simulation results are shown in the following sections.

Figure
Figure1.1.Diagram
Diagramof of
1.5MW WTWT
1.5MW system under
system line toline
under ground fault with
to ground crowbar
fault protection.
with crowbar protection.

3.
3. Normal
NormalOperation
OperationResults
Results
The
Theoutput
outputresults
resultsofofactive
activepower,
power, reactive
reactive power,
power,voltage andand
voltage currents were
currents ob- obtained
were
tained during normal operating conditions. It is shown in Figure 2 that the
during normal operating conditions. It is shown in Figure 2 that the output current is output current
is within [−1, 1] per unit, having a base current of 1450 A at the rated wind speed of 13
within [−1, 1] per unit, having a base current of 1450 A at the rated wind speed of 13 m/s.
m/s. Figure 3 shows the output voltage, which is within [−0.75, 0.75] in p.u., with a base
Figure 3 shows the output voltage, which is within [−0.75, 0.75] in p.u., with a base voltage
voltage of 690 V. The active power and reactive power outputs are also given in Figures 4
of 690
and V. The
5, which areactive
1.5 MWpower
and 0and
MVar reactive power
(as it was set as outputs are
zero in the also for
model given
easein
ofFigures
under- 4 and 5,
Eng. Proc. 2022, 20, 41 which are 1.5 MW and 0 MVar (as it was set as zero in the model for ease of 3 of 4
understanding),
standing), respectively.
respectively.

Output Current
2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
(p.u)

-0.50

-1.00

-1.50

-2.00
sec 3.090 3.100 3.110 3.120 3.130 3.140 3.150 3.160 3.170 3.180

Figure2.2.Output
Figure Outputcurrent.
current.

Output V olage
1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
 0.00

(p.u
0.00

(p.u)
0.00

(p.u)
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.50
-1.50
-1.50
-2.00
-2.00
Eng. Proc. 2022, 20, 41 sec -2.00
sec 3.090 3.100 3.110 3.120 3.130 3.140 3.150 3.160 3.170 3.180 3 of 7
3.090 3.100 3.110 3.120 3.130 3.140 3.150 3.160 3.170 3.180
sec 3.090 3.100 3.110 3.120 3.130 3.140 3.150 3.160 3.170 3.180
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Output
Output current.
current.
Figure 2. Output current.
Output VVolage
Output olage
1.50
1.50 Output V olage
1.50
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.00

(p.u)
0.00
(p.u)
0.00
-0.25
(p.u) -0.25
-0.25
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.75
-0.75
-0.75
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.25
-1.25
-1.25
-1.50
-1.50
sec -1.50
sec 3.210 3.220
3.220 3.230
3.230 3.240
3.240 3.250
3.250 3.260
3.260 3.270 3.280
3.280 3.290
3.290 3.300
3.300 3.310
3.310
3.210 3.270
sec 3.210 3.220 3.230 3.240 3.250 3.260 3.270 3.280 3.290 3.300 3.310
Figure3.3.
Figure
Figure 3.Output
Outputvoltage.
Output voltage.
voltage.
Figure 3. Output voltage.
A ct ive Pow e r
2.00 A ct ive Pow e r
2.00 A ct ive Pow e r
1.75
2.00
1.75
1.50
1.75
1.50
1.25
1.50
1.25
1.00
1.25
1.00
0.75
1.00
0.75
(MW)

0.50
0.75
(MW)

0.50
0.25
(MW)

0.50
0.25
0.00
0.25
0.00
-0.25
0.00
-0.25
-0.50
-0.25
-0.50
-0.75
-0.50
-0.75
-1.00
-0.75
-1.00
sec -1.00 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
sec 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
sec 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Figure 4.
Figure 4. Active
Active power.
power.
Figure4.4.Active
Figure Activepower.
power.
React ive Pow e r
0.150 React ive Pow e r
0.150 React ive Pow e r
0.150
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.050
0.050
0.050
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.050
-0.050
(MVAr)
(MVAr)

