B my hnh chnh lng x thi Nguyn

(na u th k XIX)
TS. V Duy Mn*

Ngay t khi nh Nguyn mi ra i, thi Gia Long v sau ny vua Minh

Mng, Thiu Tr, T c u tip thu, tha hng kinh nghim t chc cp x thi
L v c phn sng to thm. x, nh Nguyn vn duy tr x trng - ngi ng
u hng x vi chc nng v nhim v c quy nh kh r rng.
Thi k u nh Nguyn, ln u tin trong lch s t nc thng nht, bao
gm mt lnh th rng ln t Bc ch Nam. Sng trn ngi Kinh (Vit) l ch
th v bao gm nhiu dn tc anh em khc. Trn nhng vng t mi thu np hoc
mi c khn hoang Nam K v ven bin Bc K th vai tr ca cc x trng
cng nng n hn. Bi h phi lo t chc hot ng kinh t, n nh i sng nhn
dn. Trong c vic cm ha v lm thay i dn mt s phong tc lc hu ca dn
tc thiu s a phng theo v phong tc ca ngi Kinh; nhm thc hin vic gio
ha ca triu nh. Thc hin c nhim v cao c i vi cc x trng thi k
u triu Nguyn qu thc khng d dng. V ngay i vi ngi Kinh Bc H,
nht l trong tng lp s phu nhiu ngi vn hoi nim nh L, bt hp tc vi triu
nh Nguyn. Nhiu cuc ni dy chng i n ra lm triu nh Nguyn phi
nhiu phen khn n, vt v mi dp tt c.
Gip vic x trng ghi chp s sch, giy t ca x cn c vin Th b
(X b). Th b lu gi cc t trt, sc, lnh ch (cng vn ca Nh nc gi n).
Bo qun s inh, s in, a b, hng c, khon c ca lng x. mt s ni
do Th khon lu gi hng c v nhng n t kin co tranh chp dn s, cng
cc bn tu bo v tnh hnh lng x s ti gi cp trn hng nm.
i vi vng dn tc thng du Bc H hay i vi dn tc Chm, Kh
Me Trung B v Nam B cuc sng kinh t ca h cn gp nhiu kh khn, nn
thiu i thng xuyn xy ra, h phi lo ci n thng nht. V th vic t chc
gio dc khoa c gio ha ngi dn cha thu c my kt qu. Trong nhng
vng nh vy, Nh nc trng i rt nhiu vo hot ng ca x trng, cng b
my cp x. C l cng chnh trong hon cnh lch s x hi nh vy m nh
Nguyn tin hn mt bc trong vic qun l hnh chnh cp thn, m trc
vai tr ca cp thn, thng qua trng thn (lng) mi c cao phn no. l

