Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(1955-1975)
i khi lch s cng ban thng cho k cng u, v mt hn t ng ch, c th chuyn hng c mt dng sng
Mounier.
Ti tnh c c bi: Vn Miu Nam K ca c Phan Vn Hm vit trong bo Tri Tn Tp Ch, s 144,
ngy 01-05-1944,1 mt vi nhn xt v gii tr thc Nam K xin ghi li nh sau: *Di triu Nguyn,
Nam k c t ch la tha vi bn ng Tin s, m Phan Thanh Gin l c s nghip hin hch
hn c Ri trng Cao ng, ri trng Cao hc, ri trng i Hc, ln hi thit lp, u c ti H
thnh. Ngi t cao bn Php v nh cc ng Ngy Nh Konoum, Hong Xun Hn, Nguyn
Mnh Tng, Nguyn Vn Nguyn, Ng nh Nhu v.v... u cng l Trung, hoc Bc... Cho n
vn s, thi s, ngh s, ti tnh, t tu sau bui ra trng cao tiu hc hoc trung hc, cng khng phi
Nam K m c.
Nhn xt c i phn chua xt phn nh mt phn s tht vo nhng thi k nht nh ca x Nam
K. Nhng n cng cho thy rng, c Phan Vn Hm hiu ngha ngi tr thc phn thng tc
theo ngha i thng. Theo ngha , ngi tr thc l ngi c bng cp cao. Trong khi , nu hiu
tr thc l mt thi tr thc, mt thc, mt suy t, mt thao thc trc mt hon cnh x hi, chnh
tr th c Phan Vn Hm li l ngi tr thc hn ai c. Ch ni v bng cp thi th c Phan Vn Hm
c bng Cao hc Trit hc (Diplme dtudes Suprieures de Philosophie). Nhng quan trng hn c
l cuc i dn thn lm chnh tr, u tranh cho quyn li ca t nc cng vi v s tr thc min
Nam khc.
Sau Hip nh Genve 1954, hai min Nam Bc tr thnh nhng k i u nh mt th ni th. Hy
nh li, sau cuc di c ca mt triu ngi min Bc, t y nh du mt danh xng mi: Min Nam
v Min Bc. Ngn cch bng dng sng Bn Hi. Danh xng ny nhc nh cho mi ngi khng phi
ch ngn cch bng bin gii sng Bn Hi m bin gii in su khm vo tm thc mi ngi: Bn kia l
Bc, l Cng Sn, l k th. Bn ny, quc gia chng Cng.
Nh th khng cn l ngi Vit vi nhau, nhiu lc c cm tng l c hai nc Vit Nam na. Cn
nhc li, khi ng Dim v nc nhn chc Th Tng, min Nam ang bn b vc thm v chnh
tr, kinh t v s de da ca cc th lc khuynh o bn trong ln bn ngoi. Lc by gi, ch cn n
nh c tnh hnh th l mt cu tinh... Stephen Pan, trong Viet Nam crisis nhn xt: Ng nh
Dim assumed the prime ministership in 1954 when his country was facing economic chaos, political
instability, and external subversion, not on a massive scale, but on a scale that kept increasing intensity...
He led South Viet Nam through its initial crises, changed it from a monarchy to a republic, and built up
the first national loyalty its people ever knew. 2
Sau khi n nh c min Nam, ngi ta c cm tng min Nam, chnh th Ng nh Dim th
mnh, c th ng u c vi min Bc. Theo Gio s V Vn Mu: * Trong cuc trng cu dn
c t chc vo ngy 23-10-1955, khng ai c th chi ci rng tt c a s, nu khng mun ni t
nht 80% cc ng bo i b phiu cho Th Tng Ng nh Dim gi chc v Quc Trng ti
min Nam Vit Nam, thay th Cu Hong Bo i b trut ph, thuc thnh phn Pht t. Chnh Ng
nh Dim nh ghi chp trn y, ghi nhn s tht hin nhin y*3
Cng trong tinh thn , Gio s Mu ghi nhn ngi ta nh gi: ng Dim, v tn th tng cng nh
ngi ta nu ln qu kh trong sch ca Ng nh Dim khi lm vic quan v tnh tnh kh khi ca
ng khi t chc Thng Th B Li trong ni cc u tin ca Bo i*.4
2
Trong giai on ny, chnh ph ND gii quyt v n nh s ngi di c, gii quyt xong vn
gio phi, n nh kinh t v pht trin o to gio dc. Theo GS L Chnh Trung, c khong gn 200
trng Trung Hc c xy dng di thi ng Dim cho cc tnh l v qun l. Ngay c nhng
vng xa xi, ho lnh v ngho nn nh Gio Linh, Bng Sn, C Mu, Tr n v.v... u c trng hc.5
V an ninh, vo nm 1956, 90% cn b Vit Minh h tng b tiu dit.6 Chng hn, ti tri t Ch Li
Bnh Dng l ni tp trung n 6000 chnh tr phm Cng Sn b bt giam. (Theo Chnh o,
trong Vit Nam nin biu)
thi k u ca ca nhng thp nin 1955-1960, chng ti nhn thy r mt iu ny: y l ni biu
tng cho hai th lc, hai th ch ngha mun chng t cho th gii thy l chng ti c chnh ngha.
Bn kia, lnh t l ng H vi ng Cng Sn. Bn y, c ng Dim vi ch ngha Quc Gia. Nh
Edward Miller nhn nhn. ng Dim cng mun tr thnh mt th H Ch Minh min Nam: Ng
nh Dim was a dreamer, As ruler of South Viet Nam from 1954 to 1963, Dim aspired to greatness as
a nation builder, and he was determined to find an alternative to the path taken by H Ch Minh and the
Vietnamese Communists.7
Trong s h, mt s tr thc truyn b mt th Trit L Hin Sinh phi chnh tr v c gii tr tin
tng v noi theo. Ngi vit c dp ni ti vn ny trong bi vit: Nhng ngi con hoang ca
J.P.Sartre. V th, p dng ci lp trng phi chnh tr ny, cc tr thc, sinh vin thi say m v
trnh by th Trit l hin sinh trng c, nng v mt Trit hc. Mt th trit l hoi nghi, ph nhn
mi h thng gi tr o c, tn gio. Nht l chng li ci m h cho l nghim chnh, chng li ci
gi l esprit du srieux.8
c c mt thi k m gii tr thc sinh vin min Nam ua theo th trit l ny, th trit l ci
phn va h ca n, mt th trit l chn i, hoi nghi, bung xui, vn chng c n nhp g n th
Trit L Hin sinh ca Sartre c.
Trn y l tm tt sc thi c bit ca tr thc min Nam trong giai on ny. Mt th tr thc tiu t
sn, sng cng dy gia ci u v ci d dy. Sau ny, Cng Sn do s hi qu ng, hoc mun e rn
cnh co xp mt s h vo th thnh phn tr thc nguy him nht, mt th bit kch Vn Ngh
Min Nam.
4
c i hi, c chng i. Bi hc dn ch mi bt u lm ny sinh ra nhiu xo trn khng trnh
c ngay sau ...
C l gia Bc-Nam c mt iu khc bit duy nht: Min Bc mi mi b bt buc, b nhi s phi tin
tng tuyt i vo ng li ca ng. Trong Nam, t ra cn c ci quyn tin hay khng tin v ngay c
ci quyn c phn i.
V th, s xo trn chnh tr trong Nam gin tip cho thy t ra ngi dn cn c c ci quyn
phn khng.
Trong khi min Bc, ngoi nn i km, chnh quyn Cng Sn phm phi nhng sai lm
nghim trng v ci cch rung t v v Nhn Vn Giai Phm, sau v ni dy Qunh Lu. Nhng
di ch ton tr, h gii quyt v dp yn c nhng mm mng chng i bng trn p, bo
lc v e da. Nhng, trong Nam, chnh quyn li dng dp ny bi en ch min Bc vi s n
hnh sch Trm Hoa ua N Trn t Bc (Ton b nhn nh v ti liu dn chng v v n Nhn
Vn, Giai Phm ti min Bc Vit Nam... do Mt Trn Bo V T Do Vn Ha xut bn) v b phim
Chng ti mun sng... Nhng hnh nh , dn chng min Nam kh qun c. Ngi ta bt u gh
s ch CS thng qua s tuyn truyn ny.
Mt trong nhng l do gy ra nhng khng hong chnh tr sau ny ca min Nam l s thiu vng mt
nh lnh o, thiu vng mt lp ngi tr thc c vn ling cch mng v c lng vi t nc. l
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s thiu vng nhng hn tng c th lm chuyn hng mt dng sng. Kim mi mt cng khng
c. Khng c nhng tr thc dn thn, lm cch mng x hi, ng v pha ngi dn, pha ngi
ngho... Ch bit Chng Cng sung th c ch li g?9
Min Nam, khng thiu ngi ti gii, d l khc so vi min Bc... Nhng thiu mt l tng, mt
thc h v mt gii tr thc cch mng. L tng chng Cng, tin n ca th gii t do ch tn ti
c vi nm u, sau tn li. K n l thiu lnh o Cch Mng... Khng l g L Chnh Trung
sau ny ch ly Tri cho min Nam c mt nh lnh o m ci bng nho nh mt cht, i bng hai
chn. Vy m khng c...
Gii thch v s thiu vng gii tr thc min Nam th c nhiu l do lm. C th l v mt phn h b
Php bt v git hi, hoc b cht trong t, hoc b i y... T 1940 n 1945, khng cn xt x, c
khong hn 2000 ngi b tng giam hoc tng vo cc on lao ng c bit (formations spciales de
travailleurs), hoc b y i Ntsi-Lava pha Bc Madagasca. Trong Hi k ca c Nguyn Th
Truyn c ghi nh sau:* Vo khong 1940-47, chng ti b thc dn Php pht vng mt hn o nh
gn Madagascar. Cng trong s phn ny c 10 ng bo min Nam k c c Gio Ch Cao i Phm
Cng Tc, 8 ng bo min Bc trong s y c mt ngi Th, mt ngi Nng.* 10
Nhng chc sc ca cc gio phi Cao i, Ha Ho b tnh nghi, b xp vo loi nhng phn t nguy
him cho an ninh cng cng u b chuyn n cc tri tp trung ti ni B R v T Li Bin Ha, vng
rng su nc c, v phng sinh sng...
Mt phn khng nh khc th b th tiu. Ln lt nhng nh tr thc i quc min Nam nh Bi Quang
Chiu, H Vn Ng, Trn Quang Vinh, Bc s H Vnh K v v l bc s Nguyn Th Sng, Hunh
Ph S, L Kim T, Hunh Vn Phng, lut s Dng Vn Gio, nh bo Dip Vn K, L Vn Vng
(sau ny con ca ng L Vn Vng l Tin s L Tun Anh, gi chc Tng Trng Canh Nng). Ai th
tiu? C khng theo Vit Minh th sm mun cng b th tiu. l ci sai lm ca tr thc min Nam
d tin v b lng gt. xc nh cho r thm trch nhim v nhng v th tiu, m st nhng nh tr
thc trn, ng Trnh Hng Ngu, trong mt dp gp Trn Vn Giu Thi Lan cho bit, ng Giu
khoe l ng c danh sch hn 200 ngi cn th tiu, nhng cha thi hnh kp (?)12.
Phn khc do c s tranh chp gia t, xu hng Troski v tam, nhm Stalin a n cc cuc
thanh ton nhau. Nhm tam gm Trn Vn Giu, Dng Bch Mai, Nguyn Vn To coi nh c
trch nhim v nhng ci cht ca T Thu Thu, Trn Vn Thch, Phan Vn Hm. Tn bo y l
Cng Sn th tiu Cng Sn, th tiu chnh nhng ngi ng ch ca mnh... Xin xem thm Hi k ca
6
Nguyn K Nam, Hi k 1925-1964. Hi k NKN ghi li l: Ngoi s bt b ca chnh ph, bn
Staliniens quyt st T Thu Thu. y l, chnh Paris m bn Staliniens mu st hi T Thu
Thu, ngi bn ca chng ta ch cn trng cy c chng ta, hy vng chng ta... K tn Daniel
Gurin13. V sau y l trng hp ca Phan Vn Hm:* Hm ln min ng gp Dng Bch Mai,
ni hn rng: Trc chng ta bt ng kin v Chnh tr. Nay, nc nh ng cn on kt chng
Thc Dn, ti tin rng anh s b qua vic c Dng Bch Mai khng tr li, nhng li ch cho Hm
vo mt phng bn tri, tc l ni mt vo khng ra na c, ngi ta gi l ca t. Tht vy, hai
hm sau, Phan Vn Hm b th tiu.14
Ti liu chnh thc ca ng Cng Sn cng gin tip xc nhn iu d bng cch ln n cc hot ng
ca nhm Troski l phn cch mng: chnh quyn nhn dn trng pht chng lm gng
Chng y m ch bn Troski. Trng pht y phi c hiu l b m st, th tiu*15
Nhn li giai on ny, ti nh lng ngh rng, nhng ngi Cng Sn tam, theo ng li st mu
ca Stalin tht s c ti i vi Lch s dn tc Vit Nam. H em rao truyn mt th ch ngha
bo lc quyn li ng mnh ln trn quyn li dn tc. Vic git hi nhng nh tr thc yu nc
thuc thnh phn lm tr tr tin trnh gii thc v hao mn tinh lc ca c mt dn tc. Mi ngi
tr thc b thm st l cng thm mt ti i vi t nc, bi v rng nhng ngi tr thc b cht i
ch v khng ng quan im vi ngi Cng Sn Tam. Nay, nhng ngi nh ng Trn Vn Giu,
k trch nhim chnh v nhng v thm st ny gi im lng? Bao gi th ng ln ting mt ln cho
xong? Th l min Nam mt nhng hn tng, mt nhng k gan d v can m c th chuyn ha
c mt dng sng?
V nhng l do va nu trn, khng l g c mt khong trng tr thc min Nam theo ngha thiu vng
nhng ngi c mt vn ling tranh u chnh tr, c quyt tm em c cuc i ra phng s t nc.
