DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC BRAKES IN

HILL STATION

INDEX

SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

1. ABSTRACT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. PROBLEM STATEMENT

4. OBJECTIVES

5. SCOPE

6. METHODOLOGY

7. LITERATURE REVIEW

8. WORKING PRINCIPLE

9. PROPOSED MODEL

10. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

11. CONCLUSION

12. REFERENCES
 ABSTRACT

The aim of the project is to design and construction of a module used for vehicles in
the hill stations. Auto breaking system is used when vehicle is moving upward
direction. The project was divided into two phases. The First phase is to demonstrate
the application of IR sensor. The second phase of the project attempts controlling
pneumatic actuator. IR sensor is interfaced to solenoid direction control valve.
The aim is to design and develop a control system based an intelligent electronically
controlled automotive braking system is called AUTOMATIC BRAKE FOR
HILLS STATION. This Braking system is consists of IR transmitter and Receiver
circuit, Control Unit, Pneumatic breaking system. The IR sensor is used to detect the
hills obstacle. There is any obstacle in the path, the IR sensor senses the hills obstacle
and giving the control signal to the breaking system. The pneumatic breaking system
is used to break the system.
The technology of pneumatic has gained tremendous importance in the field of
workplace rationalization and automation from old-fashioned timber works and coal
mines to modern machine shops and space robots. It is therefore important that
technicians and engineers should have a good knowledge of pneumatic system, air
operated valves and accessories.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In this work the mechanism has been developed to stop the vehicle from rolling
backwards when the vehicle is moving in the hill roads. Ratchet and Pawl mechanism
has been identified to arrest the motion to the front axle. Anti-Roll Back mechanism
has been fabricated and tested on the front axle assembly. The mechanism works well.

Ratchet and pawl mechanism is used in many applications effectively where the one
side power transmission is required for example in (i) Giant wheel- It is the large
wheel used in the amusement parks to rotate along the horizontal axis to rotate in one
direction while carrying the number of passengers. (ii)Clocks- where the hands rotate
in clockwise directions only.(iii) Baffle gates- in the entrances of many buildings
which rotates about vertical axis in one direction.(iv) Shaping Machines in the crank
and slotted arm. In the hill station, the most common problem to the drivers is to park
their cars in the slope and to start up the car. While waiting in the traffic, the cars have
to move on step by step very slowly, this situation is a difficult one for the drivers to
make their car not to roll back in the slope. So the mechanism has to be developed to
stop the vehicle from rolling back and it should not stop the vehicle in accelerating
forwards. This function can be achieved by using the ratchet and pawl mechanism.
The ratchet and pawl has to be designed and has to be fit in the front drive shaft in
case of the front drive vehicles. The Maruti Swift Dzire car is considered and the
ratchet and pawl has to be designed for it. In order to design for the worst case the
road maximum slope is considered- Zoji pass Road Kashmir which has 21.80 o with
gradient 2/5.

The aim of the project is to design and construction of a module used for
vehicles in the hill stations. Auto breaking system is used when vehicle is
moving upward direction.
The project was divided into two phases. The First phase is to demonstrate the
application of MEMS. The second phase of the project attempts controlling
motors.
MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical-systems) sensor is interfaced to micro
controller using I2c protocol, microcontroller receives the data from the
MEMS sensor and process it according to the data from the sensor appliances
are operated.
MEMS are made up of components between 1 to 100 micrometers in size (i.e.
0.001 to 0.1 mm) and MEMS devices generally range in size from 20
 micrometers (20 millionths of a meter) to a millimeter. They usually consist of
a central unit that processes data, the microprocessor and several components
that interact with the outside such as micro sensors.
The MEMS sensor senses the acceleration of the vehicle and it is displayed in
the LCD screen. As the vehicle moves the MEMS sensor displays the
difference in the acceleration. As the vehicle climbs up the hill the speed of the
motor speed changes as there is a change in the acceleration of the values in
the X and Y plane. This speed is changed as it is already mentioned in the
source code and accordingly the braking system is applied by decreasing the
speed of the vehicle when the given acceleration values are reached. Thus
automatically braking system is applied on the vehicle by using MEMS sensor.