*
Vin S hc Vit Nam

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vic mi lng t ra mt vin l trng vi quyn li v ngha v rt r rng, c
lut l tha nhn v m bo.
V quy m cp x thi k u nh Nguyn, thng gm mt thn (lng) -
Nht x nht thn hoc hai n bn nm thn. ng nhin, ngi ng u
hng x l x trng. Di thn (lng) ngay trong thi k Nguyn nh chim c
mt s vng t Gia nh t chc l trng. L trng l ngi ng u thn
lng, chu trch nhim trc Nh nc, trc tip c thc dn inh thc hin bng
c ba ngha v cng ch v thu, phu, lnh.
L trng do dn lng (inh nam) bu ra. Tiu chun c chn lm L
trng phi l nam gii tui t 25 tr ln, l ngi c gia sn, bit ch, c uy tn i
vi dn lng1. Vic bu c L trng din ra trong thn. Kt qu bu c l trng
c x, tng, huyn cng nhn v cp bng son, du (trin) lm vic.
Thi hn lm vic ca mt kha L trng l 3 nm hoc 6 nm, ty theo l
lng.
L trng lo t chc dn lng phng chng thin tai nh hn hn, lt li, dch
bnh khi xy ra. Khi thin tai gy thit hi cho dn lng nh mt ma hay ngi cht
dch th L trng cng vi x trng phi kp thi tu bo vi chnh quyn cp trn
ln triu nh xin xt chu cp thc go, cu i, cung cp thuc men cha
tr; hoc min gim thu thn, thu rung hoc chu cp mt (phn) khon tin i
vi nhng h gia nh c ngi cht v bnh dch. Trong nhng trng hp cu t
thc go cho dn, hoc cho dn vay nng (vay v ny tr v sau) th l trng- x
trng phi lp danh sch xc thc v cam kt hon tr. Trnh vic cu t khng n
c ng a ch. Nu pht hin l trng bt xn, tham s b trng pht bng
trng hoc i y; trng thu np vo kho cng v trch thng cho ngi t gic.
L trng chu trch nhim ngn nga cc t nn x hi xm nhp vo lng
hoc xy ra trong lng.
Thng thng mi thn u t chc i tun gm nhng trng inh tui t 18
n 45 do trng tun hay trng tun ph trch. Trong i tun c t chc thnh
cc phin do trng phin - trng phin ch huy. Ty theo tng thn lng phin tun
c th chia ra phin tun ban m, phin tun ban ngy, ln lt i phin cho nhau.
i tun chnh l lc lng tin phong chn nh cp khi chng tn cng
vo lng bng cc v kh th s nh gy gc, gio mc. Sau y l hiu lnh trng
ng lin, t v do i tun cp bo hi thc ton th dn lng cng tham gia chn
nh cp. c ni tp kt, va c tr s ca i tun trnh ma nng, ngh ngi
qua m, cc dng c cu ha v cc v kh mi lng u t cc im canh.
im c th t trn va coi va xt hi ngi l qua li vo ban m. im
1
Hng c Thanh Ha. KHXH. HN 2000.
Hng c H Tnh. H Tnh. 1996
i Nam thc lc ( Thc lc). NXB Gio dc. Tp II. Tr 753.

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thng t u lng hay cui lng. Lng ln c nhiu xm m cc xm cch xa
nhau th mi xm u t im canh. Khi hu s th ngi trc tun ni trng, t v
bo hiu cho nhau cng phi hp chn nh bn trm cp vo lng. L trng da
vo trng tun, h thng im canh v s phi hp ca dn lng, coi nh nhng
l chn m bo an ninh trt t ca lng. L lng- hng c v lut php Nh nc
u c quy nh c th khuyn khch cao nhng hnh ng dng cm ca dn
lng khi chng trm cp. Nu c lng c cng chng gic cp s c Nh nc
tng bin Ngha dng tri phng (mt lng bit lm vic ngha dng). Ai bt sng
c mt tn cp s c min 10 nm canh gc, hoc thng 30 quan tin. Khng
may ngi no b cp nh cht th cp 100 quan tin tut mai tng chu tt, cho
mt ngi con hoc chu c min phu phen tp dch sut i. Nu v chn cp
m b thng u c lng cp tin mua thuc cha tr.
Quyn hn ca L trng c ha gii cc cuc ci nhau, hoc gii quyt
nhng tranh chp nh nh vay n gia ngi trong lng vi nhau. Vic kin co v
rung t, nh ca lin quan n ti sn ln hoc m mu phn lon u vt qu
quyn, l trng chuyn ln chnh quyn cp trn gii quyt.
L trng xc nhn ngi lng xin giy thng hnh i li, x trng cp giy
thng hnh cho h. Trng hp nhng lng x ven bin nhng ch thuyn i lm
n bun bn xa u phi c xc nhn ca l trng, x trng cp giy thng hnh
thuyn mi c lu thng. L trng, x trng phi m bo thu thu ca cc
ch thuyn . Nu h trn thu cc l trng, X trng s ti b trch pht.
Nh Nguyn nh li l thi Hng, m thm mt s trng thi a phng
th sinh tin i thi, nhm tuyn chn nhn ti. Cc l trng phi m bo xc
nhn, cam kt cc th sinh i thi u thuc ngi trong lng x: Ghi h v tn tui,
qun ch, l ngi thc hc, khng thuc din nhng i tng cm thi - k phn
lon, bt hiu, bt mc, nh phng cho con ht. Nu l trng khai man th sinh,
vic pht gic s b trng pht theo php lut.
i vi Nh nc, nhim v ca l trng rt nng n. Hng nm, l trng
phi c thc dn inh np cho ba ngha v cng ch v thu, phu, lnh cho Nh
nc.
Thu rung l ngun thu chnh cho ngn kh Nh nc. Cn c vo s in
(s rung trong ghi tng s din tch, ng hng rung t) chiu mc thu ca
Nh nc i vi tng loi rung: nht ng in (rung loi mt), nh ng in
(rung loi hai), tam ng in (rung loi ba), rung cy mt v chim hoc ma,
hoc cy c hai v. L trng thu thu rung bng thc, hoc bng tin (i vi min
ni xa xi vn chuyn kh khn) np vo kho cng. Nu chm thu, n ng thu
l trng tu bo nguyn do khng xc ng u b pht. Trng hp l trng thu
thu h lm qu mc v t ti cho ring mnh, vic b pht gic phi bi hon s