Stanley Karnov trong chng vit v ng Dim cng c cng mt quan im nh sau: Vo nm
1954, sau Hip nh Genve, tht him c mt ngi Quc Gia ni ting bn ngoi hng ng ca Vit
Minh. Rt nhiu ngi b khai tr bi ngi Cng Sn hay ngi Php, cn nhng ngi khc th rt
7
lui khi i sng chnh tr. Mt s ngi khc th sang lp nghip bn Php t chc nhng bui hp v
b, ra nhng tuyn co v ngha, dng nhng m mu chnh tr t va h cc qun cph. ng Dim l
ngi phi lp y ci khong trng ... Mc du ng l ngi c mt qu kh trong sch, ng khng
c vc dng ca mt ngi lnh o quc gia*16.
Nhn xt trn ca Stanley Karnow m t ng thc trng tr thc min Nam sau nm 1954. Nhng v
Th tng trc 1954 nh Nguyn Vn Xun, (c coi l l bi sng gi nht, ngay c trong trng
hp c th thay th ng Dim) Trn Vn Hu, Nguyn Vn Tm, Bu Lc u b t chc v thay th v
nhng bt cp chnh tr hay kh nng yu km khng gii quyt c nhng nan chnh tr, x hi t
ra. Tht kh kim c mt nhn vt tiu biu c tm c v kh nng ng ra lnh trch nhim lnh
o min Nam... Nhiu ngi tin on, sau Hip nh Genve, ch l mt giai on trin hn cho
mt s xm chim ton vn ca nhng ngi Cng Sn.
ng Dim tr thnh nhn vt tiu biu cn thit thi k . Ngay chnh bn thn ng Dim, ng nh
cng b th tiu bi H Ch Minh, sau khi ng t chi hp tc vi nhng ngi Cng Sn. Nhng
khng bit v l do g, H Ch Minh sau th ng ra v khng git. Sau ny Karnov trong mt
bui ni chuyn vi Hong Tng vo nm 1981 tit l cho bit:* Considrant les vnements qui
suivirent, relcher Dim fut une erreur*. Xt tnh th lc , th Dim l mt iu sai lm.17
Phi chng chnh ci erreur m din bin lch s 9 nm cm quyn ca ng Dim chm dt mt
cch bi thm bng ci cht ca ba anh em dng h Ng?
Nh ni trn, v gii tr thc min Nam sau 1955 u thiu ci vn cch mng, thiu ci qu kh
dn dy trong u tranh, thiu chng ch nh t nn phn ng nhng ngi ra nm b my chnh
quyn u l nhng chuyn vin, nhng ngi c ngh nghip chuyn mn nh k s, lut s, bc s,
gio s. Hoc mt s tr thc salng. Trong danh sch ni cc u tin ca ng Dim, ngy... 7-1954,
ngi vit thy c ba bc s, bn lut s, hai gio s, hai k s, mt c ph s, mt cn s cng chnh,
mt chuyn vin phng th nghim sinh ha Php. Nhng chuyn vin ny c th ch thch dng trong
mt thi k t nc thanh bnh, nhng li t ra lng tng v bt ng trong mt hon cnh t nc
phn i. Mt t nc cn mt cuc cch mng x hi ton din. vy, gia s i hi dn ch, t do
v s an ninh, n nh ca mt chnh quyn... iu no l u tin?
thc v dn ch, v quyn t do t tng hay pht biu, thc nhng quyn cn bn v quyn lm
ngi, thc v s tranh u chnh tr bng nhng hnh thc dn ch nh vn ng qun chng, biu
tnh, xung ng, nh cng bi th, ra tuyn ngn v.v... so vi s sng cn ca min Nam. iu no
nn chn, nn hy sinh?.. Trong nhng chng mc no nhng hnh thc chng i trn c cho php
hoc khng cho php? C th thc hin hay khng th thc hin c? C th thc hin song hnh va
8
pht trin thc dn ch, bt k l bt cp hay qu , va mun duy tr mt tnh trng n nh x hi,
chnh tr c th ng u vi mt min Bc ton tr? C th cn mt th c ti giai on lm
cng cuc ci cch x hi thay v h ho i hi thc thi dn ch? Khi m s e da sng cn ca min
Nam l phi trnh cho bng c tnh trng xo trn? Bi v l c hi duy nht c th mt min
Nam vo tay Cng Sn..? y l bi ton nhc u cho nhng ai cm quyn Vit Nam v cho c
nhng nh tr thc sau ny dn thn nhp cuc bng nhng hnh thc chng i chnh quyn. C th
cng mt lc tin hnh dn ch v duy tr mt th ch, mt chnh quyn mnh min Nam c th
ng u vi chnh quyn min Bc? Chn la no s l u tin hng u?
A.- Mt thch dn ch
Thi k n nh chnh tr v pht trin ca ng Dim ko di khng c bao lu. Nhng ngi dn
cng nh gii tr thc c du hiu cho thy nhng bt mn khng trnh c. ng Bi Dim c k
li ng dy t ti trng Phan So Nam m t Hiu Trng n Gio s u chng chnh ph. n gi
gii lao l qu v gio s, phn ng l ngi ca cc ng phi nh Duy Dn, i Vit, h phi QD
ca Nht Linh hay ca V Hng Khanh xung quanh chn tr k li nhng mu chuyn hoc ch trch
chnh ph.. 18 Trong s c nhng gio s nh V Khc Khoan, Phm Vn Tm, t Thi Lng
Nghim (ngh s) v Nguyn Phan Chu... c im l thi VNCH, c mt c gio s i dy t l
ch thi, nghe ngng, chun b lm mt ci g khi thi c n. Phn ng bn h l ngi ca cc
ng phi...
Theo Stanley Karnow, ng thm nhiu vng v i n u cng thy c chuyn tham nhng. Ngi
dn bt u mt tin tng vo chnh quyn. Nhng nm thng tt p ca nn nht cng ha bt u
c vt rn nt.
Mc du, ai cng tha nhn rng cho n lc ny cuc sng ca ngui dn c nhiu ci tin... V mt
gio dc, cc trng tiu hc, trung hc c thip lp t cp tnh n qun... Y t cng vy, mi tnh
u c trm y t v nh thng. Vn o to cc gio vin, y t, cn s y t, gio s trung hc c
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thc y mnh. Cc trng i hc, trng k thut, trng Quc Gia Hnh Chnh, cc trng s quan,
mi nm o to c mt s lng chuyn vin, s quan p nhu cu ca t nc.
Nhng cnh , vic pht trin gio dc o to ra mt lp thanh nin tr thc tr thnh th. Cc tro
lu t tng Ty Phng, cc ch thuyt mi nh ch ngha Hin Sinh v ngay c ch ngha Cng Sn
c tip thu v ging dy mt cch rng ri. Thm vo cc tip cn vn ha loi vi vn hc
ngoi quc do vic c trc tip nguyn bn hay dch ra.
Gii thanh nin tr thc thnh th min Nam tng i c c mt np sng vn ha cao. Cng v
th, h nhy bn vi cc vn chnh tr th gii, cc th ch c ti hay dn ch, s phn cc nc km
m mang v cc nc nhc tiu..
Sau Bi din vn ca L.S Nguyn Mnh Tng v v Nhn Vn Giai Phm... t ng tr thc b xa s
min Bc.
y l l phiu bt tn nhim u tin ca ngi tr thc min Nam chng chnh quyn Ng nh Dim.
y cng l mt hnh thc chng i da trn nhng nguyn tc dn ch ca mt s tr thc i din
cho c min Nam.
Trong s nhng tr thc k tn trong bn tuyn ngn ny, c nhiu ngi tng cng tc vi chnh
quyn Ng nh Dim. l qu ng L Trng Lut, Nguyn Tng Nguyn, Trn Vn v.v... H i
din cho nhiu thnh phn tr thc ca c Trung Nam Bc, cc tn gio, cc khuynh hng chnh tr.
Ngay khi bui hp bo ra mt ti Caravelle vo ngy 26 th ngy 27 thng T 1960... Ti Seoul, Tng
Thng L Tha Vn b bt buc phi t chc.20 y l du hiu khng tt cho chnh ph Ng nh
Dim.
Theo nh li ng Bi Dim, trong Gng Km Lch S, t trang 161-165, Hi k chnh tr, cng nh
kin ca Karnow, trong cun Vit Nam, trang 136-137. Thot tin, nhng ngi nh qu ng Trn Vn
Vn ch mun vit mt l th o t ln chnh quyn Ng nh Dim, ch kn o v ni thng vi
ng Dim, do m li l ht sc trang trng v n ha... Nhng bc th b ng Dim lm ng.
Khng tr li... V th, Nhm tr thc trn mi quyt nh em cng b l th vi bo ch v c gi l
Tuyn Ngn Caravelle, v c cng b ti khch sn Caravelle. Ch l mt l th gi cho ng Dim
mt cch trc tip v kn o nn ngn t trong hin nhin khng th c dng khiu khch hoc bt
xng vi ng Dim, cng khng c mun lt ng Dim.
Cng theo ng Nguyn Thnh Vinh trong bi vit: Mt Trn Quc Dn on Kt trong bin c 11-11-
60.* Ti gp anh Vn my ln v bc th trn v chng ti kt lun rng li l trong bc th khng
c mnh, v k hoch khng p lc c chnh ph Dim*21.
11
trong danh sch ca bn Tuyn Ngn. (li ca ng Bi Dim). Trong s nhng ngi k tn trong bn
tuyn ngn c Phan Quang n b bt giam v ln n kh sai, y i Cn o v ng h cuc o
chnh 11-11-1960. Con s nhng ngi b bt trong nhm tr thc Caravelle -c ngi khng c trong
danh sch 18 ngi- c ng Trn Vn Vn, Trn Vn Tuyn, Phan B Cn, Trn B Nht, Trng Bo
Sn, Trng Khnh To, Nguyn Ch, Vnh Li, Trn Vn L, L Ngc Chn, Trn Tng, Trn Vn
Hng v Nguyn Lu Vin.
Ci ng r quan trng ca Tuyn ngn Caravelle a n cuc o chnh khng thnh ngy 11-11-
1960. Nhng ngi nh Nht Linh Nguyn Tng Tam nhn xt bn tuyn ngn li l qu yu
khng hy vng c cht thay i g v pha ng Dim. V th cng theo ng Nguyn Thnh Vinh trong
bi Mt Trn QDK, trn cc ng yu cu nhm Caravelle ng vo Mt Trn Quc Dn on
Kt. Mt trn ny d nhin do VNQD iu ng c k hoch i n biu tnh, tuyt thc trc Quc
Hi. Nht Linh tip xc i gp Gim Mc L Hu T, cha Onh, cha Hin. ng Nguyn Thnh Vinh
ra min Trung gp Thng Ta n Hu, bc s Trn nh Nam. ng Trn Vn Vn i gp cha Lc,
cha Vui... K hoch ca Nht Linh khng thnh v mt s ngi ngay trong mt trn t ra ngi
ngng v li u tranh trn.
Ngi vit nhn thy h nhn thc r vai tr tr thc dn thn ca h. y l dp cc nh tr thc
min Nam c c hi ln ln, trng thnh v chnh tr v bc u con ng dn ch ha. l mt
tch cc m ngi ta nhn thy c. Nhng mt khc, ngi ta cng thy rng c nhng yu km nhiu
mt sau y:
- N khng phi l mt cuc vn ng qun chng ca nhiu tng lp dn chng nh gii lao ng, tiu
thng, sinh vin hc sinh, gii cng chc v qun i. V th, bui hp bo tuyn b l th thay v t
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chc sang trng trong khch sn Caravelle, dnh cho thiu s bo ch, thiu s tr thc v gii bo ch
ngoi quc. N cn c t chc trc ca ch Bn Thnh th hay bit my? H, nhng ngi tr thc
tiu t sn ch cn to mt d lun ni gii tr thc thng lu m bt k n dn chng. H chng lu
n ngi dn l g c. Ngi dn vn m tt. Cui cng, l th ch c mt dm ngi c bit. Tc
dng nh hng gii hn. Ci tn gi Tr thc Caravelle gi ra mt tc dng xu nh tr thc salon, tr
thc phng tr. Ngi dn vn l thnh phn b b qun, ng bn l... Tu chung, n vn ch l nhng
i hi ca mt tng lp tr thc tiu t sn hu nh chng c lin quan g n a s m ng khc
- l ci mt yu ca ngi tr thc tiu t sn. Sau ny, ngi ta thy r l nhng khun mt tr thc
khng to uy tn lp mt chnh ph, n nh mt tnh th. L do gin d l ngi dn khng
bit h, cha tin vo h. Khun mt sng gi nht c th l c Phan Khc Su vi thnh tch i t.
Cn li nhng ngi tr thc nh Trn Vn Hng, Phan Huy Qut, cc bc s nh Nguyn Tin H,
Nguyn Lu Vin, Lut s Trn vn Tuyn? C Trn Vn Hng, mt ngi o c, c nhn cch,
nhng nh th lnh o mt t nc trong thi chin? Ni chi n nhng ngi nh Nguyn
Tin H, Nguyn Lu Vin?
- Min Nam thiu vng nhng nh chnh tr chuyn nghip, thiu vng nhng nh yu nc cch mng
x hi, thiu vng tr thc dn thn, tranh u vo t ra khm?
- Khng c cch no khc, nh v vu, lp ch trng bng nhng ngi chuyn nghip nh bc s, k
s, gio s. Cn bnh trng bng cp ny ch sn sinh ra mt cp lnh o chnh quyn bt ti lm suy
yu cc chnh ph. Cc chnh ph chuyn vin ch tn ti mt thi gian ngn, ri b lt t lu sau b
t chy. Cho n tn by gi, sau na th k, vn ci tinh thn tn trng bng cp , vn nhng loi
ngi Hi Ngoi. Th hi h lm c g?
S tht bi ca cuc o chnh cng gip chnh ph Dim xit cht thm s n p cc phn t i lp
to ra mt mt trn tr thc chng i li chnh ph. T hn na, H Ni bt mch c s khng hong
quyn lc ca chnh th min Nam khai sinh ra i Mt Trn Gii Phng Min Nam vo ngy 20-12-
1960.