Fig. application of brakes on slopes

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Design and develop a prototype model of showing the concept of automatic hill
station braking system which will show the working of application of brakes in
emergency conditions while driving on slopes in hill stations road conditions.
Also fabricate the model of the same which will show the working desired by
emergency braking on slopes in hill station roads.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

1. To Design and develop a prototype model of showing the concept of automatic

hill station braking system while driving on slopes in hill stations road
conditions.
2. To fabricate the model of the same which will show the working desired by
emergency braking on slopes in hill station roads.
 3. To provide safety options while driving in hill stations.
4. To test the model under different conditions of speed and slopes.
5. To automate the braking system by means of sensors and actuators.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

A ratchet is a device which is used in vehicles over a few decades and
when a vehicle is negotiating a turn, the outside wheel travels a greater distance and
turns faster than the inside wheel. The ratchet gear is the device transmitting the
power to each wheel, allows one wheel to turn faster than the other.

Degrees of automation are of two types, viz.

Full automation.
Semi automation.
 In semi automation a combination of manual effort and mechanical power is
required whereas in full automation human participation is very negligible.

1.4 METHODOLOGY

In this work, Ratchet and Pawl mechanism is identified to arrest the backward
motion to the car. The ratchet is placed in the front drive shaft and the Pawl is fitted
with the frame. When the vehicle is moved in the hill road, the lever has to make the
pawl to touch the ratchet. If the vehicle tends to move backward direction, the pawl
would stop the ratchet to move Counter Clock-wise direction with respect to front
wheel. As the vehicle is in neutral position, the pawl engaged the ratchet and the
vehicle did not move in .

The IR TRANSMITTER circuit is to transmit the Infra-Red rays. If any

obstacle is there in a path, the Infra-Red rays reflected. This reflected Infra-Red rays
are received by the receiver circuit is called IR RECEIVER. The IR receiver
circuit receives the reflected IR rays and giving the control signal to the control
circuit. The control circuit is used to activate the solenoid valve.

If the solenoid valve is activated, the compressed air passes to the Single
Acting Pneumatic Cylinder. The compressed air activates the pneumatic cylinder and
moves the piston rod. If the piston moves forward, then the breaking arrangement
activated. The breaking arrangement is used to break the wheel gradually or suddenly
due to the piston movement. The breaking speed is varied by adjusting the valve is
called FLOW CONTROL VALVE.

The technology of pneumatic has gained tremendous importance in the field of

workplace rationalization and automation from old-fashioned timber works and coal
mines to modern machine shops and space robots. It is therefore important that
technicians and engineers should have a good knowledge of pneumatic system, air
operated valves and accessories. The air is compressed in an air compressor and from
the compressor plant the flow medium is transmitted to the pneumatic cylinder
through a well laid pipe line system. To maintain optimum efficiency of pneumatic
system, it is of vital importance that pressure drop between generation and
consumption of compressed air is kept very low.

The aim is to design and develop a control system based an intelligent

electronically controlled automotive braking system is called AUTOMATIC
BRAKE FOR HILLS STATION.This Braking system is consists of IR transmitter
and Receiver circuit, Control Unit, Pneumatic breaking system. The IR sensor is used
to detect the hills obstacle. There is any obstacle in the path, the IR sensor senses the
hills obstacle and giving the control signal to the breaking system. The pneumatic
breaking system is used to break the system.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATUE REVIEW

Anti-creep and hill holder brake system

Cook George

Suggested a hill holder mechanism holds the vehicle in slope for 2 seconds by using
the brake pressure. A device operable in a transmission of a vehicle for substantially
preventing vehicular rollback on an incline, comprising: a shaft rotatable which is
supported in a transmission housing; a gear selectively connected for common
rotation with the shaft, wherein the gear is rotatable in a first rotary direction and a
second rotary direction.

B. Improved release mechanism for a hill holder device William kent

Utilized a load sensor connected with a wheel brake to sense a change in wheel
braking torque and communicate responsively with a mechanical brake control
device. If a car is stopped on an incline while the motor is still running, there's a good
chance that some kind of hill-start control will be needed. A sensor that detects an
incline of more than a certain amount, three degrees or more, can send a signal to the
hill-start control indicating that the vehicle has the potential to start rolling. The
disadvantage of incline detection is that sometimes a car maybe on an incline without
needing the hill-start control - for instance, when a tire slips into a pothole.

C. Improved release mechanism for a hill holder device Grzegorz Janiszewski

Stated that the use of piston cylinder device, controlled by an electronic unit which is
coupled to a hydraulic pressure system and acts on the brake pedal for two seconds.

