THE CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING PANEL

ENGINEERS AUSTRALIA SYDNEY DIVISION

28 August 2012

DetailingofReinforcement
inConcreteStructures

R.I.Gilbert
Introduction:
Detailing isoftenconsideredtobethepreparationofworking
drawings showingthesizeandlocationofthereinforcementina
concretestructure.
Detailinginvolvesthe communicationoftheengineersdesigntothe
contractorswhobuildthestructure.It involvesthetranslationofa
goodstructuraldesignfromthecomputerorcalculationpadinto the
finalstructure.
Gooddetailingensuresthatreinforcement
andconcreteinteractefficiently toprovide
satisfactorybehaviour throughoutthe
completerangeofloading.
Inthisseminar,guidelinesforsuccessful
detailing instructuralelementsand
connectionsareoutlined.
 Thedetailingrequirements ofareinforcementbardependonthe
reasonsforitsinclusioninthestructure.
Reasonsinclude:

1. Tocarryinternaltensileforces,therebyimpartingstrength
andductility;
2. Tocontrol flexuralcracking;
3. Tocontroldirecttensioncracking inrestrainedstructures;
4. Tocarrycompressiveforces;
5. Toprovide restraint tobarsincompression;
6. Toprovideconfinement toconcreteincompression;
7. Tolimitlongtermdeformation;
8. Toprovideprotectionagainstspalling;and
9. Toprovidetemporarysupport forotherreinforcementduring
construction.
Guidingprinciples:
Determinelocationanddirectionofallinternalforces (i.e.
establishaloadpath thatsatisfiesequilibrium);
Useadequatelyanchored reinforcementwhereveratensile
forceisrequiredforequilibrium;
Useonlyductilereinforcement (ClassNorbetter)whenthe
reinforcementisrequiredforstrength;
Neverrely ontheconcretesabilitytocarrytension(itmaynot
exist);
Includeadequatequantitiesofreinforcementforcrackcontrol;
Ensuresteeldetailsarepractical andthatsteelcanbefixedand
concretecanbesatisfactorilyplacedandcompactedaround
complexdetailswithadequatecover;and
Ensuredetailsareeconomical.
Sourcesoftension:
1. Tensioncausedbybending(andaxialtension):

Flexuraltensioncracks

Flexuraltensioncracks

Negative bending
Positive bending

Directtensioncracks
Axial tension
Sourcesoftension:
2.Tensioncausedbyloadreversals:

Cantilever beam or slab

Simple beam or slab

Impact and rebound loading

Sourcesoftension(ctd):
3. Tensioncausedbyshearandtorsion:

T C

C T

Shear

Flexureshearcracks

Tensioncarriedbystirrups
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
4.Tensionnearthesupportsofbeams:

Thelongitudinaltensionatthesupportisgreaterthanindicated
bythebendingmomentdiagram.
Thetensileforceatthebottomoftheinclinedcrackisequalto
thecompressiveforceatthetopofthecrack.
Sourcesoftension(ctd):

AS36002009(8.1.10.4):
Sufficientbottomsteelmustbe
Lst
anchoredforalength(Lst)pastthe
midpointofthebearingtodevelop
atensileforceofV*cot v/ (plusany
additionalforcearisingfromrestraint)

Thisrequirementisdeemedtobesatisfiedifeither
Ast isextendedpastthefaceofthesupportby 12db ;or
Ast isextendedpastthefaceofthesupportby 12db +D/2
whereAst isthetensilesteelarearequiredatmidspan
 Sourcesoftension(ctd):
5. Tensionwithinthesupportsofbeamsandslabs:

Crackingduetoinadequate
slipjointbetweenslaband
supportingbrickwall
 Sourcesoftension(ctd):
6. Tensionwithinconnections: C
M M

2T T

C T

M M
(a)Internalforces(b)Crackpattern

Primarygirder
Compressionstruts

Hanger Secondary
reinf.to beam
carry
tension
Reactionfromsecondarybeam
appliedhere
 Sourcesoftension(ctd):
7. Tensionatconcentratedloads:
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
8. Tensioncausedbydirectionalchangesofinternalforces:
Lsy.t

T
R
T stirrups (c)
T
(a) (b)

Asv atspacing s

CC
RPotentialcrackinweb
Sourcesoftension(ctd):
8. Tensioncausedbydirectionalchangesofinternalforces:
Lsy.t

T
R
T stirrups (c)
T
(a) (b)

qt Asv atspacing s

C C

T
T
rm Ast

Transversetension: Requiredstirrupspacing:
T A f Asv f vy Asv f vy
qt = = st sy s= = . .rm
rm rm qt Ast f sy
Anchorageofdeformedbarsistension:

F F F

T
F F F
Tensile stresses

a) Forces exerted by concrete on a deformed bar (b) Tensile stresses in concrete

at a tensile anchorage
Atr Atr

Splitting
Splittin cracks

(c) Horizontal splitting due (d) Vertical splitting due to (e) Splitting (bond) failure
insufficient bar spacing. insufficient cover at a lapped splice.