Cng cn nn nh rng, trong giai an ny, phn ng gii tr thc chng ng Dim m khng chng
ch ng Dim... mun thay i ngi cm quyn ch khng mun p ch VNCH. Nhng
ngi ca Cng Sn nh Trn Bu Kim, Hunh Tn Pht, Nguyn Vn Hiu, Ung Ngc K thy rng
13
thi c n. n lc mt trn phi xut u l din. H i tm mt nhn vt lnh o mt
trn. Mi u, h nhm dc s Trn Kim Quan, mt ngi c th lc v tin ca, ri n lut s Trnh
nh Tho v Michel Vn Vi, gim c ngn hng Php Hoa. Cc ngi trn u t chi. Sau cng th
h bt buc a Lut s Nguyn Hu Th, lc by gi cn ang b giam ti Tuy Ha. Hunh Tn Pht
tm cch gii cu Th ra khi nh giam. Th cn c con ng chn la no khc? H chng ng
Dim, v cho rng: ng Dim ch lo cng c a v m khng lm g cho dn, cho nc... V th h
mun c mt t chc chnh tr ngoi vng php lut23
S chn la ca mt s tr thc min Nam mong tm mt gii php ra khi cnh b tc chnh tr ca
min Nam tht s l mt gp chnh tr quan trng. N cho thy s khng nm c tnh hnh, khng
hiu r t chc nhn s cng nh mc ch ca Mt Trn. N c b ngoi ph trng nh th mt chnh
ph c thc, c tm c, thun ty Nam b, vi nhng nhn vt nh ng Th, ng Pht, ng Cung, ng
Kim, ng Tng, b Bnh, b nh... v mt nhn vt n ni ting nh b Dng Qunh Hoa. V ni
nh ng H S Khu: Thnh vin Mt Trn thc s chng c bao nhiu. Nhng Si Gn, sao m ai
cng c v l ngi ca Mt Trn qu24
Nhng bn trong h ch lm b nhn nh theo li tng thut ca K S Trng Nh Tng trong A Viet
Cong Memoir. Theo ti liu ny, Trng Nh Tng vn l mt sinh vin du hc bn Php, c dp gp
H Ch Minh, coi HCM nh mt khun mt lnh t sng chi nht chng li ngi M. V trc mt
chng li chnh quyn Ng nh Dim... Hi k cho thy MTGPMN l tt c mt s dn dng khi bn
h c a vo bng ch ngi chi xi nc. Chng hn dn i trong rng, bt mt ri i quanh co
ra v b mt. Nhng bui hp th gi b mt, cc thnh vin mt trn u bt mt, v th chng bit ai
vo vi ai. Ai l tht, ai l gi? l mt kinh nghim au xt ca mt s t tr thc min Nam...
Trng Nh Tng cn vit mt bi vi nhan : The Myth of Libration t co chnh quyn Cng
Sn H Ni dn dng gi di. H nghe v tin tng vo nhng li cam kt ca chnh quyn min Bc
nh sau: Trong nhiu nm, h nghe Vit Nam Dn Ch Cng Ha long trng tuyn b cam kt
rng: Tng b th L Dun ni Min Nam cn c chnh sch ring ca min Nam25
V William Shawcross trn t Washington Post vit* He became the Viet Cong!s Minister of justice,
but at the end of the war, he fled the country in disillusionment and despair. He now lives in exile in
Paris, the highest level official to have defected from Viet Nam to the West. This is his candid, revealing
and unforgettable autobiography.* (ng tr thnh b trng t php trong chnh ph VC, nhng sau khi
chin tranh chm dt, ng trn thot khi VN vi tm trng b v mng tht vng. Nay th ng t nn
14
Paris. ng l mt trong nhng vin chc cao cp nht o thot ra khi VN sang Ty Phng. y
cng l cun hi k cho thy s ngy ng, vi nhng pht hin kh c th qun c).
V Th Hin trong hi k m Gia Ban Ngy, trang 469 vit rng: Tr con min Bc cng bt
mt trn gii phng l do min Bc dng nn
Ngi tr thc min Nam mt ln na b la gt. Sau ny, sau khi min Nam b mt vo tay Cng Sn,
nhiu ngi trong bn h mang o tng s c vai tr, s c dng, s c lnh o min Nam? Tt
c bn h b gt ra bn l mt cch thm bi, hoc cho ngi chi xi nc, c chc m khng c
quyn. Ci mn lng gt ny l ln th my m chnh quyn CS mang ra p dng i vi nhng
thnh phn ng phi v nhng ngi theo h?
Nhn xt v bin c Pht Gio v s sp ca nn nht Cng Ha, Stanley Karnow vit:* La fin du
rgime commenca par une controverse religieuse qui, au dpart, parut sans importance. Mais elle
cristallisa rapidement les autres griefs accumuls contre le gouvernement et prit les proportions d!uin
soulvemnt politique.* Viet Nam, trang 159. (Xin tm dch: S co chung ca ch khi u bng mt
chuyn rc ri tn gio m lc u tng khng c g l quan trng. Nhng n mau chng kt t
nhng bt mn khc v chng my chc s bt mn vi chnh quyn tch ly nay lan rng mau chng v
mang kch thc mt cuc ni dy v chnh tr).
Ni nh th thy rng bin c Pht Gio 1963, lc ban u ch l mt phong tro i hi thc thi
quyn bnh ng tn gio v hu nh c tnh cch t pht, tnh cch thun tn ngng, phng php bt
bo ng, mc tiu bnh ng v t do tn ngng Pht gio. (Trch tinh thn bui hp mt ngy 7 thng
5, nm 1963, cha T m, Ghi nhn ca Thy Tr Quang v bin c Pht gio ti Hu) tnh cch bc
khi bng ln nh mt trn cung phong lm cun phng tt c trn ng i ca n n khng ai tin
on c iu g s xy ra. T mt v treo c, n bin c i pht thanh, n ci cht ca Nht Linh,
s t chc b trng ngoi giao ca Ngoi trng V Vn Mu v v t thiu ca Ha Thng Thch
Qung c. ng nh li ca TT Thch Tr Quang, linh hn ca bin c Pht Gio 63 ghi: Mt s
vn ng k qui.. 26 Hai ch k qui mun ni ti s bt ng trong cuc vn ng ny.
y l ln u tin trong lch s Pht gio c cuc vn ng ln lao v ngha mang tm kch quc gia
v th gii. N cng chng t rng cuc vn ng , d t pht li ko uc a s dn chng min
Nam v c s ng h tinh thn ca th gii bn ngoi. Nht l gii hc sinh, sinh vin tr thc thnh
15
th. Theo anh Hong Vn Giu, on trng SVPT Hu * Lc lng tr c hc ny em li cho phong
tro mt sinh kh v sc din mi chng t Pht Gio khng ch li cun thnh phn vong nin hay cao
nin chn s i m cn hp dn th h ang hm h hng v tng lai dn tc v tn ngng*27
Hay trong Phng trn Tri, Hi ng di t, Thi Kim Lan, ph trng on SVPT, m nt ghi
li tm trng gii tr tr thc nh sau:* 1963 nh du mt chng ng tui tr lm nn cho thao
thc dn thn ca c i cho nn, 1963 kh qun... hay khng th qun. Nhng ngy thng y t l
hnh trang giu trong * ti- o- bn- tim* mang theo trn ng i 40 nm. Phong ba lm, gian trun
cng nhiu cho tt c nhng ai thi y...* my ngi chm m trong ct bi* dm trng, bn b k cn
ngi mt. Rt cc cng ch cn li hai ch V Thng*
Nhng TT nh Thch Tr Quang, Trng Ban Tr s Hi Pht Gio Vit Nam Trung phn, TT Thch
Thin Minh, Tng y Vin Thanh Nin Pht t ca THPGVN Theo anh Hong Nguyn Nhun, TT
Thin Minh cn l nh kin trc phong tro Pht n 63 hay hn na l u no chin lc? V im
ny, chc cn phi c xt li. Phi tm hiu xem th no l kin trc phong tro ch no? v nht l
u no chin lc - ngha l a ra ng li ch o c tnh cch quyt nh n s thnh bi ca
phong tro y? Nh ngi vit trnh by sau ny, i vi ci nhn bn ngoi v i vi d lun quc t,
bin ng Pht Gio 63 gn lin vi hnh nh ca TT Thch Tr Quang. V phi chng, cng l ci
ch c s bt ng gia mt s nh lnh o PG lc ? Bnh thng, cng lm h ch l nhng nh
s tr thc, kh hnh. Vy m nay h tr thnh nhng nh s tr thc c sc mnh tinh thn n c th
lm sp mt ch ? Vic tranh u cho bnh ng tn gio lc u mau chng tr thnh c vng
lt ch Ng nh Dim?
Tht s, d mun d khng, bin c Pht n 1963, Hu cng bin mt s tc nhn tr thnh nhng
lnh t tr thc hng u c v phm vi tn gio v chnh tr min Nam Vit Nam iu m trc y
cha tng c.
Tht vy, trong Time Archive, s ra ngy 22-04-1966, ba t bo s dnh in hnh TT Tr Quang.
Trong s bo, c bi A talk with Thich Tri Quang, TT Tr Quang dnh mt gi tr li phng vn
ca cc phng vin Frank McCulloch v James Wilde, ti Si Gn, qua li thng dch ca ng Thn
Trng Hu, mt nhn vin trong ban bin tp ca t Time. H dng t *venerable* mi khi hi T.T
trong b qun o nh thng. (TT nm bnh vin h sn dng ng Duy Tn ca Bc s Nguyn
Duy Ti). Trong mt bi khc Politician from the pagoda, Phng vin dng nhng li l trn trng
16
sau y ni v mt nh s b ngoi mnh mai, yu ui:* The frail, elegant hands of the Buddhist
bonze who had ignited the trouble gestured- and the mobs went home, the air cleared. The crisis itself
had nod ended, but its course had been changed and channeled, sometimes subtly, sometimes
imperiously, by one of South Viet Nam!s most extraordinary men. As a result of the power and
discipline he displayed in last week... (Tm dch: i bn tay yu t nhng thanh nh ca v tu s Pht
gio, ngi chm ngi cho s bin ng, a ln ra du v m ng tr v nh, bu khng kh tr
li trong tro. Tuy s khng hong cha hn chm dt, nhng ng li thay i v c iu vi, lc
th t nh lc th oai nghim, di s iu khin ca mt trong nhng ngi n ng phi thng nht ca
min Nam Vit Nam. Nh l kt qu ca quyn lc v k lut m ng chng minh tun va qua)
Nhng hot ng tn gio v chnh tr ca TT Tr Quang t ra nhng nghi vn: Phi chng TT Tr
Quang c lin h vi Cng Sn? Phc trnh ca CIA vo ngy 28-08-1964 nh sau:* An analysis ot
Thich Tri Quang is possible Communist Affiliations, Personality anh Goals: Situation Report as of 27
august 1964 (Assessment is that Tri Quang is not a Communist, he would like to establish a theocracy in
South Viet Nam28. (tm dch: Mt phn tch xem th Tr Quang c th l mt ngi Cng Sn, v lin
h ng phi, nhn cch v nhng mc tiu: C s tng trnh ngy 27 thng 8 nm 1964: nh gi
rng Tr Quang khng phi l Cng Sn, ng ta c th mong mun xy dng mt th ch thn quyn ti
Vit Nam. y, nhn dp cng xin ni r mt ln, dp tan nhng d lun n i khng ng v TT
Tr Quang. TT Tr Quang pht biu Ti mnh m tin tng Cng Sn s khng bao gi thnh cng,
ti cng tin tng mnh m rng ch ngha Cng Sn khng phi l l tng ca nhn loi. Nhn loi
cn c nhng trit thuyt cao hn. ch khc, khi tr li k gi Nht Bn Takhasi Oka Cng Sn
chng chng ti, v Pht gio nm trong lng dn tc. Cng Sn lun lun mun t chc qun chng m
Pht Gio li l qun chng. iu gy kh khn cho c Cng Sn ln cho c chng ti29
Trn t Lp Trng, c quan tranh u ca Pht gio ngoi Hu, s ra ngy 17-10-1964, TT Tr Quang
tuyn b: Ti tin tng vng chc rng ch ngha Cng Sn khng bao gi c th thng c. Ti tin
tng vng chc rng ch ngha Cng Sn khng phi l l tng ca loi ngi. 30
D khng c bng chng g chng minh c TT Tr Quang l ngi ca Cng Sn, nhng nhng hot
ng ca TT ng nhin b Cng Sn li dng v khai thc. iu tr tru l Cng Sn e ngi s sp
ca ng Ng nh Dim, bi v lm nh th th Pht gio t ra chng cn ch li g di mt chnh
quyn min Bc. * The government of South Viet Nam lacks evidence to support the conclusion that the
Bud dhist movement was instigated by the Viet Cong, however, there is evidence that the Viet Cong
exploited the crisis* V * North Vietnamese plans to increase military pressure in South Viet Nam
during the Buddhist crisis. Hanoi fears the U.S. will try to depose South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh
17
Diem, and if successful, the Buddhist will no longer be useful to North Viet Nam* (trch cng ti liu
trn) ( tm dch: Chnh quyn Nam VN khng c bng c hin nhin c th kt lun rng phong
tro Pht gio VN l do Vit Cng dt dy, tuy nhin, hin nhin l VC bit khai thc cuc khng hong
. K hoch ca min Bc l to ra nhng p lc qun s i vi min Nam VN trong cuc khng
hong Pht gio. H Ni s rng ngi M s lt ng Ng nh Dim ca min Nam, v nu cuc lt
thnh cng th Pht gio s khng cn c ch li g na cho min Bc).
Theo ngi vit, tr li g cng khng bao gi . Bi v, t thn vic t thiu ca Ha Thng TQ
ngha cho chnh n m khng cn li bin bch no na.
