1958
4, NOVEMBER 2005
Control of DFIG-Based Wind Generation
for Power Network Support
F. Michael Hughes, Olimpo Anaya-Lara, Member, IEEE, Nicholas Jenkins, Fellow, IEEE, and
Goran Strbac, Member, IEEE
Abstract—This paper addresses the design and implementation
of a novel control scheme for a doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG), of the type employed with wind turbines, to provide sup-
port to power system operation. It is shown that this controller
provides a DFIG-based wind farm with operational and control
compatibility with conventional power stations, the ability to con-
tribute to voltage support and recovery following network faults,
the ability to provide a power system stabilizer capability that im-
proves overall system damping, and the capability of contributing
short-term frequency support following loss of network genera-
tion. A simple but realistic test network that combines synchronous
and wind farm generation has been modeled and used to assess
dynamic performance. Simulation results are presented and dis-
cussed that demonstrate the capabilities and contributions of the
new DFIG controller to network support.
Index Terms—Doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs), power
system modeling, power system stability.
NOMENCLATURE
Synchronous generator
Terminal voltage vector.
Field voltage, dc.
Internally generated voltage vector (voltage behind
transient reactance).
Rotor flux vector.
Rotor angle.
Stator current vector.
Synchronous reactance.
DFIG
Terminal voltage vector.
Rotor voltage vector.
Internally generated voltage vector (voltage behind
transient reactance).
Rotor flux vector.
Angle between and axis of DFIG.
Angle between and axis of DFIG.
Stator frequency.
Rotor speed.
Slip, . the DFIG and little or no attempt has been made to provide
Manuscript received March 14, 2005; revised May 12, 2005. This work was
supported in part by EPSRC through its Supergen programme and in part the
Centre for Distributed Generation and Sustainable Energy sponsored by the De-
partment of Trade and Industry (DTI), U.K. Paper no. TPWRS-00156-2005.
F. M. Hughes is a consultant (e-mail: mike_hughes@onetel.com).
O. Anaya-Lara, N. Jenkins, and G. Strbac are with the Manchester Centre
for Electrical Energy, University of Manchester, Manchester M60 1QD, U.K.
(e-mail: o.anaya-lara@manchester.ac.uk; nick.jenkins@manchester.ac.uk;
g.strbac@manchester.ac.uk).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2005.857275
0885-8950/$20.00 © 2005 IEEE
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO.
Stator current vector.
Rotor current vector.
Stator power output.
Generator torque.
Stator resistance.
Stator self-inductance.
Rotor self-inductance.
Mutual inductance.
Transient reactance.
Stator impedance.
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE increasingly wide spread use of wind generation on
power networks imposes the requirement that wind farms
should be able to contribute to network support and operation as
do conventional generating stations based on synchronous gen-
erators. Emerging Grid Code proposals for wind farm connec-
tion will, of necessity, become increasingly demanding of the
performance of connected wind farms with respect to voltage
control capability, reactive range capability, active frequency
ability, and fault ride through capability [1], [2]. If wind gen-
eration does not provide appropriate network support, then as
the proportion of conventional and wind generation varies, the
changes produced in the operational characteristics of the net-
work will make it increasingly difficult for the network operator
to provide the required level of stability and security.
For reasons of improved efficiency of energy transfer from
the wind and reduced mechanical stresses, many large wind
turbines (installed either offshore or onshore) will operate at
variable speed using doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs)
[3]–[6]. DFIG controllers to date have concentrated mainly on
the provision of an adjustable operating speed to maximize tur-
bine power output, the maintenance of the required generator
terminal voltage or power factor, and the control of the gen-
erator torque to match that of the wind turbine [7], [8]. Con-
trol has concentrated on preserving acceptable conditions for
the DFIG with the capability of contributing to network sup-
port and operation. This paper introduces a novel DFIG control
strategy that relies on controlling the magnitude and physical
position of the DFIG rotor flux vector (which in turn dictates
the internal voltage vector). It is demonstrated that by adopting
this strategy, controllers can readily be designed that enable
DFIG-based wind farms to not only match the control contri-
butions of synchronous generators with regard to active voltage
control and the provision of network damping but also improve
on them.
HUGHES et al.: CONTROL OF DFIG-BASED WIND GENERATION FOR POWER NETWORK SUPPORT
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of a DFIG for a wind turbine application.
II. MODELING OF A DFIG WIND TURBINE
DFIG wind turbines use a wound rotor induction generator,
where the rotor winding is fed through a back-to-back variable
frequency PWM converter as shown in Fig. 1 [10]–[13]. Voltage