Splittingfailuresarounddevelopingbars.
 Forareinforcementbartoreachitsyieldstressatacritical
crosssection,aminimumlengthofreinforcingbar(an
anchorage)isrequiredoneithersideofthesection.
AS36002009specifiesaminimumlength,calledthedevelopment
length,Lsy.t,overwhichastraightbarintensionmustbeembeddedin
theconcreteinordertodeveloptheyieldstress.
Lsy.t
d b f sy
As fsy Lsy .t
4 fb
fb

Anaveragedesignultimatebondstressfb isassumedattheinterface
betweentheconcreteandthereinforcingbar( =0.6).

fb dependson typeandconditionofreinforcingbar;strength
andcompactionofconcrete;concretecover;
barspacing;transversereinforcement;
transversepressure(ortension).
AS36002009: (13.1.2.2)
Thebasicdevelopmentlength,Lsy.tb,is

0.5k1k3 f sy d b
Lsy.tb = 29k1d b
k 2 f c

wherek1 =1.3 forahorizontalbarwith>300mmofconcretecast

belowitandk1 =1.0forallotherbars;
k2 =(132 db)/100 ;
k3=1.0 0.15(cd db)/db (but0.7 k3 1.0)

cd isthesmalleroftheconcretecovertothebarorhalf
thecleardistancetothenextparallelbar;
fc shallnotbetakentoexceed65MPa
AS36002009 (13.1.2.2)

a/2

c1
cd =min(a/2,c,c1)
AS3600-2009 ctd (13.1.2.3)

ThedevelopmentlengthLsy.t maybetakenasthebasic
developmentlengthormayberefinedtoincludethebeneficial
effectsofconfinementsbytransversesteelortransversepressure
andis

Lsy.t = k4 k5 Lsy.tb

wherek4 =1 K (but0.7 k4 1.0);and

k5 =1.0 0.04p (but0.7 k5 1.0);

AS3600-2009 ctd (13.1.2.3)
Lsy.t = k 4 k5 Lsy.tb
k4 = 1 - K
where
= (Atr Atr.min)/As ;
Atr = cross-sectional area of the transverse reinforcement along the development
length Lsy.t
Atr.min = cross-sectional area of the minimum transverse reinforcement, which may
be taken as 0.25As for beams and 0 for slabs
As = cross-sectional area of a single bar of diameter db being anchored
K = is a factor that accounts for the position of the bars being anchored
relative to the transverse reinforcement, with values given below:

K = 0.1 K = 0.05 K=0

FIGURE 13.1.2.3(B) VALUES OF K FOR BEAMS AND SLABS
AS3600-2009 ctd (13.1.2.3)
ThedevelopmentlengthLst todevelopastress st lowerthan fsy :
st
Lst = Lsy.t 12d b
f sy

Whencalculatingst dontforgettoincludethestrengthreductionfactor
( =0.8).IfT* isthedesignultimatetensileforceinthereinforcement
causedbythefactoreddesignloads,then:

T * st Ast
andtherefore
T*
st
Ast
AS3600-2009 ctd (13.1.2.3)
Thedevelopmentlengthofadeformedbarwithastandardhook
orcog:
4dbor70mm
4db or 70mm XX X

A ddidid A
0.5d
did /2
id

0.5L
0.5Lsy.t
sy.t
0.5L
0.5L
sy.tsy.t

(a)Standardhook(180
(a) Standard hook (180 bend)
bend) (b)Standardhook(135
(b) Standard hook (135 bend)
bend).