C hai iu ngi vit nhn ra trong ci cht ny theo ci cch ca mnh. Ngi vit bi ny c tt c 5
tm hnh khc nhau v Ha Thng Qung c t thiu. T nhng tm chp u tin, mu o cn
trng, la bc cao, ta lan rng ra nh cha tp vo ngi ca Ha thng. Bn cnh c thng sng
nha cn . Mt HT nhm, lng thng , tay bung xui theo kiu ngi kit gi - nghim chnh v
t ti -nh th h v ha cnh gii bn ngoi l sc nng, la tp. Khng t l mt nt nhn mt hay
au kh, gn nh v cm... Kh c th tng tng c sc ngi c th trn p c nhng cn au
ng chm n thn kinh cm gic, hoc cc gic im au n. Thi thng, con ngi phi qun qui
vng vy, la ht, ln ln. Cc c bp tht phi co bp li, git tay, git chn. Khi cht, ming mm c th
mo m, mt trn, tay chn co dm li khng kho. Sc ngi nh ti khng hiu c. C ci g l
lng. Nhng bc hnh k tip, o en v chy ri, mt nhm en nhn khng r mt. Nhng t
18
th ngi vn th... Vn bt di bt dch. Vn kit n, vn bnh thn t ti. Mt thn hnh nh nh tht li
khng cn nhn ra l ai na. (A thumbnail of the unidentified monk). n tm hnh cht, la hu tt,
tay vn ngang pha bng. Ti thy r hn t lm c hai tm vi hay tm nha g vn cn nguyn vn,
mt ng nhiu ch en x, nhng tm vi ton b vn khng b chy. Khng bit tm vi lm bng
cht g m khng chy? Xin trch dn i dng ghi li ca nh bo David Halberstam, phng vin t
New York Times ghi li nh sau:* Behind me I could hear the sobbing of the Vietnamese who were
now gathering. I was too shock to cry, too confused to take notes or ask question, too bewildered to even
think As he burned, he never moved a muscle, never uttered a sound, his outward composure in sharp
contrast to the waiting people aroumd him* (Xin tm dch: ng sau ti l nhng ting st si ca
nhng ngi VN t tp . Ti qu b xc ng n khng ku ln c, lng tng khng bit
ng ghi chp hay t cu hi, u c qu lun qun khng ngh c g na. Trong khi b la t,
khng thy bp tht co git, khng thy tht ra mt ting ku, dng bn ngoi vn thng khc hn vi
m dn chng ang ch i chung quanh Ha Thng).31
Ci th ngi thng, khng mt cht lay ng, trc lc t thiu v sau t thiu vn th. Ci b ngoi cho
thy mt s im nhin ta th tht l p v n tng trong khi ng o ca nh s ng bn ngoi
khc than... C mt ci g vt tm nhn thc con ngi? C th ni n mt sc lc siu nhin bt
chp cc quy lut t nhin?
Kh c th c ci t th cht no p hn.
Min Nam cn nhng tm lng nh th. t nc VN cn nhng tm lng nh th. Thy Tr Quang trn
ng t Hu vo Si Gn vit La Qung c ang t chy ch ca ng, khp c nc v th
gii32 Khng hn ch l nh th. Cng khng cn l nh th. La Qung c cn dy cho cc th h
mai sau bi hc ca lng nhn i ngay i vi k th. Lng nhn i nu ni theo tinh thn nh Pht
th l ngn la t bi.
19
Nhn tin y, ngi vit xin trn trng trch li mt phn bi th ca Bi Khi Nguyn, d nh ng
trn t Hnh Trnh, nhng cha c c hi c dng, gi ti c gi c bi vit ny ghi nh mt ln
ci cht p ca c N sinh QTT ti ch Bn Thnh.
Quch th Trang.
C mt c n sinh Si Gn
Tc ngc lan xa vai
Xinh Lolita
Ngy th Juliette
Ngy hm qua
C cn thc th thm bn gi chic
C cn p cnh hng gia trang tiu thuyt
Cng trng Din Hng
25 thng 8
C gi yu ui nh sn
Hin nh t
Xinh Lolita
Ngy th Juliette
Tri tim Si Gn - Vit Nam thn thc.
ong. Pht sng d man
c n sinh m tim gc xung
chng ta
Mi ln qua cng trng Din Hng ngp hng hoa nng
Nh gim cho
Mt pht: 60 giy
Quch Th Trang
i em gi nm y
Yu nh sn
Hin nh t
Xinh Lolita
Ngy th Juliette
can m dm yu, dm ght
dm sng 60 giy... mt pht
Rt hn nhin Khng tnh ton Chng bn khon
Bi Khi Nguyn.33
Ci cht ca Nht Linh phi chng mun theo gng Ha Thng Thch Qung c? Xem li cuc i
nh vn Nht Linh, iu lm cho chng ta suy ngh l phi chng ng c nn dn thn vo con ng
chnh tr hay khng? ng l mt trong nhng nh vn, nh tr thc hng u ca nhm TLV. Nhng
khng c ngha l vn nghip ca ng hn nhng nh vn trong nhm nh Khi Hng hay Thch Lam...
Nhng r rng ch ca ng l . Nhng tnh th t nc i hi, vi t cch nh tr thc, ng dn
thn vo chnh tr n gn na i cn li... m mi ln mi gp tht bi. Trc tin, ng gp tht bi
20
khi nhn lm b trng ngoi giao trong chnh ph Lin Hip Khng Chin v d cuc hp vi Php ti
Lt. Tht bi vi Vit Minh trong vic ginh chnh quyn H Ni. V th, t 1946, ng bn ba
trn sang bin gii ri sang Trung Quc. Lc Cn Minh, Trng Khnh ri Thng Hi, cho n 1951.
Thng Hi, ng chung vi cc ng Trn Vn Tuyn, Phan Quang n Nguyn Vn Hi v
Nguyn Gia Tr. T 1951, ng v sng ti Si Gn. Ngi con l Nguyn Tng Thit k li v tnh
trng ca b mnh:* C m l chng ti lm cm b dy cn nghe ting khc trong phng cha ti.
Ting khc lc u cn nh sau ln dn khng km hm c... L chng ti ng ngc nhn nhau.. Sau
ny khm ph ra rng cha ti l ngi c n v au kh*.34 Trng Bo Sn cng c nhn xt tng
t: *Tuy lm vic y, nhng ng xung tinh thn, nh ngi tht ch, chn i, mt mi ch tip mt s
bn b thn. ng tuyn b khng lm chnh tr na v a con ln Lt, ly th i rng kim lan,
chi lan gii bun*. Nht Linh c nhiu l do c n v au kh: Ci tht bi cay ng ca Hi
ngh Lt. Ci cht ca Hong o Nguyn Tng Long. Nguyn Tng Bc, ngi em t ca
Nht Linh, mt hm t Qung Chu n Hng Khng ngh Nht Linh nn t b ch ngha Tam Dn,
s phn r h phi Quc Dn ng lm hai. Mt Trn Quc Dn on Kt do ba ngi ng tn l
Phan Khc Su, Nguyn Xun Ch v Nguyn Tng Tam b tht bi. V th, ngay t 1954, sc khe
ca ng suy sp lm ri nh Nguyn Ngu bi ngi v hn nhc li: Anh dng nh yu nhiu
v chng nhng tay anh hi run, m pha di hai g m anh cng git lia, ging anh liu lu, hi ni
chng c di. V c ngi anh mt ci g mt mi chn chng.35
Mc du sc khe suy sp, ng vn thit tha gn b vo trong nhng hot ng chnh tr nhm lt ch
ng Dim... ng tham gia vo cuc o chnh bt thnh ngy 11-11-1960 v sau b mi vo
Tng nha CSQG cng vi cc ng Trn Vn Hng, Trn Vn Vn. Tt c u b bt giam, tr Nguyn
Trng Tam. C 35 ngi b a ra trc ta n Qun S c Bit sng 09-07-63... tr Nguyn Tng
Tam, v ng t t trc . Ci cht ca ng gy mt ting vang v mt xc ng ln i vi ton
th dn chng min Nam. C l ch c mt ngi duy nht l Bc s Phan Quang n tr li hi khc
ngi trong bo Ting Di min Nam, ngy th nm 11-7-63 nh sau. Bc s nghe tin ng Nht Linh t
trn? Bc s ngh sao? p: C, ti c c tin. Ti ngh rng, thi gian ny l lc ng Nht Linh cn
sng hn l cht. Chng ti thng tic ng lm v khng r v sao li c s ng tic y.36
ng V Vn Mu sau khi t chc nh trn ra ngoi quc, nhng b bt ti phi trng Tn Sn Nht.
Chnh ph ng Dim dn xp vi ng Mu vi iu kin: ng Mu khng cng khai tuyn b t
chc, tri li chnh ph phi ng ra i vi l do hnh hng ba thng ti n . Cuc dn xp cui
cng i n quyt nh ng Mu ra i vo ngy 28-8-1963.37 Trong VN nin biu ca V Ng Chiu
cho bit ng V Vn Mu ri VN ngy 29-8 thay v 28-8. Trong chuyn bay, c c GS Bu Hi. Mt
ngi i hnh hng, mt ngi i sang Nu c bnh vc cho chnh sch ca ng Dim v Pht Gio.
Tng cng nn nhc cng vo thi k ny c cc Gio s Phm Biu Tm cng xin t chc ri cng b
bt. Trong s nhng tr thc b bt cng k thm qu ng Lut s Bi Tng Chiu, Gio s u Trng
Thanh, ng inh Thch Bch, ng Trn Thanh Bng v.v...
22
phn i. Ngi M b ri. Qun i vi tng lnh rp tm o chnh. Tin n o chnh cng c.
Mt tnh th nh th, GS V Vn Mu hn khng th khng bit.
Tnh th chn mi. Chnh v th, ngi vit nhn thy vic t chc ca mt s tr thc c v nh mt
hi chung bo t cho ch . Hi tr, nhng vn cn thit. Lc du si la bng, lc sng cn trong
gang tc l lc cn n tr thc ra mt?
Chng ta cng phi tha nhn rng, min Bc c mt s li th khng chi ci c trong cng cuc
vn ng chng Php ca gii tr thc. H tha k mt di sn tinh thn ca nhng nh tr thc, nhng
ngi i lm Cch Mng ca thp nin 1930. H u xut thn t mt trng o to lm cch mng.
l ni nhng nh t nh Cn o.38 Chnh ngi Php t tay thit lp nn ci trng o to
nhng nh cch mng ny. Hc tr tt nghip s c mnh bng c tn gi l: ch ngha anh hng. Ch
ngha ca lng yu nc, nho trn gia chnh tr v lng yu nc, gia lun l v chnh tr, gia
truyn thng vi dng h gia ph vi lch s c t hng, nh bng.
Trc tip hn na, ng CS Vit Nam cn c nhng tc phm cao ch ngha anh hng cch mng
nh Le procs de la colonisation (Paris 1925). ng cch mnh (1927). Trn Hu vit Hn c lp
v Ting chung truy hn (1926). Trn Huy Liu vit Mt bu tm s. (Si Gn, 1927). Nguyn c
Qunh vit Mt li th (1936). Bi Cng Trng vit T lng yu nc chn chnh, ti i n ch
ngha Cng Sn v Ngi trc ng, ngi sau tin ln. (H Ni 1960). Ng Vn Trin vit Lch s
Nam tin ca dn tc ta, (H Ni 1929) Dng B Trc vit Ting gi n, (H Ni 1925). Trn Huy
Liu dch Tn Dt Tin vi nhan Dn sinh ch ngha. Gng chin u ca nhng ngi Cng Sn.
(xb ln th 3, H Ni 1965). Trong cao nhng ngi nh L Hng Sn, Chu Vn Lim, L T
Trng, H Huy Tp, Nguyn Th Minh Khai, Nguyn Nghim, Trn Ph, Hong Vn Th. Bn cnh ,
ngi Cng Sn cn qung b v cao cc Phong tro S Vit Ngh Tnh (1930) Bc Sn v cuc ni
dy ca Nam K khi ngha, 1940 v.v Tt c nhng phn tm tt cc tc phm trn da trn cun sch
ca David G Marr.39
T ci li th , h tin hnh cuc xm chim min Nam cng vn di nhng chiu bi nh thi k
chng thc dn Php, cng vn kch ng lng yu nc bng nhng huyn thoi cc anh hng chng
xm lng c. Trc l chng thc dn Php, nay chng thc dn kiu mi l M.
23
Ngi min Nam, tr thc min Nam a ra c biu tng g bo v min Nam? Sau 1963, tnh
hnh chnh tr c nhiu bin ng vi v Tr thc Caravelle v nht l v Pht gio 63. Tr thc min
Nam di b thi tr thc phng tr v tr thc phi chnh tr. H khng th ng ngoi ch nhn
nh mt ngi khch, m thy cn phi dn thn, nhp cuc.
Mt ln na, ngi ta thy nh hng ca ch ngha Hin Sinh trn gii tr thc sinh vin thnh th.
Cun truyn LHomme rvolt ca A.Camus, V ta n Russell, cun Les Mains sales ca Sartre v.v...
Nhng khi nim ca ch ngha Hin Sinh nh con ngi-hon cnh, con ngi-trch nhim, con
ngi-dn thn, ri con ngi-chn la-nhp cuc tr thnh ch hng cho gii tr thc nhp cuc.
Mi con ngi khng th khng sng trong mt hon cnh nht nh, mt thi i nht nh. N xu n
tt th ta cng trong . T ta c trch nhim i mnh v trch nhim thi i mnh. Trch nhim
l bao hm phi dn thn, phi nhp cuc, phi ln ng, phi hnh ng, phi phn khng. Ta khng
th ngi yn c. Phi t ra trung thnh vi chnh mnh v vi ngi khc, c can m chn la. Chn
la ng v pha l tng, chng li mi p bc, bo lc bt c t u ti T ch chn la , khng
th chn mt ch vi ch ngha gio iu, quan liu, phn dn ng v pha nhng k b p bc,
v pha ngi ngho.
Trong khi , thnh phn gii tr thc tch cc dn thn di ch ca TT Ng nh Dim u phn
ng l nhng ngi ln tui, c nhng hot ng chnh tr cch ny, cch khc, trc tip tham
gia chnh quyn v nht l thnh phn cc ng phi. y l c im ca thi k ny. H l nhng
thnh phn nhng ng vin cn sng st ca thi k trc1954, sau khi b Vit Minh xua ui, tn
st. Thc cht ca cc ng phi ny c th ch c mc tiu l nm chnh quyn, nhng li thiu hu
thun nhn dn. V th, thng h th ngi ch v nht l th i lp vi chnh quyn nh l l
VNQD v i Vit.