limits and an over-current “crowbar” circuit protect the machine
and converters.
The converter system enables the two-way transfer of power.
Converter 2 (C2) is fed from the generator stator terminals
via a reactive link and provides a dc supply to Converter 1
(C1) that produces a variable frequency three-phase supply
to the generator rotor via slip rings. The frequency of the
rotor supply is controlled so that under steady conditions, the
combined speed of the rotor plus the rotational speed of the
rotor flux vector matches that of the synchronously rotating
stator flux vector fixed by the network frequency. Manipulation
of the rotor voltage permits control of the generator operating
conditions. The favored way of representing a DFIG for the
purpose of analysis, simulation, and control is in terms of direct
and quadrature axes ( axes), which form a reference frame
that rotates synchronously with the stator flux vector [14], [15].
In terms of this form of representation, adjustment of the
axes components of the rotor voltage provides the capability
of independent control over two generator variables [8], [16].
In this paper, a DFIG third-order model with respect to the
frame is used to represent the wind turbine. This facilitates a
good compromise between simplicity and accuracy [3], [17].
The assumption adopted that stator transients are sufficiently
fast to be considered instantaneous makes the model compatible
with the standard models used for synchronous generators and
simplifies its integration into simulation models for transient
and dynamic studies of mixed generation networks.
III. CONTROL STRATEGY DEVELOPMENT
The DFIG FMAC controller aims, where advantageous, to
provide equivalent control functions to those of a conventional
synchronous generator. A vector diagram representation of the
operating conditions of a round rotor synchronous generator is
shown in Fig. 2. In this diagram, represents the internally
generated voltage in the stator, the magnitude of which is deter-
mined by the field flux vector and hence the applied field
voltage . the excitation control system through manipulation of the field
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1959
Fig. 2. Vector diagram representation of the operating conditions of a round
rotor synchronous generator.
Fig. 3. Vector diagram representation of the operating conditions of a DFIG.
The physical position of the field winding of the rotor with re-
spect to the rotating stator voltage vector defines the position of
the rotor flux vector and the axis of the synchronously rotating
reference frame. The generated voltage in per unit terms has
the same magnitude as the field voltage and aligns with the
-axis. For a given field voltage and terminal voltage, the rotor
angle is determined by the output power of the generator.
Generator control over terminal voltage magnitude is exercised
by adjustment of the magnitude of the field voltage, i.e., by the
adjustment of the magnitude of the internally generated stator
voltage .
Fig. 3 shows the equivalent vector diagram for a DFIG. In
this case, represents the internally generated voltage vector
in the stator (often referred to as the voltage behind transient
reactance). The magnitude of depends on the magnitude of
the rotor flux vector . This flux is dependent on the generator
stator and rotor currents but can be manipulated by adjustment
of the rotor voltage vector . The axis of the defined synchro-
nously rotating reference frame is chosen to align with the stator
terminal voltage vector. The angle , which defines the posi-
tion of the internally generated voltage vector with respect
to the stator voltage vector (and hence the axis of the refer-
ence frame) is determined by the power output of the generator.
Since the internally generated voltage vector is orthogonal to
the rotor flux vector , the angle between the rotor flux vector
and the axis of the reference frame is also given by .
Disturbances on the network result in changes in the load cur-
rents of the connected generators. In the case of the synchronous
generator, these produce changes in the terminal voltage that
are counteracted by the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) of
1960
Fig. 4. FMAC controller block diagram.
voltage . In addition, changes in the generator torque are
produced that cause oscillatory variations in speed and rotor
angle to occur. Due to the asynchronous operation of a DFIG,
the physical position of the rotor and the rotor flux vector are
not directly linked. Hence, the natural dynamic response char-
acteristic of a DFIG to system disturbances is distinctly different
from that of a synchronous generator. However, by adopting the
strategy of controlling the magnitude and physical position of
the rotor flux vector , control action equivalent to that of the
excitation control of a synchronous generator can be provided.
A. Basic FMAC Control Scheme
The FMAC controller can take the control form presented in
the block diagram of Fig. 4. The control scheme consists of two
distinct loops. In the first loop, the AVR loop, the difference in
the terminal voltage magnitude from its desired reference
value forms an error signal that is processed via the AVR
compensator to produce the reference value for the magnitude
