CAM Lab Manual PDF

P.
A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

POLLACHI - 6420 002
LAB MANUAL CUM

RECORD NOTE BOOK
080120040 - COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING LABORATORY

VI - SEMESTER, BE - MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

P.A. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, POLLACHI - 6420 002
(Affiliated to Anna University - Coimbatore)
P.A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
POLLACHI, COIMBATORE - 642 002.
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Registration No.
Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by

Mr... of . - semester
B.E. Mechanical Engineering Branch / Batch during the academic year
. in the Computer Aided Manufacturing laboratory .
Head of the Department Staff In-Charge
Submitted for the University practical examination held

on at P.A College of Engineering and Technology,
Pollachi.
Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:
LABARATORY CLASSES - INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS
1. Students must attend the lab classes with ID cards and in the prescribed uniform.
2. Boys-shirts tucked in and wearing closed leather shoes. Girls students with cut
shoes, overcoat, and plait incite the coat. Girls students should not wear loose
garments.
3. Students must check if the components, instruments and machinery are in working
condition before setting up the experiment.
4. Power supply to the experimental set up/ equipment/ machine must be switched on
only after the faculty checks and gives approval for doing the experiment. Students
must start to the experiment. Students must start doing the experiments only after
getting permissions from the faculty.
5. Any damage to any of the equipment/instrument/machine caused due to

carelessness, the cost will be fully recovered from the individual (or) group of
students.
6. Students may contact the lab in charge immediately for any unexpected incidents
and emergency.
7. The apparatus used for the experiments must be cleaned and returned to the
technicians, safely without any damage.
8. Make sure, while leaving the lab after the stipulated time, that all the power
connections are switched off.
9. EVALUATIONS:
All students should go through the lab manual for the experiment to be carried
out for that day and come fully prepared to complete the experiment within
the prescribed periods. Student should complete the lab record work within
the prescribed periods.
Students must be fully aware of the core competencies to be gained by doing

experiment/exercise/programs.
Students should complete the lab record work within the prescribed periods.
The following aspects will be assessed during every exercise, in every lab
class and marks will be awarded accordingly:
Preparedness, conducting experiment, observation, calculation, results,

record presentation, basic understanding and answering for viv a
questions.
In case of repetition/redo, 25% of marks to be reduced for the respective

component.
NOTE 1
Preparation means coming to the lab classes with neatly drawn circuit diagram
/experimental setup /written programs /flowchart, tabular columns, formula, model
graphs etc in the observation notebook and must know the step by step procedure
to conduct the experiment.
Conducting experiment means making connection, preparing the experimental

setup without any mistakes at the time of reporting to the faculty.
Observation means taking correct readings in the proper order and tabulating the
readings in the tabular columns.
Calculation means calculating the required parameters using the approximate

formula and readings.
Result means correct value of the required parameters and getting the correct
shape of the characteristics at the time of reporting of the faculty.
Viva voice means answering all the questions given in the manual pertaining to the
experiments.
Full marks will be awarded if the students performs well in each case of the
above component
NOTE 2
Incompletion or repeat of experiments means not getting the correct value of the
required parameters and not getting the correct shape of the characteristics of the
first attempt. In such cases, it will be marked as IC in the red ink in the status
column of the mark allocation table given at the end of every experiment. The
students are expected to repeat the incomplete the experiment before coming to
the next lab. Otherwise the marks for IC component will be reduced to zero.
NOTE 3
Absenteeism due to genuine reasons will be considered for doing the missed
experiments.
In case of power failure, extra classes will be arranged for doing those experiments
only and assessment of all other components preparedness; viva voice etc. will be
completed in the regular class itself.
NOTE 4
The end semester practical internal assessment marks will be based on the average
of all the experiments.
INDEX
Ex. Page
Date Name of the Experiment Mark Staff Signature
No No
10
Completed date:
Average Mark: Staff - in - charge

INDEX
Ex. Page
Date Name of the Experiment Mark Staff Signature
No No
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Completed date:
Average Mark: Staff - in - charge

STUDY EXERCISE ON CNC MACHINES
EX. NO: 1
DATE:
Aim:
To conduct a brief study into various aspects of CNC machines
1. The evolution of CNC:
Shortly after world war II, USAF faced with the complex machining of aircraft
components and inspection fixtures to close accuracies on a repetitive basis. During this
time Mr. John Parson was working on a project for developing equipment that would
machine flat templates for inspecting contours of helicopter blades. He succeeded in it and
the proposal for manufacturing such a machine was submitted to USAF in 1948 by Parson
Corporation of Traverse City, Michigan, and resulted in a development contract in 1948.
Parson found that the card reader was too slow and approached MIT to develop a tape
reader and power drive for the proposed machine. The collaboration between Parson and
MIT went into troubles later. USAF then awarded a prime contract to MIT in 1951. The servo
machines laboratory of MIT successfully demonstrated a three motion- milling machine.
The following three successive years witnessed hardware refinements and

development of mathematical functions for tape preparation in 1955. USAF awarded $35
millions for manufacturing approximately 100 CNC machines of various types. Giddings and
Lewis, General Electric and Bendix are the companies who took interest in adopting NC
technology in its early years. The subsequent developments in CNC technology are primarily
attributed to refinements in computer hardware & part programming languages.
2. Difficulties faced by early NC machines

2.1 NC Controller
In a conventional NC system, the control is hardwired and therefore any

modifications of addition in facility call for many changes in the controller, which may or may
not be possible due to limitations of basic configuration.
2.2 Punched Tape
Paper tape is especially fragile and its susceptibility to war and tear makes it to be an
unreliable NC component for repeated use on the shop floor. More durable materials like
miler, Aluminum foil are used to overcome this difficulty. However these materials are also
relatively expensive. Besides this, the tape heeds to be loaded each time and some errors in
reading. If any change in instruction is needed, modification or editing of the tape is also not
possible.
2.3 Tape Reader
It is the least reliable hardware component of the system. NC System breakdowns

are mainly caused by tape readers.
2.4 Management information
The conventional NC System cannot provide timely information on operational

performance to management. Such information might include piece counts, machine
breakdowns and tool changes.
2.5 Non-optimal Speeds and Feeds
The conventional NC does not have facilities to optimize the speeds and feeds during
the machining process. Consequently, the part programmer must plan the cutting conditions
conservatively and this reduces productivity.
3. Canned Cycle
A Canned cycle is a combination of machine movements that perform machining

operations like drilling, milling, boring and tapping. For example, the drilling cycle consists of
the following movements of the tool.
Fast approach to work piece.
Drill at feed rate
Rapid return to initial position.
These movements can be combined to form a cycle and give a code. When this code is
invoked, the machine performs all these operations. The use of canned cycle reduces
programming effort. This also saves the length of the program, thus saving the space
required to store the program.
4. General Machining Features available in a typical CAM Software
Complete integration with other softwares ensuring no discrepancy between
design and machined part.
Choice of cutter simulation, cutter path, cutter tools itself or machined work piece.
Machining output to ISO Standard CL data.
Single or double precision CL data.
Repetitive tasks by command files
Cutting tool database adaptable to company standards.
ATC Support.
Estimation of machining times and tool path length (to establish tool wear).
Manual editing of cutter path at any time.
Efficient machining algorithms for optimum cutter path generation times.
5. Candidature of NC for the industry
When the following conditions are met, NC machines become a candidate for the
production industry.
When
Quantity of parts per setup is small
Parts are complex
Repeated lots occur.
Repeated design changes occur
Minimum lead time is must
Scrapping would be costly
Floor space is at a premium
6. Designation of coordinate systems in NC Machines
In an NC System, each axis of motion is equipped with a separate driving source

such as DC motor, stepper motor etc. The three main axes of motion are referred to as X, Y
and Z-axes. The Z-axes is perpendicular to both X and Y-axes in order to create a right hand
co-ordinate system. This is detailed as follows
6.1 Z - Axis
(i) On a work piece-rotating machine, such as a lathe, the Z-axis is parallel to the
spindle, and the positive motions the tool away from the work piece.
(ii) On a tool-rotating machine, such as a milling or boring machine, Z-axis is
parallel to the tool axis, and the positive motion moves the tool away from the
work piece.
(iii) On other machines such as press, a planning machine, Z-axis is
perpendicular to the tool set and the work piece.
6.2 X - Axis
(i) On a lathe, X axis is the direction of tool movement and the positive motion
moves the tool away from the work piece.
(ii) On a horizontal milling machine, the X-axis is parallel to the table.
(iii) On a vertical milling machine, the positive X-axis points to the right when the
programmer is facing the machine.
6.3 Y - Axis
This is the axis left in a standard Cartesian Co-ordinate system.
6.4 Rotational axis
A, B and C axis represent rotating about X, Y and Z respectively.
7. General format of a manual CNC Program
The CNC program block generally contains the following format
N-G-X-Y-Z-A-B-C-F-S-T-M
Where,
N Sequence number of instructions
G- Preparatory function
X, Y, Z, A, B, C Co -ordinate and angular data
F- Feed
S- Spindle speed
T-Tool code
M- Miscellaneous function.
8. Control systems used in CNC Machines
Though there are many control systems in the market, the following are widely used:
(i) Allen Bradley