XX

A did /2

0.5Lsy.t
0.5L sy.t

(c)Standardcog(90
(c) Standard cog (90 bend)
bend).
AS3600-2009

WORKEDEXAMPLE:
Considertheminimumdevelopmentlength requiredforthetwo
terminated28mmdiameterbottombars inthebeamshownbelow.
Takefsy = 500 MPa;fc = 32 MPa;covertothe28mmbarsc = 40 mm;
andtheclearspacingbetweenthebottombarsa = 60 mm.
ThecrosssectionalareaofoneN28barisAs = 620 mm2 andwithN12
stirrupsat150mmcentres,Atr = 110 mm2.
P P
A
12mm stirrups at 150mm ctrs

Two terminated bars

LL +d
sy.tsy.t
A
Lsy.t + D
Elevation Section A-A
 0.5k1k3 f sy d b
Worked Example ctd (13.1.2.3) Lsy.tb =
k 2 f c
Forbottombars: k1 = 1.0;
For28mmdiameterbars: k2 = (132 28)/100 = 1.04;
Theconcreteconfinementdimension, cd = a/2 = 30 mm,andtherefore
k3 = 1.0 0.15(30 28)/28 = 0.99
Thebasicdevelopmentlengthistherefore

0.5 1.0 0.99 500 28

Lsy.tb = = 1178 mm ( > 29k1d b )
1.04 32

Theminimumnumberofstirrupsthatcanbelocatedwithinthebasic
developmentlengthis7.Therefore,Atr = 7 x 110 = 770 mm2.
TakingAtr.min = 0.25As = 155 mm2,theparameter
= (770 155)/620 = 0.99
Worked Example ctd (13.1.2.3)
Lsy.t = k4 k5 Lsy.tb

FromFigure13.1.2B,K = 0.05 (asitisthetwointeriorbarsthatarebeing

developed)andtherefore

k4 = 1.0 K = 1.0 0.05 0.99 = 0.95

Itisassumedthatinthislocationthetransversepressureperpendicularto
theanchoredbar(p)iszero,andhencek5 = 1.0.

FromEq.13.1.2.3:

Lsy.t = k4 k5 Lsy.bt = 0.95 1.0 1178 = 1120 mm.

Thestrengthofthebeammustbecheckedatthepointwherethetwo
barsareterminated(ie.atLsy.t+d fromtheconstantmomentregion)
LappedSplicesforbarsintension(13.2.2 AS36002009):

PLANAR VIEW
Note: For the purposes of determining cd, the
sL a dimension a shall be taken equal to (sL-db)
db sb irrespective of the value of sb.

Lsy.t.lap
cdcd=, =min (a/2, cc)
min (a/2,
(a/2, ) )
crit

(i)(i)100%
100%ofofbars
barsspliced
spliced(no
(nostaggered
staggered splices)
splice)

0.3Lsy.t.lap

sL
a
PLANAR VIEW Note: For the purposes of determining cd, the
dimension a shall be taken equal to 2sL
irrespective of the value of sb.
sb Lsy.t.lap

cdc, ==min (a/2, cccrit

) )
d min(a/2,
(a/2, c)
(ii)
(ii) 50%
50% staggered splices
staggered splices
AS36002009: 13.2.2
LappedSplicesforbarsintension:

Lsy.t.lap = k7 Lsy.t 29k1d b

k7 shallbetakenas1.25,unless As providedisgreaterthan As required

andnomorethanonehalfofthetensilereinforcementatthesectionis
spliced,inwhichcase k7 =1.

Innarrowelementsormembers(suchasbeamwebsandcolumns),the
tensilelaplength(Lsy.t.lap)shallbenotlessthanthelargerofk7 Lsy.t and
Lsy.t + 1.5sb,wheresb isthecleardistancebetweenbarsofthelapped
spliceasshowninFigure8.15.
Considerthelappedsplice requirementsforN12barsat200mmcentres inthe
bottomofaslab.Cover=20mm.Concretestrength=25MPa.
AS36002009: ACI31808:(Simplified Clause12.2.2)
0.5k1k3 f syd b f y t e
Lsy.t.lap = 1.25Lsy.tb = Llap = 1.3l d = 1.3 db
k2 f c 2.1 f c
0.5 1.0 0.90 500 12 500 1.0 1.0
= 1.25 = 1.3 12
1.2 25 2.1 1.0 25

= 563 mm = 46.9 d b = 743 mm = 61.9 d b

(c. f . 369 mm = 30.7d b
in AS3600 2001)
ACI31808:(Refined Clause12.2.3)
f y t e s
Llap = 1.3l d = 1.3 d
c b + K tr b
1.1 f c ( )
db
500 1.0 1.0 0.8
= 1.3 12
26 + 0
1.1 1.0 25 ( )
12
= 524 mm = 43.7 d b
Detailingofbeams:
Anchorageoflongitudinalreinforcement:
UnfavorableanchorageTransversetension

Possible
cracks

Favorableanchorage
Normal
pressure
Elevation Section

Whenbottomreinforcementis C
C
terminatedawayfromthesupport,
T T
thediagonalcompressionintheweb T
improvestheanchorage.
AS3600-2009 Clause 8.1.10.1