of the control vector . the bulk replacement of conventional generation by wind farms
In the second loop, the reference set point value is
determined by the wind turbine power-speed characteristic for
maximum power extraction from the prevailing wind velocity
[4]. The difference in the generator stator power from the
reference set point value forms the basic error signal that
is processed by the compensator to produce the reference value
for the angular position of the control vector (with re-
spect to the stator voltage vector).
Both the power and voltage control loops employ propor-
tional plus integral controllers, with the provision of additional
lead-lag compensation in the case of the voltage loop to ensure
suitable margins of loop stability.
The power loop, in addition, may employ auxiliary control
loops. Auxiliary Loop 1 enables a DFIG to provide a dynamic
power response characteristic to the network similar to that of
a synchronous generator. Auxiliary Loop 2 enables the DFIG
to provide a power system stabilizer facility and contribute to
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2005
Fig. 5. Controller A block diagram.
network damping. Auxiliary Loop 3 enables the DFIG to con-
tribute to frequency regulation following the sudden loss of net-
work generation.
Since the DFIG voltage vector is directly related to the
rotor flux vector , either of these vectors can be employed as
the control vector . If the rotor flux vector is employed as
the control vector, then is given by and is
given by angle . Alternatively, if the internal voltage vector
is used as the control vector, then is given by ,
with again being given by angle, . Coordinates of the
rotor flux vector and the internal voltage vector can be
obtained from the available stator voltage and stator and rotor
current measurements.
B. Controller A
The controller A employs the reference signals and
to provide the rotor voltage vector demanded
from the converter as shown in Fig. 5.
PI control with additional lead-lag compensation is employed
to provide appropriate speed of response and stability margins
in the individual loops.
C. Emulation of Synchronizing Power Characteristics
The dynamic characteristics of a synchronous generator
differ markedly from those of an induction generator, so that
will cause changes in the network dynamics and operating
characteristics. One approach to reducing this is to control
DFIG-based wind farms in such a way that the dynamic char-
acteristics that they present to the network resemble those of
a conventional synchronous generator-based station. Auxiliary
Loop 1 aims to achieve this by enabling the DFIG to emu-
late dynamically the power characteristic of a synchronous
generator.
In a synchronous machine, if during operation a network dis-
turbance causes the generator torque to fall below the level of
the turbine torque, the set will accelerate, causing an increase
in the rotor speed and the angular position of the rotor flux
vector. Since an increase in rotor angle results in an increase
in the generator load torque, a mechanism exists to drive the
generator torque back toward the level that matches the turbine
torque. This exercises a stabilizing influence over the generator
and helps preserve the synchronous operation of the generators
HUGHES et al.: CONTROL OF DFIG-BASED WIND GENERATION FOR POWER NETWORK SUPPORT
Fig. 6. Auxiliary Loop 1.
on a power network. The restoring torque developed is often re-
ferred to as “synchronizing torque.”
In the DFIG case, generator load disturbances also give rise
to variations in the speed and the position of the rotor. How-
ever, due to the asynchronous operation involved, the position
of the rotor flux vector is not dependent on the physical posi-
tion of the rotor and a “synchronizing torque-angle character-
istic” does not exist. However, a “pseudo” rotor angle signal
may be generated, by integrating the rotor speed variation of
the DFIG, and used to adjust the demanded rotor angle position
of the control scheme . The rotor flux angle can then be
manipulated dynamically to produce variations in load power
such that the power-angle characteristic of a synchronous gen-
erator can be emulated. With Auxiliary Loop 1 included, the
controlled DFIG, viewed from the power network, presents a
dynamic characteristic similar to that of a synchronous gener-
ator under AVR control.
One way in which a suitable “pseudo” rotor angle signal can
be generated is demonstrated in the block diagram of Fig. 6.
The rotor speed (or slip) signal is passed through a “washout”
element to eliminate any steady-state contribution and then in-
tegrated and phase compensated to provide the output of
Auxiliary Loop 1. The phase lag is included to compensate for
the lead introduced by the “washout” and ensure a 90 phase dif-
ference between slip and “pseudo” rotor angle at the network os-
cillation frequency. In a synchronous generator, the component
of power that is in phase with angle oscillations is referred to
as synchronizing power. Consequently, the use of the “pseudo”
rotor angle to dynamically vary the power output of the DFIG
can be considered to provide it with a “synchronizing power”
characteristic.
D. Provision of a Power System Stabilizer Facility