(ii) Anilam
(iii) Bosch
(iv) Fanuc OM, OT, 18T, 3M, 3TF..
(v) GE 550,1050..
(vi) Heidenhain
(vii) Mazak
(viii) Philips
(ix) Hinumeric
(x) Elpro
9. Execution of part program written in CAPP Language
There are two major classes of part programming languages (Smith and Earns,
1977)
9.1. Machine oriented languages
They create tool paths by doing all the necessary calculations in one computer
processing stage by computing directly the special Co-ordinate data format and the coding
for speed and feed requirements.
9.2. General purpose languages
The computer processing can be broken down to into two stages, viz., a processing
stage and post processing stage. The processing stage creates an intermediate set of data
points called CL data. The following figure illustrates a generalized flow chart for most NC
processors to show the execution of the program written in a language like APT. The
elements in the flow chart are explained of follows
9.3. NC Processor
It is computer application program that accepts as input user oriented language

statements that describe the NC operations to be performed. The translation section
translator symbolic inputs contained in the section performs geometric and trigonometric
calculations required to generate the part surface. The path of the centerline of the cutter is
also calculated here. This section generates the cutter location data.(CL data)
9.4. Post processor
It is also a program that converts the CL data into program blocks, which are used to
machine the component. This is machine tool dependent.
9.5. CL Data
It is the intermediate data points, which represents the co-ordinates of various

machinable features in the work piece. It is a neutral file and acceptable to any post
processor.
10. The requirements of a spindle drive and feed drive
(a) The requirements of a spindle drive motor are

(b) High rotational accuracy
(c) Wide constant power band
(d) Excellent running smoothness
(e) Compactness
(f) Fast dynamic response
(g) High over load capacity
(h) Infinitely variable speed within the range
11. Spindle drives commonly used in CNC machine tools
(a) Squirrel cage induction motors

(b) DC shunt motors
(c) Permanent magnet AC induction motors
(d) Hydraulic drives
(e) Pneumatic drives.
12. Requirements of Feed drives
(a) Constant torque to overcome friction and working forces

(b) Infinitely variable driving speed
(c) Smallest possible positioning increments (typical:1-2 m)
(d) Quick response characteristics (High peak torque)
(e) Integral mounting feedback devices
(f) Low armature inertia
(g) High torque-to-weight ratio
(h) Total enclosed non-ventilated design (TENV)
12.1 Feed drives commonly used in CNC machines
Permanent magnet DC Servo motor

Synchronous three phase AC servo motor with permanent magnet rotor
Linear motor.
13. Important constituent parts of a CNC machine tool
(a) Machine structure

(b) Guide ways
(c) Feed drives
(d) Spindle & spindle bearings
(e) Measuring and feedback systems
(f) Controls, software and operator interface
(g) Tool monitoring
14. CNC machining centers vis--vis CNC machines
Initially the CNC technology was applied on basic metal cutting machines like lathes,
milling machines etc. To increase the flexibility of the machines in handling a variety of
components and to finish them in a single set-up on the same machine, a CNC machining
center for machining prismatic components combining operations like milling, drilling, boring
and tapping. These machining centers are very powerful, heavy-duty production machines
with the capability to change tools using ATC, A which can select any tool automatically, by
the computer program from the tool magazine. A typical tool magazine can contain more
tools of the order to 32 and above.
While vertical and horizontal machining centers could be respectively utilized for
machining only on one face and four faces of the component in a set-up, complete
machining of all five faces of cubical component in a single set up was possible with a
feature to change the spindle configuration automatically from vertical to horizontal and vice
versa, as the case may be, within the programmed cycle. These machines are called
universal machinating centers (UMC). Further, the concept of multi operations was also
entered for machining cylindrical components, which led to the developments of turning
centers.
Result:
Thus the overview and basic function of CNC machine were studied.
STUDY OF CNC CODES (M and G CODES
EX. NO: 2
DATE:
Aim:
To study the preparatory and miscellaneous function of CNC codes.
Miscellaneous Function (M - Code):
M00 Unconditional stop

M01 Conditional stop
M02 End of program
M03 Spindle clockwise
M04 Spindle counterclockwise
M05 Spindle stop
M06 Tool change (see Note below)
M19 Spindle orientation
M20 Start oscillation (configured by G35)
M21 End oscillation
M30 End of program
M40 Automatic spindle gear range selection
M41 Spindle gear transmission step 1
M70 Spline definition, beginning and end curve 0
M71 Spline definition, beginning tangential, end curve 0
M72 Spline definition, beginning curve 0, end tangential
M73 Spline definition, beginning and end tangential
M80 Delete rest of distance using probe function, from axis measuring input
M81 Drive On application block
M101-M108 Turn off fast output byte bit 1 (to 8)
M109 Turn off all (8) bits in the fast output byte
M111-M118 Turn on fast output byte bit 1 (to 8)
M121-M128 Pulsate (on/off) fast output byte bit 1 (to 8)
M140 Distance regulation on (configured by G265)
M141 Distance regulation off
M150 Delete rest of distance using probe function, for a probe input
M151-M158 Digital input byte 1 bit 1 (to bit 8) is the active probe input
M159 PLC cannot define the bit mask for the probe inputs
M160 PLC can define the bit mask for the probe inputs (up to 16)
M161-M168 Digital input byte 2 bit 1 (to bit 8) is the active probe input
M170 Continue the block processing look ahead of the part program (cancel the M171)
M171 Stop the block processing look ahead of the probe input part program segment
M200 Activate the handwheel operation in the automatic mode
M201-M208 Select the axis (by number from 1 to 8) for the handwheel operation
M209 Activate the handwheel operation in the automatic mode, with PLC control
M210 Deactivate the handwheel input while in the automatic mode
M211 Deactivate this handwheel feature and also remove the handwheel offset (if any)
M213 Spindle 2 clockwise
M214 Spindle 2 counterclockwise
M215 Spindle 2 stop
M280 Switchable spindle/rotary axis, rotary axis on, first combination
M281 Switchable spindle/rotary axis, rotary axis on, second combination
M290 Switchable spindle/rotary axis, spindle enabled, first combination
M291 Switchable spindle/rotary axis, spindle enabled, second combination
Geometric codes (G - Code):
G00 Rapid traverse

