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L THUYT MCH
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
L THUYT MCH
CHNG 1
CC KHI NIM V NGUYN L C BN CA L
THUYT MCH
GII THIU
Chng ny cp n cc khi nim, cc thng s v cc nguyn l c bn nht ca l
thuyt mch truyn thng. ng thi, a ra cch nhn tng quan nhng vn m mn hc ny
quan tm cng vi cc phng php v cc loi cng c cn thit tip cn v gii quyt cc vn
. C th l:
Tho lun quan im h thng v cc mch in x l tn hiu.
Tho lun cc loi thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch di gc nng lng.
Cch chuyn m hnh mch in t min thi gian sang min tn s v ngc li.
Cc thng s ca mch trong min tn s.
ng dng min tn s trong phn tch mch, so snh vi vic phn tch mch trong min
thi gian.
NI DUNG
1.1 KHI NIM TN HIU V MCH IN
Tn hiu
Tn hiu l dng biu hin vt l ca thng tin. Th d, mt trong nhng biu hin vt l ca
cc tn hiu ting ni (speech), m nhc (music), hoc hnh nh (image) c th l in p v dng
in trong cc mch in. V mt ton hc, tn hiu c biu din chnh xc hoc gn ng bi
hm ca cc bin c lp.
Xt di gc thi gian, mc d trong cc ti liu l khng ging nhau, nhng trong ti
liu ny chng ta s thng nht v mt nh ngha cho mt s loi tn hiu ch yu lin quan n
hai khi nim lin tc v ri rc.
Tn hiu lin tc
Khi nim tn hiu lin tc l cch gi thng thng ca loi tn hiu lin tc v mt thi
gian. N cn c gi l tn hiu tng t. Mt tn hiu x(t) c gi l lin tc v mt thi gian
khi min xc nh ca bin thi gian t l lin tc.
Hnh 1.1 m t mt s dng tn hiu lin tc v mt thi gian, trong : Hnh 1.1a m t
mt tn hiu bt k; tn hiu ting ni l mt th d in hnh v dng tn hiu ny. Hnh 1.1b m
t dng tn hiu iu ha. Hnh 1.1c m t mt dy xung ch nht tun hon. Hnh 1.1d m t tn
hiu dng hm bc nhy n v, k hiu l u(t) hoc 1(t):
1, t0
u (t ) = (1.1)
0, t<0
5
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
t t t
u(t) (t)
1
0 t 0 t
(d) (e)
Hnh 1.1
Mt s dng tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian
Tn hiu ri rc
V mt ton hc, tn hiu ri rc l mt hm trong bin thi gian ch nhn cc gi tr ri
rc. Thng thng, loi tn hiu ri rc n gin nht ch c nh ngha cc gi tr ti cc im
thi gian ri rc t =n.Ts, trong n nguyn; do trong cc ti liu, tn hiu ri rc x(nTs) thng
c k hiu l x(n). Hnh 1.2a m t dng mt tn hiu ri rc v mt thi gian.
-1 0 1 2 3 4 n -1 0 1 2 3 4 n
Tn hiu s
6
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
S ly mu
Ly mu l thut ng ch qu trnh ri rc ha tn hiu lin tc. Ni cch khc, y l qu
trnh chuyn i tn hiu lin tc s(t) thnh tn hiu ri rc s(n) tng ng. Ta gi s(n) l phin
bn c mu ha t tn hiu gc s(t).
Nu s(n) quan h vi tn hiu gc s(t) theo biu thc:
s (n) = s (t ) t = nT
s
t n
Hnh 1.3
M hnh ha qu trnh ly mu
Chuyn i AD/DA
Chuyn i AD l qu trnh s ha tn hiu lin tc. Ni cch khc, y l qu trnh chuyn
i tn hiu lin tc s(t) thnh tn hiu s tng ng. Thng thng, trong cc h thng in t,
qu trnh ny bao gm ba cng on: Trc tin l cng on ri rc ha tn hiu v mt thi
gian. K tip l cng on lm trn cc gi tr ly mu thnh cc gi tr mi thuc mt tp hu
hn; cng on ny cn gi l cng on lng t ha. Cui cng, ty thuc vo h thng s
c s dng m cc gi tr c lng t ha s c m ha tng thch vi thit b x l
v mi trng truyn dn.
Ngc li qu trnh chuyn i AD l qu trnh chuyn i DA. y l qu trnh phc hi
tn hiu lin tc s(t) t tn hiu s tng ng.
X l tn hiu
X l tn hiu l mt khi nim rng ch cc qu trnh bin i, phn tch, tng hp tn
hiu nhm a ra cc thng tin phc v cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Cc h thng khuch i v
7
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
Mch in C
thay th.
Hnh 1.4
Trn quan im h thng, mch in l m Mch tch phn
hnh ton hc chnh xc hoc gn ng ca mt h
thng in, nhm thc hin mt ton t no ln
cc tc ng u vo, nhm to ra cc p ng mong mun u ra. M hnh thng c
c trng bi mt h phng trnh m t mi quan h gia cc tn hiu xut hin bn trong h
thng. Trong min thi gian, cc h thng mch lin tc c c trng bi mt h phng trnh
vi tch phn, cn cc h thng mch ri rc c c trng bi mt h phng trnh sai phn.
V mt vt l, mch in l mt m hnh tng ng biu din s kt ni cc thng s v
cc phn t ca h thng theo mt trt t logic nht nh nhm to v bin i tn hiu. M hnh
phi phn nh chnh xc nht & cho php phn tch c cc hin tng vt l xy ra, ng
thi l c s tnh ton & thit k h thng. Th d hnh 1.4 l m hnh mt mch in lin tc
thc hin ton t tch phn, trong mi quan h vo/ra tha mn ng thc: u ra = k u v dt .
Hnh 1.5 l mt trong nhng m hnh tng ng ca bin p thng. Trong m hnh
tng ng ca phn t ny c s c mt ca cc thng
s in tr R, in cm L v h cm M. Nhng thng s M
R1 R2
c trng cho nhng tnh cht vt l khc nhau cng * *
tn ti trn phn t ny v s pht huy tc dng ca chng
U1 L1 L2 U2
ph thuc vo cc iu kin lm vic khc nhau.
Cn phn bit s khc nhau ca hai khi nim phn
t v thng s. Phn t (trong ti liu ny) l m hnh vt Hnh 1.5
Mt m hnh tng
l ca cc vt liu linh kin c th nh dy dn, t in, ng ca bin p
cun dy, bin p, diode, transistor... Thng s l i thng
lng vt l c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t. Mt phn
t c th c nhiu thng s. V mt in, v mch tng ng ca cc phn t c ngha l biu
din cc tnh cht v in ca phn t thng qua cc thng s e, i, r, C, L, M, Z, Y ... ni vi
nhau theo mt cch no . Cui cng biu din cch u ni tip nhiu thng s ngi ta v
cc k hiu ca chng u n ni vi u kia to thnh mt chui lin tip, cn trong cch u ni
song song th cc cp u tng ng c ni vi nhau. Trong s mch in cc on lin nt
ni cc k hiu thng s c trng cho cc dy ni c tnh cht dn in l tng.
8
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
Tn hiu lin tc
xa(t) xa(t)
Mch tng t
tn hiu ri rc
tn hiu s
Hnh 1.6
Cc h thng mch in x l tn hiu lin tc
Ghi ch: ADC - Analog to Digital Converter: mch chuyn i tng t - s. DAC - Digital
to Analog Converter: mch chuyn i s - tng t.
10
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
u(t) = r.i(t)
1
hay i( t ) = u(t ) = g. u(t ) (1.3)
r
1
r c th nguyn vn/ampe, o bng n v m (). Thng s g= gi l in dn, c th nguyn
r
1/, n v l Simen(S).
V mt thi gian, dng in v in p trn phn t thun tr l trng pha nn nng lng nhn
c trn phn t thun tr l lun lun dng, r c trng cho s tiu tn nng lng di dng
nhit.
11 u(t)
Hnh 1.10
K hiu in dung
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
- Thng s in cm (L):
u(t)
in cm c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi in p
trn n t l vi tc bin thin ca dng in, c th
nguyn vn x giy/ampe, o bng n v hery(H), k hiu Hnh 1.11
nh hnh 1.11 v c xc nh theo cng thc: K hiu in cm
di( t )
u( t ) = L (1.7)
dt
1
L
hay i (t ) = u(t ) dt (1.8)
t t gn nhau khi c dng in chy trong chng, ni hoc khng ni v in. V d nh trn
hnh 1.12 ta thy dng in i1 chy trong phn t in cm th nht s gy ra trn phn t th hai
mt in p h cm l:
di
u =M 1 (1.10)
21 dt
Ngc li, dng in i2 chy trong phn t in cm th hai s gy ra trn phn t th nht mt
in p h cm l:
di
u =M 2 (1.11)
12 dt
di1 di
u2 = M + L2 2 (1.13)
dt dt
song song 1
=
1 1
=
1 C = Ck
r k rk L k Lk
k
13
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
Ri Ri Ri
+ +
a
- - b
E ng
Uab = Rt (1.14)
Ri + Rt
Iab
a
14 b
15
Ngun D-A
Hnh 1.19
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
+ Ngun dng c iu khin bng p (D-A), biu din trong hnh 1.19. Trong dng in
ngun Ing lin h vi in p iu khin U1 theo cng thc:
Ing =gU1 (1.18)
( g l h s t l )
Trong trng hp l tng th R1=, R2= v khi I1 I2
I1=0, I2 =Ing = gU1.
+ Ngun dng c iu khin bng dng (D-D), U1 U2
R1 Ing R2
biu din trong hnh 1.20. Trong dng in
ngun Ing lin h vi dng iu khin I1 theo cng
Ngun D-D
thc:
Hnh 1.20
Zra
P I2 P
+
U A Zvao
N I1 Ura A.(UP UN) Ura
- N
(a) (b)
Hnh 1.21
K hiu v m hnh tng ng ca KTT
-Trong thc t thng quy cc phn t tch cc v cc loi ngun c iu khin. Th d, phn t
khuch i thut ton, k hiu v m hnh tng ng ca n c m t thnh ngun p c
iu khin bng p nh hnh 1.21, trong A l h s khuch i vng h ca phn t ny. Cn
vi transistor, min tn hiu nh v tn s thp, ngi ta hay dng s tng ng vt l
nh hnh 1.22. Trong s ny c ngun dng ph thuc IE . Cc in tr trn s l cc in
tr vi phn ca cc thnh phn dng xoay chiu c bin nh m bo on lm vic tuyn
tnh, v c xc nh bi h c tuyn vo/ ra ca transistor.
IE
I1=IE rE I2=-IC
E C
E C
rC
U1 rB U2
B
16 B
x(t)
1.3.1 Cch biu din phc cc tc ng iu ho
Xm
Theo l thuyt chui v tch phn Fourier, cc tn hiu ngu
nhin theo thi gian v hu hn v bin u c th phn tch
thnh cc cc thnh phn dao ng iu ho. Bi vy vic phn t
tch s hot ng ca mch, c bit l mch tuyn tnh, di
tc ng bt k, c th c quy v vic phn tch phn ng
ca mch di cc tc ng iu ha. Hnh 1.23
mt gc khc, xut pht t cng thc ca nh ton hc
Euler:
exp(j) = cos + jsin (1.20)
bt k mt dao ng iu ho x(t) trong min thi gian vi bin Xm , tn s gc
2
= [ rad / s] , v pha u l 0[rad] (hnh 1.23), u c th biu din di dng phc trong min
T
tn s:
G G
X = X m . exp( jt + 0 ) = X m . exp( jt ) (1.21)
17
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
khng cn cn thit phi vit trong cc biu thc tnh ton na, lc ny bin phc hon ton
c trng cho cc thnh phn dng v p trong mch.
1.3.2 Tr khng v dn np
By gi hy ni n nh lut m tng qut vit di dng phc:
G G
U = Z. I (1.23)
G 1 G G
hay I = U = Y .U (1.24)
Z
trong Z chnh l mt ton t c nhim v bin i dng in phc thnh in p phc v gi l
1
tr khng ca mch, n v o bng m (), cn Y = l mt ton t c nhim v bin i in
Z
p phc thnh dng in phc v gi l dn np ca mch, n v o bng Siemen (S). Chng
c biu din di dng phc:
18
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
G 1 G 1 1 1 G G
U = Idt = I exp[j(t + )]dt = I exp[j(t + )] = I=Z I
C C C m jC m jC C
1
vy Z = = j X (1.32)
c jC C
YC = jC =jBC B (1.33)
1
trong XC = ; BC = C (1.34)
C
-i vi phn t thun cm:
G
U =L
G
di
=L m {
d I exp[ j(t + )] } G
= jLI exp[ j(t + )] = jLI = Z I
G
L dt dt m L
vy ZL = jL = jXL (1.35)
1
Y = =jB (1.36)
j L L
L
1
trong XL =L ; B = (1.37)
L L
Nh vy nh c cch biu din phc, ta thay th cc php ly o hm bng ton t nhn p,
cn php ly tch phn c thay th bng ton t nhn 1/p (trong trng hp c th ny th
p=j). Tng qut hn, vi p l mt bin nm trn mt phng phc, s c cp chi tit trong
cc chng sau.
Z1 Z2 Zn
-Tr khng tng ng ca nhiu phn t: a b
+Trng hp mc ni tip (hnh 1.24):
Hnh 1.24
U ab = I.Z ab = I Z k
k
vy Zab = Zk (1.38) Y1
k
Y2
+Trng hp mc song song (hnh 1.25): a b
I ab = U.Yab = U k Yk = U Yk Yn
k k
Hnh 1.25
vy Yab = Yk (1.39)
k
Cch mc Tr khng Dn np
19
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
ni tip Z td = Z k 1
=
1
k
Ytd k Yk
song song 1
=
1 Ytd = Yk
Z td k Zk
k
V3
Z6 Z6
Z2 Z4 Z2 Z4
B C A B C
A
Z1 Z3 Z5 Z1 Z3 Z5
O O
20
V1 V2 V4
Hnh 1.26
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
21
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
= f ( I) hay L=f(U,I)
Tnh bt bin
Mt mch c gi l bt bin nu cc thng s ca mch khng ph thuc thi gian, khi mt
trong cc thng s ca n chu nh hng ca thi gian th mch l mch khng bt bin
(mch thng s). Vi mch bt bin, gi thit mch khng c nng lng ban u, nu y(t) l p
ng ca mch tng ng vi tc ng x(t), th y(t-t1) s l p ng ca mch tng ng vi tc
ng x(t-t1).
Tnh nhn qu
Mch in (vi gi thit khng c nng lng ban u) c gi l c tnh nhn qu nu p ng
ra ca mch khng th c trc khi c tc ng u vo.
Cng cn phi nhc rng tnh cht tuyn tnh v bt bin ca mch in ch ng trong iu kin
lm vic nht nh, khi iu kin lm vic b thay i th cc tnh cht c th khng cn ng
na. Vic phn chia tnh tuyn tnh /khng tuyn tnh v bt bin /khng bt bin ch mang tnh
cht tng i.
Nh vy trong mch tng h, dng in trong vng l (sinh ra bi cc ngun t trong vng k)
bng dng in trong vng k (sinh ra bi chnh ngun chuyn sang vng l). Hay ni mt cch
khc, dng in trong nhnh i (sinh ra bi ngun E t trong nhnh j) bng dng in trong nhnh
j (sinh ra bi chnh ngun chuyn sang nhnh i).
Cc phn t v mch tuyn tnh c tnh cht tng h (nh cc phn t th ng dn in hai
chiu R, L, C ...) lm cho vic phn tch mch trong cc phn cp tr nn thun li. i
vi cc phn t v mch khng tng h (nh n in t, tranzito, it...) th vic phn tch kh
phc tp, khi cn phi c thm cc thng s mi.
khng, c ngha l cng sut trn cc thnh phn in cm cn bng vi cng sut trn cc thnh
phn in dung, hay lc mch l thun tr. n v cng sut phn khng tnh bng VAR.
-Cng sut biu kin, cn gi l cng sut ton phn trn on mch ny c tnh theo cng
thc:
1
S = P 2 + Q r2 = U m I m = UI (1.45)
2
n v cng sut ton phn tnh bng VA. Cng sut ton phn mang tnh cht hnh thc v cng
sut trong mch khi cc i lng dng v p c o ring r m khng ch ti s lch pha
gia chng. Tng qut cng sut trong mch cn c biu din di dng phc:
G
S = P + jQ r (1.46)
Z t = Z ng
*
= R ng jX t (1.48)
E2
P0 = (1.49)
4 R ng
24
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
R ch = ch . L ch
1 (1.50)
R ch = . C
ch ch
1 P
hoc a= .ln 1 , Np (1.52)
2 P0
U1
a = 20.log , dB (1.53)
U0
U1
hoc a = ln , Np (1.54)
U0
25
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
hoc = lg [D] (1.57)
0
CC TH D MINH HA
Th d 1.1: Tnh in cm tng ng ca ca hai phn t in
M
cm L1 v L2 trong hai trng hp mc ni tip v mc song song
(gi s gia chng c h cm M).