24
lng l g? Trong 4000 cha ri rc trong ton min Nam, ngi ta thy c s gim st r rt v s s
si, t 30.000 xung cn 10.000. o Pht c c nguy xung cp v r ng khng? Trong bi phng vn
dnh cho i TF1, truyn i ngy 11-05-1978, Thng Ta Tr Th,40 tr tr cha Gi Lam, cho rng
VN hon ton c t do theo o v rng nhng nh s b bt l do nhng hnh vi c nhn ca h, khng
c lin quan g n tn gio. Gii thch v l do s nam tu s Pht gio gim i th c ct ngha rng
mt s bn h trc y i tu l ch l trn qun dch. Bng chng l s n tu s vn khng gim.
Gii thch nh th tht khng n, khng l n 20.000 nam tu s u l nhng ngi trn lnh c sao?
C th ngh xem, trong 6 thng php nn, chng ta t ra ginh c ci quyn phn i, biu tnh,
tuyt thc, h ho o, tng b giam cm, nh p tra tn, nhng i vi nhiu thanh nin sinh
vin hc sinh, c mt ci g hng say phn khch m c l l gic m t do dn ch, cng bng x
hi. Cuc i nh c mt ngha, mt hnh trang ln ng vi s vn t y giam lng. c rt
nhiu thanh thiu n coi y nh ci vn lm nn vo i ca mnh..
Trong sut 45 nm di ch Cng Sn, t ngoi Bc vo Nam, th hi c bao nhiu cuc biu
tnh? Bao nhiu cuc biu tnh c mu sc tn gio? Ti sao khng c mt cuc t thiu no? Khi Ha
Thng Thch Qung c t thiu l ngi vn nui mt nim hy vng, vn tin tng nh ci cht ca
mnh c th chuyn ha lng ngi, chuyn ha mt tnh th? Khng th t thiu hoc trm mnh di
ch Cng Sn v khng em li bt c mt th hy vng no. Suy ngh v so snh v im ny, nhiu
lc thng cho ngi dn ngoi y, h ch xin c lm li, ch xin c ti m cng khng c. Ngay
c ci quyn c phm sai lm cng khng c min Bc na.
V mt tch cc, ngi vit nhn thy rng, 9 nm di chnh th nht Cng Ha, t ra chng ta cng
c c hi hc ci bi hc chnh tr dn ch, i cho bng c t do, cng bng x hi, bnh ng v t
do tn gio. Tuy nhin, ph bnh th ch min Bc v th ch hin nay ti Vit Nam, so snh vi ch
ng Dim v cc lnh o k tip ti min Nam khng c ngha l tm cch bi son ch min Nam
nh mt thi hong kim. Trong bn cht tiu cc ca ch min Nam, tht l bi hi (ironique) ni
rng, chnh s phn khng ch ny t tng lp tr thc min Nam em li im son (tch cc) cho
n. (trch Thi Kim Lan, Phng trn tri, hi ng di t)
Sau l nhng ngi tr thc v lp thanh nin, sinh vin trong giai on ny ln ln v trng
thnh trong nhng tri nghim ca nhng thng ngy dn thn cho i cuc, cho cc cuc bi kha,
xung ng... Ch phi hy sinh vi ngi ca ci ch y, gi tr tht l r
Sau bin c Pht gio 63, Min Nam ri vo cnh xo trn lin tip n mt nm thay i ba chnh ph.
Nhn nh v tnh trng ny, xin trch nhn xt ca Tng Nguyn Cao K, mt ngi trong cuc:The
generals who deposed Diem were no better equipped to manage South Vietnam!s affairs than were those
whom they replaced, so the coup that ended Diems corrupt and oligarchie regime brought neither peace
nor prosperity.42
Qu thc, sau ch ng Dim sp , c mt khong trng chnh tr. y l khong trng ln th hai.
Khong trng trc ng Dim cn c th hiu v c th tm ra mt gii php: Gii php Ng nh
Dim. Sau ng Dim c lc ri vo tnh trng v chnh ph, nguy c lm sp min Nam.
Cc tr thc phn ng khng ng ni vai tr ca mnh: Hoc h u hng, s hi, tnh ton hn
thit, ch thi, ng ngoi trng ch, hoc chn nn tht vng v nht l c hi ch ngha. Nguyn
26
Khnh c ln ni tr thc min Nam ton l tr thc phng tr. Cng khng xa lm. C may ca bin
c Pht gio v c hi 1-11-63 l c hi duy nht xy dng li x hi min Nam vut tay.
Si Gn, khi Pht gio ca TT Tm Chu chng li Th Tng Trn Vn Hng, mt nhn vt uy
tn ca gii tr thc min Nam l mt l khng nn... Ring TT Thch Tr Quang c mt lp trng r
rt l vn ng cho mt nn Ha Bnh Pht Gio do dn tc v cho dn tc. Lp trng c cc
khi Pht gio hp Vin Ha o ng chp thun. Nhng lp trng cng mu thun i u vi
nhiu th lc: i vi ngi M, h cho rng ch c th chin thng Cng Sn bng v lc, i vi gii
tng lnh VN, qun Phit - Vi ni cc chin tranh - H cng ch c mt con ng trng ch vo
qun vin M chin thng CS. Cn i vi min Bc, h cng khng c con ng no khc, cng
ch trng ch vo mt cng cuc gii phng min Nam bng v lc. C th do nhng l do m TT
Tr Quang tr thnh k th ca nhiu pha, i nhiu th m.
Lodge laughed.
Between us, I continued: I will tell you that he doens!t eat and he refuses intravenous nutrition, but dont
worry My prediction was confirmed. A week later Dr Tai come to see me, very nervous, to report that
his prize patient looked better. He had all the fresh fruit juice and protein shakes that he could hold and
Dr. Tai assured me that Tri Quang could live thirty years that way I am glad that I didnt have to shoot
Tai43 Khi ng Tr Quang n phi trng Tn Sn Nht, ng lin c a xe v bnh vin. 24 gi sau,
bo Si Gn loan tin ng ta bt u tuyt thc phn i nhng chin dch ca ti bp s ni
dy ca ng ta. Mi ngy bo ch u loan tin ng ta tip tc tuyt thc. Khi ng Lodge t v lo ngi, ti
bo: Tha ng i s, xin ng ng lo ngi. Nu Tr Quang ng l mt nh s, th c th ng ta s
tuyt thc n cht. Nhng ng ta l mt nh chnh tr, ngi c bao gi thy mt nh chnh tr cht v i
cha.
ng Lodge ci.
27
Ti ni tip, gia chng ta, ti ni cho ngi bit rng ng ta khng n v t chi s dinh dng theo
ng tnh mch, nhng ngi ng lo Tin an ca ti c xc nhn. Mt tun sau bc s Ti n
gp ti, dng iu rt bi ri, bo co rng bnh nhn ng knh n ca ng ta hn ng ta c
c tt c cc th nc tri cy ti v nc c cht b protein v bc s Ti cam oan vi ti l ng
y c th sng 30 nm theo cch y Ti mng l khng bn cht tn Ti.)
Tht ra, vic tuyt thc ca TT Tr Quang bt u Hu ri vo Si Gn l tip tc cuc tuyt thc ko
di 100 ngy. Cuc tuyt thc c mc ch hn hi, khng c o tng m cng chng c chi l cu
may, nhng thc hin cuc tuyt thc mt cch nghim chnh. y cng chng phi l ln u TT Tr
Quang tuyt thc. TT tng tuyt thc nh th t ba ngy n nm ngy ri. Kinh nghim c . Kinh
nghim v nhng au n th xc cng c, tinh thn cng c lun. Hai ngy u c th khng sao.
Nhng n ngy th ba c th bt u nhc u, nhc rng. V iu ny, Bc s Quyn, ngi sn sc
sc khe cho Thng Ta bit r iu .
Mt cuc tuyt thc nh th i hi tm thc phi thanh thn nh khng s cht, khng bun, khng
vng tng, khng cu, khng mong. Thn nh khng c m tm cng l l. V th, c th ngi m c
sch, vit c hai bn tho. V tuyt i khng n, khng ung, khng chch. Bc s Nguyn Duy Ti
c ln mun xin chch thuc, TT nh nhng t chi. Chng hn, ung sm Cao ly cng khng c. Cn
mt thng cht, sc lc ca TT c phn yu km. y l cm ngh ca TT. Tr Quang: Ti ngh nh
th ny m i khi thn xc th tuyt vi. n ngy th 100 th li thy th thi, tm l l v ngh: Tht
l tic phi ngng tuyt thc.
Trong lc tuyt thc nh th, c nhng ngi ng vai k gi, c th i lt CIA n thm. C nhng
ngi n mch bo l M nh quyt lit vi ti. Li c LM Nghi n thm, sau ny l Gim Mc. C
bc s Ch tch Pht gio u Chu. C i din nc n mi i sang . C i din Th Tng Nht
mi i sang Nht. Ti u t chi c, bi v l cch Thiu K la a i lu vong. (vit theo
nhng iu c nghe k li... c th c i cht thiu mt chi tit... Nhng nhng im chnh yu th
chnh xc.)
Nhng iu va trnh by trn y thy rng nhng iu ca tng K vit ra ch l nhng iu bim
nh v bt xng?
Ring thy Tr Quang, sau v tuyt thc 100 ngy, th theo li ca c Tng Thng, Thy Tr Quang
tr v cha n Quang nh quy n?
28
Trong ba nm xo trn. Mt ln na cho thy s ph sn ln th hai ca cc ng phi. Ln u, vo
nhng thp nin 40-50, cc ng phi b Vit Minh thanh ton, rung bt lm tan r cc t chc ng
phi. Vi ci cht ca Nht Linh, cng thm s tht bi ca i Vit vi Nguyn Tn Hon, H Thc
K, Nguyn Ngc Huy... T y tr i, vai tr chnh tr ca cc ng phi rt l lu m.
Ngh li trong giai on ny, bin ng min Trung 63 cng lm l mt cuc cch mng na vi. nh
mt ch c ti xong th khng nht thit t nhin chng ta c dn ch. i hi cho c dn ch
th khng nht thit ta c t do. Cu hi cha c cu tr li l chng ta c g sau 63?
Ba nm xo trn , li phi v ai? Ngi Cng Sn tr trn ph hoi? Ngi M can thip trng trn?
Mt s tr thc 30 trc li chy theo phe phi, tn gio? Mt s tng lnh bt ti v v trch nhim?
Cng gio, Pht gio dng nh hng v sc mnh ca ng o cho nhng mu cu chnh tr? y l
nhng nm thng ti t nht ca min Nam VN. T a n chuyn ngi M can thip trc tip vo
min Nam VN dn a n s sp khng trnh c. Cho n lc vit nhng dng ny, vn cha c
ai chu nhn ci trch nhim b bng y?
Nhng khuyt im chnh ca cuc tranh u Pht Gio vn l khng c mt lnh o nm vng ng
li u tranh, sau ny to ra chia r hai khi: n Quang v Quc T. nhng ngy u ca bin c Pht
Gio, TT Tm Chu tng ni: Tm Chu ny ch c mt ch nht.. Nhng cng chnh TT trong cun
Bch Th, xut bn ti Montral, Canada, TT quy trch ba nm xo trn l mt quc nn cho Pht
gio. Ngay t 15-5-1964, hai TT Tm Chu v Tr Quang ra chung mt thng bch: Khng h c s
rn nt gia cc nh lnh o Pht Gio, nht l gia hai anh em chng ti. iu cng khng c
cch chi cu vn khi tnh trng rn nt gia hai khi.
Chng hn, thy Tr Quang khng ch trng dng t thiu lm p lc chnh quyn, nhng mt s v
t thiu Hu vt tm kim sot ca Thy. V em bn th Pht xung ng l tri vi ca TT Tr
Quang. Nhng TT nhn trch nhim v mnh v khng ngn cn kp thi chuyn em bn th Pht
xung ng.
Trong gii tr thc, nh vn l ra cho thy t tng bi quan, chn nn. y l thi k bi trng v bin c
1-11-1963 khng em li mt thay i g nh lng mong i ca mi ngi. Chng nhng th, n
cn lm cho tnh th mi ngy mi bi quan, tuyt vng. Tm trng tr thc trong thi k ny l mt tin
tng n tuyt vng. Hnh nh khng cn mt gii php cho min Nam na?
29
A.- Tr thc khuynh t
Nhng nh tr thc khuynh t c mt vi nhiu khun dng khc nhau. Trc ht xin c k mt s tn
tui. Nht Hnh, Chn Tn, Nguyn Ngc Lan, Trng B Cn, Nguyn Vn Trung, L Chnh Trung,
Th Uyn, Th Nguyn, Duy Lam, Trnh Cng Sn, Phm Duy, Phan Khc T, Lut s Ng B Thnh,
nh bo Ng Cng c, L Qu Chung, Nguyn Hu Chung, Lut s Trn Ngc Ling.
ngoi min Trung, c nhm t Lp Trng vi cc ng L Khc Quyn, Tn Tht Hanh, L Tuyn,
Mai Vn L, Cao Huy Thun.
T , trong thi k ny, xut hin nhiu bo c xu hng chnh tr khc nhau, by t thi chnh tr
nh chng M, hoc chng chin tranh, hoc ku gi ha hp ha gii, ku gi ha bnh, hoc a ra
gii php cch mng v mt x hi khng Cng Sn. l cc t Qun Chng Cao Th Dung, Hnh
Trnh vi Th Nguyn, Nguyn Vn Trung, L Chnh Trung, Dim Chu, Nguyn Quc Thi, Trn
Tun Nhm, Tho Trng. Sau c t t Nc ra i khi Hnh Trnh b ng ca. T Chn ca
Trng B Cn v cui cng l i Din ca Nguyn Ngc Lan, Nguyn Ngh, sau 30 thng T, tp ch
ny i h ra t ng Dy. Ch mt thi gian sau khi Nguyn Ngc Lan i H Ni v vit bi: H
Ni ti th y. ng v nh nc cho l giu ch , nh bn t ng Dy, y Nguyn Ngc Lan
vo th i lp vi chnh quyn.
Nhng ti vit m cc tr thc khuynh t hay phn chin cp n thng lin quan n tnh th lc
by gi. Rt c th v cp thit. Chng hn vn chin tranh v ha bnh. Vn Cng gio, Pht gio.