G01 Linear interpolation with feedrate
G02 Circular interpolation (clockwise)
G03 Circular interpolation (counter clockwise)
G2/G3 Helical interpolation
G04 Dwell time in milliseconds
G05 Spline definition
G06 Spline interpolation
G07 Tangential circular interpolation / Helix interpolation / Polygon interpolation
G08 Ramping function at block transition / Look ahead "off"
G09 No ramping function at block transition / Look ahead "on"
G10 Stop dynamic block preprocessing
G11 Stop interpolation during block preprocessing
G12 Circular interpolation (cw) with radius
G13 Circular interpolation (ccw) with radius
G14 Polar coordinate programming, absolute
G15 Polar coordinate programming, relative
G16 Definition of the pole point of the polar coordinate system
G17 Selection of the X, Y plane
G18 Selection of the Z, X plane
G19 Selection of the Y, Z plane
G20 Selection of a freely definable plane
G21 Parallel axes "on"
G22 Parallel axes "off"
G24 Safe zone programming; lower limit values
G25 Safe zone programming; upper limit values
G26 Safe zone programming "off"
G27 Safe zone programming "on"
G33 Thread cutting with constant pitch
G34 Thread cutting with dynamic pitch
G35 Oscillation configuration
G38 Mirror imaging "on"
G39 Mirror imaging "off"
G40 Path compensations "off"
G41 Path compensation left of the work piece contour
G42 Path compensation right of the work piece contour
G43 Path compensation left of the work piece contour with altered approach
G44 Path compensation right of the work piece contour with altered approach
G50 Scaling
G51 Part rotation; programming in degrees
G52 Part rotation; programming in radians
G53 Zero offset off
G54 Zero offset #1
G55 Zero offset #2
G56 Zero offset #3
G57 Zero offset #4
G58 Zero offset #5
G59 Zero offset #6
G63 Feed / spindle override not active
G66 Feed / spindle override active
G70 Inch format active
G71 Metric format active
G72 Interpolation with precision stop "off"
G73 Interpolation with precision stop "on"
G74 Move to home position
G75 Curvature function activation
G76 Curvature acceleration limit
G78 Normalcy function "on" (rotational axis orientation)
G79 Normalcy function "off"
G80 - G89 for milling applications:
G80 Canned cycle "off"
G81 Drilling to final depth canned cycle
G82 Spot facing with dwell time canned cycle
G83 Deep hole drilling canned cycle
G84 Tapping or Thread cutting with balanced chuck canned cycle
G85 Reaming canned cycle
G86 Boring canned cycle
G87 Reaming with measuring stop canned cycle
G88 Boring with spindle stop canned cycle
G89 Boring with intermediate stop canned cycle
G81 - G88 for cylindrical grinding applications:
G81 Reciprocation without plunge
G82 Incremental face grinding
G83 Incremental plunge grinding
G84 Multi-pass face grinding
G85 Multi-pass diameter grinding
G86 Shoulder grinding
G87 Shoulder grinding with face plunge
G88 Shoulder grinding with diameter plunge
G90 Absolute programming
G91 Incremental programming
G92 Position preset
G93 Constant tool circumference velocity "on" (grinding wheel)
G94 Feed in mm / min (or inch / min)
G95 Feed per revolution (mm / rev or inch / rev)
G96 Constant cutting speed "on"
G97 Constant cutting speed "off"
G98 Positioning axis signal to PLC
G99 Axis offset
G100 Polar transformation "off"
G101 Polar transformation "on"
G102 Cylinder barrel transformation "on"; cartesian coordinate system
G103 Cylinder barrel transformation "on," with real-time-radius compensation (RRC)
G104 Cylinder barrel transformation with center line migration (CLM) and RRC
G105 Polar transformation "on" with polar axis selections
G106 Cylinder barrel transformation "on" polar-/cylinder-coordinates
G107 Cylinder barrel transformation "on" polar-/cylinder-coordinates with RRC
G108 Cylinder barrel transformation polar-/cylinder-coordinates with CLM and RRC
G109 Axis transformation programming of the tool depth
G110 Power control axis selection/channel 1
G111 Power control pre-selection V1, F1, T1/channel 1 (Voltage, Frequency, Time)
G112 Power control pre-selection V2, F2, T2/channel 1
G114 Power control pre-selection T4/channel 1
G116 Power control pre-selection T6/pulsing output
G117 Power control pre-selection T7/pulsing output
G120 Axis transformation; orientation changing of the linear interpolation rotary axis
G121 Axis transformation; orientation change in a plane
G125 Electronic gear box; plain teeth
G126 Electronic gear box; helical gearing, axial
G127 Electronic gear box; helical gearing, tangential
G128 Electronic gear box; helical gearing, diagonal
G130 Axis transformation; programming of the type of the orientation change
G133 Zero lag thread cutting "on"
G134 Zero lag thread cutting "off"
G140 Axis transformation; orientation designation work piece fixed coordinates
G141 Axis transformation; orientation designation active coordinates
G160 ART activation
G161 ART learning function for velocity factors "on"
G162 ART learning function deactivation
G163 ART learning function for acceleration factors
G164 ART learning function for acceleration changing
G165 Command filter "on"
G166 Command filter "off"
G170 Digital measuring signals; block transfer with hard stop
G171 Digital measuring signals; block transfer without hard stop
G172 Digital measuring signals; block transfer with smooth stop
G175 SERCOS-identification number "write"
G176 SERCOS-identification number "read"
G180 Axis transformation "off"
G181 Axis transformation "on" with not rotated coordinate system
G182 Axis transformation "on" with rotated / displaced coordinate system
G183 Axis transformation; definition of the coordinate system
G184 Axis transformation; programming tool dimensions
G186 Look ahead; corner acceleration; circle tolerance
G188 Activation of the positioning axes
G190 Diameter programming deactivation
G191 Diameter programming "on" and display of the contact point
G192 Diameter programming; only display contact point diameter
G193 Diameter programming; only display contact point actual axes center point
G200 Corner smoothing "off"
G201 Corner smoothing "on" with defined radius
G202 Corner smoothing "on" with defined corner tolerance
G203 Corner smoothing with defined radius up to maximum tolerance
G210 Power control axis selection/Channel 2
G211 Power control pre-selection V1, F1, T1/Channel 2
G214 Power control pre-selection T4/Channel 2
G215 Power control pre-selection T5/Channel 2
G216 Power control pre-selection T6/pulsing output/Channel 2
G220 Angled wheel transformation "off"
G221 Angled wheel transformation "on"
G222 Angled wheel transformation "on" but angled wheel moves before others
G223 Angled wheel transformation "on" but angled wheel moves after others
G265 Distance regulation axis selection
G270 Turning finishing cycle
G271 Stock removal in turning
G272 Stock removal in facing
G274 Peck finishing cycle
G275 Outer diameter / internal diameter turning cycle
G276 Multiple pass threading cycle
G310 Power control axes selection /channel 3
Result:
Thus the Miscellaneous and Geometric function of CNC machine were studied.
STUDY EXERCISE ON SPECIFICATIONS AND PROGRAMMING CODES
EX. NO: 3
DATE:
Aim
To study the specifications and various codes used in programming a CNC machine
tool (FANUC controller).
XL TURN CNC LATHE SPECIFICATIONS
1. Swing over Bed - 150mm

2. Swing over Cross slide - 50mm
3. Z axis travel - 170mm
4. X axis travel - 80mm
5. Spindle - 1 HP
6. Speed - Max 3000 RPM
(For pneumatic chuck)
7. Feed - 0-1000mm/min
8. Spindle nose taper bore - MT3/20mm
9. Tail stock sleeve taper/travel - MT2/30mm
10. Z axis ball screw - Dia 16x5mm lead
11. Z axis ball screw - 12x2.5mm lead
12. Coolant tank capacity - 4Lrs.
13. Overall size - 700x500mm
14. Weight - 110Kg.
XLMILL CNC (STARMILL) SPECIFICATIONS
1. Table clamping size - 425x130mm

2. Traverses X axis - 180mm
3. Traverses Y axis - 120mm
4. Traverses Z axis - 115mm
5. Spindle Taper ISO 30 Speed - 0- 3000 RPM
3.1 NC Program Build UP
In a NC program, the machining steps (operations) for producing a part on the

machine tool are laid down in a form that the control system can understand. A program
comprises of several blocks. A block is a collection of NC words. A NC word is a collection of
address letter and a sequence of numbers. Table. 1. Shows the address letters according to
DIN 66025
Table. 1. Address Characters as Per DIN 66025

Character Meaning
A Rotation about X-axis
B Rotation about Y-axis
C Rotation about Z-axis
D&E Rotation about additional axes
F Feed
G Preparatory function, identifying the action to be
executed
H Unassigned
I Interpolation parameter / Thread pitch parallel to X-
axis
J Thread pitch parallel to Y-axis
K Thread pitch parallel to Z-axis
L Unassigned
M Auxiliary function
N Block number
O Not number
P,Q,R Thread movement parallel to X, Y, Z axes
respectively.
P&Q are also used as parameters in cycles
S Spindle speed
T Tool
U,V,W Second movement parallel to X,Y,Z axes respectively
X Movement in X-axis
Y Movement in Y-axis
Z Movement in Z-axis
3.2. G and M codes for Milling Operations:

Miscellaneous Functions (M codes):
M00 Program Stop

M01 Optional Stop
M02 Program End
M03 Spindle Forward
M04 Spindle Reverse
M05 Spindle Stop
M06 Tool Change
M08 Coolant On
M09 Coolant Off
M10 Vice Open
M11 Vice Close
M13 Coolant, Spindle Fwd
M14 Coolant, Spindle Rev
M30 Program End and Rewind
M62 Output 1On
M63 Output 2On
M64 Output 1Off
M65 Output 2Off
M66 Output 2Off
M67 Wait Input 1 Off
M70 X Mirror On
M71 Y Mirror On
M80 X Mirror Off
M81 Y Mirror Off
M98 Subprogram Call
M99 Subprogram Exit
Preparatory Functions (G Codes)

G Code Group Function
G00 Positioning (Rapid traverse)
G01 Linear interpolation (Cutting feed)
G02 01 Circular interpolation CW
G03 Circular interpolation CCW
G04 00 Dwell, Exact stop
G17 XY Plane selection
G18 02 ZX Plane selection
G19 YZ Plane selection
G20 Input in inch
G21 06 Input in mm
G28 00 Return to reference point
G40 Cutter compensation cancel
G41 07 Cutter compensation Left
G42 Cutter compensation Right
G43 Tool Length compensation + direction
G44 08 Tool Length compensation - direction
G49 Tool Length compensation cancel
G73 Peck drilling cycle
G74 Counter tapping cycle
G76 Fine boring
G80 Canned cycle cancel
G81 Drilling cycle, spot boring
G82 09 Drilling cycle, counter boring
G83 Peck drilling cycle
G84 Tapping cycle
G85 Boring cycle
G86 Boring cycle
G87 Back boring cycle
G88 Boring cycle
G89 Boring cycle
G90 03 Absolute command
G91 Incremental command
G92 00 Programming of absolute zero point
G94 05 Feed per minute
G95 Feed per rotation
G98 10 Return to initial point in canned cycle
G99 Return to R point in canned cycle
3.3. G and M codes for Turning Operations:

Miscellaneous Functions (M codes):
M00 Program Stop

M02 Optional Stop
M03 Spindle Forward (CW)
M04 Spindle Reverse (CCW)
M05 Spindle Stop
M06 Tool Change
M08 Coolant On
M09 Coolant Off
M10 Vice Open
M11 Vice Close
M62 Output 1On
M64 Output 1Off
M65 Output 2Off
M66 Output 2Off
M98 Subprogram Call
M99 Subprogram Exit
Preparatory Functions (G Codes)

G Code Group Function
G00 Positioning (Rapid traverse)
G01 Linear interpolation (Cutting feed)
G02 1 Circular interpolation CW
G03 Circular interpolation CCW
G04 0 Dwell, Exact stop
G20 Input in inch
G21 6 Input in mm
G28 9 Return to reference point
G32 1 Thread cutting
G40 Tool nose radius compensation cancel
G41 7 Tool nose radius compensation Left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation Right
G49 Tool Length compensation cancel
G50 0 Work co-or. change / spindle speed setting
G70 4 Finishing cycle
G71 Stock removal in turning
G72 Stock removal in facing
G73 Pattern repeating
G74 Peck drilling in Z axis
G75 Grooving in X axis
G76 Thread cutting cycle
G90 1 Cutting cycle A
G92 Thread cutting cycle
G94 Cutting cycle B
G96 2 Constant surface speed control
G97 Constant surface speed control cancel
G98 11 Feed per minute
G99 Feed per revolution
MILLING OPERATIONS:
1. CIRCULAR POCKETING:
Definitions for the terms used in the G170 and G171 circular pocket canned cycle as follows:
N0080 G170 R0 P0 Q3 X0 Y0 Z-6 I0.5 J0.1 K-24 ;

N0090 G171 P75 S2000 R75 F250 B2500 J200 Z5;
For G170 block,

R defines the position of the tool to start cycle ie. 0 (surface of job).
P defines when P is zero(0) the cycle is a roughing cycle and P is one (1) the cycle is
finishing cycle
Q defines the peck increment, 2 pecks each of 3mm.
X defines the pocket centre in X axis (0).
Y defines the pocket centre in Y axis (0).
Z defines the pocket base (-6mm) from job surface.
I defines the side finish allowance (leaves a finishing allowance of 0.5).
J defines the base finish allowance (leaves a finishing allowance of 0.1).
K defines the radius of pocket (-24) negative value - cut in CCW direction).
For G171 block,

P defines the cutter width percentage.
S defines the roughing spindle speed (S2000).
R defines the roughing Feed in Z (75).
F defines the roughing feed X,Y (250).
B defines the finishing spindle speed (2500).
J defines the finishing feed (200).
Z defines for to lift tool for safety purpose.
2. RECTANGULAR POCKETING:
Definitions for the terms used in the G172 and G173 rectangular pocket canned cycle as
follows:
N0080 G172 I50 J50 K0 P0 Q3 R0 X25 Y25 Z-6 ;

N0090 G173 I0.5 K0.1 P75 T1 S1000 R75 F250 B1500 J200 Z5 ;
For G172 block,

I define the pocket X length (50).
J defines the pocket Y length (50)
K defines the radius of corner roundness (not applicable to Denford software).
P defines that 0 = roughing cycle and 1 for finishing cycle.
Q defines the pocket Z increment (peck increments in above cycle 2-3mm pecks).
R defines the Absolute Z 'R' point.

X defines the pocket corner X (Absolute position relative to the X datum position).
Y defines the pocket corner Y (Absolute position relative to the Y datum position).
Z defines the absolute Z base of pocket (-6, ie, a depth of 6mm).
For G173 block,

I defines the pocket side finish (0.5 finishing allowance) on the finishing pass.
K defines the pocket base finish (0.1 finishing allowance) on the finishing pass.
P defines the cut width percentage (75% of tool dia.).
T defines the pocket tool (tool 1).

S defines the spindle speed for roughing (1000rpm).
R defines the roughing feed for Z (75).
F defines the roughing feed X and Y (250).
B defines the finishing spindle speed (1500 rpm).
J defines the finishing feed (200).
Z defines the safety Z (5mm above 'R' point).
When values are stated for the I and K elements, the program will perform a finishing pass
after completion of the final roughing cut.
3. PECK DRILLING CYCLE:
A G83 (Deep hole Peck drilling) command is written in the following format:
G99 G83 X.... Y.... Z.... Q.... R.... F....
G98 G80
Sequence of moves:
1) Rapid position to X, Y and Z (the initial level).
2) Rapid traverse to R point level.
3) Feed rate in the value of Q.
4) Rapid traverse out to R point. Rapid traverse back to within 1mm of depth of Q cut.
Operation moves 2 and 4 are repeated until Z depth is reached.
5) Rapid traverse to Initial level (G98) or R point level (G99).
1 - Positioning of the X and Y axes.

2 - Rapid traverse in the Z axis to the "R" point.
3 - Hole machining procedure.
4 - Operation at bottom of hole.
5 - Retraction to R point.
6 - Rapid traverse in the Z axis to the Initial level.
G.... is defined as the canned cycle.

X.... Y.... is defined as the hole position, in absolute or incremental value.
Z.... is defined as the distance from the R point to the bottom of the hole in incremental
mode, or the position of the hole bottom in absolute mode.
R.... is defined as the distance from the initial level to the R point level in incremental
mode, or the position of the Z datum in relation to the R point level in absolute mode.
Q.... is defined as the cut-in distance value or shift value (Note - this is always specified as
an incremental value).
F.... is defined as the feed rate for machining.
G80- Drilling cycle cancelled.
4. BORING OPERATION:
G86 (Boring Operation) command is written in the following format:
G86 G99 X.... Y.... Z.... R.... K F....

G98 G80
Sequence of moves:
1) Rapid position to X, Y and Z (the initial level).
2) Rapid traverse to R point level.
3) Feed motion up to the Z level, the bottom of the hole.
4) Rapid traverse up to the R point level Initial level (G99) and up to the Initial tool
Level (G98)
1 - Positioning of the X and Y axes.

2 - Rapid traverse in the Z axis to the "R" point.
3 - Hole machining procedure.
4 - Operation at bottom of hole.
5 - Retraction to R point.
6 - Rapid traverse in the Z axis to the Initial level.
G.... is defined as the canned cycle.