L1 L2
Gii:
Hnh 1.31
a. Trong trng hp mc ni tip (hnh 1.31):
di di di di
Ta c: u = L M ; v u = L M
1 1 dt dt 2 2 dt dt
di di
Mt khc: u = u1 + u 2 = ( L1 + L 2 2 M ) = L td
dt dt
Vy Ltd = L1 + L 2 2 M (1.59)
Z td
Vy Ltd = (1.61)
j
trong : Z1=jL1, Z2=jL2 l tr khng ca hai phn t trong cch biu din phc. ZM=jM l
tr khng h cm gia hai phn t. Ztd =jLt l tr khng tng ng ca hai phn t.
26
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
Th d 1.3 : Cho mch in hnh 1.34, trong : Z1 = 1-5j ; Z2 = 3+3j ; Z3= 6+6j . in p
G o
vo c bin phc: U 1m = 9 2 .e j 30 V.
Hnh 1.34
Z2Z3 Z1 Z3 Z5
a.Ta c: Z td = Z 1 + = 33j
Z2 + Z3
G Z2 Z4
G U 1m 0
I 1m = = 3.e j15
Z td
G
G I 1m 0
Hnh 1.35
I 2m = Z 3 = 2.e j15
Z2 + Z3
G
G I 1m 0
I 3m = Z 2 = 1.e j15
Z2 + Z3
-Vy: u1 (t ) = 9 2 sin(t 30 o )
u(t ) = 5 2 .cost
Y1 Y3 Y5
i ( t ) = cos(t )
4 Y2 Y4
b. Cho dng in iu ha chy qua mch c gi tr hiu dng l 5A, hy vit biu thc thi gian
ca in p t trn hai u mch in.
Gii:
a. S tng ng chi tit ca mch theo cc tham s g, BL, BC c dng nh hnh 1.38, (n v
l Siemen).
g=5 g=1 g=0.5
b. Ta c: Y45 = Y4 + Y5 = 1 + j
28
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
i ( t ) = 5 2 cost
u ( t ) = 2 cos(t )
4
Th d 1.6: Hy xt cc c tnh v in (theo tn s) ch xc lp ca mch RLC ni tip
nh hnh 1.39.
I R L
Gii: Tr khng ca mch:
G
U
Z = G = R + j ( X L X C ) = R + jX U C
I
X L = L nm na dng ca trc o;
Hnh 1.39
1
XC = nm na m ca trc o.
C
X = X L X C l thnh phn in khng ca mch.
X
Z = R2 + (X L X C )2 = R2 + X 2 ; = arg[ Z ] = arctg
R
Mi tng quan ca cc thnh phn tr khng ca mch c biu din trn mt phng phc nh
hnh 1.40a. Cn hnh 1.40b m t c tnh cc thnh phn in khng ca mch theo tn s. Khi
tn s nh hn f0, XC ln hn XL, khi X c gi tr m, mch c tnh in dung, in p chm
pha hn so vi dng in. Khi tn s ln hn f0, XC nh hn XL, khi X c gi tr dng, mch
c tnh in cm, in p nhanh pha hn so vi dng in.
XL
XL
X Z
X=XL-XC
R 0
f0 f
XC
XC (a) (b)
Hnh 1.40
1
Ti tn s cng hng ca mch f 0 = , XL cn bng vi XC, thnh phn in khng X
2 LC
ca mch b trit tiu, tr khng ca I
mch l b nht v thun tr, dng in
trn mch t cc i v ng pha vi U
I0 =
in p. Khi tn s lch khi gi tr R
0,7 I 0
cng hng, phn in khng X ca
mch s tng, tc l tr khng ca
f1 f0 f2 f
29
B
B B
BW
Hnh 1.41
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
mch tng, ngha l dng trong mch s gim. S ph thuc ca bin dng in vo tn s dn
n tnh chn lc tn s ca mch. Hnh 1.41 m t tnh chn lc tn s ca mch (vi ngun tc
ng l ngun p l tng).
-Di thng ca mch:
f0
BW = f 2 f1 = (1.62)
Q
trong f1, f2 l cc tn s bin ca di thng, cn gi l tn s ct, c xc nh ti v tr m
bin c tuyn b gim i 3dB (tc bng 0,7I0); cn Q l i lng c trng cho tnh chn lc
tn s ca mch v gi l phm cht ca mch (ti tn s cng hng). Khi Q tng th di thng
ca mch cng hp, chn lc cng cao.
1 L
Q= . (1.63)
R C
-Ti tn s cng hng, in p trn L v C ngc pha nhau v u gp Q ln in p tc ng:
G G
U r = U (in p trn R bng in p tc ng c v bin v pha).
G G
U c = jQU in p trn C chm pha /2 so vi U.
G G
U L = jQU in p trn L nhanh pha /2 so vi U.
1 1 B
Y = = 2
+ ( BC B L ) 2 = G 2 + B 2 ; = arg[Y ] = arctg
Z R G
Mi tng quan ca cc thnh phn dn np ca mch c biu din trn mt phng phc nh
hnh 1.43a.
BC
BC
30
B Y
B=BC-BL
B B B
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
f0
BW = f 2 f1 = (1.64)
Q
- Phm cht ca mch (ti tn s cng hng):
C
Q = R. (1.65)
L
Khi Q tng th di thng cng hp, chn lc ca mch cng cao.
-Ti tn s cng hng, dng in trn cc thnh phn ca mch u t cc i, trong dng
trn L v C ngc pha nhau v u gp Q ln dng in tc ng:
G G
I R = I (dng in trn R bng dng tc ng c v bin v pha).
G G
I L = jQI dng trn L chm pha /2 so vi I.
G G
I C = jQI dng trn C nhanh pha /2 so vi I.
31
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
Ch rng, thc t, ti tn s cng hng, dng in tng I qua mch s t cc tiu, nhng tn
ti mt dng in lun chuyn v khp kn trong LC vi ln gp Q ln dng in tng. V vy
ngi ta ni mch RLC song song l mch cng hng dng in.
Cc c tnh y v in ch xc lp iu ha ca cc mch dao ng n c th tm thy
trong phn ph lc.
32
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
Ti tn s cng hng, mch cng hng LC ni tip cho tr khng b nht v thun tr,
ng thi lm cho in p trn cc thnh phn in khng gp Q ln in p li vo nhng
ngc pha nhau.
Ti tn s cng hng, mch cng hng LC song song cho tr khng ln nht v thun tr,
ng thi lm cho dng in trn cc thnh phn in khng gp Q ln dng in li vo
nhng ngc pha nhau.
H s phm cht Q ca cc mch LC lin quan n ni tr R gy ra s tn hao nng lng ca
mch; n quy nh tnh cht chn lc tn s ca mch.
CU HI V BI TP CHNG I
1.1 M hnh ton hc ca mch in trong min thi gian c th c trng bi:
a. Cc thnh phn tr khng hoc dn np ca mch.
b. Mt h phng trnh vi phn hoc sai phn.
c. Cc thnh phn dng in v in p trong mch.
1.2 Hiu qu khi chuyn mt mch in analog t min thi gian sang min tn s l:
a. bin i Fourier.
b. s phc ha dng v p trong mch in.
c. s thay th cc thng s th ng ca mch bng cc i lng phc.
d. s thay th h phng trnh vi phn bng mt h phng trnh i s.
1.3 Tr khng ca phn t thun dung l :
1
a) ZC = jC b) Z C = = jX C c) ZC = jC
jC
1.4 Tr khng ca phn t thun cm l :
1 j
a) Z L = b) Z L = c) Z L = j L = jX L
j L L
1.5 Dn np ca phn t thun dung l :
1 1
a) YC = j = jBC b) YC = jC = jBC c) YC = = jBC
C jC
1.6 Dn np ca phn t thun cm l :
1 1 1
a) YL = j = jBL ; b) YL = = jBL ; c) YL = j L = jBL ; d) YL = = jBL
L j L j L
1.7 Xc nh tr khng tng ng ca on mch nh hnh 1.45.
a. Z=1-j5 R=1 XL=5 XC=10
33
Hnh 1.45
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
b. Z=1+j5
c. Z=1-j15
d. Z=1+j15
1.8 Xc nh tr khng tng ng ca on mch nh hnh 1.46?
a. Y=5+j5 (S) 5S
b. Y=5+j15 (S)
5S
c. Y=5-j15 (S)
d. Y=5-j5 (S) 10 S
Hnh 1.46
a)
a) b) c)
Hnh 1.47
a)
a) b) c)
Hnh 1.48
a) b) c)
Hnh 1.49
34
BL=5 S
B B
BC=5 S
B B
BL=5 S
B B
a) b) c)
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
1.13 Xt mt ngun c Tr khng Zng=Rng+jXng. iu kin phi hp cng sut tc dng trn ti
t cc i l:
a. Tr khng ti l thun khng.
b. Tr khng ti l thun tr.
c. Tr khng ti bng tr khng ngun (Zt = Zng= Rng+jXng).
d. Tr khng ti bng lin hp ca tr khng ngun (Zt =Rng-jXng ).
1.14 Trong mch cng hng RLC ni tip, nu UL ln hn UC th:
a. Mch c tnh cm khng.
b. Mch c tnh dung khng
c. Mch l thun tr.
1.15 Ti im cng hng ca mch cng hng RLC ni tip:
a. Mch c tnh dung khng, dng in nhanh pha so vi p.
b. Mch c tnh cm khng, dng chm pha so vi p.
c. Mch c tnh thun tr, dng vi p l ng pha.
1.16 H s phm cht Q ca mch cng hng RLC ni tip c th tng bng cch:
a. Tng R.
b. Gim R.
c. Gim XL.
1.17 Tr khng ca mch RLC song song ti tn s cng hng l
a. Cc tiu v thun tr.
b. Cc i v thun tr.
c. Khng xc nh.
d. Bng khng
1.18 Mch in hnh 1.51 c (nhiu nht) bao nhiu nt v nhnh ?
a. 4 nt, 5 nhnh R1 C R2
b. 4 nt, 7 nhnh + +
e1 L R3 e2
c. 3 nt, 7 nhnh - -
d. 3 nt, 5 nhnh
Hnh 1.51
35
Chng 1: Cc khi nim v nguyn l c bn ca l thuyt mch
Hnh 1.52
36
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
CHNG II
CC PHNG PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH IN
GII THIU
Trong chng mt chng ta xt cc khi nim c bn ca mch in, trong ch yu da vo
hai thng s trng thi c bn l in p v dng in. Sang chng ny s i su vo nghin cu
mi quan h ca cc thng s trng thi , mi quan h ny c quy nh bi cc nh lut c
bn v chng l cn c xy dng cc phng php phn tch mch in. C th l:
Gii thiu hai nh lut c bn v dng in v in p trong mch.
Tho lun cc phng php phn tch mch kinh in, bao gm phng php dng in
nhnh, phng php dng in vng, phng php in p nt. C s ca cc phng php
phn tch mch l cc nh lut Kirchhoff.
p dng cc bin i tng ng tm p ng trn mt nhnh mch.
Vn dng nguyn l xp chng trong phn tch mch tuyn tnh.
NI DUNG
2.1 C S CA CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH
Bao trm ln hu ht cc hin tng c bn trong mch in l cc nh lut Kirchhoff, cc nh
lut ny lin quan ti dng in ti cc nt v st p trong cc vng kn.
2.1.1 nh lut Kirchhoff I
nh lut ny pht biu v dng in, ni dung ca n l: Tng cc dng in i vo mt nt
bng tng cc dng in i ra khi nt . Hoc l: Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt
bng khng:
a i
k
k k =0 (2-1)
37
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
b uk
k k =0 (2-3)
Nt A: i1 +i2 +i6 =0
Nt B: -i2 +i3 +i4 =0 O
Hnh 2.1a
Nt C: -i4 +i5 -i6 =0
Nt O -i1 -i3 -i5 =0
i1
1 1 0 0 0 1 i2
0 1 1
Vit di dng ma trn:
1 0 0 .i3 = 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 i4
1 0 1 0 1 0 i5
i
6
38
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
39
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
40
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
-R3I3- R2I2=0
Thay s liu ca mch ta c:
I1+I3=I2
I1+2I2=2
I3-I2=0
Gii h ta c: I1= 1A, I2= 0,5A, I3= -0,5A. iu ny chc t dng I3 thc t chy ngc li
2.2.2 Phng php dng in vng
Ta bit t hai nh lut Kirchhoff c th lp c cc phng trnh ca mch, trong nh
lut Kirchhoff 1 cho Nn - 1 phng trnh c lp, nh lut Kirchhoff 2 cho Nnh -Nn + 1 phng
trnh c lp. Trn c s cc phng trnh , ngi ta tm cch bin i t cc mi quan h
gia dng in v in p trong cc nhnh a cc phng trnh ny v dng c th gii theo
cc n s mi, chnh l tng cho cc phng php phn tch mch in. in p nt hay
dng in vng l nhng phng php i n s in hnh.
Tr li bi ton tng qut hnh 2.2, by gi ta s tm dng in chy trong cc nhnh bng mt
phng php khc, trong ta thay cc n s thc l dng trong cc nhnh bng cc n s trung
gian l dng in vng gi nh chy trong cc
vng kn. E8
Z8
Bc 1: Thnh lp cc vng cho mch nh
hnh 2.4 (mi vng tng ng vi mt dng
Z2 Z4 Z6
in vng gi nh). Ch rng vng thnh lp A B C D
sau phi cha ti thiu mt nhnh mi so vi Z7
Z1 Z5
cc vng thnh lp trc. Cc vng c bn
Z3
ng vi mi cy s tha mn iu kin ny. S E1 E5 E7
vng phi thnh lp l Nnh-Nn+1. C th, ta
thnh lp bn dng in vng ca mch l IV1, O
IV2, IV3, IV4. IV1 IV2 IV3
IV4
Bc 2: Thnh lp h gm Nnh-Nn+1 phng
trnh cho mch tng ng vi cc vng kn, Hnh 2.4
trong n s l cc dng in vng gi nh, da trn c s ch p dng nh lut kirchhof 2.
lm r quy lut thnh lp h phng trnh, ta hy xt mt vng c th, chng hn ta xt vng th
t (IV4).
nh lut 2 p dng cho vng bn, nguyn thy theo n s thc (l dng in nhnh) c vit
nh sau:
( Z8.I8 -E8 )+(Z7.I7+E7)+(-E1 - Z1.I1) = 0
Ch rng: I8=IV4; I7= IV4-IV3; v I1= -( IV1+ IV4). Khi , phng trnh ca vng bn c vit li
theo cc n s mi (l dng in vng gi nh) nh sau:
Z1.Iv1 +0.Iv2 -Z7.Iv3 + (Z1+Z7+Z8).Iv4 = E1 +E8 -E7
T ta thy quy lut thnh lp v tri v v phi ca phng trnh vit cho vng ang xt (IV4):
41
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
V phi
=
Z1.Iv1 +0.Iv2 -Z7.Iv3 + (Z1+Z7+Z8).Iv4 E1 +E8 -E7
T quy lut , ta vit c h phng trnh dng in vng cho mch nh sau
V1: (Z1+Z2+Z3).Iv1 -Z3.Iv2 +0.Iv3 +Z1.Iv4 = E1
V2: -Z3.Iv1 +(Z3+Z4+Z5).Iv2+ Z5.Iv3 + 0.Iv4 = -E5
V3: 0.Iv1 +Z5.Iv2 + (Z5+Z6+Z7).Iv3- Z7.Iv4 = E7-E5
V4: Z1.Iv1 +0.Iv2 -Z7.Iv3 + (Z1+Z7+Z8).Iv4= E1 +E8 -E7
Bc 3: gii h phng trnh dng in vng tm gi tr cc dng in vng gi nh.
Bc 4: chuyn kt qu trung gian v dng in trong cc nhnh, c th l:
I1=-(Iv1+Iv4) I2=Iv1
I3=Iv1-Iv2 I4=Iv2
I5=Iv2+Iv3 I6=-Iv3
I7=Iv4-Iv3 I8=Iv4
Ch : H phng trnh dng in vng c th vit di dng phng trnh ma trn
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 Z3 0 Z1 I v1 E1
I E
Z3 Z3 + Z4 + Z5 + Z5 0 . v 2 = 5
0 + Z5 Z5 + Z6 + Z7 Z7 I v 3 E 7 E5
Z1 0 Z7 Z 1 + Z 7 + Z 8 I v 4 E1 + E8 E 7
trong ta gi ma trn:
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 3 Z3 0 Z1
Z3 Z3 + Z 4 + Z5 + Z5 0
[ZV ] =
0 + Z5 Z5 + Z6 + Z7 Z7
Z1 0 Z7 Z1 + Z 7 + Z 8
42
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
43
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
(2 + j)I v1 (1 + j)I v 2 = 1
(1 + j)I v1 + (1 + 2 j)I v 2 = 0
p dng quy tc Crame ta tnh c:
2 j 1 j
I v1 = A I v2 = A
3 3
Theo cng thc bin i vng:
2 j 1 j 1
i X L1 = I v1 = A ; i X L2 = I v 2 = A ; i R 2 = I v1 I v 2 = A
3 3 3
Th d 2.4: hy tnh cc dng in nhnh ca mach in hnh 2.7.