T a nhng gii php gii quyt nhng vn . Chng hn: Cng nhau cm thc v mt ni
bun nhc tiu. tin ti mt nn Ha Bnh Vit Nam. Chin Tranh hay Ha Bnh? Mmorandum
sur la guerre actuelle au Viet Nam remis par un groupe dintellectuels Vietnamiens la dlegation
universitaire Amricaine, de passage Saigon en Juillet 1965. Ai xy hnh phc cho ton dn? Dung
ha ch c ti qun phit v mt nn dn ch lnh mnh. Chia r v tn gio. Bn v mt chnh
sch. Anh em Pht T ngh g v ngi Cng gio chng ti. S tht bi ca ch ngha nhn v. Sng
o hay cht v o? Nhn li lch s chin tranh Vit Php. Kinh cu hn cho chin trn BP. Khng
mt vng hoa, khng mt vng tang. Nhng k s ha bnh. Ai xy hnh phc cho ton dn. Ni vi
ng i tin tuyn. Cch mng ca ngi ngho. Nhng k s Ha Bnh. c ti hay Dn ch? Cch
mng v dn ch. i thai gia ngi Cng gio v Pht gio... Hon cnh cch mng hay chin tranh
cch mng, Tm mt hng i c th cho cuc cch mng Vit Nam. Chin tranh chng chin tranh
cch mng. Bc tng B Linh. Le crpuscule de la violence. Mi Nm khai nguyn Cch mng
Algrie hay l cuc chin u chng li s nhc m con ngi... Fidel Castro trong vai tr lnh o
Cch Mng Cuba. Sekou Tour trn ng gii Phng Guine. Trng hp Nasser v Cng Ha Rp
30
thng nht. y l nhng ti c xut bn trn cc s bo Hnh Trnh. iu ch ra rng, c
nhiu nhm tr thc khuynh t hay thnh phn th ba ch l nhng nhm hnh ng, i vo thc t v
khng c ch trng lp thuyt hay trnh by quan im l thuyt ca mnh, t d nh nhm ca Thy
Thch Nht Hnh vi trng Thanh Nin Phng S X Hi, hay nhm ca Trn Ngc Ninh v.v...
l nhng ti trong ngi tr thc by t ni khn khon, trn tr ca mnh trc thi cuc, hay
trc hin tnh t nc. ng thi mun tm ra nhng gii php v hng i cho mnh. thi im
ny, t tr thc khng cn ch th nhng ngi tr thc thp ng, tr thc khng tng. Ngi tr thc
nay l ngi ln ng, tr thc c mt. N mang mt ngha p v cao qu vi tm vc nhn loi.
Cng mt hng v tinh thn nh trn, gii thanh nin sinh vin, tr thc Vit Nam, c bit l gii tr
thc tr, lao mnh vo cc cng tc x hi, nh cc chng trnh CPS, chng trnh H, hay Hc
ng mi, chng trnh du ca v.v... Xin tm tt l cc phong tro Vn Ngh tranh u ti min Nam t
1964 n 1969 gm cc Phong Tro Tm Ca, Tm Ca phn chin, phong tro Dn ca, phong tro Khng
Chin ca, phong tro Da Vng ca (1965) vi nhng i hi chm dt chin tranh, chm dt cnh bom
n, chm git gia ngi Vit vi ngi Vit - Pleime, chin khu D, H Ni, Chu Prong, A
Shau - ri kht vng ha bnh, thng nht t nc. Nhng ngi tiu biu nht l Trnh Cng Sn, th
Nht Hnh, th Trn Quang Long, Phm Duy. Ring trng hp Phm Duy xin mt du hi?? 44
Nhng sinh hot cho h c cm tng h l nhng ngi tr thc ang lm cch mng x hi, ang
xua ui ngho i v dt nt ra khi nhng ngi nh chut, trong cc con hm ca Si Gn.
- Chng chin tranh v cho rng cuc chin Nam Bc l mt th ni chin hay mt th chin tranh y
Nhim.
31
- Chng li cc chnh quyn min Nam, v cho rng h ch l thnh phn tay sai bn x do ngi M ch
o.
Bi vit khng th dn tri ra ti tt c gii tr thc trn nn buc lng thu hp vo mt nhm tiu biu
nht ca thi k1964-1965. Cng trong bn b co ca Nguyn Trng Vn, ng cng chn nhm
Hnh Trnh v mt vi l do nh: Quan im v Mt cuc Cch mng X Hi khng Cng Sn c
trnh by r rng v H Thng ni nhm HT. Nhm ny gy c mt nh hng nht nh trong
gii Sinh Vin Hc Sinh. Nhng ng li lm mt cuc Cch mng x hi ca nhm Tr thc Hnh
Trnh c s hp tc ca nhng ngi nh L Chnh Trung, Nguyn Vn Trung, Nguyn Ngc Lan,
Cm Xuyn, Trn Trng Ph, Trnh Vit c, Trn Vn Ton, V Hng Ng, Nguyn Hu Tn c,
Nguyn Khc Ng, Tho Trng, Th Uyn, Nguyn Quc Thi, Nguyn ng Ngc, Hng Kh, Th
Nguyn, Trng Cm Xuyn, Nguyn Ngc, Thi Lng, Nguyn V Vn, Trng nh He, V Hng
Ng, L Tt Hu, ng Thn Min, Phng Khoan, Dim Chu, Long Vn, Nguyn c Trinh.
Cn c mt s phn bit trnh ng nhn l: Nhm Hnh Trnh, mc du a s l ngi Cng gio,
nhng h khng i din mt cht su no cho gii Cng gio theo ngha t chc gio hi nh Hi ng
Gim Mc v gio dn. Ngc li l ng khc, Hi ng Gim Mc vi a s gio dn thng chn
la lp trng ngi Quc Gia, thc h t do chng i li thc h Cng Sn. Vy th nhm Hnh
Trnh phi c hiu theo ngha l h l nhng tr thc thin t, hoc thnh phn th ba, c lp v ng
ngoi t chc Cng gio. Chnh nhng ngi trong nhm cng bit r iu ny v h cha bao gi
nhn danh Cng gio trong nhng lc chn chnh tr ca h. V c th, h cng khng mun nhn danh
ngi Cng gio, bi v h thc c rng a s nhng ngi ng o khng cng quan im lp
trng vi h. H vn b gi mt cch ma mai l tr thc cp tin theo ngha xu ca ch .
B.- Trng hp L Chnh Trung. Mt tr thc thin t tiu biu dn thn v nhp cuc ca nhm
Hnh Trnh.
L Chnh Trung l mu ngi tr thc thin t, dn thn v nhp cuc tiu biu ca mt ngi tr thc
min Nam trong giai an 1955-1975. Khi chn la L Chnh Trung v nhm Hnh Trnh trong phn
ny, nh ni trn, h ch i din cho tr thc min Nam, ng trn mi quan im tn gio. Quan
im c th cng l gc nhn ca ngi Cng Sn khi ph phn tr thc min Nam. H cng mang
nhm tr thc ny ra nh trng tm phn xt ca h. Phn khc, v cc lc lng Ha Bnh, ho gii dn
tc ca cc tr thc Pht Gio... chnh quyn Cng Sn cng khng quan tm cho v khng
ng g n, phi chng v thiu ti liu? Phn ngi vit, cng phi th nhn l khng hi nhng t
liu cn thit c th trin khai mt cch qun trit v cc phong tro ny.
33
C ngha l, tc gi mun nhn gi gii thanh nin khng th tin vo bt c ch ngha no. Ch c mt
con ng l tm v dn tc mnh, trong lng dn tc.
Mun th, bt buc mi ngi chng ta phi la chn. Da theo t tng ca Trit gia ngi c
Fichte. L Chnh Trung thy rng: Chng ta phi la chn. Hoc chng ta s l nhng i din cui
cng ca mt dn tc ng khinh b v s b hu th khinh b n mt mc khng th tng tng c.
Hoc chng ta s l mt im khi hnh, s l giai on u ca mt thi i mi m s huy hong s
vt khi nhng gic m to bo nht ca chng ta. Chng ta hy ngh rng, chng ta l nhng ngi
cui cng c th khi ng s bin chuyn v i y
Chng ta theo di tip dng t tng ca tc gi: Khi ti tm cho ti mt v tr, mt th thc hin hu
nh mt con ngi trong v tr, th con ngi ch c th l con ngi Vit Nam, sng trn t nc
Vit Nam
Vo nm 1971, trong mt bi bo trn Chnh Lun, nhan : Ngh v mt s ngi tr thc o tng,
46s ra ngy 10/1971, ng nh Vit ln n L Chnh Trung v t cu hi: Dn tc hay ch l mt
nhn hiu... v quy kt l lun iu ca Cng Sn. ng vit: Trn lnh vc chnh tr, hai ch dn tc
c gi tr mt nhn hiu kch thch tm l yu nc ca qun chng, nht l i vi lp tr thc, ng li
cun h tham gia vo con ng cch mng v sn quc t hon ton xa ri quyn li ca t quc
mnh. S truy chp nh th c phn bt cng khng?.
iu cho thy ch c chng nhng khng mun ph bin thuyt nhn v Mounier, m cn c tnh
ngn chn s ph bin ny. L do rt d hiu: Thuyt nhn v l mt thuyt khng bit iu cht no,
mt thuyt rt nguy him cho ch . Thuyt nhn v ca Mounier mun lm mt cuc cch mng x
hi cho ngi ngho, cho ci x hi lm than i rch. Mounier sut i trung thnh vi l tng y
khi ng vit: H l nhng ngi phi mang cy Thnh gi hng ngy trong da tht h. ng chng
nhng mun lt ch ngha t bn bng bo lc, qut sch ci ti trong ch ngha y v c ci chng
ti ca Cng Sn. 47
Phn LCT, nh hng t tng Mounier, ng lun xp hng ng v pha k ngho, k b bc lt. C
nhng bi vit nh, di khng qu 2 trang, ng cng l ht tm tnh bnh vc ngi c th nh: Thn
Phn ti i. ng ch xe hi v c th k. Hai gii Thanh nin. Nhng gt chn non
35
Trong mt bi vit ngn, ng trn Hnh Trnh, s 2, thng 11, nm 1964, ng cnh co gii cm
quyn min Nam lc by gi bng nhng li l anh thp v quyt lit vi ta : L bi cui cng ca
min Nam: Cch Mng ca ngi ngho. Hy lng m nghe y.
Ly tri, xin cho dn tc ti mt nh Cch mng m m mt cht, ngho ngho mt cht. V i bng
hai chn. Ai cn i xe hi (nh tc gi bi ny) th c th bn n cch mng, nhng ng t xng l
cch mng.
V rng: ch c mt th cch mng, l cch mng ca ngi ngho, ca ngi m, ngi i... cch
mng l thay i ton din v ch c ngi ngho cn thay i ton din.
V ng kt lun khng tng nhng, khng mu m na: Ti khng bit ci chnh ph tng lai s
gm nhng nhn vt ti ba no. C iu ti tin chc l nu chnh ph tng lai khng hi ba iu
kin trn (Mt chnh ph ngho, mt chnh ph ca ngi ngho v mt chnh ph chn tht) th c ti
gii n u cng ch ko di thm mt thi gian ci tnh trng thi nt n lm ging hin nay m thi.
Chnh ph tng lai nn nh cho mt iu: v ci ti lm cch mng gi hiu, ci ti duy tr quyn hnh
ca mnh trn s thi nt th chc chn l t nc ny, khng ai gii bng ng Ng nh Nhu u.
C nhiu khuynh hng khc nhau v mt cuc Cch mng khng cng sn nh nhm ca thy Nht
Hnh vi trng Thanh nin Phng S x hi, nhm ca M vi phong tro Hc ng mi v.v... 48.
y, ch trnh by ng li ca nhm Hnh Trnh m thi.
Danh t Cch Mng x hi ch ngha khng Cng Sn ch xut hin t 1964. Da vo tnh th b tc lc
by gi, vi mt cuc ni chin tng tn, khng li thot, - vn ai thng ai th cng th m thi - h
tht vng c hai pha. Pha Cng Sn th ch thuyt Mc-L vi thuyt duy vt s quan t ra li thi.
Nhng kinh nghim qu kh cho thy ch ngha qu bo tn v khc nghit nh xy ra Lin X
v cc nc x hi ch ngha khc. Ni b cc nc chia r, n anh n em nh trng hp Nga X
v nc Tu. V kinh t cho thy cc nc theo XHCN u ri vo tnh trng lc hu, tht li. i vi
phe T do th ch cho thy ch t bn ch l duy tr c cu bc lt chuyn t hnh thc thc dn c
sang thc dn mi. T bn M duy tr tnh trng chin tranh VN m nguy c l chc chn khng th
36
thng c. Quan im ny cho rng c th c mt ng li th 3. C ngha l khng chp nhn c hai
khi T Do v Cng Sn. V c hai u c nhng nhc im. V th, ngi ta c th thc hin mt
cuc cch mng x hi bn ngoi ng li Cng Sn?
Theo L Chnh Trung, cc nc Phi, Chu M La Tinh ch c th thot khi tnh trng ti nhc ca
s l thuc, i rch, thi nt, bt n khi no c can m thay i ton din nhng c cu mc nt do
ch thc dn li, dm tht lng buc bng d to dng nhng c s vng chc hu c th t mnh
gii quyt nhng vn ca mnh. Ngha l phi ph b c cu bo ng bc lt do thc dn li.
Trong li m u ca cun Cch Mng v o c, L Chnh Trung vit: Ti cc nc chm tin,
cch mng x hi l mt vn sanh t, mt vn danh d
Ti min Nam, thay v lm cch mng x hi, ngi ta chng Cng. Nhng tht ra ch c mt cch
chng Cng hu hiu nht l lm cch mng x hi. Cc ng phi, nh cm quyn ch bit chng Cng,
nhng li duy tr c cu thi nt thay v lm cch mng c cu .
Nhng ai l ngi c th lm cuc Cch mng x hi ? Cc tng lp lnh o, giai cp thng tr quan
liu da vo th lc ngoi quc, thnh phn trung gian cu kt vi t bn ngoi quc u l th ph sn
khng dng c. Nhng ngi ta vn c th k vng vo gii tr thc tr, gii chuyn vin, gii sinh
vin hc sinh min Nam, cha bin thnh lp trng gi thnh th, cha b thoi ha m nhn vai tr
lch s .