Auxiliary Loop 2 enables a DFIG to provide a power system
stabilizer (PSS) facility and thereby contribute to network
damping. As mentioned before, in the synchronous generator
case, disturbances on the network produce oscillations in the
rotor speed and rotor angle. The rotor angle oscillations give
rise to oscillations in the currents of the generator field and
damper circuits and the energy dissipated in the resistance
of these circuits provides a damping contribution from the
generator to the power network. The currents generated due to
the rotor oscillations produce a component of generator torque,
normally referred to as the “damping” torque.
In a DFIG, under oscillatory network conditions, the varia-
tions produced in the rotor and stator currents also give rise to
energy dissipation in the resistance of its windings, and whilst
this does have a damping effect, the contribution is quite small.
However, a measured signal of a system variable that is appro-
priately excited by network oscillations can be used to manipu-
late the phase of the angular oscillations of the rotor flux vector
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1961
Fig. 7. Auxiliary Loop 2.
Fig. 8. Auxiliary Loop 3.
of the DFIG in such a way that the damping torques of the syn-
chronous generators of the network are increased, and by this
process, a significant contribution to system damping can be
provided. Auxiliary Loop 2 can employ measured signals such
as DFIG rotor speed, slip, stator electrical power, or network
frequency as the control input. The loop, using slip as the input
signal, may take the form shown in Fig. 7.
The input signal is initially processed through a washout term
(to eliminate any control contribution under steady conditions).
It is then passed through a compensator that provides the neces-
sary phase shift to ensure that the flux vector manipulations in
the DFIG produce current variations in the network that, in turn,
produce torque variations of the synchronous generators that are
in phase with their speed variations. Thus, the damping of the
synchronous generators is enhanced and the DFIG contributes
positively to network damping.
E. Provision of Short-Term Frequency Regulation
When loss of generation occurs on a network, the network fre-
quency falls rapidly and the generators allocated for frequency
regulation that remain connected need to increase their power
output as rapidly as possible to avoid the network frequency
falling below the level that demands load disconnection. With
conventional generation, the increase in power output of the reg-
ulating generators is achieved via turbine governor action and
the rate of rise in the power output is limited. With a DFIG, al-
though the input power of the wind turbine cannot be increased
on demand, the asynchronous operation of a DFIG enables the
stored energy of the rotor shaft system, comprising the turbine
and generator rotors and connecting gear box, to be tapped to
provide an increase in generated power over the critical first few
seconds following loss of network generation. As illustrated in
Fig. 8, Auxiliary Loop 3 comprises an inner control loop that
serves to drive down the rotor speed over the initial period fol-
lowing loss of generation so that rotor stored energy is released
and output power temporarily increased.
1962
Fig. 9. Generic network model used for transient performance assessment.
A network frequency signal is processed to provide a speed
reference set point for the inner loop that is compared with a
processed slip signal to provide the error signal of the loop.
The reference signal is achieved by passing the input signal, de-
rived from network frequency, initially through a washout ele-
ment (to eliminate steady-state contribution) and then through a
shaping element to provide the required profile for the slip tran-
sient reference set-point value over the critical period whilst the
frequency is low. The transient profile of the slip reference value
is arranged to ensure that for the speed reduction demanded, the
turbine is not driven into stall operation.
The DFIG slip signal is also processed through a washout el-
ement. The error signal is processed through a simple lead-lag
compensator to produce the output of Auxiliary Loop 3 , resented by a standard sixth-order model [19]. The models and
which serves to increase the demanded value of . The
resulting increase in flux angle produces an increase in gener-
ator torque and a consequent reduction in rotor speed. The rotor
speed is driven down to follow the transient swing in the refer-
ence value and is returned to the original value when the steady
conditions are once again achieved.
IV. FMAC CONTROL PERFORMANCE
The generic network shown in Fig. 9 was modeled for the
purpose of assessing the capabilities of DFIG-based wind farms
with the FMAC scheme with respect to their ability to contribute
to network support.
The network comprises a local network of wind farm and
conventional thermal generation connected to the main system
through coupling transformers and transmission lines. Genera-
tors 1 and 2 have similar ratings. A single DFIG generator rep-
resents the aggregated behavior of the individual generators of
the wind farm.
The generators and loads of the main system are also aggre-