Gii: Trc ht ta phi chuyn ngun dng Ing2 v dng ngun p: E2 = Ing2.R2, v mch in c
v li nh hnh 2.8. By gi ta vit h phng trnh dng in vng cho mch mi:
( R1 + jX L1 jX c ) I v1 + ( jX c jX M ) I v 2 = E1
( jXc jXM ) I v1 + ( R 2 + jXL 2 jXc ) I v 2 = E 2
XL1 XM XL2
Theo quy tc Crame ta c:
R1
E1 j( X c X M ) Xc R2
E Ing2
R2 + j ( X L 2 X c ) E1
I v1 =
2
Z v
R1 + j ( X L1 X c ) E1 Hnh 2.7
j( X X ) E 2
I v2 = c M
Z v
XM
Cc cng thc bin i vng ca mch in: XL1 XL2
Th d 2.5: Tnh dng cc in nhnh ca mch in hnh 2.9 vi cc s liu ngun di dng
hiu dng phc:
Z6 E6
E1=1V; E6=j V; Z1=1; Z2=-j; Z3=j; Z4=1;
Iv3
Z5=j; Z6=1. Z4 B Z5
A C
Gii: Ta s s dng phng php dng in vng Z1
gii bi ton ny: Iv1 Z2 Iv2 Z3
E1
D
Hnh 2.9
44
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
( Z1 + Z2 + Z4 ) I v1 Z2 I v 2 Z4 I v 3 = E1
Z2 I v1 + ( Z2 + Z3 + Z5 ) I v 2 Z5I v 3 = 0
Z I Z I + ( Z + Z + Z ) I = E
4 v1 5 v2 4 5 6 v3 6
( 2 j)I v1 + jI v 2 I v 3 = 1
Thay s: jI v1 + jI v 2 jI v 3 = 0
I jI + ( 2 + j) I = j
v1 v2 v3
2 j j 1
Zv = j j j = 2 + 4j
1 j 2 + j
Tnh c:
1 j 1 2 j 1 1 2 j j 1
0 j j j 0 j j j 0
j j 2+ j 3 j 1 j 2 + j 1+ 3 j 1 j j 1 7 j
Iv1 = = ; Iv2 = = ; I v3 = =
2+4 j 10 2+ 4 j 5 2+4 j 10
Theo cc cng thc bin i vng ca mch in ta tnh c cc dng in hiu dng phc:
3 j 1+ j 1+ 3 j 1+ 3 j
I 1 = I v1 = ; I 2 = I v1 I v 2 = ; I 3 = I v2 = ; I 4 = I v 3 I v1 =
10 2 5 5
3 j 1 7 j
I 5 = I v3 I v 2 = ; I 6 = I v3 =
10 10
2.2.3 Phng php in p nt
Tr li xt bi ton tng qut hnh 2.10a. By gi ta s tm dng in chy trong cc nhnh bng
mt phng php khc, trong ta thay cc n s thc bng cc n s trung gian l in p ca
cc nt. Trong bi ton ny c mt s thay
i nh l biu din cc nhnh mch E8
Y8
theo dn np.
Bc 1: nh k hiu cho cc nt Y2 Y4 Y6
A,B,C,D,O v chn mt nt lm gc nh
hnh 2.10b. Nt gc s c in th quy c Y1 Y5 Y7
l im chung (0V). in th cc nt cn Y3
E1 E5 E7
li chnh l in p ca n so vi gc.
Trong trng hp c th ny ta chn gc l
nt O.
Hnh 2.10a
Bc 2: thnh lp h phng trnh in p
nt cho mch. H phng trnh vit cho Nn-1 nt, tr nt gc. C s l nh lut Kirchhoff 1.
tm quy lut thnh lp, ta hy xut pht t phng trnh gc ca nt A:
I1 + I2 + I8 = 0
45
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
U A E1 U UB U U D + E8
I1 = I2 = A I8 = A Y2 Y4
C Y6
1 / Y1 1 / Y2 1 / Y8 A B D
khi , phng trnh ca nt A c vit li Y5 Y7
Y1
theo cc n s mi (l in p cc nt) nh Y3
sau: E1 Y5 E7
U A E1 U A U B U A U D + E8
+ + =0 O
1 / Y1 1 / Y2 1 / Y8 Hnh 2.10b
Cc dn np chung gia
Nt cc nt ln cn so vi nt
ang ang xt. Tt c u ly
xt du m.
46
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
U A E1 UB U C E5 U D E7
I1 = I3 = I5 = I7 =
Z1 Z3 Z5 Z7
U A U B U B UC UC U D U A U D + E8
I2 = I4 = I6 = I8 =
Z2 Z4 Z6 Z8
Y1 + Y2 + Y8 Y2 0 Y8 U A I ng1 I ng 8
Y Y2 + Y3 + Y4 Y4 0 U 0
2 . B =
0 Y4 Y4 + Y5 + Y6 Y6 UC I ng 5
Y8 0 Y6 Y6 + Y7 + Y8 U D I ng 7 + I ng 8
trong , ta gi ma trn:
Y1 + Y2 + Y8 Y2 0 Y8
Y Y2 + Y3 + Y4 Y4 0
2
0 Y4 Y4 + Y5 + Y6 Y6
Y8 0 Y6 Y6 + Y7 + Y8
l ma trn dn np nt, n c c im l:
-Nm trn ng cho chnh l cc dn np nt.
-Hai bn ng cho l dn np chung i xng nhau qua ng cho chnh.
Th d 2.6: Tnh dng trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh 2.11 bng phng php in p nt.
Gii: t tn cc nt mch l A,O. Chn nt O
lm gc. Mch ch c 1 phng trnh cho nt A: R1=5 R3=10
A
1 1 1 E
( + + ).U A =
R1 R2 R3 R1 E
10V R2
Thay s ta c: 10
1 1 1 10 O
( + + ).U A = U A = 5V Hnh 2.11
5 10 10 5
Cui cng, i kt qu trung gian v dng trong cc nhnh:
UA E UA UA
I1 = = 1A, I2 = = 0.5 A I3 = = 0.5 A
R1 R2 R3
47
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
1 1 1 1 1 E E
( + + )U A UB UC = 1 + 2
R 1 R 2 jX L1 jX L1 R2 R1 R 2
1 1 1 1 1
UA + ( + + )U B UC = 0
jX L1 jX L1 jX L2 jX c jX L2
1 1 1 1 1 E
UA UB + ( + + )U C = I ng3 2
R 2 jX L2 jX L2 R 2 R 3 R2
Qua th d trn ta thy trong s mch vic biu din ngun dng rt thun tin p dng
phng php in p nt, do trc khi vit phng trnh bn c th chuyn i cc ngun p
v ngun dng.
Th d 2.8:
Cho mch in hnh 2.13. Hy tnh cc dng in chy qua R1 v XL bng phng php in p
nt.
Gii: R1 XL
A B
Chn nt gc l O, khi h hai phng trnh R2
in p nt l: E1 Xc R3
E2
1 1 1 1 E1
( R + jX + jX )U A jX U B = R O
1 c L L 1
1 U + ( 1 + 1 + 1 )U = E 2 Hnh 2.13
jX L
A
R2 R3 jX L
B
R2
U A E1 U A UB
I R1 = I XL =
R1 jX L
Th d 2.9: Cho mch in iu ha hnh 2.14 vi cc s liu di dng phc: E1=1V; E6=jV;
Z1=1; Z2=-j; Z3=j; Z4=1; Z5=j; Z6=1. Tnh cc dng in nhnh bng phng php
in p nt.
Gii: Chn nt B lm gc, khi :
48
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
1 1 1 1 1 E E Z1 E1
( + + ) UA Uc UD = 1 6
Z1 Z4 Z6 Z6 Z1 Z1 Z6
Z6 E6 C Z3
1 A D
1 1 1 1 E
U A + ( + + ) Uc UD = 6
Z6 Z3 Z5 Z6 Z3 Z6 Z4 Z5 Z2
1 1 1 1 1 E
U A U c + ( + + ) UD = 1 B
Z1 Z3 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z1
3UA Uc UD = 1 j
UA + (1 2 j) Uc + jUD = j
U + jU + U = 1
A c D
3 -1- j -1
-1 j j
-1 1 1 1+ 3j Uc 3 j
Uc = = I5 = =
3 -1 -1 10 Z5 10
-1 1 - 2j j
-1 j 1
3 -1 -1- j
-1 1 - 2j j
-1 j 1 1 j UD 1+ j
UD = = I2 = =
3 -1 -1 2 Z2 2
-1 1 - 2j j
-1 j 1
V dng in nhnh s l:
U A U D + E1 3 j 1
i1 = = =
10 18 5
o
Z1 10
U UD 1 + 3 j 2
i3 = c = = o
Z3 5 10 71 55
UA Uc + E 6 1 7j 1
i6 = = =
Z6 10 2 98o
49
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
C2 R4 Ing4
b. Dng trong cc nhnh: E1
I1=(UA-E1)/R1.
0
I2=UA/ZC2.
Hnh 2.15
I3=(UA UB)/(R3+ZL3).
B
I4=UB/R4.
B
Th d 2.11: Mch in nh hnh 2.16a, vi cc s liu: R1= R2=R3= 2; E1= 1,5V; E2 = 3V. Hy
tnh dng in trong cc nhnh bng phng php dng in vng v phng php in p nt?
Gii:
R1 R2
a. Theo phng php dng in vng:
-Gi thit chn chiu cc vng nh hnh 2.16b:
E1 R3 E2
Xt vng 1: IV1(R1+R3) - IV2.R3 = E1.
Xt vng 2: -IV1R3 + IV2(R2+R3) = E2.
Hnh 2.16a
-Dng trong cc nhnh:
IR1 = IV1= 1A.
R1 R2
IL2 = IV2= 1,25A.
IR3 = IV2 IV1= 0,25A.
b. Theo phng php in p nt: E1 IV1 IV2 E2
R3
-Chn 0 lm gc nh hnh 2.16c.
-Phng trnh in p nt: Hnh 2.16b
UA(G1+G2+G3) = Ing1-Ing2
-Thay s tnh c: R1 R2
A
UA = -0,5V.
E1 R3 E2
-Vi chiu dng ca dng trong cc nhnh chn nh
hnh 2.16c, ta c:
0
I1= 1,0 A.
Hnh 2.16c
I2= 1,25 A.
I3= -0,25A.
50
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
S tng ng
Thevenine Zi=Ztd AB
A
E=Uhm AB Z
Phn mch c B
cha ngun A
Z
B
A
Ing=Inm AB Z
Zi=Ztd AB
B
S tng ng
Norton
51
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
Th d 2.12: Cho mch in nh hnh 2.18a, hy tnh dng in chy qua Z3.
Gii:
Ta thy y ch tnh dng chy qua mt nhnh, do n gin hy p dng phng php
ngun tng ng.
A Z3 B
-Trc ht ct b Z , phn mch cn li chnh l
3
phn mch c cha ngun nh hnh 2.18b. Z1 Z5
-Xc nh in p h mch trn cp im AB: Z2 Z4
E1 E5
E1 E5
UhmAB = UA UB = Z2 Z4
Z1 + Z2 Z4 + Z5
Hnh 2.18b
-Xc nh ZtAB nhn t cp im AB, ngn mch
ngun s E1 & E5 nh hnh 2.18c:
A Z3 B
ZZ ZZ
ZtdAB = 1 2 + 4 5 Z1 Z5
Z1 + Z2 Z4 + Z5
Z2 Z4
-T suy ra c dng in ngn mch trn cp
im AB l:
Zt AB
A A
Z3 Z3
Uhm AB Inm AB Zt AB
B B
S Thevenine S Norton
Hnh 2.18d
U hmAB I nm. AB
I3 = = Z tdAB
Z tdAB + Z 3 Z tdAB + Z 3
Th d 2.13: Cho mch in hnh 2.19a, vi cc s liu: R1=R2= 10; R3= R4 = 20; Ing1= 3A;
Eng4 = 30V. Hy tnh dng in iR2 bng nguyn l ngun tng ng.
Gii:
R2 R4
Bin i tng ng thnh s Thevenine Ing1 R3 Eng4
R1
hoc Norton:
- Tnh in p h mch ti cp im AB nh
Hnh 2.19a
hnh 2.19b. Ta c:
52
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
UAhm=30V.
A B
UBhm=15V. R4
Ing1 R3 Eng4
Vy suy ra: UABhm=Eng=15V. R1
A B
R2 R4
Ing1 R3 Eng4
R1
Ri=20
A A
R2=10 Ing=3/4A Ri =20 R2 =10
Eng =15V
B B
Hnh 2.19e
E1 E 2 Hnh 2.20
Iv =
R1 + R2 + j ( X 1 + X 2 2 X M )
53
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
Vy: U hmAB = E1 + ( R1 + jX 1 jX M ) I v I1 R1 * X1
XM
I I2 R2 X2
-By gi ta phi tnh ZtAB. Sau khi ngn mch hai *
ngun s, nhn t cp im AB c hai nhnh mch
A B
nh hnh 2.21a. Do c tnh n ghp h cm nn ta U
khng th tnh ZtAB theo quan nim hai nhnh mch Hnh 2.21a
ghp song song vi nhau m phi p dng phng php dng in vng, t:
Z1 = R 1 + jX1
Z 2 = R 2 + jX 2
Z = jX I1 * Z1
M M ZM
I I2
khi s hnh 2.21a c th v li nh hnh 2.21b: * Z2
G
U
ZtdAB = G A U B
I
theo kt qu ca th d xt trong chng I, p dng Hnh 2.21b
trong trng hp c th ny ta c:
Z 1 Z 2 Z M2
Z tdAB =
Z 1 + Z 2 2Z M
A R0
U hmAB
I0 = E=Uhm AB
Z tdAB + R0 jX 0 X0
B
Hnh 2.21c
Th d 2.15 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.22. Hy xc
A
nh cc thng s ca mch Thevenine.
Z1 Z2
Gii:
-H mch ti Z5, ta xc nh c sc in ng ca Z5
Z1 Z4 B
Etd = E hay
Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4 E
Z2 Z3
Etd = E
Z1 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4 Hnh 2.22
54
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
E1 Z2
v nh vy: I 3 E1 = (t A sang B) Hnh 2.23b
Z td 1 Z 2 + Z 345
- tnh dng I3E5 ta phi loi b ngun E1, khi mch tr thnh nh hnh 2.23c. Vi cch tnh
tng t ta s tnh c:
Z1Z2 A Z3 B
Z12 = ; Z123 =Z3 + Z12
Z1 + Z2 Z1 Z5
Z2 Z4
Z4 Z123 E5
Z1234 = ; Zt5 = Z5 + Z1234
Z4 + Z123
Hnh 2.23c
55
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
E5 Z4
v ta c: I 3 E 5 = (t B sang A).
Z td 5 Z 4 + Z 123
I 3 = I 3 E1 I 3 E 5
Eng1 R2 R4 Ing4
Th d 2.17: cho mch in nh hnh 2.24a vi
cc s liu: R1= R2= 4; R3=R4 = 2. Eng1 = 6V
(ngun mt chiu). Ing4= 3A (ngun mt chiu). Hnh 2.24a
Hy tnh dng in IR3.
Gii: Mch l tuyn tnh, nn c th vn dng nguyn l xp chng:
-Khi E1 tc ng, Ing4 b h mch, lc ny mch c dng nh hnh 2.24b:
Sau mt vi php tnh n gin, ta c dng in trn R3 l I3.1 =0,5A (chiu t A sang B).
-Khi Ing4 tc ng, E1 b ngn mch, lc ny mch c dng nh hnh 2.24c. Ta cng d dng tm
c dng in trn R3 l I3.2 =1A (chiu t B sang A).
R1 R3 R1 A R3 B
A B
Eng1 R2 R4 R2 R4 Ing4
56
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
Phng php bin i tng ng mch in (nh phng php ngun tng ng) c th
chuyn mch in c cu trc phc tp v dng cu trc c bn. Phng php ny khng
thch hp trong mt s trng hp ghp h cm.
Vi mch tuyn tnh chu cc tc ng phc tp, th vic vn dng nguyn l xp chng cng
l mt phng php lm n gin ha qu trnh phn tch v tnh ton mch. Khi nim tuyn
tnh l mang tnh tng i.
Vic vn dng nh l Thevenine-Norton hoc nguyn l xp chng rt thch hp tm p
ng trn mt nhnh mch n l.
Ni chung, vic vn dng phng php phn tch no t c hiu qu ti u l ty thuc
vo tng mch v yu cu ca tng bi ton c th.
C nhng bi ton, nu cn thit, c th phi vn dng nhiu phng php t c kt
qu nhanh nht.
CU HI V BI TP CHNG II
2.1 Trong mt mch vng khp kn, tng i s cc st p trn cc nhnh:
a. lun lun khc khng.
b. bng khng nu c cc dng in chy trong mch.
c. bin thin ph thuc vo in p ngun.
d. bng khng.