Khng th tin tng vo nhng gii php qun s hay s can thip ca M vo min Nam. Min Nam
ch cn mt li thot l lm cch mng x hi khng Cng Sn. Mun c mt chnh quyn mnh, va
phi i ph vi Cng Sn, va phi c lp c vi M th iu kin tin quyt l phi c lng dn v
da vo dn. Mun c hu thun trong dn chng, phi lm Cch Mng x hi, CM, trg 103).
Trnh by mt s nt chnh ch o tm hiu ngi tr thc min Nam qua L Chnh Trung. Ngi
vit thy rng c th t VN v bi cnh tnh hnh th gii. Kinh nghim 20 nm tranh u ginh c
lp ca cc nc Phi t trc ti nay cho thy: Con ng phi i ti l lm mt cuc Cch mng x
hi thc s. Khng phi ch c Cch Mng x hi m cn c lp thc s.
Nu ni nh th th min Nam Vit Nam, sau 1963, nht l t nhng nm 1966 tr i, hnh thnh
mt loi tr thc thin t, hay cn gi c l thnh phn th ba.
Nhng ngi tr thc thin t thy rng vn VN khng th gii quyt bng qun s. Ngi ta khng
th c nh nhau mi. Ngi M th khng c chn la no khc l phi c mt chin thng qun s.
Nhng no h t c g?
37
H s phi leo thang chin tranh, thm qun, thm chin c. Tnh th sau ny cho thy ngi M
cng ln su vo chin tranh VN m khng li thot. Pha chnh quyn VN th nay u l cc tng
lnh. H khng h c ci nhn no khc nh ha gii, ha hp hay bt tay, tha hip. H ch c mt
con ng l tin hnh chin tranh cng vi M. nh v nh m nh, nh cho n c hoc trong
hon cnh ny s l thua. H cho thn qu b tn ph, thnh th xo trn, mt ch quyn, ng phi
chia r, phn ha hoc lm b nhn. Chnh quyn t ra yu t, bt lc khng gii quyt c nhng nan
x hi t ra.
Chng hn khi cc thanh nin thi y lao mnh vo cc cng tc h, chng trnh CPS hay Du Ca th
c phi l mt o tng Cch Mng khng? H c o tng lm cch mng x hi, trong khi thc s h
ang phc v cho mt th ch, mt gung my chnh quyn khng phi l cch mng? Cho nn, trc
ht, h phi lm cuc cch mng gii phng, phi c ch quyn th mi c th ni lm cch mng x hi
c?
D sao nhng quan im, ci nhn ca cc tr thc thin t cng gip soi sng ra mt li ra cho VN.
Ngoi gii php qun s, cn c mt con ng th ba c th thot khi ci gung my chin tranh
nghin nt bao nhiu th h thanh nin vo ci cht v ch. Ngi ta khng th nh nhau mi. Phi
tm mt gii php m gii tr thc thin t ngh ra. Quan im ca cc gii tr thc thin t cng c
nh hng trn tr thc tr VN ti u Chu. Phn ng gii tr thc VN u Chu ch trng mt
lp trng trung lp Position neutraliste, nhng khng Cng Sn non communiste.
38
dignit humaine. Il veut, en mme temps, une profonde rvolution sociale pour assurer l!avenir de la
Rpublique Vietnamienne
Quyt ngh trn c khong 500 sinh vin c mt Mutualit ng . Trn nhng tm pancartes,
ngi ta c thy nhng cu nh: Rvolution sociale, oui, communisme, non.49
Ti s ht to hn sng n bn b rung gi
Li ti ca, li ti ca xin la ng lo
Ti s ht to hn nhng k khi ngn la th
Li ti ca, li ti ca nh sui rng thu
mt ch khc:
Khoc o mu en mc mu dn tc
Chic o mu en nhum mu u tranh
Mu en mu ti m, vng ln chin thng?
Dp tan mu son, mu phn im ng
39
V trong nhng tnh hung no c*nhng bi ca ni gin* (chanson en colre), cng chnh ci ngi
ngh s y:
Tnh hnh chin s n hi quyt lit. Lng ngi giao ng. Vin nh mt cuc thua trn gn k.
Nhiu tr thc ngh n mt gii php th ba, gii php ha hp, ha gii dn tc sng trong ha bnh
Nhng y cng ch l mt o tng, v min Nam VN lc by gi ly g cn sc c th ni
chuyn vi pha bn kia? Mt s ln trng vng vo nhng gii php ha gii nh mt ci giy trin hn
ko di mt nim hy vng khng cn hy vng na.
Tha G.S
40
t cu ni ca GS vi ngi M: VN khng phi l Phi Lut Tn, cn ngi VN cui cng l cn chin
u.
V tha by gi, ti mt thanh nin hai mi tui, ci tui ca th h m G.S ang gp phn o to ch
o, mnh dn ng hn v mt bn, v n mong mi rng ci bn m n chn la khng lm tht
vng v tri G.S. Ring n, n cng tin tng st rng ch c l con ng duy nht, l mt gii
php xc thc, cn thit cho nhng k ang mang x mng, trch nhim trc mt dn tc thng kh
ngho dt ca h.
Mc d y trong quyn N4, G.S c cp n gii php: X hi ch ngha khng Cng Sn. Nu
ti khng hiu ngm rng c l G.S ngy trang trc nhiu k th ang hng mi di vo G.S th ti
c quyn phm thng kt lun rng vi iu y, G.S gy mt huyn diu mong i, ch thi vn cho
nhng ngi, nht l S.V.H.S ang cn hoang mang trc ng ba ng
Th tht vi G.S, ti cha tng b mt cn b C.S no tuyn truyn c. Vic cm sng l do ti t quyt
nh v t tm ng n mt khu. C b tuyn truyn chng l hn 10 nm nay ti b nhi s, nghe, c
khng bit bao nhiu bao nhiu l chiu bi Chng Cng ca th chnh tr Vn Ha ci min Nam gi
l t do ny...
Chng hiu ngi hc sinh lp nht vit l th ny, nay c cn sng khng? V nu cn sng th anh
ngh g? V iu anh ngh c khc vi 40 nm trc khng?
41
Trong s h, ngoi min Trung, c nhng ngi nh anh em Hong Ph Ngc Tng, Hong Ph
Ngc Phan, Nguyn c Xun b thnh ra bng. Ng Kha cht trong t. H chn la hay bt
buc phi chn la ra vng khng chin? Chng ta tn trng nhng chn la y. Gi h l khuynh t ch
l mt cch ni. Tht s, h chn la theo pha bn kia, tc l chn la con ng v lc, dng chin
tranh nh mt gii php ti hu v cui cng ca min Nam. H chn la l Cng Sn, ng v pha
cng sn v bn ny l quc gia. V cng yu cu h tn trng ci chn la ca nhng ngi chn la
li. Ti bt buc phi ni ra y mt ngi trong m h l Hong Ph Ngc Tng bi v ng
khng tn trng ci nguyn tc va nu trn. Trong mt bi vit, V chnh sch ca H Ni v thi
ca mt s nh vn min Bc, ti nu ra trng hp ng HPNT nh sau: ng ni ting min
Trung mt thi v nhng hot ng chnh tr c tnh cch khuy ng, sau b i bng. Chng ti tn
trng s chn la ca ng, cng khng t ngi lm nh th. T nh V Hnh, Thanh Ngh, Sn
Nam, L Phng. Ch c iu, tnh c ti c mt cun k vit v nhng giai on ng i theo b
i. Nhng iu ng vit cng chng ng g cho ti quan tm, v c hng trm, hay i ng cc nh
vn min Bc u ngh v vit cng mt cch nh ng. Ch c mt iu duy nht nhc nh ng,
gia ci o l chin tranh v o l con ngi, trong ng x, d i vi k th, khng cng quan im
lp trng, vn c nhng ci ti thiu cn tn trng, t nht, ng cng l mt tr thc o to min
Nam. Cng c b con, anh em l lnh Ngy. Khng l ng qun h sao? Trong cun k, chc lt, thi
ca ng tr thnh hung hn cn . ng xch m gi ngi lnh Cng Ha l thng lnh Ngy, thng
Dim, thng Thiu. Nhng ngi Cng Sn th thit gi nh vy cn nghe c. Nhng ng th khng
c.
- th hai, ng m tt c ci cng u cho cng vic tranh u thc thi dn ch min Nam l ca Phong
tro tranh u th? Khng mt ch n bin c tranh u Pht Gio min Trung?
42
- th ba, trong nhng thnh phn tham gia trong phong tro , ng ch nhc n gii sinh vin, th
thuyn, xch l, gio gii, tiu thng m khng nhc nh g n thnh phn Pht t vn l ngi n ca
nhng phong tro y? Xch l th khng bit Hu c bao nhiu ngi? Ni n thnh phn xch l l
ch nnh chnh quyn?
Nhc n ng nh th tiu biu cho gii tr thc tiu t sn thnh th trc sau ri cng ly ci bng lm
tiu ch i sng.
Si Gn, ngi ta cng thy c mt s tr thc quyt nh ng v pha ngi Cng Sn, ngha l
c tip xc v ng thi c ngi ra vo khu, nhng vn li thnh ph, hoc c th ng vin ng
Cng Sn. l gii tr thc hoc l thin t, hoc l thnh phn th ba, nay chn la ng v pha
ngi Cng Sn th ch tr thc khuynh t hoc thnh phn th ba phi c hiu trong mt chng mc
d dt.
Sau y l danh sch nhng nh tr thc thuc thnh phn th ba v hin nay c vai tr, hoc c vai
tr, hoc ch ct n np qua thi, hoc nh mt chn la bt c d, hoc thay i lp trng, hoc
nay b tht sng b vng ra ngoi, phc v vi chnh quyn Cng Sn:
H l Cao Th Qu Hng, Chn Tn, H Ngc Nhun, Hunh Cng Minh, S Hunh Lin, Hunh Tn
Mm, L Vn Gip, L Vn Nui, L Vn Thi, L Chnh Trung, L Qu Chung, Ng B Thnh, Ng
Cng c, Nguyn Duy Thng, Nguyn Hu Hip, Nguyn Long, Phm Biu Tm, Phan Khc T,
Thch Minh Chu, Tn Tht Dng K, Trn Ngc Ling, Trn Thc Linh, Triu Quc Mnh, Trnh
nh Tho, Trng B Cn, V nh Cng, Nguyn Ngc Lan, Nguyn nh u, Trn Hu Qung,
V Th Bch Tuyt, Vng nh Bch.51
Trong s nhng ngi trn, c mt s k vo bc th gi nhng ngi bn u Chu (Lettre aux amis
dOccident) bin h cho chnh quyn Cng Sn bng nhng li m u sau y: Nous, intellectuels
de lancien Sud Viet Nam, profondmment indigns par la bruyante campagne de calomnie et de
dnigrement mene dans certains pays occidentaux contre la Rpublique socialiste du Viet Nam, notre
patrie, estimons de notre devoir de publier la prsente lettre vo ngy 28 thng su, 1979. H c tn nh
sau: H c An, Trng B Cn, V nh Cng, HT Thich Minh Chu, Kim Cng, L Qu Chung,
Trn Vn Du, Ng Cng c, Nguyn Ngc H, Nguyn Hu Hnh, V Hnh, Trn Vinh Hin, Tn
Tht Dng K, Bi thi Lng, Trn Ngc Ling, Trn Thc Linh, Nguyn Long, Phm Hong H, Chu
Tm Lun, S Hunh Lin, Hunh Cng Minh, Triu Qyuc Mnh, Nguyn Vinh M, H Ngc Nhun,
43
Nguyn Quang Nhc, Chu Phm Ngc Sn, Phm Biu Tm, b Ng B Thnh, Trn Kim Thch, L
Vn Thi, Ng Vn, L Chnh Trung, inh Xng.52
K t 1970, mi chuyn khng cn nh c na. Nhiu chuyn hng chnh tr, nhiu bn khon, lo lng,
nhiu toan tnh nh tm li thot chy cch ny cch khc. Nh tn ng ra ngoi quc. Nh tm ng
vo khu. Nh tm n mt gii php o vng nhm tho g tnh hnh en ti ca min Nam nh cc
phong tro ha hp, ha gii, hay phong tro Ha Bnh cho Vit Nam. Binh lnh, s quan mt i nim t
ho vn sn c: nh l thng, nh l t chin cng, nh l Vit Cng b chy. Mt s chnh khch
xi tht vn tm cch v vt vo chuyn tu cht..
44
c im th hai l gii tr thc y khng tm vc nn d a vo ch tin tng n hoang tng v
thiu thc t. Cc tr trhc thnh phn th ba (La Troisime-Force) a ra mt gii php Cch mng
XHCN Khng Cng Sn trong tnh hung lc by gi l mt iu kh thc hin uc. Cng Sn pha
bn kia, M cn vi mt chnh quyn da hon ton vo M? Da vo iu kin khch quan no,
da vo nh lnh o no c th c iu kin thc hin mt cuc cch mng cho ngi ngho? Mt
cuc cch mng khng Cng Sn? L Chnh Trung tr li v vn ny cho nh bo Php khi c
hi v sch lc ca cc nhm thnh phn th ba. ng ni: La troisime force, C!tait une grande
aspiration plutt quune force relle. Seules quelques centaines de personnes taient organiss. Ces
groupuscules taient ouverts tous les vents, toutes les influences. Ils navaient aucune idologie
prcise53. Vng n ch l mt kht vng hn l mt thc lc thc t. T chc vn vn c vi trm
ngi. Nhm ngi m ra mi pha v n nhn nhiu nh hng. V th, h khng c mt thc h
chnh xc no. iu m h mong mun l thay th l bi ca chnh quyn Si Gn vi Nguyn Vn
Thiu c th ni chuyn vi pha bn kia. Et cette dernire raison explique pourquoi certains
Vietnamiens pensent que Thiu ne constituent pas la dernire carte Amricaine dans le Sud. Cette
dernire carte, cest la Troisime Force et les Amricains seront sans doute amens la jouer, sans doute
mal ou trop tard54. Thc t l l bi chng ai m xa n c.
Nhng gii php Trn Vn Hng, ri Dng Vn Minh vo pht cht ca min Nam trc ngy 30
thng T cho thy r thm iu . Mt th gii php khng gii php, mt th hy vng ca s tuyt
vng, mt th cn nc cn tt.