D. Release mechanism for a hill holder device William K. Messersmith used

The load cell with electrical control for braking system. But it requires continuous
electric energy for the production and display of signals. It also requires an
amplification circuit for the generation of output display because the signals produced
by the gauge itself are of very much low voltage almost in milli-volts. In a vehicle
having a clutch pedal and a brake pedal, a hill holder device is utilized to maintain the
brake pedal in the applied position so that the vehicle operator's foot is free to operate
the accelerator pedal. A mechanical brake control device may be disposed between the
clutch and brake pedals, with the clutch pedal connected by a linkage to the brake
control device so that release of the clutch pedal will cause deactivation of the brake
control device and result in release of the brake pedal from the applied position. The
release mechanism should be usable with either a mechanical brake control device or
a braking assistance servo-motor system.

E. Vehicle transmission hill holder Alvin H. Berger used

A one-way clutch when engaged it prevents rolling of the vehicle. A device operable
in a transmission for substantially preventing vehicular rollback on an incline includes
a shaft, a gear, a one-way clutch, and a pawl member. The gear is selectively
connected for common rotation with the shaft. The gear is rotatable in a first rotary
direction and a second rotary direction. The one-way clutch has an inner race and an
outer race, where the inner race is connected to the gear and the outer race has an
outer surface having a plurality of engaging teeth. The pawl member has a first end
and a second end, where the first end is pivotal mounted to a transmission housing.
The second end of the pawl has a first angled portion configured to release and
engage at least one of the plurality of engaging teeth of the outer race as the outer race
rotates in the second rotary direction.

SAFETY AUTO BRAKE SYSTEM FOR HILL STATION VEHICLE USING

MEMS SENSOR

Syslog Technologies Innovative Thoughts

The aim of the project is to design and construction of a module used for vehicles in
the hill stations. Auto breaking system is used when vehicle is moving upward
direction . The project was divided into two phases. The First phase is to demonstrate
the application of MEMS. The second phase of the project attempts controlling
motors. MEMS sensor is interfaced to micro controller using I2c protocol,
microcontroller receives the data from the mems sensor and process it according to
the data from the sensor appliances are operated. Application are like refrigerators ,
microwave ovens, Theaters hospitals etc.. I2C protocol is used for interfacing MEMS
sensors with micro controller, Micro controller main functionality is to receive signals
for sensors and process information by taking desired decision. Applications which
use this technology are refrigerators, operation theaters and microwaves. MEMS-
based sensors are a class of devices that builds very small electrical and mechanical
components on a single chip. MEMS-based sensors are a crucial component in
automotive electronics, medical equipment, smart portable electronics such as cell
phones, PDAs, and hard disk drives, computer peripherals, and wireless devices.
These sensors began in the automotive industry especially for crash detection in
airbag systems. Throughout the 1990s to today, the airbag sensor market has proved to
be a huge success using MEMS technology. MEMS-based sensors are now becoming
pervasive in everything from inkjet cartridges to cell phones. Every major market has
now embraced the technology. Inertial sensors have been used in aircraft and
navigation systems for a long time. It is not until recently that new technology has
caused the price and size of gyroscopes and accelerometers to make them available in
consumer electronics. Of particular importance is the MEMS (micro-electro-
mechanical-systems) technology that has allowed small, cheap and robust sensors to
enter the market, recent advances in micro-electromechanical system (MEMS)
technologies have enabled inertial sensors to become available on the small size and
price scales associated with such commonplace devices as consumer appliances,.
Accelerometers measure the transactional force encountered due to their acceleration.
To convert this to a velocity this output would need to be integrated once and to
convert this to a position, integrated twice. Accelerometers can use several different
technologies.