gated and modeled as a single equivalent synchronous generator
and a single load. This single synchronous generator has a nom-
inal capacity of five times that of generator 1.
In the studies, the turbine power output of Generator 1 is con-
stant. The steam turbine of equivalent Generator 3 has governor
control so that when loss of a main system generator occurs,
the output power of Generator 3, representing the remaining
four generators, can be increased to match the demanded load.
Generator 3 is considered to be a round rotor machine having a
rotating excitation control system. A simple third-order model
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2005
Fig. 10. Conventional synchronous plant operation. Both Generators 1 and 2
are synchronous generators.
is employed to represent the generator and an IEEE type AC4
model is used to represent the excitation control system [18].
The model employed to represent the steam turbine and its gov-
ernor is given in the Appendix (see Fig. 19).
Generator 1 is a 700-MVA round rotor generator having a
static excitation scheme with AVR control. The generator is rep-
parameters of the generator and its excitation control scheme are
those employed for an existing nuclear station by the network
operator in simulation studies of the U.K. power network.
The fault indicated in Fig. 9 is a three-phase fault applied on
the network near the terminals of the transformer of generator 1
at and cleared after 150 ms.
A. System Operation—Conventional Synchronous Generation
In this paper, both Generators 1 and 2 of the local system are
synchronous generators. It provides the dynamic performance
characteristics of the network when it is comprised solely of
conventional synchronous plant and thereby presents a base-line
against which the performance of a mixed conventional and
DFIG-based wind farm system can be judged.
Fig. 10 shows the simulated responses for generators 1 and 2
of terminal voltage magnitudes (E1mag, E2mag), active power
outputs (P1e, P2e), and rotor angles (Delt, Delta2) following the
application and clearance of the fault. It can be seen that syn-
chronism is retained and that whilst voltage is recovered quite
quickly after fault clearance, the oscillations in power take a
considerable time to be damped out. Also, Generators 1 and 2
are seen to oscillate in synchronism with one another.
B. DFIG Operation—Basic Control Scheme
In this case, Generator 1 is a synchronous machine and Gener-
ator 2 is a DFIG-based wind farm controlled by the FMAC basic
control scheme without auxiliary loops. A super-synchronous
operating condition where is considered. Fault study
responses of both Generators 1 and 2 are presented in Fig. 11.
HUGHES et al.: CONTROL OF DFIG-BASED WIND GENERATION FOR POWER NETWORK SUPPORT
Fig. 11. Mixed system operation. Generator 1—synchronous, Generator
0
2—DFIG with the FMAC basic control scheme. (slip = 0:2).
Fig. 12. Mixed system operation. Generator 1—synchronous, Generator
2—DFIG with the FMAC basic control scheme. (slip = 0
0:2). The slip
returns to its original steady-state value after 40 ms.
For the DFIG, the variables presented are the terminal voltage
magnitude (Vsmag), electrical torque (Te2), and slip.
When Generator 2 is the DFIG, not only is synchronism re-
tained, but the terminal voltage recovery is much better and the
power oscillations of Generator 1 are better damped than when
Generator 2 is a synchronous generator. A further point to note
is that when Generator 2 is the DFIG, the power oscillations of
the conventional plant and DFIG wind farm are in anti-phase.
This has the benefit of reducing the amplitude of the oscilla-
tions in the power delivered to the main system compared to the
case where Generator 2 is a synchronous generator.
Although the slip is seen to swing away from the nominal
value during the response period shown, it does return to its
original steady-state value after 50 s as Fig. 12 shows. The rel-
atively large excursion in speed is due to the high-speed cutoff
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1963
Fig. 13. Mixed system operation. Generator 1—synchronous, Generator
2—DFIG with the FMAC basic control scheme. (slip = 0:1).
Fig. 14. Mixed system operation. Generator 1—synchronous, Generator
0
2—DFIG (slip = 0:2). DFIG rotor voltage was held constant throughout
the transient.
characteristic adopted for the maximum power-speed function.
At speeds above 1.2 p.u., the power reference Peref is increased
significantly to restrict over-speed.
The basic control scheme also functions well when the DFIG
operates under subsynchronous conditions. When the fault
study is repeated for a slip value of 0.1, the responses of Fig. 13
are obtained.
In order to demonstrate the controller contribution to perfor-
mance, a comparative fault study was carried out for the case
where the rotor voltage is held constant, giving rise to the re-
sponses of Fig. 14. The DFIG voltage fails to recover after the
fault, leading to a collapse in the generator torque. Hence, for the
constant turbine input torque case considered, the DFIG suffers
from “runaway,” which would result in its loss from the system.
1964 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 20, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2005