X.... Y.... is defined as the hole position, in absolute or incremental value.
Z.... is defined as the distance from the R point to the bottom of the hole in increm ental
mode, or the position of the hole bottom in absolute mode.
R.... is defined as the distance from the initial level to the R point level in incremental
mode, or the position of the Z datum in relation to the R point level in absolute mode.
K.. is the number of repetitions (defaults to 1).
F.... is defined as the feed rate for machining.
G80 cycle cancelled.
TURNING OPERATIONS:
1. MULTIPLE TURNING (Canned Cycle)
G71 MULTIPLE TURNING
G71 U(*ul) R (*r)

G71 P(*p) Q (*q) U(*u2) W (*w2) F(*f) S(*s) T(*t)
Where,
*u1 = depth of cut (radius designation)
*r = relief amount
*p = line or block number of the start of the final profile
*q = line or block number of the end of the final profile
*u2 = finishing allowance in the X axis
*w2 = finishing allowance in the Z axis
*f = feed rate
*s = speed
*t = tool number
G70 FINSHING CYCLE

G70 P(p) Q(q) F(f)
2. GROOVING CYCLE
G75 GROOVING CYCLE

G75 R1
G75 X16 W-3 P100 Q1500 R1 F15
Relief amount, R= 1.0mm
Depth of groove, X =2mm
Width of groove, W=6.0mm
P-peck increment along, X axis 0.1mm
Q- Stepping distance along Z axis 1.5 mm
3. MULTIPLE THREADING CYCLE
G76 MULTIPLE THREADING CYCLE
G76 P031560 Q250 R0.15

G76 X9.853 Z-19 P1073 Q300 F1.75
(03 =Number of passes for finishing operation
(15 =Chamfer amount in microns
(60 =Angle of the thread in deg.
(Q =Minimum cutting depth=0.25 mm
(R =Finishing allowance =0.15mm
(X = Core diameter =9.853 mm for M12 thread
(Z =Length of thread =19 mm
(P Height of thread =1.073 mm
(Q =Depth of cut for first pass =0.3 mm
(F =Pitch of the thread =1.75 mm
THREAD PARAMETERS
Nominal Core diameter, X Height of

Pitch mm F
diameter, mm Bolt Nut thread ,mm
M2.5 0.45 1.948 2.013 0.276
M3 0.5 2.387 2.459 0.307
M4 0.7 3.141 3.242 0.429
M5 0.8 4.019 4.134 0.491
M6 1 4.773 4.918 0.613
M8 1.25 6.466 6.647 0.767
M10 1.5 8.160 8.376 0.920
M12 1.75 9.853 10.106 1.074
M16 2 13.546 13.835 1.227
M20 2.5 16.933 17.294 1.534
M24 3 20.320 20.752 1.840
M30 3.5 25.706 26.211 2.147
M33 3.5 28.706 29.211 2.147
M36 4 31.093 31.67 2.454
M8 X1 1 6.773 6.918 0.613
M10 X1.25 1.25 8.466 8.647 0.767
M12 X1.25 1.25 10.466 10.767 0.767
M16 X1.5 1.5 14.16 14.376 0.920
M20 X1.5 1.5 18.16 18.376 0.920
M24 X2 2 21.546 21.835 1.227
M30 X2 2 27.546 27.835 1.227
M36 X3 3 32.32 32.752 1.840
Result:
Thus the study exercise on specifications and programming codes of CNC machine
were studied.
DENFORD MACHINE TOOL - FANUC (Lathe and milling)
EX. NO: 4
DATE:
This is Fanuc programming system.

It was created at Denford machine tools .The current version number can be seen at the top
of the screen.
CNC lathe (FLSTEP) - Denford Fanuc Turning V1.42
CNC Milling (FANUCMD) - Denford Fanuc milling V1.96
In the main window screen press F1....the following menu will appear,
Edit and simulate:
You are now editing a CNC program. A variety of instructions can be keyed in on each line.
At any time you can start a simulation of machining of your program via the F9 menu. Whilst
typing, characters will appear at the cursor position. The cursor is flashing or steady blob.
Some "hot keys" are shown at the bottom.
Main window.
Edit keys
Hot keys
CNC instructions
Example
G codes
M codes
Directives
Tutorials
Comments
Screen display
Edit Keys
Whilst editing a CNC program you can use these keys
Cursor keys - Move cursor in the appropriate direction

DEL - Deletes one character at the cursor
Back arrow - Deletes one character to the left of the cursor
INS - Toggles between insert and overwrite
HOME - Move to start of the line
END - Move to end of the line
PGUP - Moves up a page
PGDN - Moves down a page
Ctrl PGUP - Moves to first line
Ctrl PGDN - Moves to last line
Ctrl Y - Deletes all of current line
Ctrl N - Inserts a new blank line
Ctrl R - Restores line after edit
(This is only possible if you do not move off the line)
These keys are used for block marking:

If marking in anchor mode:
F7 - Sets start of marked area
F8 - Sets end of marked area
If marking in drag mode:

F7 - Starts marking: use the arrow keys to mark out of the drag area
F8 - Stops marking and then if pressed again cancels marked area
These keys relate to block edits:

Alt D - Deletes marked area
Alt M - Moves marked area to current cursor position
Alt C - Copies marked area to current cursor position
Remember these quick hot keys:

F2 - Quick saves current program if it has been given a name
F3 - Quick load of different program
Hot Keys
There are a number of special hot keys that can be pressed virtually anytime.
This is a list of them:
F1 - Get help
CtrlF1 - Get G/M code help
F2 - Quick save CNC program
F3 - Quick load CNC program
F5 - Get information
F9 - Check/run CNC programs
F10 - Get main menu
In addition to the function keys there are the following key combinations:
Alt-E - Returns to the edit
Alt-E - Quits the Fanuc system
CNC Instructions
There are a number of different types of CNC program instructions. Select one of them from
the menu to get more information. Note that G and M codes can be prefixed with an N block
number.
Example
G codes
M codes
Directives
Tutorials
Comments
Example
EXAMPLE PROGRAM
[BILLET X30 Z60 - define material size

O1234 - program number
G21 G28 U0 W0 - metric, travels to machine datum
G99 G97 S2000 - mm/rev, sp speed set at 2000rpm
M06 T0101 - change tool to No 1
M03 G00 X30 Z2 - spindle on, rapid positioning
G71 U2 R0.5 - roughing cycle, this code is a
G71 P1 Q2 U1 W0.2 F0.15 - two line instruction
N1 G01 X12 F0.1 - Between N1 and N2 the finished
Z-20 - Profile is defined. The depth
G03 X20 Z-24 R4 - of cut is 2mm, U and W defines
G01 Z-30 - the amount of stock left on
N2 X30 - end of profile
G70 P1 Q2 - finishing cycle
G28 U0 W0 - returns to machine datum
M30 - end of program
The above example turns a shaft down to 26mm diameter using tool 1g and a spindle
speed of 2000 rpm.
G codes
G codes are instructions describing machine tool movement.
A G code quite often requires other information, for example a feed rate or axes co-
ordinates. The Fanuc machine has a large selection of G codes, and help can be obtained
for them all.
Press Page-down for a list of G codes.
The G codes of listed in Appendix A.
M codes
M codes are instructions describing auxiliary machine functions.
An M code quite often requires other information, for example a spindle speed or tool
number. The machine has a selection of M codes, and help can be obtained for them all.
PAGE gives part two.
You may select an item with the arrow keys and get help with it by pressing EOB.
The M codes of listed in Appendix B
Directives
Billet Definition
This directive allows the billet in the simulation window to be given a size.
The billet definition should be placed at the start of a program, after the measure has
optionally been set.
Example: G21
Sets the measure to metric.
[BILLET X30.0 Z50.0
Defines the billet as 50mm long with a diameter of 30mm (if diameter programming is
active).
Clear Directive
This clears the tutorial messages window.
Example: [CLEAR
Step Directive
This directive switches over to single step execution on-screen and when linked to the fanuc
machine.
Example: [STEP
Single Step Off Directive