Currentwording:
Thedesignforflexuralstrengthanddetailingofflexuralreinforcement
andpretensioned tendonsatterminationshallbeextendedfromthe
theoreticalcutoffpoint,ordebonding point,byalengthof1.0D +Lsy.t,or
1.0D +Lpt,whereDisthememberdepthatthetheoreticalcutoffpointor
theoreticaldebonding point
Problem1: Thewordingdoesnotmakesense
Problem2: Theruleisincorrect abardoesnothavetodevelop
itsyieldstressatthetheoreticalcutoffpoint

Amendedwording:
Whereflexuralreinforcementandpretensioned tendonsaretobe
terminated,thebarsortendonsshallbeextendedfromthetheoreticalcut
offpoint,ortheoreticaldebonding point,byalengthofatleast1.0D +Lst,
or1.0D +Lpt,respectively,whereDisthememberdepthatthetheoretical
cutoffpointortheoreticaldebonding point
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
tiltedanchoragenearhorizontalanchorage diagonalcompression

Reactionpressure Reactionpressure

SectionsandElevations

Thetransversetensionthatmaycausesplittingin
theplaneofahookedanchorage atasupportcan
beovercomeatabeamsupportsimplybytiltingthe Plan
hookandexposingittothenormalreactionpressure.
Detailingofbeams(ctd):

Inclinedclamping
bars

Potentialfailure
surface

Ifthebearinglengthatasupportissmallandclosetothefreeendofa
member,asliding shear failure alongasteepinclinedcrackmayoccur.
Additionalsmalldiameterbarsmayberequiredperpendiculartothe
potentialfailureplane
Detailingofbeams(ctd):

welded endplate
crossbar

recessed
angle

(a)(b) (c)

Wherethelengthavailableforanchorageissmall,mechanical
anchorages intheformofweldedcrossbarsorendplatesmaybeused.
Commoninprecastelements,corbels,bracketsandatothersupport
points.
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Member
Compressivestrut Centreline

Binding
reinforcement

Tie
Anchorageis DoNOTterminateanybottombars
critical

Inshortspanmembers,whereloadiscarriedtothesupportbyarch
action,itisessentialthatallbottomreinforcement(thetieofthearch)
isfullydevelopedateachsupport.Closelyspacedtransversestirrups
canbeusedtoimproveanchorageofthetiereinforcement.
Detailingofbeams(ctd):

Concentratingtopsteelatasupportinabeamwithinthewebcanlead
tocrackcontrolproblemsintheadjacentslab(Leonhardt etal.)

70
Crack width (0.01 mm))

60 As = 1030 mm2
50
As = 1020 mm2
40
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500

Load (kN)
Detailingofbeams(ctd):

AnchorageofStirrups:
Compressivetopchord(concrete)

Inclinedwebstruts
(concrete) Verticalties(stirrups)

Tensilebottomchord(Ast)

Tensioninstirrup ismoreorlessconstantoverheightofverticalleg.
Therefore,allpointsonverticallegmustbefullydeveloped
Stirrupanchorages shouldbelocatedinthecompressivezone and
beshownonthestructuraldrawings.
Theareaofshearreinforcementrequiredataparticularcross
sectionshouldbeprovidedforadistanceD fromthatcrosssection
inthedirectionofdecreasingshear(AS36002009 Clause8.2.12.3).
 Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:

Tensilelapped
splice

(a)Incorrect
Inadequateanchorage
A90 cogisineffectiveifthe
coverconcreteislost
(b)Undesirable(butsatisfactory)
Inregionswhereductilityisrequired,
theopenstirrups(commonlyusedin
posttensionedbeams)donotconfinethe
compressiveconcrete

Compressiveside

Tensileside

(c)Satisfactory
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:

Cd Cd
Ts Ts
Ts

cracks

Compressionstrut RigidFlexible

Multilegstirrups shouldbeusedinmemberswithwidewebsto
avoidtheundesirabledistributionofdiagonalcompressionshown
Multilegsturrups bettercontrolshearcrackingandhelpmaintain
sheartransferthoughaggregateinterlock
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
TypesofStirrups:

Dowel crack

Multilegstirrups arealsofarbetterforcontrollingthe
longitudinalsplittingcracks(knownasdowelcracks)that
precipitatebondfailureofthelongitudinalbarsintheshearspan.
Oftenthiscriticalshearcrackoccurswherebottombarsare
terminated intheshearspan.Additionalshearreinforcementmay
berequiredinthisregion(Clause8.1.10.5 AS36002009).
Detailingofbeams(ctd):