2.2 Mt on mch mc ni tip bao gm 3 phn t th ng. Nu in p ngun cung cp v st
p ca hai phn t bit, st p ca phn t th ba:
a. khng th xc nh c
b. bng khng
c. c th xc nh c bng cch p dng nh lut Kirchhoff v in p.
d. khng phi cc phng n trn
2.3 Nu tnh ton ca bn cho thy tng i s cc st p trong mt mch vng l khc khng th:
a. kt qu ca bn l ng
b. mch vng c cha ngun
c. mch vng khng cha ngun
d. tnh ton ca bn cha ng
2.4 C s chnh ca phng php dng in vng da vo :
a. nh lut Ohm
b. nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in
c. nh lut Kirchhoff v in p
d. nh l Thevenine- Norton
2.5 Nu khi gii mch in thu c dng trong mt nhnh mch c gi tr m th:
57
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
Hnh 2.25
2.11 Cho mch in hnh 2.27, chn chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh v. Hy vit cc
biu thc dng in vng cho mch. R1 R2
E1 IV1 R3 IV2 E2
Hnh 2.28
Hnh 2.29
2.13 Cho mch in hnh 2.29, chn chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh v. R1=R2=R3=2;
E1=10 V; E2=4 V. Hy xc nh dng in trn cc nhnh theo phng php dng in vng ?
2.14 Cho mch in hnh 2.30, chn chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh v. Hy vit cc
biu thc dng in vng theo phng php dng in vng ?
XM
* *
R1 XL1 XL2 R2
XC +
E1 IV1 IIV2 E2
-
Hnh 2.30
2.15 Cho mch in v chiu dng in trong cc vng nh hnh 2.31. Hy vit cc phng trnh
vng theo phng php dng in vng ?
R1 L1 L2 R2
E1 IV1 C IV2 E2
59
Hnh 2.31
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
R1 R2
2.16 Mch in hnh 2.32 vi cc s liu:
R1= R2=R3= 20.
E1= 3V. E1 R3 E2
E2 = 6V.
Hy tnh dng in trong cc nhnh bng phng php Hnh 2.32
in p nt.
2.17 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.33. Chn nt O l nt gc, hy vit cc phng trnh nt theo
phng php in p nt ?
R1 XC R2
+ +
E1 XL R3 E2
- -
Hnh 2.33
2.18 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.34. Chn nt O lm nt gc. Hy vit cc phng trnh nt cho
mch theo phng php in p nt.
A R2 L2 B R4
Ing1 R1 C3 Eng4
Hnh 2.34
R1
10
10
+ Ti
10V R2 2020 R3 20
20
60
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
R1 R3
A
+
10V R2 Ti 10V
+
B
Hnh 2.36
2.21 Cho mch in hnh 2.37. Hy tnh dng in IR4 theo phng php ngun tng ng vi
cc s liu Ing= 4A; Eng =6V; R1=R2=R3=R4=R5=R6=2.
R1 R3 R5
Eng R2 R4 R6 Ing
Hnh 2.37
2.22 Cho mch in nh hnh 2.38. Tnh tr khng tng ng Rt ca mch Thevenine.
R ti
E
Hnh 2.38
61
Chng 2: Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
62
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
CHNG III
HIN TNG QU TRONG CC MCH RLC
GII THIU
Trong chng II chng ta xt cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in ch xc lp,
trong ch yu da vo hai nh lut Kirchhoff v in p v dng in. Sang chng ny s i
su vo nghin cu phng php phn tch mch in ch qu . C th l cc ni dung
sau:
Nhc li c bn v bin i Laplace ca cc tn hiu lin tc, c bit nhn mnh phng
php bin i Laplace ngc.
Rn luyn k nng phn tch cc qu trnh qu ca mch bng phng php ton t da
trn cp bin i Laplace.
i su phn tch mt s bi ton qu vi cc mch RLC di tc ng mt chiu v xoay
chiu.
NI DUNG
3.1 BIN I LAPLACE
Nh chng ta bit, vic phn tch mch in trong min thi gian gy nn nhng kh khn
v tnh ton cho cc phng trnh vi phn v tch phn. Nh c cch biu din trong min tn s
m xut pht ca n l cp bin i Fourier, ta thay th c cc php ly tch phn v vi phn
bng cc php ton i s:
d
dt j
dt 1
j
Nh vy thc cht y l ngi ta thc hin ton t ha mch in bng bin i Fourier.
Trong mc ny chng ta s xt phng php ton t ha mch in mt cch tng qut hn, thng
qua bin i Laplace. Cc ni dung di y s c cp mt cch ngn gn.
3.1.1 Bin i Laplace thun
Bin i Laplace thun (vit tt l LT) ca hm gc f(t) trong min thi gian s tng ng l mt
nh F(p) trong min tn s phc p, c tnh theo cng thc:
LT [ f (t )] = F ( p) = f (t ). exp( pt ).dt
(3.1)
62
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
F ( ) = F ( p ) p = j (3.3)
ch rng khng c kt qu cho trng hp dch tri trong min thi gian
+Thay i thang t l trong min thi gian: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th vi s thc dng a, ta c:
1 p
LT [ x(at )] = . X ( ) (3.6)
a a
+Nhn vi hm m: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th vi s a thc hoc phc bt k, ta c:
LT [e at .x(t )] = X ( p + a) (3.7)
63
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
d
LT [ x(t )] = p. X ( p) x(0) (3.10)
dt
d2
LT [ 2
x(t )] = p 2 . X ( p) p.x(0 ) x ' (0 ) (3.11)
dt
+Tch phn trong min thi gian: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th ta c:
t
1
LT [ x(t )dt ] = . X ( p) (3.12)
0
p
+Gi tr u: Nu LT[x(t)]=X(p) th ta c:
5. (sin0t).u(t) 0
p + 02
2
6. exp(-at).u(t) 1
p+a
t n 1 1
7. exp( at ) .u(t) vi n=1,2,3...
(n 1)! ( p + a) n
8. exp(-at).cost.u(t) p+a
( p + a) 2 + 2
9. exp(-at).sint.u(t)
( p + a) 2 + 2
64
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
trong c l mt s thc bt k sao cho tch phn trn theo ng p=c+j (t c-j n c+j)
nm trong vng hi t. Vic tnh trc tip f(t) theo cng thc tch phn LT-1 thng rt kh khn,
v vy phn sau ta s ch tp trung nghin cu mt gii php i s thay th cho vic tnh tch
phn, l phng php Heaviside. Phng php ny p dng cho trng hp F(p) c dng phn
thc hu t. Trc ht ta cn bt u t mt s khi nim lin quan.
3.1.4.2 Dng phn thc ca nh F(p)
Mt lp nhiu trng hp cc bin i Laplace ca tn hiu s cho nh F(p) l mt phn thc hu
t v thng c a v dng chun tc:
m
b + b p + ... + b m p m b p r
r
H1 ( p )
F ( p) = 0 1 = r =0
= (3.17)
a0 + a1 p + ... + a n p n n
H 2 ( p)
a
q =0
q p q
A1 A2 An n
Ak
F ( p) = + + ... + =
p p1 p p 2 p p n k =1 p p k
65
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
1 -1
Theo hm gc - nh (trng hp s 6): LT
exp( pk t )
p pk
A1 An
F ( p ).( p p k ) = ( p p k ) + ... + Ak + ... + ( p pk )
p p1 p pn
H 1 ( p)
Ak = lim p pk [ F ( p ).( p p k )] = lim p pk [ ( p p k )]
H 2 ( p)
0
gii hn trn c dng , p dng quy tc lpital ta c:
0
3p + 6 3p + 6 H ( p)
Gii: Phn tch F ( p ) = = = 1
p + 4 p + 3 p p( p + 1)( p + 3) H 2 ( p )
3 2
3p + 6
A1 = Lim[ F ( p).( p p1 )] = =2
p p1 ( p + 1)( p + 3) p =0
3p + 6 3
A2 = Lim[ F ( p).( p p2 )] = =
p p2 p ( p + 3) p = 1
2
3p + 6 1
A3 = Lim[ F ( p).( p p3 )] = =
p p3 p ( p + 1) p = 3
2
66
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
3 1
Vy ta c: f (t ) = 2 e t e 3t , t 0
2 2
Th d 3.2: Tnh u(t) nu bit nh ca n l:
p2 +1
U ( p) =
p (2 p + 4)(3 p + 9)(4 p + 16)
Gii: Trc ht ta x l a mu s v dng chun vi cc h s bng 1 v t hm mch:
p2 +1
p2 +1 24 H ( p)
U ( p) = = = 1
2.3.4. p.( p + 2)( p + 3)( p + 4) p( p + 2)( p + 3)( p + 4) H 2 ( p )
Nghim ca H2(p) l cc nghim n nm bn tri mt phng phc: p1=0, p2=-2, p3=-3, p4=-4.
T cng thc Heaviside cho trng hp nghim n ta c:
1 5 5 17 4t
Thay s ta c: u (t ) = e 2 t + e 3t e , t0
576 96 36 192
b. Trng hp H2(p) c cp nghim phc lin hp:
pk= k + jk v p*k= k - jk (3.20)
Ak Ak*
Coi nh trng hp hai nghim n, ta c: F ( p ) = +
p pk p pk*
Do , ta c:
*
f (t ) = Ak e pk t + Ak*e pk t = 2 Ak .e k t . cos( k t + arg Ak ) (3.21)
H1 ( pk )
Trong : Ak = Lim[ F ( p ).( p p k )] = (3.22)
p pk H 2' ( p k )
H 1 ( pk )
Ak = '
H 2 ( pk )
(3.23)
H1 ( pk )
arg Ak = arg H ' ( p )
2 k
p
Th d 3.3: Tnh u(t) nu bit nh ca n l U ( p ) =
p +4 2
p H ( p)
Gii: t hm mch c dng: U ( p ) = = 1
p + 4 H 2 ( p)
2
67
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
pk = 2 j k = 0
*
pk = 2 j k = 2
1
p 1 Ak =
Ak = lim [ F ( p ).( p pk )] = k = .e j0 2
p pk 2 pk 2 arg{Ak } = 0
1
Vy u (t ) = 2 Ak e k t cos( k t + arg Ak ) = 2 e 0t cos(2t + 0) = cos 2t
2
c.Trng hp H2(p) c nghim bi pl (bi r):
H2(p) c th vit di dng: H2(p)=(p-pl)r
Lc F(p) c th khai trin di dng:
Vit li ta c:
Al0 Al1 Alr 1 r 1 Ali
F ( p) = + + ... + = (3.24)
( p pl ) r ( p p l ) r 1 ( p pl ) i =0 ( p p l ) r i
d
Al1 = lim p pl [ F ( p).( p pl ) r ]
dp
1 d2
Al2 = lim p pl [ F ( p).( p pl ) r ]
2 dp 2
Tng qut ho ta c:
1 di
Ali = lim p pl i
[ F ( p).( p p l ) r ] (3.26)
i! dp
2
Th d 3.4: Tnh u(t) nu bit nh ca n l U ( p ) =
p2
68
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
t p1t t0
suy ra u (t ) = Al0 e + Al1 e p1t
1! 0!
1 d0 2
trong Al0 = lim p p1 0 [ 2 p 2 ] = 2
0! dp p
1 d
Al1 = lim p p1 [2] = 0
1! dp
Vy u(t)= 2.t.e0t +0.e0t = 2t
-Ch : Trong trng hp H2(p) c nhiu loi nghim th hm gc cn tm chnh l s xp chng
ca cc hm gc thnh phn.
p2 2 p +1
Th d 3.5: Tnh hm gc nu bit nh ca n: F ( p ) =
( p 2 + 2 p + 2)( p + 1)
p2 2 p +1 p2 2 p +1 H ( p)
Gii: F ( p ) = = = 1
( p + 2 p + 2)( p + 1) ( p + 1 j )( p + 1 + j )( p + 1) H 2 ( p )
2
Ak Ak* A3
F ( p) = + +
p pk p pk p p3
*
4
Thay s ta c: f (t ) = 5.e t . cos[t + (180o + arctg )] + 4.e t , t0
3
p +1
Th d 3.6: Tnh i(t) nu bit nh ca n: I ( p ) =
( p + 2)( p 2 + 9)
p +1 H ( p)
Gii: t hm mch: I ( p ) = = 1
( p + 2)( p + 9) H 2 ( p )
2
p1 = 2
Nghim ca H2(p)=(p+2)(p2+9) l: = 0
p 2 = 3 j = 3
H 1 ( p1 ) p1t H (p )
Vy i (t ) = '
e + 2 1' 2 e t cos(t + )
H 2 ( p1 ) H 2 ( p2 )
69
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
H 1 ( p1 ) p +1 1
trong = 21 = = 0,08
H 2 ( p1 ) p1 + 9
'
13
H1 ( p2 ) p2 + 1 1 1 + 3j
v = 2 = .
H 2 ( p 2 ) ( p 2 + 9) + 2 p 2 ( p 2 + 2) 2 - 9 + 6j
'
H1 ( p2 ) 1 1 + 3j 1 1 34,2
' = . = 9 2 + 33 2 = 1170 = 0,15
H 2 ( p 2 ) 2 - 9 + 6j 234 234 234
H 1 ( p2 ) 1 1 + 3j 33
= arg ' = arg . = arctg ( ) = arctg 3,37
H 2 ( p 2 ) 2 - 9 + 6j 9
10 9
Th d 3.7: Tnh f(t) nu bit nh ca n: F ( p ) = 2
p p + 10 4 ( )
10 9 A A A3
Gii: F ( p ) = 2 = l20 + l1 +
p p + 10 (
4
p p )p + 10 4
1 d0
Al0 = lim p 0 0 [ F ( p ). p 2 ] = 10 5
0! dp
1 d
Al1 = lim p 0 [ F ( p ). p 2 ] = 10
1! dp
4
Vy: f (t ) = 10 5 t 10(1 e 10 t )
Gii: t hm mch:
p H (p )
I(p ) = = 1
(p + 1)(p + 3) 2
H 2 (p)
H2(p) c nghim n p1=-1 v nghim bi p2=-3 (bi r=2). Vy theo tnh cht xp chng ta c:
H 1 ( p 1 ) p 1t t 1
i (t ) = '
e + A l 0 e p 2 t + A l1 e p 2 t
H 2 (p 1 ) 1! 0!
trong :
1 d0 p p 3
A l 0 = lim p3 0 [ ]= =
0! dp p + 1 p + 1 p3 2
70
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
1 d p p + 1 p 1
A l1 = lim p3 [ ] = lim p3 [ ]=
1! dp p + 1 (p + 1) 2
4
1 t 3 3t 1 3t
Vy: i (t ) = e + t. e + e
4 2 4
3.1.5 Mi quan h gia v tr cc im cc v tnh xc lp ca hm gc
Gii hn khi t ca f(t) c th tnh c t v tr cc im cc ca F(p) trn mt phng phc
hnh 3.2. V mt ton hc, ta c th chng
minh c rng: Im[p]
Th d, nh xt trong mc trc:
3p + 6 A A A
F ( p) = = 1+ 2 + 3
p ( p + 1)( p + 3) p p +1 p + 3
F(p) c mt im cc nm ti gc (p1=0), cc im cc cn li nm trn na mt phng tri (p2=-
1, p3=-3), do tn ti gii hn f(t) khi t. Gii hn chnh bng:
3p + 6
A1 = Lim[ F ( p ).( p p1 )] = =2
p p1 ( p + 1)( p + 3) p =0
71
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
i(t) I(p)
u(t) R U(p) ZR =R
Vy m hnh ca in tr trong min thi gian v min p c dng nh hnh 3.3. Tr khng v dn
np ca in tr trong min p c dng:
1
Z R ( p ) = R, YR ( p ) = (3.28)
R
- i vi phn t thun cm: Phng trnh v m hnh phn t in cm trong min thi gian v
min p c dng nh hnh 3.4. Trong i(0) l dng in ti thi im ban u v gi l iu kin
u, cn thnh phn L.i(0) ng vai tr l mt ngun s c sinh ra do iu kin u ca phn
t thun cm, ngc chiu U(p).
1
t u c (0)
U ( p) = Z c .I ( p) +
C 0
u (t ) = i (t )dt + u c (0) p
u c ( 0)
C
i(t) p
I(p)
1
Zc =
p. C
72
Hnh 3.5: Laplace ha m hnh in dung
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
ZR = R ZR = R
1 1
Zc = = j
Zc =
jC p
pC
Z = jL Z = pL
L L
ZM = jM ZM = pM
ZC=1/pC
E ( p) = E0
p +2
2 u c (0)
p
Hnh 3.7
73
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
Sau khi thc hin Laplace ha cc thng s dng in v in p trong mch, m hnh mch in
trong min p c dng nh hnh 3.7.
74
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
c- S dng php bin i Laplace gii cc bi ton qu : Vic s dng php bin i
Laplace gii cc bi ton qu l mt gii php hu hiu v n cho php bin h phng trnh
vi tch phn thnh h phng trnh i s. Cc bc c bn gii mch in qu bao gm:
b1: Xc nh iu kin u ca bi ton ( chnh l xc nh gc thi gian, cng vi cc gi tr ban
u ca cc phn t qun tnh). Cng cn ch rng, vi phng php ton t, gi tr ban u ca
cc phn t qun tnh trong tt c cc dng cc bi ton qu u c quy v ti ln cn bn
tri thi im khng uc(0-) v iL(0-).
b2: Chuyn m hnh mch in sang min p (tc l Laplace ha mch in).
b3: S dng cc phng php phn tch mch bit tm nh F(p) ca p ng.
b4: Bin i Laplace ngc tm hm gc f(t) ca p ng trong min thi gian.