-0.050
-0.100
(MVAr)

-0.100
-0.100
-0.150
-0.150
-0.150
-0.200
-0.200
-0.200
-0.250
-0.250
-0.250
-0.300
-0.300
sec-0.300 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
sec 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
sec 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
Figure 5.
Figure 5. Reactive
Reactive power.
power.
Figure5.5.Reactive
Figure Reactivepower.
power.
4. Analysis
Analysis of of Unsymmetrical
Unsymmetrical Fault Fault
4.4.
4.Analysis
Analysisof ofUnsymmetrical
UnsymmetricalFault Fault
Regarding an
Regarding an unsymmetrical
unsymmetrical fault fault of of type
type single
single phase
phase (phase
(phase B) B) to
to ground,
ground, applied
applied
Regarding
Regarding anan unsymmetrical
unsymmetrical fault
fault ofoftype
typesingle phase
single phase (phase
(phase B) to
B) ground,
to ground, applied
applied at
at
at a
a distance
distance of
of 55 km
km on
on the
the line,
line, the
the DFIG
DFIG would
would react
react to
to this
this fault
fault more
more strongly
strongly than ifif
than
aatdistance of 5ofkm on theon line, the DFIG would reactreact
to this
to fault moremorestrongly than than if theif
theasame
the
distance
same 5 km
fault occurred
occurred the
at 10line,
10 kmtheonDFIG the line.would
line. The duration
duration this
offault fault isstrongly
the fault set to
to 11 s.s. The
The
same
the fault fault
same occurred
fault at 10 at
occurred km
at 10onkmtheon
km on
the
line.the The
line.
The
duration
The duration
of
of the fault
of
the
the set tois
is fault 1 set
is s.
setThe
to output
1 s. The
output current
output current is is shown in in Figure 6. 6. ItIt is
is shown
shown thatthat the
the current
current on on phase
phase BB increased
increased to to
current
output is shownisinshown
current Figurein6.Figure
shown It is shown
Figure 6. It isthat the current
shown that the on phaseon
current B increased to three toto
phase B increased
three to
threetimes four
to four times its normal current. The other phase’s current also increased. All of these
four
three to fourits times
normal its normalThe
times itscurrent.
current.
normal current.otherThe
The
othercurrent
phase’s phase’s current
other phase’salso
also increased.
increased.
current All of these
also increased.
Allchanges
of these
All of these
have effects on the stator current, and, due to magnetic coupling between the stator and
rotor, the rotor current also changes. Thus, the stator current and rotor current both will
increase. The result is shown in Figure 7.
During the increases in the fault stator and rotor current, mechanical disturbance will
also be produced. Moreover, the generator will become unstable due to the increase in the
current of the stator and rotor from the specific value. Similarly, the back-to-back converters
of the DFIG are made up of power electronic devices and switches, which are expensive
and vulnerable to damage due to different types of faults. A limit is pre-set for them in
which the maximum current should not be exceeded; here, the limit is set to 1.2 p.u. of its
current. The current on phase B passing through the power electronic devices is shown
in Figure 8. It is illustrated in the figure that the amount of current exceeds its predefined
value, which is injurious to these DFIG converters (electronic devices and switches).
 also be produced. Moreover, the generator will become unstable due to the increase in the
current of the
current the stator andand rotor from
from the specific
specific value. Similarly,
Similarly, the back-to-back
back-to-back convert-
current ofof the stator
stator and rotor
rotor from the
the specific value.
value. Similarly, the
the back-to-back convert-
convert-
ers
ers of the DFIG are made up of power electronic devices and switches, which are expen-
expen-
ers of
of the
the DFIG
DFIG are are made
made up up of
of power
power electronic
electronic devices
devices and
and switches,
switches, which
which are
are expen-
sive and vulnerable
sive vulnerable to damagedamage due to to different types
types of faults.
faults. A limit
limit is pre-set
pre-set for them
them
sive and
and vulnerable to to damage due due to different
different types ofof faults. A
A limit is
is pre-set for
for them
in
in which the maximum current should not be exceeded; here, the limit is set to 1.2 p.u. of
in which
which the
the maximum
maximum current
current should
should not
not be
be exceeded;
exceeded; here,
here, the
the limit
limit is
is set
set to
to 1.2
1.2 p.u.
p.u. of
of
its
its current. The current on phase B passing through the power electronic devices is shown
Eng. Proc. 2022, 20, 41 its current.
current. The
The current
current on
on phase
phase B B passing
passing through
through the
the power
power electronic
electronic devices
devices is
is shown
4 of 7
shown
in Figure
in Figure 8.8. It
It is
is illustrated
illustrated in
in the
the figure
figure that
that the
the amount
amount of of current
current exceeds
exceeds its
its predefined
predefined
in Figure 8. It is illustrated in the figure that the amount of current exceeds its predefined
value, which is
value, is injurious toto these DFIG
DFIG converters (electronic
(electronic devices andand switches).
value, which
which is injurious
injurious to these
these DFIG converters
converters (electronic devices
devices and switches).
switches).
Out put Current
6.0 Out put Current
6.0 Out put Current
6.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.0