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thu, b cch chc v b pht trng, nu mc tham nghim trng c th b x i
y.
Ngoi thu rung, thu inh (thu thn) cng l ngun thu quan trng cho
ngn sch Nh nc, l trng, x trng cn c vo s inh trong lng, da vo
mc thu ca Nh nc thu np. Trng hp ngi no khng may gp tai bin,
gia cnh tng qun xin c min gim thu, l trng phi tu bo kp thi cc
ty s xt trnh ln trn chm trc. Nhng ngi phiu bt tha hng l trng
cng phi nm r xin c tr thu. Nu l trng che giu nhn inh t li
lm tht thot thu, vic b pht gic th thng cho ngi t co, l trng phi bi
hon tin thu, b pht theo nh lut nh. Nu l trng, x trng n tin ca dn,
khng ghi tn ngi vo s inh, tnh tang vt 300 quan khng k lu inh
nhiu hay t u phi tr li tin cho dn. Chiu lut x ti l trng v x trng.
Ngoi hai th thu l thu rung, thu inh, lng no c ngnh ngh th
cng, c ngi i bun bng thuyn u phi np thu cho Nh nc. thn s
ti, l trng ng nhim cng vi cc cng s ca mnh phi m trch thu cc
th thu np cho Nh nc.
duy tr vng triu hng nm, nh Nguyn m ra rt nhiu cng vic xy
dng in cc kinh Hu, cc lng tm, n i, cc cng qun cc huyn, ph,
tnh, xy p v m mang ng x, iu trong c nc. Nhng vic thu ht
mt khi lng ln nhn cng t cc lng x. L trng cc thn (lng) phi c
thc dn inh trong tui t 18 n 47 tham gia c thi hn vo cc cng vic trn.
Vic din ra thng nin qu khng d dng ngay i vi dn inh v l trng.
V trn thc t nhiu ngi l ch h, l lao ng chnh, ch da ca c gia nh khi
phi i phc dch qu thc rt kh khn i vi cuc sng ca gia nh h. Trong khi
s h tr ca Nh nc khng c (ngoi vic h c chia phn rung cng lng
x).
Vic phu dch vy, vic bt lnh hng nm u lin i n trch nhim l
trng. Nh Nguyn quy nh c 7 inh ly mt lnh, nhm vo trng hng - inh
nam tui t 18 n 37. Nh giu ng lnh khng gp tr ngi v lo lng n cho
lnh, nhng h li thng trn trnh, ngi gian kh hay thu ngi ngho i thay.
Ngi ngho i lnh l mt gnh nng i vi gia nh h, v thi gian ti ng ko
di, ai nui cha m gi hay v con h. Mc d Nh nc thng qua lng x c t ra
chnh sch h tr i vi nhng ngi ng lnh. H c cp rung hu in hay
rung binh, t mt mu n su mu (ty theo tnh hnh rung t ca tng lng),
nu khng c rung th cp tin lm lng n cho lnh.
Tuy vy, vic trn lnh cc lng x vn thng din ra. L trng, x trng
phi bt h quay li qun ng. Nu h trn bit tch th l trng phi bt ngi thn
thuc ngi trn thay th, l trng c tnh che giu k o ng vic pht gic s
chiu lut tr ti.