3.3.2 Th d vi cc mch RL, RC
Sau y ta xt mt s th d c th trn cc mch RL, RC di cc tc ng mt chiu, hoc cc
tc ng di dng xung. Ngi ta rt ra c mt kt qu mang ngha vt l quan trng:
p ng f(t) ca cc mch RL & RC di tc ng mt chiu bao gi cng c dng:
t
f ( t ) = f ( ) + A . e
(3.31)
vi A = f (0) f ( )
L
c = rtd .C ; L = (3.32)
rtd
f ( ) = f (t ) t gi tr xc lp ca p ng.
t
A. e c trng cho giai on qu xy ra trong mch.
rt l in tr tng ng nhn t cp u ca C hoc L,
khi cc ngun sut in ng b ngn mch cn cc R i(0)
ngun dng b h mch.
Th d 3.10: e(t) L
75
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
300
+ 0,15.1,5
E ( p ) + Li (0) p 2.10 3 + 1,5 p H 1 ( p )
I ( p) = = = =
R + pL 150 + 0,15 p p( p + 10 3 ) H 2 ( p)
2.10 3 0t 0,510
. 3 103 t 3
Thay s i (t ) = e + e = 2 0,5e 10 t
10 3
10 3
Kim tra li kt qu tnh trn bng cng thc (3.31) ta thy kt qu hon ton trng nhau, trong
:
i(o)=1,5A i(t)
e(t ) 300
i()= = = 2A 2
R 150
1,5
L 0,15
L= = = 10 3
rtd 150
t
0 T
th thi gian ca i(t) l mt ng cong
tng t 1,5A n 2A theo quy lut hm s giai on giai on
m nh hnh 3.9. Ti T ln, i(t) tin n qu d xc lp
gi tr xc lp. Gi tr ny thng c quy
Hnh 3.9
L
nh l T = 3 vi = gi l hng s
Rtd
thi gian ca mch RL, trong Rt l in tr tng ng ca mch nhn t cp u L.
Th d 3.11:
R1 A K
Cho mch in nh hnh 3.10a, vi cc s liu:
R1=30 R2=20
C R2
e(t)
C=50F e(t)=300V
Ti t=0 ng kho K, hy xc nh uc(t)
Gii: Hnh 3.10a
Xc nh iu kin u ca bi ton:
uA(0)=uc(0)=300V
ng kho K, khi m hnh mch trong min p nh
300
hnh 3.10b cng vi ngun E ( p ) = s c thm R1
p A
u c (0)
thnh phn . 1/pC
p R2
E ( p)
u c ( 0)
p
76
Hnh 3.10b
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
1 1 E (p ) u c (0)
U A (p )[ + pC + ]= + pC
R1 R2 R1 p
thay s:
300
+ 300.50.10 6
30p 2.10 5 + 310
. 2 p H 1 (p)
U A (p ) = = =
1 6 1 10 4 H 2 (p)
+ 50.10 p + p(p + )
30 20 6
H2(p) c hai nghim n
10 4
p1=0 p2=
6
4
10
H (p ) H (p ) t
Vy u A (t ) = '1 1 e p1t + '1 2 e p 2 t = 120 + 180. e 6
H 2 (p 1 ) H 2 (p 2 )
120
u A (0) = u c (0) = 300V
t
20 0 T
u A ( ) = u c ( ) = u R 2 = 300. = 120V
50 giai on giai on
R1R 2 4 qu xc lp
c = C. rtd = C. R + R = 6.10
1 2
Hnh 3.11
th thi gian ca uc(t) l mt ng cong gim
(C phng in) t 300V xung 120V theo quy lut hm s m nh hnh 3.11. Ti T ln, uc(t)
tin n gi tr xc lp. Gi tr ny thng c quy nh l T = 3 , vi = rtd .C gi l hng s
thi gian ca mch RC. trong Rt l in tr tng ng ca mch nhn t cp u C. trong
mch c th ny ta c:
R A K
RR
rtd = R1 // R2 = 1 2
R1 + R2
Th d 3.12: e(t) C1 C2
Cho mch in nh hnh 3.12a, vi cc s liu:
R
R=1 C1=1F HnhA3.12a
C2=3F e(t)=1V
E(p) C1 B B
C2
B B
1/p
77
Hnh 3.12b
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
i R (t ) = 0,75.e 0.25t
q (0 ) = C1 . u A (0 ) = 11
. = 1V C . u (0 )
trong u A (0+ ) = 1 A = 0,25V
q (0+ ) = (C1 + C2 ). u A (0+ ) C1 + C2
e(t)[Vol]
R1 20
e(t) R2 C uC(t)
0 100 1000 1100 t(s)
Hnh 3.13
Gii:
2.105
-S dng phng php ton t, vi E ( p ) = , mch c dng nh hnh 3.14a:
p2
Lp phng trnh cho mch:
R1 1/pC
1 1 2.10 5 uC(p)
( + + Cp )U c ( p) = 2 E(p) R2
R1 R2 p R1
Bin i dn n:
Hnh 3.14a
78
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
10 9 10 5 10 10
U C ( p) = = +
p ( p + 10 ) p
2 4 2
p p + 10 4
4
U c (t ) = 10 5 t 10(1 e 10 t )
-Ti tx=100s:
10
U c (t x ) = = U 0 3,7V .
e
b. Trong khong t x t < T :
U c (t ) = U 0 .e 10
4
( t t x ) Hnh 3.14b
-Ti t=T=1000s:
10
U c (T ) = U 0 .e 9 = 0.
e10
Nhn xt: kt thc mt chu k mch tr v trng thi ban u. Chu k sau p ng ca mch li
lp li ging chu k trc.
3.3.3 Th d vi cc mch dao ng n
C mt dng m hnh mch rt quan trng trong thc t, l cc mch dao ng n. Mch dao
ng n y l cc mch gm c ba thng s th ng r, L, C mc ni tip hoc song song
vi nhau. Trong chng I ta xt ti mt s c im ca cc mch dao ng n ch xc
lp iu ha. Trong phn ny, tng qut hn, ta s ng dng phng php ton t trong min tn
s phc p xt qu trnh qu ca cc mch dao ng ny di cc tc ng iu ho v t
bin mt chiu.
Th d 3.14:
Xt mch dao ng n ni tip nh hnh 3.15,
r L
gi thit rng ngun tc ng c dng hm:
e(t)= cos0t
e(t) C
79 Hnh 3.15
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
E ( p) p 1 p 2C
I ( p) = = 2 . =
Z ( p) p + 02 1 r 1
r + pL + LC ( p 2 + 02 )( p 2 + p + )
pC L LC
p2
L H (p)
I(p ) = 2 = 1
(p + 0 )(p + 2p + ch ) H 2 (p )
2 2 2
1
ch =
Trong : LC (3.33)
= r
2L
Gi thit rng tn hao trong mch rt nh, tc l r rt nh, sao cho:
<< ch (3.34)
p 1, 2 = j 0
p 3, 4 = j ch
2 2
Nu t r = ch
2
2 (3.35)
p 1, 2 = j 0
p 3 , 4 = j r
Theo cng thc Heaviside ta c:
H 1 ( p 1 ) 1t H (p )
i (t ) = 2 '
. e .cos( 1 t + 1 ) + 2 '1 3 . e 3t . cos( 3 t + 3 )
H 2 (p 1 ) H 2 (p 3 )
1 = 0 3 =
trong
1 = 0 3 = r
Thay s v tnh n cc yu t lin quan n cc gi thit trn ta c:
1
i (t ) = .[cos( 0 t arctg ) e t .cos( r t arctg )] (3.36)
2 L +
2 2
(1) (2)
80
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
= 0 ch (3.37)
Im.e-t = arctg
2 I m . e t = 0,1I m
Tr =
r
t = ln 0,1
e t 1
= ln ( t 1 + Tr )
= Tr = 2 (3.40)
e r
1 r2
r = ch
2
2 = 2
LC 4L
s b gim dn v 0 v c th bin thnh o, lc n khng cn ngha tn s na m tr thnh
mt h s suy gim. in tr ti hn l gi tr ti n lm trit tiu tn s dao ng t do (r=0),
tc l:
81
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
L
2 ch
2
=0 rth = 2 (3.41)
C
Nh vy nu tn hao trong mch cng t th bin v thi gian ca dao ng t do s tng ln.
b. Dng in cng bc
1
i cb (t ) = .cos( 0 t arctg ) = I m .cos( 0 t ) (3.42)
2 L 2 + 2
1
I m = Im
vi 2 L + 2
2
= arctg
1/r
1 1
I mch = = (3.43)
2 L r
nh vy mch tn hao cng t (r cng nh) th bin cng hng cng ln.
S ph thuc ca Im vo dn n tnh chn lc tn s ca mch: tn s no cng gn ch th
cho i qua mch, tn s cng xa ch th s b chn li. nh gi chn lc tn s ca mch,
ngi ta dng khi nim di thng: gi s cc tn hiu c cng bin tc ng, tn s no sinh ra
dng in c bin :
1
Im Im (3.44)
2 ch
th tn s nm trong di thng (xem hnh 3.17b). Bin ca di thng tha mn:
1 1 1
= Im
2 L 2 + 2d 2 2 L
1
1 1 I m ch =
hay = r
2 + 2d 2 2 0,7 I m ch
r
d = =
2L -d d
Vy di thng:
Hnh 3.17b
r
2 d = (3.45)
L
82
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
Khi lch cng hng bng 0, th dng in tng hp khng cn bin thin na. Ngha l ti
cng hng khng xy ra phch (p=0).
Kt lun:
- Trong trng hp lch cng hng: bin dng in tng hp giai on qu s dao ng
theo p trong khong thi gian t. Tn s dng in tng hp c xc nh bi gc (c th tnh
theo phng php vect da vo hai tn s thnh phn):
( t ) = thqd .t (3.47)
Ta c th biu din th thi gian ca dng in trong trng hp lch cng hng nh hnh
3.19:
- Trong trng hp cng hng ( =0), tc l o = ch r : khi biu thc (3.36) c th
vit li:
83
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
1 1 e t
i th (t ) = .cos o t .(1 e t ) = .cos o t = I mth .cos o t (3.48)
2 L 2L
ith(t)
2
Tp =
1
2L + 2
2
o t
t
thqd
thxl = o
Giai on qu Giai on xc lp
Hnh 3.19
ith(t)
1
r
th=o
t
t
Giai on qu
Hnh 3.20
Ch :
1. Nu ta thay i ngun tc ng l mt chiu, th d nh e(t)=E0, khi p dng li cng thc
Heaviside th dng in trong mch ch l thnh phn dao ng t do tt dn:
E 0 t
i (t ) = .e . sin r t
r L
84
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
2. Nu ngun tc ng l mt dy xung (th d dy xung vung tun hon nh hnh 3.21), khi
mt trong nhng phng php gii l ta xt trong tng khong thi gian, c th nh sau:
-Trong khong 0-t1: gc thi gian ti 0, ngun tc ng e(t)=E0, uc(0)=0, iL(0)=0. Vi cc iu
kin nh vy ta s tm c p ng i(t) v uc(t) tng ng.
e(t)
E0
t
0 t1 T T+t1
Hnh 3.21
-Trong khong t1-T: gc thi gian dch n t1, ngun tc ng e(t)=0 tc u vo b ngn mch,
uc(0) v iL(0) chnh l cc gi tr tnh c trong giai on trc ti thi im t1.
-Xt tng t cho cc khong k tip. Cn lu rng, nu kt thc mt chu k m mch tr v
trng thi ban u th chu k sau c p ng lp li nh chu k trc .
3. Mch dao ng n song song l mch i ngu ca mch dao ng n ni tip, do ta c
th p dng tnh cht i ngu suy ra kt qu ca mch dao ng n song song t mch dao
ng n ni tip hoc ngc li. L thuyt i ngu c th tm thy trong phn ph lc.
85
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
CU HI V BI TP CHNG III
3.1. Khi mi im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na tri mt phng phc (khng bao hm trc
o), p ng f(t) s:
a. hi t v 0 khi t.
b. hi t khi t.
c. khng hi t khi t.
d. tin n v hn khi t.
3.2. Khi mi im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na tri mt phng phc, cng lm nm trn
trc o, p ng f(t) s:
a. hi t v 0 khi t.
b. hi t khi t.
c. khng hi t khi t.
d. khng tin n v hn khi t.
3.3. Khi tn ti im cc ca hm mch F(p) nm bn na phi mt phng phc, p ng f(t) s:
a. hi t v 0 khi t.
b. hi t khi t.
c. khng hi t khi t.
d. tin n v hn khi t.
3.4. Lut ng ngt ca cc phn t qun tnh c pht biu :
a. Trong cun dy khng c t bin in p, trong t in khng c t bin dng in, k c ti
thi im ng ngt mch.
b. Trong cun dy khng c t bin dng in, trong t in khng c t bin in p, k c ti
thi im ng ngt mch.
c. Trong cun dy, t in khng c t bin in p, k c ti thi im ng ngt mch.
d. C ba pht biu trn u khng ng
p
3.5. Xc nh hm gc UC(t) nu bit nh ca n l U C ( p ) =
p(2 p + 6)
1 1 3t 1 1 3t
a. U C (t ) = e b. U C (t ) = + e
6 2 6 2
1 1 3t 1 1 3t
c. U C (t ) = + e d. U C (t ) = e
6 4 6 4
3.6. Dng cng thc bin i Heaviside hoc bng gc- nh, hy xc nh hm gc iL(t) nu bit
p
nh ca n l iL ( p ) =
( p + 2)( p + 3) 2
86
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
a. iL (t ) = 2e 2t + 3e 3t + 2te 3t b. iL (t ) = 2e 2t + 3te 3t + 2e 3t
c. iL (t ) = 2e 2t + 3e 3t + 2e 3t d. iL (t ) = 2e 2t 3te 3t 2e 3t
87
Hnh 3.26
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
e(t)=10V (DC).
Ti t=0 ngt kho K, hy xc nh uC(t)?
Hnh 3.29
3.15. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.30 vi cc s liu:
R1 K
R1=5
R2=10 R2
C=2F K
e(t) C R3 B B
88
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
e(t)=30V (DC).
Ti t=0 ng kho K, hy xc nh uC(t)?
Hnh 3.32
3.18. Mch in cp hai, RLC ni tip nh
hnh 3.33a vi L=0.5mH, R=5, C=2nF. R L
10
t(ms)
-2 -1.2 0 0.8 2 2.8
Hnh 3.33b
s(t)[mA]
t(ms)
-4 -2 2 4 6
-1
Hnh 3.34b
89
Chng 3: Hin tng qu trong cc mch RLC
ch = (10 6 + 10 3 )[rad / s ]
Cc s liu khc khng thay i. Hy xt UC(t) trong trng hp ny.
90
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
CHNG IV
HM TRUYN T V P NG TN S CA MCH
GII THIU
Cc phng php phn tch v tng hp h thng c mt tm quan trng c bit trong k thut
in t. Ni dung c cp trong chng ny bao gm:
Khi nim hm truyn t v mt s yu t lin quan n hm truyn t ca cc h thng
lin tc, tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu.
Phng php phn tch mch trn quan im h thng qua vic xc nh p ng tn s ca
mch.
Cch v c tuyn tn s ca mch theo phng php th Bode.
NI DUNG
4.1 HM TRUYN T CA H THNG
4.1.1 Biu din h thng lin tc, tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu
Xt h thng lin tc, tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu (bc hu hn n) trong min thi gian nh
hnh v:
H thng
Tc ng x(t) LT.TT.BB.NQ p ng y(t)
Hnh 4.1
d n y (t ) n 1 d i y (t ) m d i x(t )
+ ai = bi (4.1)
dt n i =0 dt i i =0 dt i
Ch rng: H ( p) = Y ( p) X ( p ) =1 (4.3)
b0 + b1 p + ... + b m -1 p m -1 + b m p m H 1 ( p)
H ( p) = = (4.4)
a0 + a1 p + ... + a n-1 p n-1 + p n H 2 ( p)
90
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
im cc ca h thng l cc im pk m ti H2(pk)=0.
Khi H(p) c th biu din di dng tch:
m
( p p ) i
H ( p) = bm i =1
n
(4.5)
( p p
k =1
k )
Nu cc nghim khc khng, dng tch cn c biu din theo mt cch khc:
m
p
(1 p )
i =1
H ( p) = k 0 n
i
(4.6)
p
k =1
(1 )
pk
4.2 P NG TN S CA H THNG
4.2.1 Khi nim
Khi Fourier ha h thng (cng cc phng trnh tng ng) sang min tn s ta c khi nim p
ng tn s ca h thng:
91
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
Y ( j )
H ( j ) = FT [h(t )] = = H ( j ) .e j arg H ( j ) (4.7)
X ( j )
H ( j ) = H ( p ) p = j (4.8)
Th d 4.1
Xt mch in nh hnh 4.3. Khi mi gia i(t) l dng in tc ng, v u(t) l p ng ra s l
pt vi phn cp 1:
dy (t ) 1 1
+ y (t ) = x(t )
dt CR C
x(t) =i(t) C R y(t)=u(t)
-Hm truyn t tng ng vi cc h
s ca phng trnh l:
U ( p) 1/ C Hnh 4.3
H ( p) = =
I ( p) 1
p+
CR
H thng tuyn tnh, bt bin v nhn qu ny l n nh v c mt im cc n pk=-1/RC nm
bn na mt phng tri.