(p.u)
0.0
(p.u)
0.0
(p.u)
-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-4.0
-4.0
-4.0
-6.0
-6.0
sec -6.0 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20
sec 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20
sec 2.80 3.00 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00 4.20
Figure 6.Output
Output current.
Figure
Figure6.6.
Figure Outputcurrent.
6. Output current.
current.
Rot or current
2.50 Rot or current
2.50 Rot or current
2.50
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
(p.u)

0.50
(p.u)

0.00
(p.u)

0.00
0.00
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.50
-1.50
-1.50
-2.00
-2.00
sec -2.00 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50
sec 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50
sec 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50

Figure 7. Rotor current.

Figure
Figure7.7.
Figure Rotor
7.Rotor current.
Rotorcurrent.
current.
Phase B Rot or convert e r curre nt
3.0 Phase B Rot or convert e r curre nt
3.0 Phase B Rot or convert e r curre nt
3.0

2.0
2.0
2.0

1.0
1.0
1.0

0.0
(p.u)

0.0
(p.u)

0.0
(p.u)

-1.0
-1.0
-1.0

-2.0
-2.0
-2.0

-3.0
se c -3.0
-3.02.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75
se c 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75
se c 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 4.50 4.75

Figure 8. Phase B rotor converter current.

Figure
Figure8.8. Phase
PhaseBB
8.Phase rotor
Brotor converter
rotorconverter current.
convertercurrent.
current.
Figure
5. Crowbar
Crowbar Protection
Protection
5.5.
5.Crowbar
CrowbarProtection
Protection
Crowbar protection
Crowbar protection is oneone ofof the
the most
most important
important types
types of
of protection
protection to
to protect
protect the
the
Crowbar protection isis
Crowbarprotection isone
oneof ofthe
themost
mostimportant
importanttypes
typesofofprotection
protectiontotoprotect
protectthe
the
converters
converters from
from faults.
faults. In
In this
this type
type of
of protection,
protection, whenever
whenever a fault occurs, the crowbar
converters
converters from
fromfaults.
faults. In
In this
this type
type of
of protection, whenever aaafault
protection, whenever fault occurs,
faultoccurs, the
occurs,the crowbar
thecrowbar
crowbar
protection circuit will be operated, which provides an alternative path for the rotor current.
Thus, it will short-circuit the rotor-side converter and decrease the rotor current that passes
through the converter. When the fault clears, the crowbar circuit will be deactivated and
the rotor current will return to its normal value. The crowbar protection circuit consists of
IGBT switches, a resistor and diodes. A high value of the resistor causes high voltage and a
low value of the resistor causes a high rotor current and low voltage, so there is a tradeoff
when choosing the value. In this circuit, a resistor with a value of 1 mΩ is used. The circuit
is shown in Figure 1.