The Reverse Alert System is first developed by Surveillance Guard

Corporation (SVG). It was the world first aftermarket automatic braking system that
can be fitted to any vehicle. This system firstly fitted in Australian vehicles and has
been taken extensively trialed across the passenger vehicle market, road transportation
and taxi industries. This system begins with ultrasonic sensors that were fitted at rear
of the vehicle. These sensors detect an object at 1.6m a signal is sent to a solenoid
located at the front of the vehicle. The solenoid is attached to a flexible cable that runs
through the firewall and is attached to a universal brake pedal clamp that is fitted on
the brake pedal. Subsequently, when the solenoid is activated this pulls the brake
pedal -stopping the vehicle automatically. [7]
The Reverse Alert Technology was installed on following vehicles:
Two Ford Ranger Light Commercial Vehicles (1 x 1.6m and 1 x 2.5m
systems) and;
Two Hino Trucks (both equipped with the 1.6m system) EWP and Line
Truck.
 ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) which helps the rider gets a hassle free
[4]
braking experience in muddy and watery surfaces. It applies a distributed braking
and prevents skidding and wheel locking. In 1988 BMW sold for the first time
electronic-hydraulic motorcycles. The first Japanese maker selling motorcycles with
ABS was Honda ST1100 equipped optionally with electro-hydraulic ABS module in
1992. [9]
With the ABS, if the rider only brakes with the front or rear wheel, the braked wheels
tends to lock up faster as if both brakes would have been applied. A Combined
Braking System (CBS) distributes the brake force also to the non-braked wheel to
lower the possibility of a lock up, increase deceleration and reduce suspension pitch.
Volvo is all set to launch its new XC60 SUV which will sport laser assisted braking
which will be capable to sense a collision up to 50 mph and apply brakes
automatically.

Safety System
The aim is to design and develop a control system based on pneumatic braking system
of an intelligent electronically controlled automotive pneumatic braking system.
Based on this model, control strategies such as an 'antilock braking system' (ABS) and
improved maneuverability via. Individual wheel braking are to be developed and
evaluated. There have been considerable advances in modern vehicle braking systems
in recent years. For example, electronically controlled ABS for emergency braking,
electronically controlled hydraulically actuated individual brake-by-wire (BBW)
systems for saloon cars and electronically controlled pneumatically actuated systems
for heavy goods vehicles. The model is to be constructed in modular form thus
allowing the replacement / interchange of the various blocks and their associated
technologies. Upon completion of the full vehicle braking model, sensitivity analyses
will be carried out. Once the preliminary simulation model has been thoroughly
benchmarked and existing control system strategies evaluated, an audit of the
technology used is to take place and this will provide a basis for comparison of
iterative technologies / techniques.
The final phase of the new modern vehicle shall include:
Development of improved ABS control controlling of machines and equipment.
Pneumatics has for some considerable time between used for carrying out the
simplest mechanical tasks in more recent times has played a more important role in
the development of pneumatic technology for automation. Pneumatic systems operate
on a supply of compressed air which must be made available in sufficient quantity and
at a pressure to suit the capacity of the system supply of compressed air is by means
using reciprocating compressor. The compressibility of the air was first investigated
by Robert Boyle in 1962 and that found that the product of pressure and volume of a
particular quantity of gas. The equation is given bellow,
i.e., PV = C (or) PV = P1V2
Where, P-pressure
V-volume
In this equation the pressure is the absolute pressure which for free is about 14.7 PSI
and is capable of maintaining a column of mercury, nearly 30 inches high in an
ordinary barometer. Any gas can be used in pneumatic system but air is the mostly
used system now a days.

Types of Braking
The brakes for automotive use may be classified according the following
considerations.
1. With respect to application,
a) Foot brake
b) Hand brake
2. With respect to the method of braking contact,
a) Internal expanding brakes
b) External contracting brakes

3. With respect to the method of applying the braking force,

a) Single acting brake kes. ar,

f power employed,
Re-engineering using simplified models.

Pneumatics
The word pneuma comes from Greek and means breather wind. The word
pneumatics is the study of air movement and its phenomena is derived from the word
pneuma. Today pneumatics is mainly understood to means the application of air as a
working medium in industry especially the driving and
a) Cylinder brakes b) Diaphragm brake
7. With respect to the number of wheels, a) Two wheel brakes
b) Four wheel brakes
8. With respect to power transmission, a) Direct acting brakes
b) Geared brakes
The foot brake or service brake is always applied by a pedal, while the parking brake
is applied by a hand lever. The parking brake is intended chiefly to hold the car in
position. The parking brake can be set in the ON position by means of a latch while
the service brake remains on only as long as the driver presses down on the pedal. The
hand brake is normally used only after the driver has stopped the car by using the foot
brake. Its other use is as an emergency brake to stop the car if the foot brake system
should fail. The hand or parking brakes operates on a pair of wheels, frequently the
rear wheels. When drum type rear brakes are used, the same shoes can be used for
both hand and foot control. The drum type of brake may either be a band brake or a
shoe brake. Both band brakes and shoe brakes may be either external or internal.
The band brakes generally are external and shoe brakes internal. In drum brakes
the drum is attached to the wheel and revolves with it. Friction to slow the drum is
applied from inside by the shoes which do not rotate but are mounted on a stationary
metal back plate..
Disc brakes do the job more efficiently, for the cooling air can get to the rubbing
between each piston and the disc, there is a friction pad held in position by retaining
pins, spring plates etc. Passages are drilled in the calliper for the fluid to enter or leave
the each housing. These passages are also connected to another one for bleeding. Each
cylinder contains a rubber selling ring between the cylinder and the piston. The brakes
are applied, hydraulically actuated piston move the friction pads into contact with
the disc, applying equal and opposite forces on the later. On releasing the brakes, the
rubber sealing rings act as return springs and retract the pistons and the friction pads
away from the disc. Now let us see in detail about different braking systems in
automobiles.