-Do h nhn qu n nh nn tn ti p ng tn s:
1/ C 1/ C
H ( j ) = H ( p ) p = j = = .e jarctgRC
1 1
+ j +2
CR 2
C R 2
argH(j)
/H(j)/
R 0
-/2
0
Hnh 4.4
92
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
1/ C
U ( p ) = H ( p). X ( p ) = . 2 0 2
1 p + 0
p+
CR
Bin i Laplace ngc ta c p ng ra l:
1
1
t 1
u (t ) =
0 e RC
0 cos 0 t + sin 0 t
1 RC
C ( 02 + )
R C2
2
4.3 TH BODE
Trong th d trc, ta ngu nhin cp ti phng php v nh tnh c tuyn tn s ca h
thng mt cch trc tip theo p ng tn s H ( j ) . Trong mc ny, chng ta s ni n
phng php v nh tnh c tuyn tn s ca mch trn c s cc im cc v im khng ca
H(p) theo phng php v th Bode.
4.3.1 Nguyn tc th Bode
Nguyn tc th Bode l v p ng tn s (bin & pha) ca mch bng cch tng hp trc
tip cc c tuyn tn s thnh phn ng vi cc im cc v im khng ca H(p), c th nh
sau:
-c tuyn bin :
a ( ) = ln F( j ) Np (4.9)
-c tuyn pha:
b() = arg[F(j)] rad (4.11)
Cc c tuyn ny c thc hin trn thang t l logarithmic i vi , k hiu l trc , n v
Decade:
93
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
= lg [D] (4.12)
0
hoc n v octave: = log 2 [oct] (4.13)
0
a( ), dB b(), rad
[D] [D]
c tuyn bin c tuyn pha
Hnh 4.5
-Vy p ng pha s l:
m n
b( ) = arg[ H ( j )] = arg[ K ] + arg[ H i ( j )] arg[ H k ( j )] (4.16)
i =1 k =1
-Cn p ng bin s l:
m n
a( ) dB = 20 log H ( j ) = K dB
+ H i ( j ) H k ( j ) dB (4.17)
i =1 dB k =1
94
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
V mt ton hc, vic s dng n v dB cho php phn gii tch cc tha s thnh tng i s
ca cc i lng thnh phn, lm n gin ho php nhn th bng php cng cc thnh phn
th Bode c bn. Ngoi ra s lgarit ho cn lm n gin vic phn tch cc khu mc dy
chuyn (mc chui xch) trong h thng.
By gi ta xt ti s biu din tn s. Hnh v di y minh ho cho mt s gi tr tn s theo
n v Decad v tng ng theo n v rad/s ( tn s chun 0 c chn l 1rad/s):
-2 -1 0 1 2 [D]
Vy trc Decade gip cho vic biu din cc vng tn s d dng hn d n bin thin trong mt
khong rt rng. ng thi cho php cc ng phi tuyn trn trc (dng a ( ) dB = A. lg )
0
bin thnh ng thng trn trc (dng a ( ) dB = A. ) v do vic tng hp cc ng cong
s c n gin ha thnh vic tng hp cc on thng tim cn gn ng ca cc th thnh
phn c bn.
Nh vy th Bode ca p ng tn s H(j) da trn cc thnh phn tha s K, Hk(p) v Hi(p)
m
H i ( p)
ca hm truyn t: H ( p) = K i =1
n
, y cn c mt s ch quan trng:
H k ( p)
k =1
a()[dB] b()[rad]
20.lg[K] K<0
95
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
a( ) = 20. lg K dB
0 khi K > 0
b( ) = arg K =
khi K < 0
H i ( p) = p
a()[dB] b()[rad]
20dB/D
/2
20
[D] [D]
0 1 0
Hnh 4.8
p -h h
H i ( p) = 1 +
h
Hnh 4.9
+ Xt c tuyn bin :
96
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
j
a( ) = 20. lg 1 + = 10. lg[1 + ( ) 2 ] [dB]
h h
0 khi < 0.1 h
a()[dB]
a ( ) = 3dB khi = h 20dB/D
20 lg khi > 10 h 20
h
3
[D]
a() c th c xp x l mt ng gy 10-1h h 101h
khc ti tn s gy h trn trc D, dc
Hnh 4.10
bng 20dB/D nh hnh 4.10. ng chnh xc
ca a() s l mt ng cong tim cn vi ng gy khc ni trn v i qua gi tr 3dB ti
im h.
+ By gi ta xt sang c tuyn pha:
j b()[rad]
b( ) = arg(1 + ) = arctg
h h
/2
/4
0 khi < 0.1 h
[D]
10-1h h 101h
b( ) = khi = h
4
Hnh 4.11
2 khi > 10 h
p h
H i ( p) = 1
h Hnh 4.12
vi h l mt hng s dng.
b()[rad]
a()[dB]
20dB/D
10-1h h 101h [D]
20
3
-/4
[D] -/2
10-1h h 101h
Hnh 4.13
97
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
p p -i
H i ( p) = (1 j i
)(1 )=
i .e i .e j i
p p2 Hnh 4.14
= 1 - 2cos i +
i i2
p p2
Hay: H i ( p ) = 1 + 2 + , trong = - cosi , 0 < < 1 , v i>0:
i i2
+ c tuyn bin :
2 2 2
a ( ) = 20.lg 1 + j2 + 2 = 10.lg[(1 2 ) + 4 2 ( ) 2 ] [dB]
i i i i
0 khi < 0.1 i
a( ) = 10 lg 4 2 khi = i
40 lg khi > 10 i
i
Hnh 4.15
+ By gi ta xt sang c tuyn pha:
98
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
2
i b()[rad]
b( ) = arctg
2 1 < 2
1 2
i
p p2 i
H k ( p) = 1 2 +
i i
2
i =Re
-i
trong : = -cosi , ( 1 < < 0 )
a()[dB]
40dB/D
b()[rad]
40
10-1i i 101i [D]
[D]
10-1i i 101i -/2
-6
-
=-0,25
Hnh 4.18
99
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
p p p2
H i ( p) = (1 )(1 + ) = 1+
j i j i i2
+ c tuyn bin : a()[dB]
40dB/D
2
a ( ) = 20. lg 1 2 [dB ]
i 40
i [D]
10-1i 101i
c tuyn bin c m t nh hnh 4.20.
0 khi < 0.1 i
Hnh 4.20
a( ) = khi = i
40 lg khi > 10 i
i b()[rad]
-Ti = 2 i a( ) = 0
[D]
10-1i i 101i
+ By gi ta xt sang c tuyn pha:
2
b( ) = arg[1 ] [rad] Hnh 4.21
i2
c tuyn pha c dng nh hnh 4.21:
0 khi < i
b( ) =
khi > i
100
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
Th d 4.2
Tr li xt mch in nh hnh v 4.22, i(t) l dng in tc ng, v u(t) l p ng ra ca mch.
-Hm truyn t tng ng l:
U ( p) 1/ C
H ( p) = =
I ( p) 1
p+ R u(t)
CR i(t) C
100F 10
-Phn tch hm truyn t H(p) thnh dng tch
ca cc thnh phn c bn:
Hnh 4.22
1
H ( p ) = R.
p
1+
1 / RC
- Thnh phn (1) ng vi h s R, H1(p)=R, th bin v pha ca n c dng nh hnh 4.23:
a1()[dB] b1()[rad]
20 20.lgR
[D] [D]
0 0
Hnh 4.23
a2()[dB] b2()[rad]
0 3 [D] 0 2 3 4 [D]
-/4
-20
-20dB/D -/2
Hnh 4.24
-Xp chng hai th thnh phn ln nhau v thc hin cng th (bt u t tri qua phi,
ch cc v tr gy khc), th tng hp c dng nh hnh 4.25.
101
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
a()=a1()+a2()
b()=b1()+b2()
20 (1)
-/4
-20
-20dB/D -/2 (2)
(2)
Hnh 4.25
R2 Hnh 4.26
R1 + R 2 1
= =k
R1R 2 p
1+ C. p 1+
R1 + R 2 h
102
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
R2 10
trong : k = = = 0,2
R 1 + R 2 40 + 10
R1 + R2 (40 + 10).10 3
h = = 6 9
= 1250rad .s 1
R1 R2 C 40.10.10 .100.10
a,dB b,rad
1 2 3 4 [D] 1 2 3 4 [D]
-10 -/4
(1)
-/2
(2)
-20dB/D
Hnh 4.27
1 1 p2
t 0 = = = 10 7 = 3,16.10 3 , T s c dng H1(p) = .
LC 1.0,1.10 6 20
p2 p2
02 02
K ( p) = =
p p p p
(1 )(1 ) (1 + )(1 + )
p1 p2 p1 p2
103
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
K 1 ( p ) = 10 7
K 2 ( p) = K 3 ( p) = p
p
K 4 ( p) = 1 +
1120
p
K 5 ( p) = 1 +
8900
v th tng hp ca chng nh hnh v 4.29.
/2
3 4 [D] 1 2 3 4 [D]
(4) (5)
-20dB/D -20dB/D
Hnh 4.29
Mu s c dng:
H2(p)=1+4.10-6.p+4.10-10.p2 (1)
tam thc bc hai ny c cp nghim phc lin hip:
p1 = -0,5.104 + j0,5.105 ; p2 = -0,5.104 - j0,5.105
Vy ta s a v dng:
104
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
p p2
H 2 ( p) = 1 + 2 + 2 (2)
i i
p2
20 pp
K( p) = hay K ( p ) = 4.10 10
p p2 p p2
1 + 2 + 1 + 2 +
i 2i i i2
K 1 ( p ) = 4.10 10
K 2 ( p) = K 3 ( p) = p
p p2
K 4 ( p ) = 1 + 2 +
i i2
v tng hp th Bode ca chng nh hnh v 4.30.
a,dB b,rad
(1)+(2)+(3) (1)+(2)+(3)
40dB/D
/2
4 5 [D] 3 4 5 6 [D]
-10 (1)
-/2
(4) (4)
-40dB/D
-
Hnh 4.30
105
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
Mu s c dng:
H2(p)=1+4.10-4.p+4.10-8.p2
tam thc bc hai ny c nghim kp:
p1,2 = -5.103
p2
20
Vy K(p) c th vit li: K( p) =
p 2
(1 + )
p1
/2
3 4 [D] 2 3 4 5 [D]
-10
-/2
(3)+(4)
-40dB/D (3)+(4)
-
Hnh 4.31
Qua th d trn ta thy rng, khi c tam thc bc hai xut hin trong hm mch th trc ht ta a
v dng: 1 + b.p + a.p2 v sau tm nghim ca a thc ny. C th xy ra ba trng hp:
-a thc c hai nghim n (p1 v p2): khi vit li a thc di dng:
p p
1 + b. p + a. p 2 (1 )(1 )
p1 p2
v th Bode s c hai th thnh phn trng nhau, hay ni cch khc tng ng mt th
c dc gp i.
-a thc c hai nghim phc lin hip: khi cn phi vit li a thc di dng:
p p2
1 + b.p + a.p2 1 + 2 +
i i2
v thc hin ng nht a thc tm ra cc tham s tng ng.
106
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
CU HI V BI TP CHNG IV
4.1 Xt cc im cc ca hm truyn t H(p) ca mch. Mch in ch thc s n nh khi v ch
khi:
a. mi im cc nm bn na tri mt phng phc ( bao hm c trc o).
b. mi im cc nm bn na tri mt phng phc (khng bao hm trc o).
c. tn ti im cc nm bn na phi mt phng phc.
d. mi im cc l nghim n nm bn na tri mt phng phc
4.2 Xc nh tnh n nh ca h thng c trng bi hm truyn t sau y:
p
H ( p) =
p p
(1 + )(1 + )
1120 8900
4.3 Xc nh tnh n nh ca h thng c trng bi hm truyn t sau y:
p
H ( p) =
p p
(1 + )(1 )
11 90
4.4 Xc nh tnh n nh ca h thng c trng bi hm truyn t sau y:
k
H ( p) =
p
p.(1 + )
11
4.5 Xc nh tnh n nh ca h thng c trng bi hm truyn t sau y:
k
H ( p) =
p
p 2 .(1 + )
11
107
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
a. nhn p vi j.
b. nhn H(p) vi j.
c. thay th p = j.
d. thay th p = -j.
4.7 th Bode ca im cc c dng tha s tng ng vi dng tha s ca im khng thuc
na tri mt phng phc c suy ra t th ca im khng theo nguyn tc:
a. th Bode bin v pha u c ly i xng qua trc honh
b. th Bode bin v pha u c gi nguyn dng
c. th Bode pha gi nguyn dng cn th bin phi ly i xng qua trc honh
d. th Bode bin gi nguyn dng cn th pha phi ly i xng qua trc honh
4.8 Trng hp no trong hnh v 4.32 di y tng ng vi th pha ca thnh phn ng vi
h s K<0 ca hm truyn t?
/2
[D]
-
[D] [D]
a) c)
b)
Hnh 4.32
a()[dB] b()[rad]
0 3 [D] 0 2 3 4 [D]
-/4
-20
-20dB/D -/2
Hnh 4.33
a() b()
20
0 2 3 4 [D] 0 2 3 4 [D]
-/4
-20
-20dB/D -/2
Hnh 4.34
108
Chng 4: Hm truyn t v p ng tn s ca mch
a,dB b,rad
/2
[D] 3 4 5 [D]
3 4 5
-40
-/2
-40dB/D -
Hnh 4.35
R1
4.12 v nh tnh trc tip (khng dng h
trc ta logarit) c tuyn hm truyn
t in p ca mch in hnh 4.36: U1 C R2 U2
Hnh 4.36
R L
4.13 V thi Bode ca hm truyn t in p
v nhn xt v tnh cht ca mch in hnh 4.37.
U1 R U2
Hnh 4.37
Hnh 4.38
109
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
CHNG V
MNG BN CC V NG DNG
GII THIU
Mng bn cc, cn gi l mng hai ca l mt h thng mch c bn u ra tng ng vi hai
ca ( thng thng c phi ghp vi ngun tn hiu v ti ) din t nh hnh 5.1, trong :
U1, I1: in p v dng in ti ca 1
U2, I2: in p v dng in ti ca 2 I1 I2
Trong ti liu ny, ta quy c mang tnh thng
U1 M4C U2
nht nh sau: chiu dng ca in p t trn
xung, chiu dng ca dng in i vo M4C.
Vi mc tiu trang b kh nng nghin cu cc
mch in di gc h thng mng bn cc, Hnh 5.1: M hnh mng bn cc
cc ni dung c cp trong chng ny bao
gm:
Tho lun cc tham s c bn ca bn cc tuyn tnh, bt bin, khng cha ngun c lp,
tng h v khng tng h.
S phi ghp gia cc khi chc nng trong h thng mng bn cc.
Nghin cu tnh cht v tnh ton cc thng s ca mt s mng bn cc thng gp.