Fig. 15. Performance of DFIG basic control scheme plus Auxiliary Loop 1. Fig. 16. Performance of DFIG basic control scheme plus Auxiliary Loop 2.

C. DFIG Operation—Basic Control Scheme Plus Auxiliary

Loop 1 to Provide a Synchronizing Power-Angle Characteristic

Adding Auxiliary Loop 1 to the basic control scheme enables

the DFIG to present to the network a dynamic power character-
istic similar to that of a synchronous machine. Fault study re-
sponses are presented in Fig. 15.
Fig. 15 shows that when Auxiliary Loop 1 is employed
response characteristics similar to those of Fig. 10 are obtained,
with the power oscillations of Generator 1 and Generator 2, the
DFIG, being in phase with one another. However, it should be
noted that by introducing Auxiliary Loop 1 to provide the DFIG
with dynamic control characteristics similar to a synchronous
machine, the magnitude of the oscillations in the power deliv-
ered to the main system is increased and the damping of the
power responses is reduced to levels similar to those of the
purely synchronous generation case. Consequently, although
Auxiliary Loop 1 enables the DFIG, to emulate synchronous
generator behavior, it is restrictive to performance capabilities
since the resulting system response characteristics are inferior Fig. 17. Frequency regulation. Generators 1 and 2 are both synchronous
to those obtained using the basic FMAC controller alone. generators.

E. DFIG Operation—Basic Control Scheme Plus Auxiliary

D. DFIG Operation—Basic Control Scheme Plus Auxiliary
Loop 2 to Provide a PSS Facility
In this case, the DFIG is controlled via the FMAC basic con-
trol scheme with the addition of Auxiliary Loop 2 (using slip as
the input control signal). Fig. 16 presents generator fault study
responses and it can be seen that with Auxiliary Loop 2 in-
cluded, system damping is significantly enhanced. The damping
of the power oscillations of Generator 1 is much greater than that
observed in Fig. 10 (where Generator 2 is a synchronous gener-
ator) or Fig. 11 (where Generator 2 is the DFIG with the basic
scheme only). The incorporation of Auxiliary Loop 2 into the
basic FMAC control scheme provides a DFIG-based wind farm
with an effective power system stabilizer facility.
Loop 3 for Frequency Regulation Contribution
These studies aim to demonstrate how the addition of Aux-
iliary Loop 3 to the basic scheme can enable the DFIG-based
wind farm to positively contribute to frequency recovery fol-
lowing the loss of generation on the main system.
Initially, in order to provide a yardstick against which the
DFIG controller can be judged, the case where Generators 1
and 2 are synchronous generators is investigated. The distur-
bance considered is the loss of one of the five generating units
that represent the main system.
In Fig. 17, the variables , , and represent, respec-
tively, the electrical output power, mechanical power, and fre-
quency deviation of the main system. As a result of the loss

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HUGHES et al.: CONTROL OF DFIG-BASED WIND GENERATION FOR POWER NETWORK SUPPORT 1965

of DFIG rotor stored energy can be distinctly beneficial to fre-

quency regulation over the initial period immediately following
the loss of system generation.

V. CONCLUSIONS
A new controller has been presented that enables a
DFIG-based wind farm to contribute positively to power
network operation. The new (FMAC) controller independently
exercises control over the magnitude and angular position (with
respect to the terminal voltage vector) of the rotor flux vector
and hence the magnitude and angular position of the internally
generated voltage vector. By adopting this strategy, control
loops can readily be designed to facilitate a DFIG with the
capability of not only providing control functions demanded of
synchronous generators in the support of network operation but
also offering improved contributions and performance.
It has been shown that the new FMAC controller is capable
of providing a DFIG-based wind farm with
Fig. 18. Frequency regulation. Generator 2 is the DFIG with the basic control
1) increased ability to comply with new grid code regula-
scheme plus Auxiliary Loops 2 and 3. tions;
2) good voltage control and voltage recovery following
faults;
3) the ability to emulate synchronous generator dynamic
characteristics via use of Auxiliary Loop 1;
4) the ability to provide a PSS facility and contribute to
system damping via the use of Auxiliary Loop 2;
5) the ability to contribute to frequency support following
loss of network generation via use of Auxiliary Loop 3.
Furthermore, studies not reported here have shown that a
DFIG with the basic FMAC control scheme has the capability
of withstanding significantly longer fault clearance times for
three-phase faults than a synchronous generator with conven-
Fig. 19. Turbine and governor model used with main system generator.
tional excitation control.