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 Ngoi ra, chnh cc ng l ng x ny cn m trch thc thi nhiu chnh
sch khc ca Nh nc lng x nh lp in b, a b, inh b.
Khi tin hnh lp in b v a b cc lng x, l trng, x trng l
ngi u tin cng cc quan ty, s cng nhau khm c rung, dng gii mc, phn
chia ng hng ghi vo s. L trng phi xc nhn s rung t b hoang ha cha
phc canh ghi vo s. Nu l trng, x trng n giu rung t khai khng trung
thc trn thu, vic b pht gic, ty theo mc vi phm m h mc phi x
tr.
i vi vic phn chia rung t cng cc lng x, nh Nguyn c chnh
sch chung c 6 nm th phn chia li nhm thu bt khong cch giu ngho. Nam
K, rung ca in ch rng bt ngt hng trm hng ngn mu, trong khi nhiu
ngi nng dn khng c mt tc t cm di. H khng c k sinh nhai phi i
hoc lm thu lm mn cho in ch (ph h). Vo i vua Minh Mng (1820 -
1840) ch trng ni no khng c rung cng hoc t rung cng th ly mt phn
rung ca in ch sung cng chia cho nng dn, gip h c t sn xut sinh
sng. Khi thc hin chnh sch t nhiu u vp phi s phn i ca cc in
ch. L trng, x trng trc tip phn chia rung t, cha th c s cng bng
cho nhng ngi nng dn trong cc lng x. Nn cng ho bao chim rung t
hai khu vc ng bng rng ln mu m Nam K v Bc K khng phi l chuyn
him hoi, Nh nc nhiu phen ra tay trn tr song chuyn chia chc bt cng, vic
tranh chim rung t ca dn ngho vn thng xy ra cc lng x. L trng, x
trng c ni c lc thng ng vi bn cng ho ln cp rung t ca dn, gy
nn kin co khng dt, lng x bt n. Mc d, Nh nc c ban hnh lut ngn
chn t nn nhng cng ch hn ch c phn no. T lu in vn l c tt ni
lng x do hng thn, ho l gy ra.
qun l nhn dn trong nc, nh Nguyn cng hc tp cc triu i trc
(L, Trn, L) lp s inh cc lng x. Mc ch ca vic lp s inh nm vng
s inh c nc thc thi cc ngha v cng ch v cc chnh sch x hi khc. V th,
khi nh Nguyn lp s inh l trng, x trng phi xc nhn nhn inh v h tn
(tnh danh), tui, qun ch (nguyn qun), chia ra cc hng: Quan, qun, inh trng,
lo, tt, cng c u ghi vo s. Nu x trng, l trng che giu, khai man: Khng
quan chc khai l quan chc v ngc li, loi trng inh khai l qun hoc cha
nhiu khai l nhiu (nhiu l ngi c min tp dch trong lng, thng l ngi
gi tui t 60 tr ln, hoc c cng nh gic cp c lng thng mt xut nhiu,
hoc c ngi b tin mua nhiu khi lng cn tin gii quyt cng vic chung);
hoc l inh trng khai l bnh tt; hay cha gi khai l lo; ngi ng c khai l
chnh c (ngoi tch khai l ni tch); dn khng phiu tn khai l phiu tn Vic
khai gian ca x trng, l trng mc ch nhm t li trn thu. Vic pht gic b
khp vo ti lu inh. Ty theo mc lu inh nhiu hay t m b php lut trng
tr thch ng.