U 1 = a 11 U 2 + a 12 I 2 Truyn t aij
I 1 = a 21 U 2 + a 22 I 2
110
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
U 1 = h 11 I 1 + h 12 U 2 Hn hp hij
I 2 = h 21 I 1 + h 22 U 2
U1 I1
U = Z. I (5-1)
2 2
z 11 z 12
trong Z= (gi l ma trn tr khng h mch)
z 21 z 22
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
(5-2)
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
Cc h s (thng s tr khng h mch) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
U1
z 11 = (tr khng vo h mch ca ca 1) (5-3)
I1 I2 = 0
U2
z 22 = (tr khng vo h mch ca ca 2) (5-4)
I2 I1 = 0
U1
z 12 = (tr khng truyn t h mch) (5-5)
I2 I1 = 0
U2
z 21 = (tr khng truyn t h mch) (5-6)
I1 I2 = 0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
z12 = z21 (5-7)
- H phng trnh c tnh dn np
111
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Di dng ma trn:
I1 U1
I = Y U (5-8)
2 2
y 11 y 12
trong Y= ( ma trn dn np ngn mch)
y 21 y 22
I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2
(5-9)
I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2
Cc h s (thng s dn np) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
I1
y 11 = (dn np vo ngn mch ca ca 1) (5-10)
U1 U2 = 0
I2
y 22 = (dn np vo ngn mch ca ca 2) (5-11)
U2 U1 = 0
I1
y 12 = (dn np truyn t ngn mch) (5-12)
U2 U1 = 0
I2
y 21 = (dn np truyn t ngn mch) (5-13)
U1 U2 = 0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
y12 = y21 (5-14)
- H phng trnh c tnh truyn t
Di dng ma trn:
U1 U 2
I = A I (5-15)
1 2
a 11 a 12
trong A= ( ma trn truyn t)
a 21 a 22
U 1 = a 11 U 2 + a 12 I 2
(5-16)
I 1 = a 21 U 2 + a 22 I 2
Cc h s (thng s truyn t) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
U1 I1 U1 I1
a 11 = a 22 = a 12 = a 21 = (5-17)
U2 I2 =0
I2 U2 = 0
I2 U2 = 0
U2 I2 =0
112
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
a= -1 (5-18)
- H phng trnh c tnh truyn t ngc
Di dng ma trn:
U 2 U1
I = B I (5-19)
2 1
b 11 b 12
trong B= ( ma trn truyn t ngc)
b 21 b 22
U 2 = b 11 U 1 + b 12 I 1
(5-20)
I 2 = b 21 U 1 + b 22 I 1
Cc h s (thng s truyn t ngc) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
U2 I2 U2 I2
b 11 = b 22 = b 12 = b 21 = (5-21)
U1 I1 = 0
I1 U1 = 0
I1 U1 = 0
U1 I1 = 0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
b= -1 (5-22)
- H phng trnh c tnh hn hp
Di dng ma trn:
U1 I1
I = HU (5-23)
2 2
h 11 h 12
trong H= ( ma trn hn hp)
h 21 h 22
U 1 = h 11 I 1 + h 12 U 2
(5-24)
I 2 = h 21 I 1 + h 22 U 2
Cc h s (thng s hn hp) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
U1 I2 U1 I2
h 11 = h 22 = h 12 = h 21 = (5-25)
I1 U2 = 0
U2 I1 = 0
U2 I1 = 0
I1 U2 = 0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
h12 = - h21 (5-26)
- H phng trnh c tnh hn hp ngc
Di dng ma trn:
113
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
I1 U 1
U = G I (5-27)
2 2
g11 g12
trong G= ( ma trn hn hp ngc)
g 21 g 22
I 1 = g11 U 1 + g12 I 2
(5-28)
U 2 = g 21 U 1 + g 22 I 2
Cc h s (thng s hn hp ngc) c tnh theo cc cng thc:
I1 U2 I1 U2
g11 = g 22 = g12 = g 21 = (5-29)
U1 I2 =0
I2 U1 = 0
I2 U1 = 0
U1 I2 =0
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
g12 = - g21 (5-30)
- Quan h gia cc thng s cu mng bn cc
114
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
+ Cc hng t l vi nhau theo mt h s nht nh. H s t l chnh l thng s trn hng bit
nm cng mt ct vi ch s 1 trn hng thng s cha bit. Chng hn, cho bit zij, tm hij ta
lm nh sau:
Ly ch s 1 trong hng hij c hi, chiu ln hng zij cho ta s tm c z22 l h s t l.
Dng theo ct ta s c gi tr cc thng s tng ng, kt qu l:
z z 12 z 21 1 z 11
h 11 = ; h 12 = ; h 21 = ; h 22 = ; h =
z 22 z 22 z 22 z 22 z 22
z 12 = z 21 g 21 = g 12 y 12 = y 21
(5-31)
a = 1 h 12 = h 21 b = -1
U1
z 11 = = Z1 + Z 3 (5-32)
I1 I2 = 0
U2
z 22 = = Z2 + Z3 (5-33)
I2 I1 = 0
U1
z 12 = = Z3 (5-34)
I2 I1 = 0
115
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
U2
z 21 = = z 12 = Z 3 (5-35)
I1 I2 = 0
Z1 =Z11-Z12 Z2=Z22-Z12
I1 Mng bn cc I2
tng h I1 I2
U1 c trng bi U2 U1 Z3 = Z12 =Z21 U2
cc zij
- S chun hnh :
I1 Y3 I2
K hiu cc dn np ca bn cc hnh l Y1,
Y2, Y3 (hnh 5.4). By gi ta tnh cc thng s U1 Y1 Y2 U2
yij ca bn cc tng h theo cc dn np
trn. Theo nh ngha ta c:
Hnh 5.4
I1
y 11 = = Y1 + Y3 (5-37)
U1 U2 =0
I2
y 22 = = Y2 + Y3 (5-38)
U2 U1 = 0
I1
y12 = = Y3 (5-39)
U2 U1 = 0
I2
y21 = = y12 = Y3 (5-40)
U1 U =0
2
116
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
I1 Y3=-y12=-y21 I2
I1 Mng bn cc I2
tng h Y1=y11+y12
U1 U2 U1 U2
c trng bi
y22+y12 =Y2
cc yij
U1' ' I1
'
i vi bn cc I: ' = Z '
U2 I2
U 1'' '' I 1
''
i vi bn cc II: '' = Z ''
U 2 I 2
Cng hai phng trnh ma trn theo tng v v nhm tha s chung, ta c:
U1 '' I 1
= [Z + Z ]
'
U 2 I 2
117
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
I 1' ' U1
'
i vi bn cc I: ' =Y '
I 2 U 2
I 1'' '' U 1
''
i vi bn cc II: '' = Y ''
I 2 U 2
Cng hai phng trnh ma trn theo tng v v nhm tha s chung, ta c:
I1 '' U 1
= [Y + Y ]
'
I 2 U 2
U 1' ' I1
'
i vi bn cc I: ' = H '
I2 U 2
U 1'' '' I 1
''
i vi bn cc II: '' = H ''
I2 U 2
118
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Cng hai phng trnh ma trn theo tng v v nhm tha s chung, ta c:
U1 '' I 1
= [H + H ]
'
I2 U 2
I 1' ' U 1
'
i vi bn cc I: ' = G '
U 2 I2
I 1'' '' U 1
''
i vi bn cc II: '' = G ''
U 2 I2
Cng hai phng trnh ma trn theo tng v v nhm tha s chung, ta c:
I1 '' U 1
= [G + G ]
'
U 2 I2
U1 U1 I U2 U1 II U2 U2
119
Hnh 5.10: Ghp dy chuyn
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
H phng trnh thch hp nht c trng cho c im ca cch ni ghp ny l h phng trnh
truyn t.
Vi cch k hiu cc thng s nh trn hnh v, ta c:
U 1' ' U 2
'
i vi bn cc I: ' =A ' (1)
I1 I2
U 1'' '' U 2
''
i vi bn cc II: '' = A '' (2)
I1 I2
U 1' *' U 2
'
U 1' *' U 1
''
U 1' U ''2
' = [A . A ]. ''
*' ''
(5)
I1 I2
Phng trnh (5) c vit li thnh:
U 1 U 2
= [A . A ].
*' ''
I1 I2
Z4
Z4 I2
I1 Z2 Z1 I2 I1
U1 U2
U1 Z3 U2 Z2 Z1
Z3
120
Hnh 5.11 Hnh 5.12
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
-Cch 2: Tch mch in trn thnh hai bn cc thnh phn mc ni tip-ni tip vi nhau. Xc
nh cc thng s zij ca cc bn cc thnh phn, sau tng hp li thnh cc thng s zij ca
bn cc theo cng thc:
2
Z = Zk
k =1
Khi bit zij ta c th tnh yij (hoc ngc li) theo bng quan h thng s.
-Cch 3: Xc nh cc yij trc tip theo nh ngha trong h phng trnh tr khng hoc dn np
c tnh ca bn cc.
U1 Z 2 (Z1 + Z 4 ) + Z 3 (Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4 )
z 11 = =
I1 I2 =0
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4
U2 Z 1 (Z 2 + Z 4 )
z 22 = = Z3 +
I2 I1 = 0
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4
U1 Z 2 Z 1 + Z 3 (Z 1 + Z 2 + Z 4 )
z 12 = = z 21 =
I2 I1 = 0
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 4
Gii: I1 R2 R3 I2
Nhn vo s ta nhn thy mch in c th phn
tch thnh hai mng bn cc thnh phn hnh T v U2
U1 R4 R5 R6
mc song song-song song nh hnh 5.14. Ta c:
Y = Y T + Y
Nh vy ta s phi tnh cc thng s yij ca tng bn Hnh 5.13
cc thnh phn.
R2 R3
I2
R5
B B
I1
B B
121 B B
U1 B B
U2 B B
R1
B B
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
-Xt mch hnh T: l s chun ca bn cc (hnh 5-15) vi cc cc thng s zij c tnh theo
phn t ca mch:
Z11-Z12 Z22-Z12
z11 = R2 + R5
I1 I2
z12 = R5 U1 Z12 =Z21 U2
z22 = R3 + R5
Z = R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 5
Hnh 5-15
Theo bng quan h thng s ta c cc thng s
yij ca mch hnh T:
z 22 R3 + R5 8
y 11 = = = = 0,258
Z R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 5 6 + 10 + 15
z 12 R5 5
y 12 = = = = 0,1615
Z R 2 R 3 + R 2 R5 + R 3R5 6 + 10 + 15
z 11 R2 + R5 7
y 22 = = = = 0,226
Z R 2 R 3 + R 2 R 5 + R 3 R 5 6 + 10 + 15
1 1 R + R 4 15 Hnh 5-16
y 11 = + = 1 = = 0,3S
R 4 R1 R1R 4 50
1 1 R + R6 20
y 22 = + = 1 = = 0,2S
R 6 R1 R1R 6 100
122
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
y 22 0,426
a 11 = = = 1,635
y 21 0,261
1 1
a 12 = = = 3,84
y 21 0,261
Y 0,17
a 21 = = = 0,653S
y 21 0,261
y 11 0,558
a 22 = = = 2,14
y 21 0,261
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2
(1)
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
Nu bn cc i xng, ta c th i ca 1 thnh ca 2, ngha l trong h phng trnh trn cc ch
s 1 v 2 ca cc i lng in p v dng in c th i ln nhau m cc thng s zij vn gi
nguyn:
U 2 = z 11 I 2 + z 12 I 1
(2)
U 1 = z 21 I 2 + z 22 I 1
T (1) v (2) ta rt ra iu kin i xng v mt in ca bn cc:
z12 = z21 v z11 = z22 (5-47)
Nh vy i vi bn cc i xng ta ch cn xc nh hai trong s bn thng s.
Bn cc gi l i xng v mt hnh hc nu n tn ti mt trc i xng qua trc ng chia bn
cc thnh hai na ging nhau (hnh 5-17a).
I1 I2
1/2 1/2
U1 U2
BCX BCX
Hnh 5-17a
123
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1
Z2 2Z2 2Z2
Hnh 5-17b
Ch rng mt bn cc i xng v mt hnh hc th ng nhin i xng v mt in, nhng
iu ngc li th khng ng.
Th d 5-3:
Hy xc nh iu kin mng bn cc (M4C) hnh 5-18 tho mn iu kin i xng v mt
in.
Gii: Ta c: Ra Rc
R b (R c + R d )
z 11 = R a + Rb Rd
Rb + Rc + Rd
R d (R b + R c )
z 22 = Hnh 5-18
Rb + Rc + Rd
R b (R c + R d ) R d (R b + R c )
Ra + =
Rb + Rc + Rd Rb + Rc + Rd
ZI
I1 I2
Mng bn
ZII ZII
cc i xng U1 U2
U1 U2
124
ZI B B
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
1/2 1/2
ZI bn ZII bn
cc i cc i
xng xng
U 2 = n. U 1
I = 1 I (5-48)
2 n
1
M hnh bin p l tng minh ho trn hnh 5-21a. B phn ch yu ca bin p thc gm hai
cun dy ghp h cm vi nhau, nu b qua in tr ca cc cun dy th bin p c v nh
hnh 5-21b (n l t s vng dy gia cun th cp v s cp)
I1 1:n I2 I1 1:n I1
U1 U2 U1 U2
i vi bin p l tng ta c:
U 2 = U 1
Nu n=1 th : (5-49)
I 2 = I 1
125
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
U 2 = U 1
Nu n=-1 th: (5-50)
I 2 = I1
Vy bin p 1:1 tng ng vi bn cc c hai dy dn song song hnh 5-22a, cn bin p 1:-1
tng ng vi bn cc c hai dy dn cho nhau nh hnh 5-22b.
I1 I2 I1 I2
U1 U2 U1 U2
I1 ZI I2
By gi ta s xt ti quan h gia cc thng s
trong s cu ca bn cc i xng. Nh ta ZII ZII
U1 U2
bit, i vi bn cc i xng ch cn xc nh
hai thng s, chng hn hai thng s l z11 v
z12. Trong s tng ng cu ca bn cc ZI
i xng (hnh 5-23) ta c: Hnh 5-23
U1 1
z 11 = = (Z I + Z II ) (5-51)
I1 I2 = 0
2
U1 1
z 12 = = (Z II Z I ) (5-52)
I2 I1 = 0
2
R (R + R 1 ) + R 2 (2 R + R 1 )
z 11 =
2R + R1
R 2 + R 2 (2 R + R 1 )
z 12 =
2R + R1
126
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
R1 R1/2 R1/2
I1 R R I2 R R
U1 R2 U2 ZV 2R2 2R2
1 1 R. R 1 R (R + R 1 ) + R 2 (2 R + R 1 )
z 11 = (Z I + Z II ) = [ + R + 2R 2 ] =
2 2 2R + R1 2R + R1
1 1 R. R 1 R 2 + R 2 (2 R + R 1 )
z 12 = (Z II Z I ) = [R + 2 R 2 ]=
2 2 2R + R1 2R + R1
Z2 =R2+jX2
a. Tr khng vo M4C:
Tr khng vo ca ca 1:
Tr khng vo ca ca 2:
U 2 z 22 Z 1 + z a Z + a12
ZV 2 = = = 22 1 (5-56)
I2 z11 + Z 1 a 21 Z 1 a11
127
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
a12 a11
Z V 1nm = Z V 1hm = (5-57)
a 22 a 21
a12 a 22
Z V 2 nm = Z V 2 hm = (5-58)
a11 a 21
b. Hm truyn t in p ca M4C:
U2 Z 2 .z 21
K ( p) = = (5-59)
E ( z11 + Z 1 )( z 22 + Z 2 ) z12 .z 21
U2 Z 2 .z 21 Z2 y 21
K u ( p) = = = = (5-60)
U 1 z11 ( z 22 + Z 2 ) z12 .z 21 a11 Z 2 a12 y 22 + 1 / Z 2
Gii:
Theo nh ngha, d dng tnh c ma trn thng s truyn t:
R1 + R2 + R1 R2 Cp
R1
R2
[ A] =
1
pC + 1
R2
Zt R2
T ( j ) = =
a11 Z t a12 2 R1 + R2 + jR1 R2 C R2/(2R1+R2)
128
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
E2
P0 = (5-61)
4. R 1
U 22
P2 = (5-62)
R2
2 P0
= >1 (5-63)
P2
P0 E R2
T c th rt ra: = =
P2 2 U 2 R1
E R2
( p) = (5-64)
2U 2 R1
H s truyn t tnh theo cng thc trn ch dng cho cc mch th ng, c trng cho mch
in tng qut ngi ta phi s dng thm biu thc ca hm truyn t in p nu mc
trc.
Ta c th vit li h s truyn t cho mch in tng qut:
(z 11 + R 1 ).(z 22 + R 2 ) z 12 . z 21
(p ) = (5-65)
2. z 21 . R 1 . R 2
(Z I + R ).(Z II + R )
(p ) = (5-66)
(Z II Z I ). R
129
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
phi hp tr khng m bo khng c s phn x tn hiu th phi tho mn iu kin: Zt =Zi, khi
cng sut trn ti s l:
E2 .Ri Zi
P0 =
4(R 2i + X 2i )
Zt Zi
r= =0 Hnh 5-27a
Zt + Zi
Z i = Z 10
(5-68)
Z 2 = Z 20
trong Z10 gi l tr khng sng ca ca 1 v tnh theo cng thc:
a 11 . a 12
Z 10 = (5-69)
a 21 . a 22
a 22 . a 12
Z 20 = (5-70)
a 21 . a 11
a 12 + Z 10 . a 22 + Z 20 . a 11 + a 21 . Z 10 . Z 20
hay 0 = = a 12 . a 21 + a 11 . a 22 (5-72)
2. Z 10 . Z 20
g 0 = ln 0 = ln ( )
a 12 a 21 + a 11 a 22 = ln 0 + j.arg( 0 ) = a 0 + jb 0 (5-73)
130
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Z V1ngm Z V 2 ngm
thg 0 = = (5-75)
Z V1hm Z V 2 hm
Z 10 1 Z 10
z 11 = y 11 = a11 = .chg 0
thg 0 Z 10 thg 0 Z 20
Z 10 .Z 20 1
z12 = y12 = a12 = Z 10 .Z 20 .shg 0 (5-76)
shg 0 Z 10 .Z 20 .shg 0
Z 20 1 1
z 22 = y 22 = a 21 = .shg 0
thg 0 Z 20 thg 0 Z 10 .Z 20
Z 20
a 22 = .chg 0
Z 10
1
Z V1hm = Z V 2 hm = ( Z I + Z II ) ZII ZII
2
Z I . Z II
Z V1ngm = Z V 2 ngm = 2. ZI
Z I + Z II
Hnh 5-28
T suy ra tr khng sng c tnh:
a12
Z 10 = Z 20 = Z 0 = Z I .Z II = (5-77)
a 21
Z I Z II = R 20 = const
131
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
( Z I + Z I . Z II ).( Z II + Z I . Z II )
0DX = (5-78)
( Z II Z I ). Z I . Z II
ZI
t q= (5-79)
Z II
1+ q
Khi : 0DX = (5-80)
1 q
E Z E U
0 DX = . 20 = = 1 (5-81)
2U 2 Z 10 2U 2 U 2
U1 U U
g 0 DX = ln 0 DX = ln = ln 1 + j. arg( 1 ) = a 0 DX + j.b0 DX (5-82)
U2 U2 U2
7
Z 20 = Z V 2 ngm . Z V 2 hm =
2
Lng truyn t sng ca mch c tnh theo cng thc:
Z V1ngm Z V 2 ngm 7
thg 0 = = = = j 3,5 .