of generation, the frequency of the system drops by approxi- APPENDIX

mately 1.1%. The turbine governors of the main system genera-
tors increase the mechanical power available in order to regulate A. Generator 1 Parameters (on Base of Machine Rating)
the frequency and re-establish the power balance. Frequency re-
covery is achieved after approximately 15 s.
When Generator 2 is the DFIG-based wind farm having the
basic FMAC control scheme plus Auxiliary Loops 2 and 3, fol-
lowing the loss of generation, the frequency excursion is con-
siderably reduced. The responses of Fig. 18 show that in this
case the fall in frequency is only 0.3% and frequency recovery
is achieved after approximately 10 s.
The reduction in system frequency following loss of gener-
ation causes Auxiliary Loop 3 to drive down the speed of the B. Generator 3 Parameters (on Base of Machine Rating)
DFIG and the consequent release of the stored energy of the
rotor shaft system results in an appreciable increase in the DFIG
output power over the first 5 s of the transient response. This is
sufficient to reduce the frequency excursion to less than a third
of that experienced in the synchronous generator case. It should
be pointed out that in practice, a reduction in turbine speed does
result in a diminution in power capture from the wind, a feature Steam turbine and governor parameters
not accounted for in the studies. However, this is considered
secondary and its inclusion would not be expected to change droop
substantially the overall indications that the controlled tapping

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1966
C. DFIG Parameters (on Base of Machine Rating)
Converter power rating 25% of DFIG
Nominal slip range
D. Control Parameters and Transfer Functions
Voltage loop: ; ;
Power loop: ; ;
Wash-out time constant
E. Generic Network Parameters (on Base of
Generator 1 Rating)
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F. Michael Hughes graduated from the University of Liverpool, Liverpool U.K.,
in 1961 with first class honors in electrical engineering and received the M.Eng.
degree in 1963 from the University of Liverpool and the Ph.D. degree in 1969
from the University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.
He was with Associated Electrical Industries Ltd. from 1961 to 1969 involved
in the control of turbo generators and the dynamics of power systems. He was
with the Nuclear Power Group Ltd. as a Senior Control Engineer, and in 1971,
he joined the University of Manchester, where he was a Senior Lecturer until
1996. He is currently a consultant in power plant control and wind generation
systems.
Olimpo Anaya-Lara (M’98) received the B.Eng. and M.Sc. degrees from In-
stituto Tecnológico de Morelia, Morelia, México, and the Ph.D. degree from
University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K., in 1990, 1998, and 2003, respectively.
His industrial experience includes periods with Nissan Mexicana, Toluca,
Mexico, and CSG Consultants, Coatzacoalcos, Mexico. Currently, he is a Re-
search Associate with the Manchester Centre for Electrical Energy based at the
University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. His research interests include wind
generation, power electronics, and stability of mixed-generation power systems.
Nicholas Jenkins (SM’97–F’05) received the B.Sc. degree from Southampton
University, Southampton, U.K., the M.Sc. degree from Reading University,
Reading, U.K., and the Ph.D. degree from Imperial College London, London,
U.K., in 1974, 1975, and 1986, respectively.
His industrial experience includes periods with Eastern Electricity, Ipswich,
U.K., Ewbank Preece Consulting Engineering, Brighton, U.K., and BP Solar
and Wind Energy Group, London. He joined the University of Manchester, Man-
chester, U.K., in 1992 where he is now a Professor and leader of the Electrical
Energy and Power Systems Group. His research interests include renewable en-
ergy, embedded generation, and FACTS.
Goran Strbac (M’95) is a Professor of electrical power engineering at the Uni-
versity of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. His research interests are in the area of
economics of power systems centered on pricing of network and ancillary ser-
vices, regulation, and the economics of dispersed generation. He actively works
with CIGRE Task Forces and IEEE Specialist Working Groups in these areas.