Mechanical Brake:
In a motor vehicle, the wheel is attached to an auxiliary wheel called drum. The brake
shoes are made to contact this drum. In most designs, two shoes are used with each
drum to form a complete brake mechanism at each wheel. The brake shoes have brake
linings on their outer surfaces. Each brake shoe is hinged at one end by on anchor pin;
the other end is operated by some means so that the brake shoe expands outwards.
The brake linings come into contact with the drum. Retracting spring keeps the brake
shoe into position when the brakes are not applied.

Hydraulic Brakes:
The hydraulic brakes are applied by the liquid pressure. The pedal force is transmitted
to the brake shoe by means of a confined liquid through a system of force
transmission. The force applied to the pedal is multiplied and transmitted to brake
shoes by a force transmission system. This system is based upon Pascals principle,
which states that The confined liquids transmit pressure without loss equally in all
directions. It essentially consists of two main components master cylinder and
wheel cylinder the master cylinder is connected by the wheel cylinders at each of the
four wheels. The system is filled with the liquid under light pressure when the brakes
are not in operation. The liquid is known as brake fluid, and is usually a mixture of
glycerine and alcohol or caster- oil, denatured alcohol and some additives

Air Brake
Air brakes are widely used in heavy vehicle like buses and trucks which require a
heavier braking effort that can be applied by the drivers foot. Air brakes are applied
by the pressure of compressed air, instead of foot pressure, acting against flexible
diaphragms in brake chamber. The diaphragms are connected to the wheel brakes.
These diaphragms are controlled through a hand or foot operated valve. The brake
valve controls brake operation by directing the flow of air from a reservoir against
diaphragms in the brake chamber when the brakes are applied and from brake
chambers to tube atmosphere when the brakes are released. The air compressor,
driven by the engine furnishes compressed air to the reservoir fall below a set valve.

Electric Brake
Electric Brakes are also used in some motor vehicles, although these are not very
popular. Warner electric brake is one of the examples of such brakes. An electric brake
essentially consists of an electromagnet within the brake drum. The current from the
battery is utilized to energize the electromagnet, which actuates the mechanism to
expand the brake shoe against the brake drum, thus applying the brakes. The severity
of braking is controlled by means of a rheostat, which is operated by the driver
through the foot pedal. Electric brakes are simpler.

Vacuum Brakes / Servo Brakes

A serve mechanism fitted to the braking system reduces the physical effort the
driver has to use on the brake pedal most servo mechanisms are of the vacuum
assistance type. A pressure differential can be established by subjecting one side of the
piston to atmospheric pressure and the other side to a pressure below atmospheric
pressure by exhausting air from the corresponding end of the servo cylinder.

Improving Quality of Vehicle Tracking Systems in Hill Stations Using IEEE

802.16 Networks Roop Singh Takur, E. Ramkumar

IEEE 802.16 standard was designed to support the vehicle tracking system
applications with quality of service(QOS). Tracking system is used for tracking the
vehicles in hill stations with quality of service(QOS). With the help of subscriber
station(SS) can track the vehicles. Subscriber stations will provide signals to the
mobiles and vehicles .In this paper, we propose a scheme, named vehicle tracking
system, to track the vehicles without any interrupt in hill stations with quality of
service(QOS). The idea of the proposed scheme is to track the vehicles in the roads of
the hill stations which is coming in opposite direction and back of the vehicle.
Analysis and simulations are used to evaluate the proposed scheme. Simulation and
analysis results confirm that the proposed can track the vehicles with the help of
subscriber station by given quality of service(QOS). Scheduling algorithms are
proposed to improve the overall throughput. The simulation results show that our
proposed algorithm improves the overall throughput by 40% in a steady network.