Ngi vit mt ln na trch dn cu ni ca Mounier nh kt thc cho bi vit: i khi lch s cng
ban thng cho nhng k cng u, v mt hn , t ng ch, c th chuyn hng c mt dng
sng?
Tr thc min Nam cui cng th vn thiu mt hn , th hn c sc chuyn hng c lch s min
Nam? iu thc s khng xy ra.
45
Nhng nh trnh by phn u bi vit, ngi tr thc min Nam trong mi tnh hung ca thi
cuc lin quan n vn mnh dn tc, t nc. H vn c ting ni ca h nh trong cc cao tro i
hi thc thi dn ch, i hi cng bng trong phm vi tn gio trong sut 9 nm I Cng Ha, thi
ng Ng nh Dim. Sau , cc tr thc min Nam, c bit l tr thc Pht gio a ra gii php
ha gii, ha hp dn tc, tin ti ha bnh v chm dt chin tranh gia hai min. Trong khi , cc tr
thc thin t hay thnh phn th ba a ra mt s gii php nh thc hin mt mt cuc cch mng x
hi khng Cng Sn.
Cho d r rng l nhng i hi hay nhng phong tro i n chung cuc l s thng li ca
min Bc trn min Nam kt thc cuc chin tranh gia hai min vo ngy 30 thng T. Cho d l mt
tht bi qun s v chnh tr i na th nhng gi tr , nhng l tng m h nhn danh n m h i
hi vn l nhng gi tr bt bin v cn thit cho mt t nc Vit Nam tng lai sau ny? Cho n by
gi, nhng kht vng t do v dn ch, nhng kht vng xa b bt c th c ti c nhn hay ng tr,
hay ton tr, nhng kht vng v cng bnh x hi, nhng kht vng v mt cuc cch mng x hi cho
ngi ngho, v ngi ngho. Thit ngh rng, n vn cn l mt kht vng ca t nc chng ta by
gi.
NGUYN VN LC
1 Trch li trong cun Phan vn Hm, thn th v s nghip ca Trn Ngn Phiu, nxb Gii M, 2003.
3 Trch * su thng php nn 1963 ca Minh Khng V vn Mu, in nm 1984. Trch li trn Giao im
7 Trch Edward Miller im sch cun: Diem!s Final Failur: Prelude to America!s War in Viet Nam. tc gia Philip E. Caton.
Lawrence, Kansas, University Pressof Kansas. 2003
Th no l mt ngi tr thc? Ngi tr thc nh th l nhng ngi c gi, c chn la, c trch nhim, c
nhng thao thc trn tr tr thnh ting ni ca lng tm thi i, ting ni ca l phi. Tun theo nhng iu xc tn
nh l tng eo ui, h bnh vc l tng ng thi ln ting phn khng nhng bt cng, nhng ch p ln con
ngi bt k t u ti. Khi mt ngi ln ting m li ln ting nh mt li hy vng, nh thp sng mt cn nh ti tm
thiu nh sng... Khi mt ngi ln ting, xa tan i nhng ni s canh cnh bn lng mi ngi. Khi mt ngi bng vo
nhng xc tn ca mnh, theo ui cuc chin u chng li tt c nhng p bc ang nng ln x hi. Khi mt ngi gi
i nhng s ip c chiu kch nhn loi, s ip ni ln tnh ngi, tnh nhn loi, lng tin tng khng g lay chuyn
c ca iu thin, em li mt ngha cho i sng. Ngi ang gia chng ta... ta gi nhng ngi l ngi
tr thc.
Ln ting thi cha , h cn dn thn, nhp cuc, t xp hng vo hng ng nhng k b p bc. Ngi tr thc l ngi
thc c trch nhim ca mnh, c thi ng x trc mt tnh th nhn danh mt nguyn tc, mt l tng no chng
li mt bt cng, mt vi phm n lun l hay con ngi.
Mc s Martin Luther King trong bi din vn c di chn i tng nim tng thng Lincoln ti Washintong DC, vo
ngy 28 thng 8 nm 1963: I HAVE A DREAM cng l mt tr thc. Free at last. Free at last... ng ku ln nh th vo
cui bi din vn ca mnh. Sau th Martin Luthet King cht v nhng iu xc tn (convictions) ca mnh. Martin
Luther King l mt Mc s ging o ng thi l mt nh tr thc.
Nhng ngi tr thc trn, h thng ng v pha k yu, k b ch p, k thua cuc. (lost causes). Nh th h c mt v
th tinh thn ng n (moral authorities), ni thay cho nhng ai b ht hi ch p.
Ni tm li, ngi tr thc l ngi c nhng xc tn v t , h by t mt thi nh mt ph phn hay phn khng tt c
nhng g i ngc li nhng iu xc tn ca h. Nu cn, i xa hn na, h nhn ly trch nhim trc con ngi, lch s
bo v nhng nim xc tn trong thi dn thn, nhp cuc.
Ngi tr thc khng ng gia, khng lng nhng. Trc mt tnh th, h bt buc phi chn la, hoc bn ny, bn kia,
hoc t hoc hu.
Nhng chnh do nhng chn la c nhn biu t nhn cch v dng ng ca ngi tr thc. Ngi tr thc c u t
khng th khng by t, khng th khng chn la. Chn la s a n th i u ng chm n cc quyn lc e da
t nhiu pha. H vn khng th khng chn v thc c s chn la ca mnh.
47
H bt buc chn mt ch ng. Thng th h ng theo pha t, pha thiu s. Ngi tr thc khuynh t thng i din cho
mt tng lp ng o nhng ngi c cht u t, trn tr n thi cuc, n hin trng x hi hoc n s phn mt dn tc.
Ting ni ca h, do vn ling hc thc, thng c trng lng, lp lun c c s vng vng, l lun cht ch v thuyt
phc. i khi, ting ni tr thnh nhng phong tro vn ng qun chng c th thay i mt d lun, mt ng li, c
th thnh mt p lc, mt sc p trn k ng quyn..
Ngi ta coi h nh nhng ngi tr thc tin b, c tm nhn mi hay tm nhn thi i, c lng tri. H x ro, vt b
nhng clich ca t duy c chm lt hoc phn tin b a ra mt ng li mi, t tng mi.
Ting ni ca h d tr thnh lng tm thi i em li mt cht hy vng, mt nim an i cho nhng k ang b p bc, n
p.
Nu ni nh th th min Nam Vit Nam, sau 1963, nht l t nhng nm 1966 tr i, hnh thnh mt lai tr thc thin
t, hay cn gi c l thnh phn th ba.
Nhng iu ng bun l khng phi tt c cc tng lp thanh nin tr thc Chu Phi, Chu M La Tinh hay mt s
cc nc chm tin trong vng ng Nam nh Vit Nam u c tinh thn dn thn v nhp cuc nh trn. a s h l
thnh phn c u i d gi., theo i np sng hng th, sng ly c, chi ly c, thu vn ly c bng bt c gi
no... l s ph sn tinh thn ton din dn a c mt th h tt dc v tr tr. Hu qu l h nh mt ht thc v
dn tc, v t nc, v tnh t con ngi. l mt s ph sn tim tin v ngon mc, c trin hn, ty thuc vo mc
gia trng trong th ch i chn mi mt cuc cch mng x hi ln th hai, sau cuc cch mng gii phng dn tc.
10 in hnh l trng hp cc nh tr thc cch mng min Nam nh Nguyn An Ninh, Nguyn Vn Qu, Trn Vn S b
cht v kit sc hoc r t.
14 Trch Hi k 1925-1964. Nguyn K Nam. trg 22. T sch S liu VN. Nh in Nam Sn.
16 Trch Tp ch Cng sn, 2-1983, Hni, trg 50. Trch li trong Vit Nam 1920-1945, Ng Vn. Trg 404.
17 Trch trong Vit Nam. Stanley Karnov, trg 120 nxb Presses de la Cit, 1984.
18 Trch Viet Nam ca Stanley Karnow, trg 123. nxb Presses de la Cit. Paris 1984.
20 Ti trnh dng nhng thut ng quen dng nh c ti, gia nh tr m s dng thut ng mn li ca Stanley Karnow
m ch ch ng Dim
48
21 Trch Vit Nam Nin Biu 1939-1975. TI-C: 1955-1963. Chnh o, nxb Vn Ho, trg 174, 2000
22 Trch li trong Bin c 11-11-60. Trn Tng. Nxb ai Nam, trg 136, 1971
23 Nous pourrions bien tre contraints, dans un avenir pas trx loign, .. trouver et soutenir une solution de rechange...
Trch li trong Viet Nam ca Stanley Karnof. Trg 137.
24 Trch li trong Phn Tnh, Phn Khng, Minh V trang 234, nxb Thng V, 1999
25 Trch H Ch Minh, Ng nh Dim v Mt trn gii phng. H s Khu, nxb Vn Ngh, t trang 365-369.
26 Trch Phn tnh, Phn khng, Thc hay h, Minh V nxb Thng V, trg 238, nm 1999.
27 Trch t Tp ch Lin Hoa, s 29-1-1964.. Trch li trn Giao im. Com/doi thoi I I I/ triquang htm.
29 Trch Intellignece information Cable, TDCS 314/02342-64.Aug.28, 1964. 8p. Confidential/No Foreign Dissem. Sanitezed
copy. Release May 24, 1976.
30 Trch dn li trong Vit Nam mu la, qu hng ti ca Hong Linh Mu. Hi k chnh tr. 1988, trg 900.
31 Tr li cho John J.A. Rose.. Trch B mt mi ca nh Pht, bn dch ca Vit tn x, in rono, 1973. Trch trong H s
Hnh Trnh, bi vit ca L Phng, trang 219.
34 Trch trong H s v Tp Ch Hnh trnh, nxb Nam Sn, khng s trang. Nm 2000
35 Trch trong bi c bn tho ca Nht Linh ca V Phin. V Phin trch li bi: Nht Linh, cha ti, Nguyn tng
Thit.. ng trong Vn Hc Ngh thut, California, Hoa K.
36 Trch Nguyn Ngu , Sng v vit, Si Gn, 1966. trch li trong bi ca V Phin va nu trn
37 Trch D lun bo ch Th . Trong Bin c 1-11-60. Trn Tng, nxb i Nam, 335.
38 Trch Vit Nam mu la qu hng ti. Hong Linh Mu, 1988, trg 635.
39 Di y l li chng nm 1946 ca Thiu T Tryr, trc kia cai qun banh Cn Nn, khai trc Ban iu tra v
nhng trch nhim ng Dng.* Di chnh ph Decoux, c 5000 t ngc Cn Nn. Trong thng ti mi n th c
172 ngi cht, tri hn cht t s trung bnh ngi cht trong mt nm trc kia. Nhng t chnh tr kh s v cng, chu
ng t ni hn thng phm vm v hn h. Khm banh 3 dnh ring cho h, sc cha mi gian khm l 20 ngi, hoc 30
ngi, ti thy trong n 110 ngi, 120, 130 ngi. Mt y s ngi ng Dng khai vi ti rng c khi mt bui sng,
ng thy 5 xc cht trong banh t chnh tr. Nhng ngi t chnh tr khng chu ni ch n ung, h thuc trnh cao
hn ngi thng phm, h l in ch, k s, c t. Lc y c 1500 n 2000 t chnh tr. Khi ti n, vn quan
trng hn ht l vn t cht, nht l t chnh tr. H vong mng mt cch lit sp. H b nht chen chc trong cc gian
khm nh nhp bn thu. H khng c i ra ngoi, th cc ng thy, v phng din v sanh. H c mt ci thng bng
g, ngi ta xi p nc vo . 390 ngi bnh a chy trong banh t chnh tr ch c mt ci go mc ngay nc y, ch
mt ngi a chy r vo nc khng trong sch y th lm cho n truyn nhim. Ri sng mai, lun lun chng ta c
49
thm s ngi cht* (G.Chaffard. Les deux guerres du Viet Nam, Paris 1969, tr.115) Trch li trong Vit Nam 1920-1945
Ng Vn. Trg 401.
40 Vietnamese Tradition on Trial. 1920-1945 ca David G. Marr nxb University of California Press. Trong chng
Perception of the past t 253-287.
41 Vivre au Viet Nam. Alain Ruscio. Editions socilaes. Trg 171. 1981
42 Trch Cch mng v dn ch ca L Chnh Trung. Hnh Trnh, s 3-4, thng ging.1965.
43 Trch dn li trong Vit Nam mu la, qu hng ti ca Hong Linh Mu. Hi k chnh tr. 1988, trg 900.
44 Trch Buddha!s child. My fight to save Viet Nam. Nguyen Cao Ky vi Marvin J.Wolf. nxb St.Martin!s Press. New york.
05-2002.
45 Trch dn bi: Ni v cc Phong Tro Vn ngh tranh u ti min Nam t 1964 n 1969. Bi ca L Trng, Giao
im. Com/mluc/mluc 11105/405 letruong tcs.htm.
46 Xem thm Ch ngha X hi khng Cng Sn ti min Nam VN thi M ngy: Ni dung v nh hng, ca Nguyn
Trng Vn, trch li trong H s v Tp ch Hnh Trnh, trg221
47 Trch bi: Ngh v mt s ngi tr thc o tng, bi ca nh Vit, Trch li trong H s v Tp Ch Hnh Trnh.
48 Trch li trong Emmanuel Mounier. Con ngi ca i thoi ca L Chnh Trung. HT, s 9-1965. trg30
49 Trch Ch ngha x hi khng Cng sn, thi M Ngy: Ni dung v nh hng. Nguyn Trng Vn. In li trong H s
v Tp Ch Hnh Trnh, nxb Nam Sn, trg 222. 2000
50 Trch trong Catholiques et bouddhistes au Viet Nam, Piero Gheo, Groupes des editions Alsatia diffusion 17, trg 366
51 Trch dn trong danh sch ca Alain Ruscio, trong cun Vivre au Viet Nam. Editions Sociales, trg 229. 1981
52 Trch dn trong danh sch ca Alain Ruscio, trong cun Vivre au Viet Nam. Editions Sociales, trg 229. 1981
53 Trch li trong Vivre au Viet Nam ca Alain Ruscio. Editions Sociales., 1982, trg 229.
54 Trch trong Vivre au Viet Nam ca Alain Ruscio, Editions Sociales, trg 178
50