6. Simulation Results When Crowbar Activates

When the crowbar circuit activates during the fault, all of the rotor current will be
bypassed and it travels towards the crowbar circuit instead of the rotor as shown in Figure 9.
 consists of IGBT
voltage and switches,
a low value ofa the
resistor and causes
resistor diodes.aAhigh
highrotor
value of the and
current resistor
lowcauses high
voltage, so
voltage and a low value of the resistor causes a high rotor current and low voltage,
there is a tradeoff when choosing the value. In this circuit, a resistor with a value of 1 mΩ so
there is aThe
is used. tradeoff
circuitwhen choosing
is shown the value.
in Figure 1. In this circuit, a resistor with a value of 1 mΩ
is used. The circuit is shown in Figure 1.
Eng. Proc. 2022, 20, 41 6. Simulation Results When Crowbar Activates 5 of 7
6. Simulation Results When Crowbar Activates
When the crowbar circuit activates during the fault, all of the rotor current will be
Whenand
bypassed theitcrowbar circuit activates
travels towards the crowbar duringcircuittheinstead
fault, all of the
of the rotorrotor currentinwill
as shown Figurebe
bypassed
9. Thus, and
during it travels
the whole towards the crowbar circuit instead of the rotor as shown in Figure
Thus, during the whole faultfault duration,
duration, the current
the current passingpassing
towards towards the rotor-side
the rotor-side con-
converter
9. Thus,
verter during
will as the
be shown whole
zero asinshown fault duration, the current passing towards the rotor-side con-
will be zero Figurein 10,Figure
and it10,passedand towards
it passedthe towards
crowbar thecircuit
crowbar circuitinas
as shown
verter
shown11. will
in Thebe zero
Figure 11.asTheshown in Figure
rotor-side 10, and
converter it passed towards
disconnects from the
thethe
rotorcrowbar
andis thecircuit
DFIGas is
Figure rotor-side converter disconnects from the rotor and DFIG converted
shown
converted in Figure
into an 11. The
induction rotor-side converter
generator. Then, thisdisconnects
generator from the
absorbs rotor and the
the reactive DFIG is
into an induction generator. Then, this generator absorbs the reactive power from thepowergrid
converted
from
for thethe
fault into
grid anthe
for
duration. induction
fault
When generator.
duration.
the fault When Then,
ends, thethethis
fault generator
ends, the
crowbar absorbs
willcrowbar the
willreactive
be deactivated power
be deactivated
as seen in
from
Figure the
as seen12, grid
inso for
that the
Figure the fault duration.
12, rotor-side
so that theconverter When the
rotor-sideconnects fault
converter ends,
to connectsthe
the rotorto crowbar
again, will be
and the
the rotor deactivated
induction
again, and the
as seen inwill
generator
induction Figure
again12,
generator so that
change
will theachange
into
again rotor-side
doublyinto fedconverter
a doubly connects
induction generator,
fed towhich
induction thegenerator,
rotor
will again,
thenwhich and will
generate the
induction
the
thenactive
generategenerator
and reactive will
the active poweragain
and for change itinto
whichpower
reactive afor
doubly
is designed, which fed
i.e., induction
it here,
is in thisgenerator,
designed, paper, it iswhich
i.e., here, thiswill
designed
in pa-
then
toper, generate
generate the
0 MVAR.
it is designed active
to The and reactive
output
generate power
results of
0 MVAR. The for
active which
output power it is
results designed,
andofreactive i.e., here,
powerand
active power in this pa-
are reactive
shown
inper,
power it isare
Figures designed
13 and 14
shown torespectively.
in generate
Figures 130and MVAR.
In 14
order The outputIn
to examine
respectively. results
the
order of
to active
behavior and
examine power and reactive
operation
the behavior of the
and
power
crowbar
operation are shown
circuit,
of thethe in Figures
following
crowbar 13 and
figures
circuit, 14
thearerespectively.
shown. figures
following In
The time order
arefor to examine
crowbar
shown. The the behavior
operation
time for is and
equal
crowbar
tooperation
the duration
operation of theof crowbar
is equal the
to fault. circuit, the
the duration following
of the fault. figures are shown. The time for crowbar
operation is equal to the duration of the fault.
Rot or current
0.60
Rot or current
0.60
0.50
0.50
0.40
0.40
0.30
0.30
0.20
0.20
0.10
(p.u)(p.u)