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 Nu x trng, l trng khai s inh trung thc, s inh trong lng tng thm
so vi trc s c thng bng tin hoc nhn thm cc sut khinh phu (ngi
gip vic khi L trng i lm vic hay i ln tnh, huyn).
Trong thi gian tr v ca cc vua u triu Nguyn, ngoi vic nm chc
vng quyn cn s dng c thn quyn tng thm quyn lc cho vng triu.
Cc x trng v l trng cn c nhim v khai bo vic th thn lng x mnh v
tu bo ln b L theo nh k c cp sc phong thn. Nu nh thn c cng
m ph vic dn vic nc, th l trng v x trng cc x s ti cng phi kp thi
tu bo c xt phong vt cp cho thn, t trung thn c th phong n thng
ng thn.
Thi Minh Mng v T c (1848- 1883), triu nh ra lnh cm o Gia t
rt gt gao. Lnh ban b khp trong nc. Trong quy nh, nu x trng, l
trng dm che giu ngi lng theo o Gia t s b pht nng.
Trch nhim ca L trng, X trng phi ph bin gio ha Nho gio n
vi dn lng. Mi khi triu nh ban b hun iu - gio iu trong nc th l
trng, x trng tp hp nhn dn ging gii cn k gio iu ca nh vua
mi ngi thm nhun, tun th l gio Nho gio v xy dng nn phong tc lng x
thun hu.
Hng nm l trng, x trng phi lp danh sch nhng ngi trong lng, x
th 100 tui vi n ng, 80 tui tr ln i vi n b, nhng gia nh t, ng i
ng ng, nhng ngi con hiu thun vi ng b, cha m, nhng ngi con gi,
nhng ngi v tit hnh, nhng lng x ngha dng c cng nh chn gic cp,
triu nh kp thi cp bin biu dng, phong tng lm gng cho mi ngi noi
theo, xy dng nn m tc lng x.
Mi khi l trng thc thi nhng cng v nu trn khng phi t quyn quyt
nh m i khi phi thng qua Hng thn i vi cc lng p t min Trung tr
vo Nam K, Hng mc cc lng x t min Trung ra Bc (hng thn, hng
mc cng l mt th lc trong lng p). Thng c th l hu quan, hoc a phn l
nhng ngi giu, c mu mt trong lng p. a v m h c c cn do tp qun
truyn thng, c lng p tha nhn. Tuy khng hin din cng khai nhng hng
thn, hng mc m ng u l vin th ch c vai tr ngm rt quan trng chi phi
cc hot ng ca lng x m l trng, x trng v dn lng u phi n trng,
quan trn cng cha th vi tay n c. iu chng t vai tr v quyn hn ca
l trng, x trng cng c gii hn nht nh.
Mi khi l trng thc thi vic nc vic lng u phi da vo cc cng s
ca mnh, l ph l, khn th hay trng tun. Ph l thay mt l trng khi l
trng i vng, tip quan trn, gii quyt mt s cng vic trong quyn hn ca
mnh. Khn th hay trng tun c trch cng vic tun phng m bo an ninh,

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trt t lng x. Ph l, khn th, trng tun u do dn bu. Thi hn lm vic t
3 n 5 nm, hoc thay i ty theo l lng mi ni.
Tuy vy, b my l dch khi vn hnh vn phi da vo l trng, ngi ng
u thn, lng.
Quyn li ca l trng: Trong lc thi hnh nhim v, l trng c lng cp
rung hoc thc la (khng c nh mc chung) ty thuc theo kh nng kinh t v
theo l lng - hng c mi lng. Nh nc khng cp lng cho l trng, x
trng m hon ton do dn nui - lng x t cp, t tc.
Sau khi L trng mn nhim 3 n 5 nm hoc 10 nm, khng mc sai phm
g ln, khng tham tin su thu, n lu rung t, hoc che giu dn inh, trm
cp lng qu yn bnh s c min thu thn v phu phen tp dch chung thn.
C lng thng cho l cu t 1 n 3 so rung, hoc mt s tin tng ng
dng tui gi. H c dn lng n trng gi l l cu, x cu, c ngi theo v
th nh trung khi lng vo m hi h, hng m. Ting tt v cc ng l cu, x
cu cn c lu mi lng.
Nh vy, ngay sau khi thit lp vng triu Nguyn, vua Gia Long rt quan
tm n vic nm bt lng x thng qua vic xt duyt v nm ly b my chc dch
lng x. n thi vua Minh Mng tin thm mt bc na trong vic ci cch
b my hnh chnh trn ton lnh th trong c vic lp ra l trng lng vo
nm 1827, v c mt b my hnh chnh gn nh m c lc, nhm thu phc ng
thi tng cng khng ch lng x theo qu o qun ch. Cc triu vua Thiu Tr,
T c tip tc duy tr quyn lc lng x m cc tin t nn mng. Nhn b
ngoi cc lng x yn ng dng nh chu khut phc, nhng bn trong l s
chng i ngm ngm. S Thc lc chp rt nhiu cuc khi ngha chng li triu
Nguyn bng ln t lng x. Nu nhn vo cho thy, nh Nguyn cha to ra c
c s x hi l ch da vng chc vo hng vn lng x t bc vo nam. C l,
l mt trong nhiu nguyn nhn khin nh Nguyn khng gi c vng v lu di
nh mong mun. Vo mt dp khc chng ti xin c bn su thm v vn ny.

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