Crackcontrolprovidedbyshearreinforcement(Leonhardt etal):

0.8
Maximum crack width (mm)

0.7
1
0.6
0.5
2
0.4
0.3
3
0.2
0.1
4
0
0 200 400 600
Load P (kN)
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
SupportandLoadingPoints:
support

Internal
tie

(a)Supportunder (b)Supportover

Whenthesupportisatthesoffitofabeamorslab,thediagonal
compressionpassesdirectlyintothesupportasshown
Whenthesupportisatthetopofthebeam,thediagonalcompression
mustbecarriedbackuptothesupportviaaninternaltie.
Itisessentialthatadequatelyanchoredreinforcement beincluded
toactasthetensiontieandthereinforcementmustbeanchored
intothesupport
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Slabsupportedbyupturnedbeam:

Unreinforced
surface

(a)Incorrectdetail (b)Correctdetail

Theverticalcomponentofthediagonalcompressionintheslab
(i.e.thereactionfromtheslab)mustbecarriedintensionuptothe
topoftheupturnedbeam.
Dontrelyontheunreinforcedsurfacetocarrythistension
 Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Beamtobeamconnection:
Primary
girder Secondary
beam

Compressionstrutinsecondarybeam Theareaofadditional
suspension
reinforcement
suspensionreinforcement
is R*
R* Asr =
(a)Section f sy

Stirrups
forshear

Suspension R*
reinforcement

(b)Primarygirder Elevation (c)Primarygirder Trussanalogy

Detailingofbeams(ctd):
Beamtobeamconnection:

(b)Internalrods

Whenaloadisappliedtotheundersideofareinforcedconcrete
beam,somedevicemustbeusedtotransferthishangingloadtothe
topofthebeam
Detailingofbeams(ctd):
HalfJointordappedendjoint:

(a)Halfjoint
Hairpinreinforcement
Suspensionreinforcement

(b)Strutandtiemodel Reinforcementdetail

(c)Alternativestrutandtiemodel Reinforcementdetail
DetailingforCrackControl

Excessivecracking duetorestraineddeformation orexternal

loads isacommoncauseofdamageinreinforcedconcrete
structures.

Shrinkagecausesagradualwideningofexistingcracks and
timedependentcracking inpreviouslyuncrackedregions.

Excessivecracking inthehardenedconcretecanbeavoided
byincludingsufficientreinforcementatsufficientlyclose
spacings.
The minimumquantitiesofreinforcement specifiedforcrack
controlinAS3600maynotbewhatisactuallyrequiredinall
circumstances.
 Thewidthofacrack dependson
thequantity,orientationanddistributionofthe
reinforcingsteelcrossingthecrack;
concretecoverandmembersize;
thebondbetweenconcreteandreinforcement
inthevicinityofthecrack;
thedeformationcharacteristicsofconcrete;and
theshrinkagestrain(andthereforethetimeafter
crackformation).
thecauseofthecrack
thedegreeofrestraint

Oftensignificantlymorereinforcementthantheminimum
specifiedamountisrequired.
 Flexuralcracking: Service loads

d Flexural cracks

Crack spacing, s, varies between

0.5d and 1.5d and depends on
- steel area and distribution
- cover
and the average crack spacing
decreases with time due to
shrinkage
Crack width, w, depends on
- steel stress
- bar diameter and bar spacing
Maximum crack widths - cover
increase with time by a factor - adjacent crack spacings
of between 2 and 4 and increases with time due to
shrinkage
SimplifiedApproachforFlexuralCrackControlinAS36002009
(Clause8.6.1and9.4.1):

Forreinforcedconcretebeamsandslabs,crackingisdeemedtobecontrolled
(crackwidthswillbelessthan0.3mm)ifeachofthefollowing issatisfied:

(a)thequantityoftensilereinforcementinabeamorslabprovidesan
ultimatestrengthatleast20%higherthanthecrackingmoment
calculatedassumingcs =0;

(b) thedistancefromthesideorsoffit ofthemembertothecentreofthe

nearestlongitudinalbarshallnotexceed100mm;

(c)Thecentretocentrespacingofbars nearatensionfaceofabeamor
slabshallnotexceed300mmforabeam andthelesseroftwotimes
theslabthicknessand300mmforaslab.