0.10
0.00
0.00
-0.10
-0.10
-0.20
-0.20
-0.30
-0.30
-0.40
-0.40
-0.50
sec -0.50 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50
sec 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50
Figure 9. Rotor current.
Figure9.9.Rotor
Figure Rotorcurrent.
current.
Phase B Rotor conve rt er curre nt
1.25
Phase B Rotor conve rt er curre nt
1.25
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.50
0.25
(p.u)(p.u)

0.25
0.00
0.00
-0.25
-0.25
-0.50
-0.50
-0.75
-0.75
-1.00
sec -1.002.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
sec 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50
Eng. Proc. 2022, 20, 41 6 of 4
Figure 10. Phase B rotor converter current.
Figure10.
Figure 10.Phase
PhaseBBrotor
rotorconverter
convertercurrent.
current.

Crow bar current

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

-1.0

-2.0

-3.0

-4.0
sec 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25

Figure11.
Figure 11.Crowbar
Crowbarcurrent.
current.

Crow bar Activat ion sw it ch

1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
 0.0
0.0
-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-3.0
-3.0
-3.0
-4.0
-4.0
Eng. Proc. 2022, 20, 41 sec -4.0 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25 6 of 7
sec 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25
sec 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00 4.25
Figure 11. Crowbar current.
Figure 11. Crowbar current.
Figure 11. Crowbar current.
Crow bar Activat ion sw it ch
1.50 Crow bar Activat ion sw it ch
1.50 Crow bar Activat ion sw it ch
1.50
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.25
-0.25
-0.25
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-0.75
-0.75
sec -0.752.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
sec 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
sec 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
Figure12.
12. Crowbaractivation
activation switch.
Figure 12.Crowbar
Figure Crowbar activationswitch.
switch.
Figure 12. Crowbar activation switch.
Act ive Pow er
3.00 Act ive Pow er
3.00 Act ive Pow er
3.00
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.00
1.00
(MW)

1.00
(MW)

0.50
(MW)

0.50
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.50
-0.50
-0.50
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.50
-1.50
sec -1.502.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
sec 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
sec 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Figure 13. Active power.
Figure 13.Active
Active power.
Figure 13. Activepower.
Figure13. power.
React ive Pow er
3.0 React ive Pow er
3.0 React ive Pow er
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
(MVAr)

0.0
0.0
(MVAr)
(MVAr)

-1.0
-1.0
-1.0
-2.0
-2.0
-2.0
-3.0
-3.0
-3.0
-4.0
-4.0
sec -4.02.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
sec 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
sec 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
Figure 14. Reactive power.
Figure 14. Reactive power.
Figure14.
Figure 14.Reactive
Reactivepower.
power.

7. Conclusions
This paper presents a simulation model for the asymmetrical fault analysis and pro-
tection of a 1.5 MW DFIG wind turbine converter in EMTDC/PSCAD. A single line to
ground fault is created and we then analyze its behavior in the DFIG and its converters.
The crowbar protection scheme is presented and we then check the impact of overcurrents
on the DFIG. The crowbar protection method has better performance with various grid
faults, and this can be an effective method to eliminate faults and transients.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.U.K. and H.A.K.; methodology, M.U.K.; software,

M.U.K.; validation, M.U.K.; formal analysis, M.U.K. and H.A.K.; investigation, M.U.K.; resources,
M.U.K. and H.A.K.; data curation, M.U.K.; writing—original draft preparation, M.U.K. and A.K.;
writing—review and editing, M.U.K., and H.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published
version of the manuscript.
Eng. Proc. 2022, 20, 41 7 of 7

Funding: The research receive no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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