This directive switches off single step execution on-screen and when linked to the fanuc
machine.
Example: [NOSTEP
Enable Simulation
This directive allows the operations to be simulated.
Example: [SHOW
Disable Simulation
This directive stops the operations being simulated.
Example: [NOSHOW
Subprogram Directive
This directive allows a program with a non numeric name to be called as a subprogram.
Example: [SUBPROGRAM 2 FRED
M98 P2
Tutorials
Interactive lessons can be developed through the tutorials facility. Messages and Questions
can be embedded within the CNC program.
! - Displays message without stopping.
? - Displays message but stops for key press.
TUTORIAL MESSAGE:
Tutorial message instructions begin with the ! exclamation mark which is followed by some
text.
When the CNC program is executed your text will appear in the tutorial window at the
bottom of the screen.
Example: Using tool 2 .
Tutorial pause instructions begin with the ? question mark which is followed by
some text. When the CNC program is executed your text will appear in the tutorial
window at the bottom f the screen. You will then be prompted to press RETURN to
continue.
Example: Check the position
Comments
Comments begin with the (open bracket character. They can be used to annotate a
program, and are ignored when it is executed.
Example: (Entering circular cycle)
Screen Display
The top line of the screen gives the following information (left to right):
Title and version of the software.
Global units of measure (metric/imperial)
Current CNC program name.
The bottom line lists a set of key which can currently be used. It also shows the shift key
states.
Press F2..
Load CNC Program
Key is the name of a CNC program you wish to load.
To get a list of available programs blank out the prompt box and then press RETURN.A
menu of the programs will then appear and you can select one with the arrow keys.
Press RETURN to confirm your choice of program.
If the program currently in memory has not been saved, then you will be asked if you want to
save it before loading the new program. Answer yes or no, or press ESC to stop loading all
together.
Save CNC Program

If the program in memory has no name or you have selected save as on the CNC files
menu, you will be asked to give a name for it. Key this in, or ask for a list names.
New CNC Program

You have selected the new program option before saving the one currently in memory.
You must now decide whether or not you want to save the old program before beginning a
new one.
Simulation
Check syntax
Run program
Dry run
Set tooling
Set view
3D view
Post process
Check Syntax:
Checks through the whole program for errors in the way it is written.
Run program:
Starts on-screen simulation.
Dry run:
Runs the program without an on-screen display. This provides fast over travel checking.
Set datum:
Allows a zero point to be set before on-screen simulation.
Set tooling:
Allows a tool shape to be allocated to a tool number.
Set view:
Use this facility to indicate the view you require for the on-screen simulation.
3D screen:
Produce a 3D view of the billet.
To set 3D view
PGUP swaps between front and rear views.
PGDN redraws the image.
The arrow keys select the slice to start displaying from.
The SPACE BAR changes the distance the arrow keys move.
Press ESC to leave the 3D view.
Post process:
Produces a program for a different machine.
Press F10
Main menu
Edit only
Edit and simulate
Simulate only
Machine link
CNC files
Print
Remove link
Settings
Utilities
Quit
Edit only:
Changes to display of just the editor only (no simulation).
Edit and simulate:

Changes to simultaneous display of both the editor and the simulation.
Simulate only:
Changes to display of just the simulation only (no editor).
Machine link:
Programs can be received from or transmitted to the Fanuc controller. It is advisable to
simulate program operation before transmitting to the controller.
CNC files:
Gives access to a sub-menu of disc operations you can load and save, change directory and
delete files.
Load:
Loads CNC programs. Also allows another program to be merged with the
current one.
New:
Destroys the current program and so allows a new one to be keyed in.
Save:
Saves the CNC program in the same file that it was loaded from.
Save as:
Saves the CNC program after prompting you to key in a new name for it.
Change dir:
Allows you to change to a different default directory on disc.
Print:
Prints your CNC program on paper in various formats.
Remote link:
Links to additional external devices, such as tape punch machines ,for CNC program
transfer.
Settings:
Allows you to customize this software.
Utilities:
Lets you run other software packages that are installed on your computer.
Quit:
Leaves the Fanuc programming system and returns you to DOS.
Result:
Thus the study exercise on denford machine tool - fanuc (lathe and milling) of CNC
machine were studied.
SIMPLE FACING
EX. NO: 5
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate and face the work piece to the required dimension using CNC lathe
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the machine control first and ON the computer.

2. Press F10 key and click the CNC files.
3. Click new, then type the program and save it.
4. Check the program for syntax.
5. Go to machine control and press HOME KEY.
6. Press the X and Z axis key .
7. Set the tool offset for both X and Z direction.
8. Switch on the spindle.
9. Press F9 key and execute the CNC program.
PROGRAM:
[BILLET X20 Z60
G21 G40 G98
G28 U0 W0
M06 T01
M03 S1200
! SIMPLE FACING
G00 X21 Z1
G94 X0 Z-1 F1.5
Z-2
Z-3
Z-4
Z-5
G28 U0 W0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the simulation and facing were done on work piece by the CNC lathe to the
required dimension.
STEP TURNING
EX. NO: 6
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate and turn the work piece to the required dimension using CNC lathe
PROCEDURE:

PROGRAM:
[BILLET X20 Z55
G21 G40 G98
G28 U0 W0
M06 T1
G97 M03 S1200
! SIMPLE TURNING
G00 X21 Z1
G00 X19
G01 Z-30
G01 X20
G00 Z1
G00 X18
G01 Z-30
G01 X20
G00 Z1
G00 X17
G01 Z-30
G01 X20
G00 Z1
G00 X16
G01 Z-30
G01 X20
G00 Z1
G00 X15
G01 Z-30
G01 X20
G00 Z1
G00 X14
G01 Z-30
G01 X20
G00 Z1
G28 U0 W0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the simulation and turning were done on work piece by the CNC lathe to the
required dimension.
STRAIGHT TURNING AND TAPER TURNING
EX. NO: 7
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate and to make the taper turning on the work piece to the required
dimension using CNC lathe
PROCEDURE:

PROGRAM:
[BILLET X25 Z60
G21 G40 G98
G28 U0 W0
M06 T1
M03 S1200
!TURNING 4
G00 X26 Z1
G19 X23 Z-30 F1.5
X21
X20
!TAPER TURNING 5
G00 X26 Z-30
G90 X25 Z-35 R0 F1.5
X25 R-1.5
X25 R-2.5
!TURNING 2
G00 X21 Z1
G90 X18 Z-15 F1.5
X16
X14
X12
X10
!TAPERTURNING 3
G00 X21 Z-15
G90 X20 Z-20 R0 F1.5
X20 R-2.5
X20 R-5.0
!END ARC TURNING
G00 X26 Z01
G00 X0 Z1
Z0
G03 X10 Z-5 R5
G28 U0 W0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the simulation and taper turning were done on work piece by the CNC lathe to
the required dimension.
PROFILE TURNING
EX. NO: 8
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate and to make the profile turning on the work piece to the required
dimension using CNC lathe
PROCEDURE:

PROGRAM:
[BILLET X40 Z52
G21 G40 G98
G28 U0 W0
M06 T0101
M03 S1200
!TURNING 6
G00 X41 Z1
G90 X39 Z-42 F1.5
X37
X35
!TAPER TURNING 7
G00 X41 Z-42
G90 X40 Z-47 R0 F1.5
X40 R-1.0
X40 R-2.0
X40 R-2.5
!TURNING 4
G00 X36 Z1
G90 X34 Z-30 F1.5
X32
X30
X28
X25
!ARC 5
G00 X36 Z-37
G02 X25 Z-30 R7 F1.5
!TURNING 2
G00 X26 Z1
G90 X23 Z-15 F1.5
X20
X17
X14
X12
X10
!ARC3
G00 X26 Z-25
G03 X10 Z-15 R10 F1.5
!TAPER TURNING 1
G00 X11 Z1
G90 X10 Z-10 R0 F1.5
X10 R-1.0
X10 R-1.5
X10 R-1.5
X10 R-2.5
G28 U0 W0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the simulation and the profile turning were done on work piece by the CNC
lathe to the required dimension.
TURNING, CHAMFERING, GROOVING AND THREAD CUTTING
EX. NO: 9
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate and to make turning, chamfering, grooving and thread cutting on the
work piece to the required dimension using CNC lathe.
PROCEDURE:

PROGRAM:
[BILLET X20 Z63
G21 G40 G98
G28 U0 W0
M06 T1
M03 S1500
!TURNING 1
G00 X21 Z1
G90 X18 Z-43 F1.5
X17
X16
!TURNING 2
G90 X14 Z-23 F1.5
X12
!RADIUS 3
G00 X20 Z-43
G00 X16
G03 X20 Z-53 R20 F1.5
G00 X21 Z1
!RADIUS 4
G00 X12 Z-23
G02 X16 Z-33 R20 F1.5
G0 X21 Z1
!CHAMFERING 5
G00 X8 Z1
G01 X12 Z-2 F50
G28 U0 W0
!GROOVING 6
M06 T3
G0 X13 Z-23
G81 X11
X10
X8
G28 U0 W0
!THREAD CUTTING
M06 T5
G00 X12 Z-2
G92 X12 Z-20 F1.25
X11
X10.47
G28 U0 W0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the simulation turning, chamfering, grooving and thread cutting were done on
work piece by the CNC lathe to the required dimension.
CIRCULAR INTERPOLATION
EX. NO: 10
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate and to make the profile on the work piece (circular interpolation) to the
required dimension using CNC milling machine.
PROCEDURE:

PROGRAM:
[BILLET X100 Y100 Z10
[TOOLDEF T1 D6
[EDGEMOVE X0 Y0
G21 G94
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
G90 M06 T0101
M03 S1500
G00 X30 Y15 Z5
G01 X30 Y15 Z-1 F50
G03 X15 Y30 R15
G01 X15 Y75
G03 X30 Y90 R15
G01 X70 Y90
G02 X90 Y75 R15
G01 X90 Y30
G03 X75 Y15 R15
G01 X30 Y15
G0 X30 Y15 Z5
! CIRCULAR POCKETING
G90 X50 Y50 Z5
G170 R0.5 P0 Q1 X50 Y50 Z-3 I0 J0 K15
G171 P50 S1200 R50 F50 B1800 J60
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the simulation and the profile (circular interpolation) were done on the work
piece by the CNC milling machine to the required dimension.
END MILLING
EX. NO: 11
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate and to make the profile on the work piece (end milling) to the required
dimension using CNC milling machine.
PROCEDURE:

PROGRAM:
[TOOLDEF T1 D6
[EDGEMOVE X0 Y0
G21 G94
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
G90 M06 T0101
M03 S1500
G00 X20 Y10 Z5
G01 X20 Y10 Z-5
G01 X80 Y10
G01 X90 Y20
G01 X90 Y70
G02 X70 Y90 R20
G01 X20 Y90
G01 X20 Y60
G01 X10 Y60
G01 X10 Y20
G03 X20 Y10 R10
G00 Z5
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the simulation and the profile (end milling) were done on the work piece by the
CNC milling machine to the required dimension.
PECK DRILLING
EX. NO: 12
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate and to make the profile on the work piece (peck drilling) to the required
PROCEDURE:

PROGRAM:
[TOOLDEF T1 D16
[EDGEMOVE X0 Y0
G21 G98
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
G90 M06 T1
M03 S1500
G90 X0 Y0 Z1
! HOLE A
G00 X25 Y25 Z5
G83 X25 Y25 Z-18 R0 Q3 F1.5
G00 X25 Y25 Z5
! HOLE B
G00 X25 Y75 Z5
G83 X25 Y75 Z-18 R0 Q3 F1.5
G00 X25 Y75 Z5
! HOLE C
G00 X75 Y75 Z5
G83 X75 Y75 Z-18 R0 Q3 F1.5
G00 X75 Y75 Z5
! HOLE D
G00 X75 Y25 Z5
G83 X75 Y25 Z-18 R0 Q3 F1.5
G00 X75 Y25 Z5
G00 X0 Y0
G28 U0 W0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the simulation and the profile (peck drilling) were done on the work piece by the
IRREGULAR MILLING
EX. NO: 13
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate and to make the profile on the work piece (irregular milling) to the
required dimension using CNC milling machine.
PROCEDURE:

PROGRAM:
[BILLET X80 Y80 Z10
[TOOLDEF T1 D6
[EDGE MOVE X0 Y0
G21 G94
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
G90 M06 T0101
M03 S150
G00 X10 Y10 Z6
G01 Z-1 F50
G03 X70 Y10 R100
G03 X70 Y70 R100
G03 X10 Y70 R100
G03 X10 Y10 R100
G02 X70 Y10 R30
G02 X70 Y70 R30
G02 X10 Y70 R30
G02 X10 Y10 R30
G00 Z6
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
M05
M30
RESULT:
Thus the simulation and the profile (irregular milling) were done on the work piece by
the CNC milling machine to the required dimension.
MIRRORING
EX. NO: 14
DATE:
AIM:
To simulate and to make the profile on the work piece (mirroring) to the required
PROCEDURE:

PROGRAM:
[TOOLDEF T1 D6
[EDGE MOVE X-50 Y-50
G21 G40
G94
G91 G28 Z0
G28 X0 Y0
M06 T01
M03 S2000
G90 G00 X0 Y0 Z5
M98 P1234
M70
M98 P1234
M80
M71
M98 P1234
M81
M70
M71
M98 P1234
G91 G28 X0 Y0 Z0
M05
M30
SUB PROGRAM:
[SAVED AS THE FILE NAME; 1234 SEPARATELY IN THE WORKING DIRECTORY]
G90
G00 X10 Y10 Z5
G01 Z-1.0 F50
G01 X10 Y40
G01 X20 Y40
G01 X20 Y20
G01 X40 Y20
G01 X40 Y10
G01 X10 Y10
G01 X0 Y0 Z5
M99
RESULT:
Thus the simulation and the profile (mirroring) were done on the work piece by the
MULTIPLE TURNING OPERATIONS USING EDGECAM
EX. NO: 15
DATE:
AIM:
To Generate the CNC part program for the component as shown in figure and
simulate the tool path using EDGECAM
MINIMUM SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:
Software : EDGECAM
Operating system : Windows 2000
Processor : Pentium IV
Speed : 1.3 GHz

Ram : 256MB
PROCEDURE:
1. Start Part Modeler. You will be working in the new 'Untitled Model' that automatically
opens.
2. Click Planar Construction menu Shapes Rectangle.
3. The cursor changes to, and in the bottom left of the screen a message appears
prompting you to 'Indicate First Corner of Rectangle'.
4. Move the cursor toward the marker at the centre of the graphics window until it
'snaps', as shown on the right. Then perform a left mouse click. Snapping means that
you don't have to exactly place the cursor. For example near a line end your click
may be automatically placed actually at the line end. The cursor changes to indicate
this and you will see in a later step that this is controlled by the Locate toolbar.
5. The marker shows the Construction Plane origin, which is where X, Y and Z = 0. You
are now following the prompt to 'Indicate 2nd corner of rectangle....'.
6. As you move the cursor this drags out the 2nd corner, and the Rectangle
Width/Height dialog dynamically indicates the current size.
7. With the help of part modeler option, create the whole profile as per requirement.
8. Save the part i.e., file> save Now start the new session of EDGECAM, and follow
the given procedure, Right-click on any menu.
9. In the shortcut menu that appears click Profiles Turn Profile default. Config.
10. Operations > zx environment,
11. Solids> align body for Turning > select any surface > and set the CPL, Geometry >
stock/fixture > and set as per the requirement ,
12. Solids > feature finder > Turn > ok, Enter the Manufacturing mode by using ctrl+M,
13. On the Operations toolbar, click Straight Turn/Face Operation.
14. The status bar (at the bottom left of the window) prompts you to 'Digitise start point'
15. Click the point just clear of the right corner of the billet
16. On the Operations toolbar, click Turning Operation
17. Right-click to accept the default starts point on the profile.
18. Right-click to accept the default starts point of the cycle. For the outer billet, select
the white profile at the top.
19. The dialog for the Turning Operation is now displayed,
20. On the Main toolbar, (see location) click Simulate Machining.
21. On the Main toolbar, click Generate Code.
22. Enter a CNC Name of your choice and click OK.
MODEL:
RESULT:
Thus CNC part program for the component as shown in figure is generated as well
as simulated using EDGECAM
THREADING AND GROOVING OPERATIONS USING EDGECAM
EX. NO: 16
DATE:
AIM:
Software : EDGECAM
Speed : 1.3 GHz