(d)Thestressinthetensilesteelislessthanalimitingvalue(asfollows):
SimplifiedApproachforFlexuralCrackControlinAS36002009
(Clause8.6.1and9.4.1):Ctd

Formemberssubjectprimarilytoflexure,thecalculatedsteelstresscaused
bytheserviceabilitydesignmomentshallnotexceedthelarger ofthe
maximumsteelstressesgiveninTables8.6.1(A)and8.6.1(B)for beams
andTables9.4.1(A)and9.4.1(B)forslabs.
Table 8.6.1(A): Maximum steel stress for Table 8.6.1(B): Maximum steel stress for
tension or flexure in r.c. beams. flexure in r.c. beams.

Nominal bar Maximum steel Centre-to-centre Maximum steel

diameter stress spacing stress
(mm) (MPa) (mm) (MPa)
10 360 50 360
12 330 100 320
16 280 150 280
20 240 200 240
24 210 250 200
28 185 300 160
32 160
36 140
40 120
SimplifiedApproachforFlexuralCrackControlinAS36002009
(Clause8.6.1and9.4.1):Ctd

Formemberssubjectprimarilytotension,thecalculatedsteelstresscaused
bytheserviceabilitydesignactionsshallnotexceedthemaximumsteel
stressesgiveninTables8.6.1(A)forbeamsandTables9.4.1(A)forslabs.

Table 9.4.1(A): Maximum steel stress for Table 9.4.1(B): Maximum steel stress for
flexure in r.c. slabs. flexure in r.c. slabs.

Nominal bar Maximum steel stress (MPa) Centre-to-centre Maximum steel

diameter for overall depth Ds (mm) spacing stress
(mm) 300 > 300 (mm) (MPa)
6 375 450 50 360
8 345 400 100 320
10 320 360 150 280
12 300 330 200 240
16 265 280 250 200
20 240 300 160
24 210
RestrainedShrinkageCrackinginSlabs:

Providedthatbondedreinforcementatreasonablespacing crosses
thecrackandthatthememberdoesnot deflectexcessively,flexural
cracksareusuallywellcontrolledinreinforcedconcretebeamsand
slabs.

Incontrast,directtensioncracks duetorestrainedshrinkageand
temperaturechangesfrequentlyleadtoserviceabilityproblems,
particularlyinregionsoflowmoment.

Suchcracksusuallyextendcompletelythroughthememberandare
moreparallelsidedthanflexuralcracks.

Ifuncontrolled,thesecrackscanbecomeverywideandleadto
waterproofingandcorrosionproblems.

Theycanalsodisrupttheintegrityandthestructuralactionoftheslab.
Theslabisrestrainedbybeamsandshrinkageinducestension
intheslabinthedirectionofthebeams

Fulldepthrestrainedshrinkagecracks

Flexuralcracks

Onewayfloorslabsupportedonbeams

Usuallymoresteelisrequiredtocontroltherestrainedshrinkage
cracksthanisrequiredtocontroltheflexuralcracksandprovide
adequatestrength.
RestrainedShrinkageCrackinginSlabsCtd:
Intheprimarydirection,shrinkagewillcausesmallincreasesinthe
widthsofthemanyfineflexuralcracksandmaycauseadditional
flexuretypecracksinthepreviouslyuncracked regions.
However,inthesecondarydirection,whichisineffectadirect
tensionsituation,shrinkagegenerallycausesafewwidely spaced
crackswhichpenetratecompletelythroughtheslab.
Iftheamountofreinforcementcrossingadirecttensioncrackis
small,yieldingofthesteelwilloccurandawide,unserviceablecrack
willresult.Toavoidthiseventuality,theminimum steelratio,min is
Ast 1.2 f ct
min = =
b d min f sy

f ct = 0.25 f c'
where.For32MPa concrete, min =0.0034.
Foraserviceablecrackwidth,significantlymoresteelthanthis is
required.
CrackControlinSlabsAS36002009:
Wheretheendsofaslabarerestrainedandtheslabisnotfree to
expandorcontractinthesecondarydirection,theminimumarea of
reinforcementintherestraineddirectionisgivenbyeitherEq.1a,
1bor1c,asappropriate(seebelow).