CHAPTER 3

WORKING DIAGRAM OF PROJECT:

Air brakes use compressed air to make the brakes work. Air brakes stop large and
heavy vehicles. Safely; but the brakes must be maintained and used correctly. Air
brakes are three different braking systems: service brake, parking brake and
emergency brake systems. The emergency brake system uses parts of the service and
parking brake systems to stop the vehicle if the service brake system fails. B. Air
brake system parts The air brake system consists of the following parts. 1). Air
compressor pumps Air compressor pumps air into the air storage tanks (reservoirs). It
is connected to the engine through gears or a v belt. The compressor may be air
cooled or cooled by the engine cooling system. It may have its own oil supply or it
may be lubricated by engine oil. If the compressor has its own oil supply, check the
oil level during the pre-trip inspection. 2). Air compressor governor Air compressor
governor controls when the air compressor pumps air into the air storage tanks. When
air tank pressure rises to the cut-out level (around 125 pounds per square inch-psi),
the governor stops the compressor from pumping air. When the tank pressure falls to
the cut-in pressure (around 100 psi), the governor allows the compressor to start
pumping again. 3). Air storage tanks Air storage tanks hold compressed air. The
number and size of the tanks vary between vehicles. The tanks will hold enough air to
allow the brakes to be used several times even if the compressor stops working. Air
tank drains allow you to drain water and compressor oil that may accumulate in the
tanks. Water and oil tend to collect in the bottom of the air tank and are bad for the air
brake system. The tank must be drained completely to remove all moisture.
Otherwise, water can freeze in cold weather and cause brake failure. Each air tank is
equipped with a drain valve in the bottom. Fig 8 shows the air storage tank arrested.
The same can be achieved if this model is fitted in the car. This will be the case while
fitting this mechanism in the drive shaft of the car. When it has been done the car
cannot move in reverse direction in the slope as the pawl locks the ratchet.

The fabricated mechanism is fitted in drive shaft for testing experimentally to check
whether the functionality has been achieved (Figure 5). The hand driven lever is
turned in forward direction, similar to forward motion of the car, the pawl does not
stop the ratchet to rotate. The hand lever is turned in opposite direction similar to the
reverse motion of the car in the hill road, and the pawl stops the rotation of the
ratchet. So, the drive shaft and the wheels did not rotate. Therefore the reverse motion
of the wheels is

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES
Brake cost will be less.
Free from wear adjustment.
Less power consumption
Less skill technicians is sufficient to operate.
 It gives simplified very operation.
Installation is simplified very much.
To avoid other burnable interactions viz. (Diaphragm) is not used.

DISADVANTAGES
Additional cost required for doing modification

APPLICATION

For automobile application

Industrial application

CONCLUSIONS

Thus the mechanism can stop the vehicle from rolling back in hill roads. This would
be more helpful for the drivers to drive their cars comfortably in hilly roads and he
can take off the car in the uphill without rolling back the car.

The project SAFETY AUTO BRAKE SYSTEM FOR HILL STATION VEHICLE
USING MEMS SENSOR has been successfully designed and tested. It has been
developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used. Presence of
every component has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the
best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of
growing technology the project has been successfully implemented.

REFERNCES:

[1] T.J. Prabu-Design ofTransmission system,

[2] Transport Research Wing, Road Accidents in India, Ministry of Road Transport
and Highways, India, 2011.
[3] The New In-Depth, At-the-Scene, Accident Investigation Database in India by
N.Rameshkrishnan, A. Sathyakumar, S. Balakumar, A. M. Hassan, R. Rajaraman, J.
Padmanaban.

[4] Mahesh shahapuri-Anti-roll back system for manual transmission vehicles (WO
2013024491 A2)

[5] Cook George -Anti creep and hill holder brake system (US 2938611 A)

[6] William kent-Improved release mechanism for a hill holder device.

[7] Grzegorz Janiszewski-Improved release mechanism for a hill holder device.

[8] William K. Messersmith-Release mechanism for a hill holder device.

[9] Alvin H. Berger-Vehicle transmission hill holder.