Ram : 256MB
PROCEDURE:
1. Start Part Modeler. You will be working in the new 'Untitled Model' that
automatically opens. Click Planar Construction menu Shapes Rectangle.
2. The cursor changes to, and in the bottom left of the screen a message appears
prompting you to 'Indicate First Corner of Rectangle'.
3. Move the cursor toward the marker at the centre of the graphics window until it
'snaps', as shown on the right. Then perform a left mouse click. Snapping means
that you don't have to exactly place the cursor. For example near a line end your
click may be automatically placed actually at the line end. The cursor changes to
indicate this and you will see in a later step that this is controlled by the Locate
toolbar.
4. The marker shows the Construction Plane origin, which is where X, Y and Z = 0.
You are now following the prompt to 'Indicate 2nd corner of rectangle....
5. As you move the cursor this drags out the 2nd corner, and the Rectangle
Width/Height dialog dynamically indicates the current size.
6. With the help of part modeler option, create the whole profile as per requirement,
Save the part i.e., file> save Now start the new session of EDGECAM, and follow
the given procedure, Right-click on any menu.
7. In the shortcut menu that appears click Profiles Turn Profile default. Config.
8. Operations > zx environment,
9. Solids> align body for Turning > select any surface > and set the CPL, Geometry >
stock/fixture > and set as per the requirement ,
10. Solids > feature finder > Turn > ok,
11. Enter the Manufacturing mode by using ctrl+M,
12. On the Operations toolbar, click Straight Turn/Face Operation. The status bar (at
the bottom left of the window) prompts you to ' Digitise start point' click the
point just clear of the right corner of the billet
13. On the Operations toolbar, click Turning Operation Right-click to accept the
default start point on the profile. Right-click to accept the default starts point of the
cycle.
14. For the outer billet, select the white profile at the top.
15. The dialog for the Turning Operation is now displayed, On the Main toolbar; (see
location) click Simulate Machining.
MODEL:
RESULT:
PROFILE MILLING OPERATIONS USING EDGECAM
EX. NO: 17
DATE:
AIM:
Software : EDGECAM
Speed : 1.3 GHz

Ram : 256MB
PROCEDURE:
1. On the File menu, click Open.

2. In the Open dialog, navigate to, and open the Corresponding file,
3. In the top right corner of the Edge cam window, click Switch to Manufacture Mode,
In this part, the machining sequence has already been started. Edge cam may ask
you to confirm settings for the code generator. If so, click Cancel.
4. Right-click on any menu, click Profiles Mill Profile default. config.
5. On the Options menu, click Select Technology.

6. To select the Component Material, click Browse. (You leave the default setting for
Technology Adjustment unchanged.)
7. In the dialog that opens scroll down the list in the All tab, then click Steel - 150 HB to
select it, then click Select. > Click OK to close the Select Technology dialog > You
see a notification dialog about speeds and feeds - click OK in this dialog.
8. On the Operations toolbar click Face Mill Operation. > The status bar prompts you
to 'Select closed profiles to machine'. Click on the white part outline to select it, then
right-click to terminate the selection > the face mill operation dialog now now appear,
9. In the General tab set Mill Type to Climb, Angle to 0, %Stepover to 90, Lead
Length to 0, Lead Radius to 0 and Stock Offset to 0.5.
10. Click the Tooling tab and set Feedrate to 500, Plunge Feed to 200, Speed to 150,
and Diameter to 1.25. All other settings can be left blank.
11. Click the Depth tab and set Clearance to 0.25, Level to 0.04 and Depth to -0.04. All
other settings can be left blank. > Click OK. > The Face Mill operation is now
created.
12. On the Operations toolbar, click Roughing Operation. > The status bar prompts
you to 'Digitise Geometry to machine'. Rest the cursor on the cyan profile to highlight
it, then click. > Right-click to finish the geometry selection
MODEL:
RESULT:
PROFILE MILLING AND DRILLING OPERATIONS USING EDGECAM
EX. NO: 18
DATE:
AIM:
Software : EDGECAM
Speed : 1.3 GHz

Ram : 256MB
PROCEDURE:
1. On the File menu, click Open.

2. In the Open dialog, navigate to, and open the Corresponding file,
3. In the top right corner of the Edge cam window, click Switch to Manufacture Mode,
In this part, the machining sequence has already been started. Edge cam may ask
you to confirm settings for the code generator. If so, click Cancel.
4. Right-click on any menu, click Profiles Mill Profile default. Config.
5. On the Options menu, click Select Technology.

6. To select the Component Material, click Browse. (You leave the default setting for
Technology Adjustment unchanged.)
7. In the dialog that opens scroll down the list in the All tab, then click Steel - 150 HB to
select it, then click Select. > Click OK to close the Select Technology dialog > you
see a notification dialog about speeds and feeds - click OK in this dialog.
8. On the Operations toolbar click Face Mill Operation. > The status bar prompts you
to 'Select closed profiles to machine'. Click on the white part outline to select it, then
right-click to terminate the selection > the face mill operation dialog now now appear,
9. In the General tab set Mill Type to Climb, Angle to 0, %Stepover to 90, Lead
Length to 0, Lead Radius to 0 and Stock Offset to 0.5.
10. Click the Tooling tab and set Feedrate to 500, Plunge Feed to 200, Speed to 150,
and Diameter to 1.25. All other settings can be left blank.
11. Click the Depth tab and set Clearance to 0.25, Level to 0.04 and Depth to -0.04. All
other settings can be left blank. > Click OK. > The Face Mill operation is now
created.
12. On the Operations toolbar, click Roughing Operation. > The status bar prompts
you to 'Digitise Geometry to machine'. Rest the cursor on the cyan profile to highlight
it, then click. > Right-click to finish the geometry selection
13. On the Main toobar, click Generate Code.
MODEL:
RESULT:
as simulated using EDGECAM.
PREPARED AND PUBLISHED BY:
Mr.M.Mohan Prasad M.E., (MBA).
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
P.A.College of Engineering and Tec hnology,
Pollachi, Coimbatore - 642 002.
Email: ermmpbe@gmail.com

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A COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LAB MANUAL CUM

080120040 - COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by

. in the Computer Aided Manufacturing laboratory .

Head of the Department Staff In-Charge

Submitted for the University practical examination held

Internal Examiner External Examiner

5. Any damage to any of the equipment/instrument/machine caused due to

Students must be fully aware of the core competencies to be gained by doing

Preparedness, conducting experiment, observation, calculation, results,

In case of repetition/redo, 25% of marks to be reduced for the respective

Conducting experiment means making connection, preparing the experimental

Calculation means calculating the required parameters using the approximate

Average Mark: Staff - in - charge

Average Mark: Staff - in - charge

1. The evolution of CNC:

The following three successive years witnessed hardware refinements and

2. Difficulties faced by early NC machines

In a conventional NC system, the control is hardwired and therefore any

2.3 Tape Reader

It is the least reliable hardware component of the system. NC System breakdowns

2.4 Management information

The conventional NC System cannot provide timely information on operational

2.5 Non-optimal Speeds and Feeds

A Canned cycle is a combination of machine movements that perform machining

5. Candidature of NC for the industry

6. Designation of co- ordinate systems in NC Machines

In an NC System, each axis of motion is equipped with a separate driving source

This is the axis left in a standard Cartesian Co-ordinate system.

6.4 Rotational axis

A, B and C axis represent rotating about X, Y and Z respectively.

7. General format of a manual CNC Program

The CNC program block generally contains the following format

8. Control systems used in CNC Machines

(i) Allen Bradley

9. Execution of part program written in CAPP Language

It is computer application program that accepts as input user oriented language

It is the intermediate data points, which represents the co-ordinates of various

10. The requirements of a spindle drive and feed drive

(a) The requirements of a spindle drive motor are

11. Spindle drives commonly used in CNC machine tools

(a) Squirrel cage induction motors

12. Requirements of Feed drives

(a) Constant torque to overcome friction and working forces

12.1 Feed drives commonly used in CNC machines

Permanent magnet DC Servo motor

13. Important constituent parts of a CNC machine tool

(a) Machine structure

14. CNC machining centers vis--vis CNC machines

Miscellaneous Function (M - Code):

M00 Unconditional stop

Geometric codes (G - Code):

G00 Rapid traverse

XL TURN CNC LATHE SPECIFICATIONS

1. Swing over Bed - 150mm

XLMILL CNC (STARMILL) SPECIFICATIONS

1. Table clamping size - 425x130mm

In a NC program, the machining steps (operations) for producing a part on the

Table. 1. Address Characters as Per DIN 66025

3.2. G and M codes for Milling Operations:

G71 U(ul) R (r)