Foraslabfullyenclosedwithinabuildingexceptforabriefperiodof
weatherexposureduringconstruction:

(i)whereastrongdegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:
( As )min = (6.0 2.5 cp )b D 10 3 (9(1a)
.2 a )

(ii)whereamoderatedegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:
( As )min = (3.5 2.5 cp )b D 10 3 ((1b)
9.2 b )

(iii)whereaminordegreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequired:
( As )min = (1.75 2.5 cp )b D 10 3 ((1c)
9 .2 c )
 ForallotherslabsurfaceconditionsinExposureClassificationA1
andforexposureclassificationA2,Eq.1aapplieswhereastrong
degreeofcontrol overcrackingisrequiredforappearanceorwhere
cracksmayreflectthroughfinishes
( As )min = (6.0 2.5 cp )b D 10 3 (9(1a)
.2 a )

andEq.1bapplieswhereamoderate degreeofcontrolovercracking
isrequiredandwherecracksareinconsequentialorhidden fromview.
( As )min = (3.5 2.5 cp )b D 10 3 (9(1b)
.2 b )

ForExposureClassificationsB1,B2,C1andC2,Eq.1aalwaysapplies.
TheminimumsteelareagivenbyEq.1cisappropriateinan
unrestraineddirection wheretheslabisfreetoexpandorcontract.
Intheprimarydirection ofaonewayslaborineachdirectionofa
twowayslab,theminimumquantityofreinforcement isthegreaterof
theminimumquantityrequiredforthestrengthlimitstate or75% of
theminimumarearequiredbyEqs.1a,1bor1c,asappropriate.
Consideraslabrestrainedateachend.
Withtime,restrainedshrinkagecracksoccuratroughlyregularcentres
dependingontheamountofreinforcement:

(a) Portion of restrained member after all cracking

(b) Average concrete stress after all shrinkage

(c) Steel stress after all shrinkage cracking

Typicalvalues:
Considera140mmthick,4mlongslabfullyrestrainedatbothends
andsymmetricallyreinforcedwithN12barsat250mmcentres top
andbottom.Hence,As=900mm2/mand =As/Ac =0.00643.

L=4m

140 mm

For25MPa concretewithafinalshrinkagestrainof0.0007and
typicalmaterialproperties,ashrinkagecrackinganalysisofthis
restrainedslabindicates4or5fulldepthcracks withinthe4m
lengthwiththemaximumfinalcrackwidth about0.3mm.
 4m
140 mm

p =As/Ac

2.8 mm
onelarge
Ifp =0: unserviceable
crack

0.6 0.7 mm
aboutthree
Ifp =0.0035 unserviceable
(?)cracks

0.3 0.4 mm
Fourorfive
Ifp =0.006 serviceable
(?)cracks
Detailingofcolumns:
Lappedcompressivesplices:

Additional
fitmentspacing,
s <4c

Normal
fitment
spacing,s

Additionalfitmentsat Tensionat Unsatisfactorytension

compressivesplice crankedbars spliceinthinwall
Detailingofcolumns:
Typicaltiearrangementsincolumns:
Alllongitudinalbarsin
thesecolumnsarerestrained
at
(i)abendinafitmentof135
orless;or
(ii)atafitmenthookswith
includedangleof135 or
less,asshown.

AS36002009requirementsforrestrainingsinglelongitudinalbarsincolumns:
(i)Everycornerbar;
(ii)Allbars wherebarsarespacedatcentres >150mm;
(iii)Atleasteveryalternatebar wherebarcentres 150mm.

Forbundledbars eachbundlemustberestrained.
Detailingofcolumns:
Minimumbardiametersforfitments(AS36002009):
Longitudinal bar diameter Minimum bar diameter
(mm) for fitment and helix (mm)

Single bars up to 20 6
Single bars 24 to 28 10
Single bars 28 to 36 12
Single bar 40 16
Bundled bars 12

Maximumspacingoffitments(AS36002009):
Thespacingoffitments(orthepitchofahelix)shouldnotexceedthe
smallerof:
Dc and15db forsinglebars
0.5Dc and7.5db forbundledbars
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnections(ortwomemberconnections):

(a) (b) (c)

(d)

Figure 8.37 Two-member connections.

DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderOpening Moment:
C
M M
2T

C T

M M

2T 2 Ast f sy
(a) Internal forces (b) Crack pattern Asv = =
f sy. f f sy. f

M M M

M M M

(a) Unsatisfactory (b) Unsatisfactory (c) Potentially satisfactory

DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderOpening Moment Suggesteddetail:

Diagonal
stirrups Diagonal flexural bars

M
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
KneeConnectionsunderClosing Moment:
T
M
2T

M
C

T C

M M

(a) Internal forces (b) Crack pattern

M M

M
(a) Wall or slab connection (when p fct.f /fsy) (b) Beam to column knee connection
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Threememberconnections:

Poor anchorage
conditions

High bond stress

(a) Internal forces (b) Crack pattern

DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Threememberconnections Reinforcementdetail:

Larger diameter bar to distribute

bearing stresses in bend

Ties to carry diagonal tension, to

control vertical splitting and to
confine the concrete core
DetailingofBeamcolumnConnections:
Fourmemberconnections:

(a) Internal forces (b) Crack pattern (c) Reinforcement detail

DetailingofCorbels:
Main or primary tensile Primary
reinforcement tension steel

C Cross bar to
distribute bearing Welded
stresses in bend anchor bar
(see Fig 8.46d)
Crack control steel

(a) Strut-and-tie action (b) Reinforcement detail (c) Welded primary steel

weld=db Primary tensile reinforcement

tweld=db/2
db

tweld=db/2
db Anchor
bar weld=db
(d) Satisfactory weld details (17)
DesignofCorbels:
V*
a
Tie: T= = As f sy ( = 0.8)
tan
V*
V*
As =
f sy tan
T
d/2
D
C d Strut: st Cu = st s 0.9 f c Ac (st = 0.6)
1
s = (0.3 s 1.0)
1.0 + 0.66 cot 2

Ah As / 2
Figure 8.47
ParkandPaulay suggestthatagoodfirstestimateofcorbeldimensions
isobtainedfrom: *
V / bwd 0.56 f c
andACI31808suggests
a / d 1.0 and 0.04 f c / f sy As / bw d 0.2 f c / f sy
DesignofCorbels:

400 400
mm 200 mm
* mm
V = 500kN V*

T*

D/2 200 D/2

mm
d D C* d D

200/sin
dc d=c=400/sin
bw = 300 mm
==270
541mm
mm

(a) (b)

f c = 32 MPa f sy = 500 MPa Cover = 30 mm

Bearing plate = 200 x 300 mm in plan

DesignofCorbels:
From V * / bwd 0.56 f c : 500 103
d = 526 mm
300 0.56 32
WithD = d +cover+0.5bardia andassuming20mmdiameterbars,
takeD =570mmandtherefored =530mm.
Fromthegeometry: d 100 tan( 90 ) = 47.7o
tan =
400
and
500 103
As = = 1138 mm2
0.8 500 tan 47.7 Try4N20bars(1240mm2)
Now As / bw d = 0.0078 = 0.122 f c / f sy OK

Thestrutefficiencyfactor: 1
s = = 0.65
1.0 + 0.66 cot 2
and
stCu = 0.6 0.65 0.9 32 81150 = 911 kN
> C* = V * / cos = 743 kN OK
DesignofCorbels:
4 N20 4 N20
N24 cross-bar
(welded to N20s)

285 285

285 285

3 N12 3 N12
stirrups Stirrups

N28 welded ELEVATION

ELEVATION cross-bar

PLAN PLAN
JOINTSINSTRUCTURES:
Jointsareintroducedintoconcretestructuresfortwomainreasons:

1)Asstoppingplaces intheconcretingoperation.Thelocationof
theseconstructionjoints dependsonthesizeandproduction
capacityoftheconstructionsiteandworkforce;
2)Toaccommodatedeformation (expansion,contraction,rotation,
settlement)withoutlocaldistressorlossofintegrityofthe
structure.Suchjointsinclude:
controljoints (contractionjoints);
expansionjoints;
structuraljoints (suchashinges,pinandrollerjoints);
shrinkagestrips; and
isolationjoints.
Thelocationofthesejointsdependsontheanticipated
movementsofthestructureduringitslifetimeandtheresulting
effectsonstructuralbehaviour.
ConstructionJoints:

1st pour 2nd pour

Waterstop where water tightness is required

(a) Butt joint (b) Keyed joint
Steel dowels to improve shear strength

(c) Doweled joint

ControlJoints(orContractionJoints):

Saw cut > 0.2 t and 20 mm 0.75 t

Discontinue every second bar if necessary so that p < 0.002

(a) Saw-cut joint in slab on ground (b) Wall (t < 200 mm)
0.75 t Debond dowel to ensure free contraction

Discontinue every second bar if necessary so that p < 0.002

(d) Wall (t 200 mm) (c) Doweled joint

Typicalcontroljointlocations:

Control joint locations

(a) Wall elevation

(b) Balcony plan

Alternativeshrinkagestripdetails:

Shrinkage Shrinkage
strip strip
Expansionjointdetails:

(b) Half joint

25 mm

Joint locations
(a) Double column and beams

(c) Building plans joint locations

Alternativestructuralhingejointsatbaseofacolumn:

Elastic, easily
compressible
material

Mesnager
hinge

Confinement steel
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION

ARE THERE ANY QUESTIONS ?