Z V1hm Z V 2 hm 2
132
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
U1
g 0 = ln + jb 0 = 1 + j
U2 2
U1 E E 50
Vy ln = ln = 1 suy ra U2 = = = 18,5V
U2 2U 2 2. e 2 ,7
v b 0 = U1 U 2 = suy ra U2 = E
2 2
j
Vy ta c U 2 = 18,5. e 2
(V)
p+1 R R
ZII =[(C nt R) // (C nt R)] =
2p U1 2C R/2
U2
Vy tr khng sng ca bn cc l:
1 Hnh 5-30
Z 10 = Z 20 = Z 0 = Z I . Z II =
2p
1 + q p + 1 + 2p ZI
0DX = = (trong q = )
1 q p + 1 2p Z II
( Z I + R 0 ).( Z II + R 0 ) ( p + 2).( 3p + 1)
( p) = =
( Z II Z I ). R 0 1 + p2
133
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
p p
(1 + )(1 + )
( p + 2).( 3p + 1) 2 1 / 3
( p) = = 2.
1 + p2 1 + p2
z 12 = z 21 g 21 = g 12 y 12 = y 21
a = 1 h 12 = h 21 b = -1
134
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
-Ngun dng c iu khin bng dng (D-D), hnh 5-31d. Dng in ngun Ing lin h vi
dng iu khin I1 theo cng thc:
Ing =I1 (5-86)
I1 I2 I1 I2
U1 kU1 U2 U1 rI1 U2
A-A A-D
I1 I2 I1 I2
U1 gU1 U2 U1
I1 U2
D-A D-D
135
Hnh 5.32c
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
U 1 = z 11 I 1 + z 12 I 2 z 12 I 1 I 1 = y 11 U 1 + y 12 U 2 y 12 U 1
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2 z 12 I 1 z 12 I 2 I 2 = y 21 U 1 + y 22 U 2 y 12 U 1 y 12 U 2
y11+y12
Z12 (Z21-Z12)I1 U2 (y21-y12)U1 U
U1 U1 2
y22+y12
Hnh 5-33
I1 I2 I1 I2
INIC U1 UNIC
U1 U2 U2
k=1 k= -1
Hnh 5-34
U 1 = kU 2
(5-87)
I 2 = kI 1
U 1 = U 2
-Nu k = 1, ta s c:
I 2 = I 1
136
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
U 1 = U 2
-Nu k = -1, ta c:
I 2 = I 1
trng hp ny in p hai ca s ngc chiu cn dng in hai ca s cng chiu, phn t
NIC vi k=-1 c k hiu l UNIC.
0 k 0 1 / k
T ta rt ra: [H ] NIC = , [G ] NIC =
k 0 1 / k 0
U1 U
Z V1 = = k 2 2 = k 2 . Zt (5-88)
I1 I2
IC
= I = 0,98 0,998
E
I B = (1 ) I E
IC
= = >1
IB 1
(5-89)
Dng Emitter ch yu c xc nh bi in p UBE , ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo in p
Collector, t dng IC cng ph thuc mt t vo in p UCE.
-T cc tnh cht , c th c nhiu cch biu din s tng ng ca transistor, ty thuc
vo tng iu kin lm vic c th (tuyn tnh/ phi tuyn, tn s cng tc, hay cch mc mch) v
yu cu tnh ton m ngi ta s dng s tng ng thch hp. min tn hiu nh, tn s
thp, ngi ta hay dng s tng ng hn hp H vi hai ngun iu khin ( ni trn),
hoc dng s tng ng vt l vi mt ngun iu khin nh hnh v 5-36a.
IE
I1=IE
rmIE I2=-IC
I1=IE rE I2=-IC rE
E C E C
rC rC
U1 rB U2 U1 rB U2
B B
137
Hnh 5-36a Hnh 5-36b
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
vi trm m, trong khi rC c gi tr cao (t hng trm k n vi M). Ngun dng cng c
th c thay th bi ngun p nh hnh 5-36b, vi eng= rC.IE = rm.IE, trong rm = .rC.
Tu theo cch chn u vo v u ra, c th c ba loi mch khuch i transistor:
-S baz chung (hnh 5-37a). Di y l rmIE
I1=IE rE I2=-IC
ma trn tr khng ca transistor tng ng vi
E C
trng hp ny: rC
U1 rB U2
rE + rB rB
[Z] BC =
rB + rM rB + rC
B
Hnh 5-37a
I1
rmIE I2
rB
-S Emitter chung (hnh 5-37b). Di y B C
rC
l ma trn tr khng ca transistor tng ng
U1 rE U2
vi trng hp ny:
rE + rB rE
[Z] EC = E
rE rM rE + rC rM
Hnh 5-37b
0
138
Hnh 5-38: mch khuch i mc E chung
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
chung ghp RC. Vic la chn cc gi tr linh kin bn ngoi m bo sao cho transistor lm vic
trong min khuch i.
Cc ng dng c th ca transistor s c nghin cu chi tit trong cc hc phn k tip.
I2 Ura
P
+ AU0
U2 U A
I1 -U0 U
N
_ Ura
U0
U1
139
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
A0
A (p ) = (5-91)
p
1+
0
20lgA,dB
Zra
P
Zvao Am
A.(UP UN) Ura
N
0 C
Mch khuch i thut ton c rt nhiu cc ng dng trong thc t c ch tuyn tnh v phi
tuyn nh cc b so snh, khuch i cc thut ton x l, lc tch cc, dao ng...
gi cho mch lm vic min tuyn tnh th ngi ta phi tm cch gim mc in p vo (U)
sao cho in p ra khng vt qua ngng bo ha dng VH hoc bo ha m VL. iu ny c
th thc hin c nh cc vng hi tip m trong mch.
Th d 5-9: Hy xt chc nng ca mch in
hnh 5-41a. Z2
Gii: I1 Z1 N _
Nu coi KTT l l tng v lm vic trong
UV U=0
min tuyn tnh th ta c:
+ Ura
U = 0
v khi im N c gi l im t o.
Hnh 5-41a
U U
Dng in vo: I 1 = V = ra
Z1 Z2
Z2 Z2
T ta rt ra: U ra = UV ; K (p) =
Z1 Z1
Ngha l mch trn thc hin chc nng ca mch tch phn. Trong min tn s mch ng vai tr
l b lc thng thp tch cc bc 1.
-Nu thay Z1 l thun dung, Z2 l thun tr th:
K (p) = pRC
140
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Ngha l mch trn thc hin chc nng ca mch vi phn. Trong min tn s mch ng vai tr
l b lc thng cao tch cc bc 1.
Th d 5-10: Hy xc nh hm truyn t in p ca mch in hnh 5-41b, coi KTT l l
tng v lm vic trong min tuyn tnh.
Gii: +
U=0
Dng in chy trong nhnh hi tip:
UV N _
UV U ra Z2 Ura
I= =
Z1 Z1 + Z 2 Z1 I
Hm truyn t ca mch l:
Hnh 5-41b
U ra Z
K ( p) = = 1+ 2
UV Z1
Nh vy, bng vic thay i tnh cht ca nhnh hi tip m mch c th thc hin c cc thut
ton ng dng khc nhau. l mt vi th d v tnh a nng ca loi linh kin ny
nghin cu su hn v cc ng dng ca mch khuch i thut ton v transistor, c bit l
cc thng s ca mch tng ng trong mi cch mc, hc sinh cn c thm trong cc gio
trnh v cc ti liu tham kho ca cc hc phn k tip.
X Xv Y
Mng bn cc
K
Xht
Khu h.tip
Gi
thit: M4C ban u c h s truyn t h:
Y
K= (5-92)
XV
X ht
= (5-93)
Y
141
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Y K
K ht = = (5-94)
X 1 K .
Trong trng hp hi tip m (tn hiu hi tip lm suy yu tn hiu vo), khi 1 K > 1 , tr
s hm truyn t ca h kn s nh hn so vi h h.
Trong trng hp hi tip dng (tn hiu hi tip lm tng cng tn hiu vo), khi
1 K < 1 , tr s hm truyn t ca h kn s ln hn so vi h h.
I1 I1 I2 I1 I1 I2 I2
U1 K U2 I2 U1 K U2
U1 U2 U1 U2
Iht I2 Iht I2
Uht U2 Uht U2
I2 I1 I2 I2
I1
I2 U1 K U2
I1 U1 K U2 I1
U1 U2 U1 I2
U2
Iht I2 Iht
Uht U2 Uht U2
142
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
+Hi tip song song dng in: tn hiu hi tip song song vi tn hiu vo v t l vi dng in
u ra. M hnh ca n c minh ha nh hnh 5.43d.
Ri
I1 R1 R2 I2 R3 = (5-96)
sha
U1 R3 U2 Ri R
R1 = R 2 = i (5-97)
tha sha
Hnh 5-44a
U1 G1 G2 U2 1 1
G1 = G 2 = (5-99)
R i tha R i sha
Hnh 5-44b
Th d 5-11: Hy tnh mch suy gim lm vic vi ngun c in tr trong l Ri=600, suy gim
c tnh l 2,75 Npe.
Gii: Theo cc iu kin ca bi ton:
Ri = 600 ; a = 2,75Npe.
Vy cc phn t ca mch suy gim theo s hnh T l:
143
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Ri 600
R3 = = = 77 ;
sha sh2 ,75
Ri R 600 600
R1 = R 2 = i = = 522
tha sha th2 ,75 sh2 ,75
Tng t bn c th tnh cc phn t ca mch suy gim theo s hnh .
5.4.2 Mng bn cc phi hp tr khng
Khc vi bn cc suy gim, nhim v ca bn cc phi hp tr khng l kt hp vi ngun
lm thay i ni tr trong (Ri1) ca ngun thnh gi tr mi (Ri2), hoc ngc li, bin i tr
khng ti thnh tr khng ngun. Do c im ch yu ca bn cc phi hp tr khng l tnh
khng i xng. Ngoi ra, yu cu khi kt hp vi ngun th truyn t c tnh ca n l thun
o:
g = jb (5-100)
Vi cc yu cu ny, cc phn t ca b phi hp tr khng c tnh ton theo cc s chun
ca bn cc nh sau:
a. S hnh T (hnh 5-45a):
I1 Z1 Z2 I2 R i1 . R i 2
Z3 = j (5-101)
sin b
U1 Z3 U2
R i1 R i 2 R i1
Z 1 = j( ) (5-102)
sin b tgb
Hnh 5-45a R i1 R i 2 R i2
Z 2 = j( ) (5-103)
sin b tgb
U1 Y1 Y2 U2 1 1
Y1 = j( ) (5-105)
R i1 R i 2 sin b R i1 tgb
Hnh 5-45b 1 1
Y2 = j( ) (5-106)
R i1 R i 2 sin b R i 2 tgb
144
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
R i1 . R i 2 5000.75
Z3 = j = j = j866
sin b 2 /2
R i1 R i 2 R i1 5000.75 5000
Z 1 = j( ) = j( ) = j4134
sin b tgb 2 /2 1
R i1 R i 2 R i2 5000.75 75
Z 2 = j( ) = j( ) = j791
sin b tgb 2 /2 1
Za Za Za
Zb Zb Zb Zb
Hnh 5-47a
phn tch mt mch lc phc tp, thng dng phng php ct thnh nhng on nh n
gin theo cc s hnh T hoc hnh , hnh thun hoc hnh ngc (hnh 5-47b) kt ni vi
nhau theo kiu dy chuyn.
145
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Hnh 5-47b
Za 4Z
Z d (T ) = 1+ b (5-109)
2 Za
1
Z d ( ) = 2 Z b (5-110)
4Z
1+ b
Za
4Z b
1+
Za
th g T , = (5-111)
2Z
1+ b
Za
a = 0
g = jb
Rt ra hai iu kin trong di thng:
Th nht: Cc phn t Za, Zb l thun khng.
Zb Za
1 4 hay 1 0 (5-112)
Za 4Z b
Z b ( c )
4 =1 (5-113)
Z a ( c )
c. Mch lc loi k
Mch lc loi k l loi mch lc thun khng ni trn c cc phn t tho mn iu kin:
146
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Za.Zb = k2 (5-114)
(trong k l mt hng s thc)
tho mn iu kin trn, n gin nht l chn cc nhnh Za, Zb l cc phn t thun khng m
tr khng c tnh cht ngc nhau. Sau y ta xt c th loi mch lc ny.
d. Cu trc ca mch lc loi k
- Mch lc thng thp:
1
Za = jLa ; Zb = (5-115)
jC b
La/2 La/2 La
Cb Cb/2 Cb/2
Hnh 5-48
Z b ( c ) 4
4 = 2 =1
Z a ( c ) La Cb
2
Rt ra c = (5-116)
La Cb
2Ca 2Ca Ca
Lb 2Lb 2Lb
Hnh 5-49
Z b ( c )
4 = 4 2 Lb C a = 1
Z a ( c )
1
Rt ra c = (5-118)
2 Lb C a
147
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Ca La Ca La
Lb Cb Lb Cb Lb Cb
Hnh 5-50
Z b ( ) 4
4 =
Z a ( ) La C b 0
2
Lb C a 0
Lb C a
t p= = (5-121)
La C b
Rt ra c1, 2 = 0 ( p + 1 p (5-122)
c1 c 2 = 02
= 2 (5-123)
c2 c1 = 2 0 p
L C
a b
148
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Ca Ca
Cb Cb Cb
Lb Lb Lb
Hnh 5-51
Lb C a 1
Cng t p= = ; v p' = (5-126)
La C b 16 p
c1 c 2 = 02
= 1 (5-128)
c2 c1 = 2 0 p '
2 Lb C a
Za 4Z L 2 Cb
Z d (T ) = 1 + b = j a 1 c2
2 Za 2
-Trong di chn ( > c): Z(T) mang tnh in cm. Hnh 5-52a
La 2
La R()
Z d (T ) = . 1 2 = R( )
Cb c Cb
S ph thuc ca Z(T) theo tn s c biu th trong 0 c
hnh 5-52 b. Hnh 5-52b
149
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
La 1
Z d ( ) = . = R( )
Cb 2 La
1
R()
2
c Cb
hnh 5-53 b.
* By gi ta xt sang truyn t c tnh:
Hnh 5-53b
-Trong di thng ( < c): suy gim c tnh a =0, khi
:
c2 c2
1 1
th g T , = j.tgb = 2 hay tgb = 2
c2 c2
1 1
2 2 2 2
-Trong di chn ( > c): in p trn ca ra gim nh mt cch ng k sao cho lc khng
cn ti s dch pha gia n vi in p vo. Ngi ta quy c l b gi nguyn gi tr ca n
ti c, sao cho sang di chn tgb =0 v thg =
aTT, bTT
tha. Khi : (a)
c2
1
a = arth
2 (b)
2
1 c2
2 0 c
Hnh 5-54 biu din s ph thuc ca a v b
Hnh 5-54
theo tn s trong cc di khc nhau.
- i vi mch lc thng cao
* Xt tr khng c tnh ca mt lc hnh T (hnh 5-55a):
Za 4Z 1 2
Z d (T ) = 1+ b = 1 2 2Ca 2Ca
2 Za 2 jC a c
Hnh 5-55a
150
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
-Trong di thng ( > c): Z(T) mang tnh in tr v c tnh theo cng thc:
Lb 2
Z d (T ) = . 1 c2 = R( )
Ca
Z (T)
56a): 0 c
1 1
Z d ( ) = 2Z b = 2 jLb
4Z b 2 Hnh 5-55b
1+ 1
Za 2
c
Ca
S ph thuc ca Zd() theo tn s c biu th 0 c
trong hnh 5-56 b.
Hnh 5-56b
* By gi ta xt sang truyn t c tnh:
-Trong di thng ( > c): suy gim c tnh a =0, khi :
2 2
1 2 1
c c2
th g T , = j.tgb = hay tgb =
2 2
1 1
2 c2 2 c2
-Trong di chn ( < c): ngi ta cng quy c b gi nguyn gi tr ca n ti c, sao cho sang
di chn tgb =0 v thg = tha. Khi :
aTC, bTC
2
1 (a)
c2
a = arth c
2
1 0
2 c2 (b)
-
Hnh 5-57
151
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Hnh 5-58
Do vic tnh ton kh phc tp, nn y khng thc hin tnh ton trc tip m ch da vo tnh
cht tng ng ca n i vi cc mch lc thng thp v thng cao trn cc on tn s khc
nhau. C th l:
-Trn on > 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in cm, cn Zb mang tnh cht in dung, do mch
lc thng di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng thp.
Z ()
Z (T)
R()
La R()
La
Cb Cb
0 c1 0 c2 0 c1 0 c2
Hnh 5-59a
-Trn on < 0 : nhnh Za mang tnh in dung, cn Zb mang tnh cht in cm, do mch
lc thng di s tng ng nh mt mch lc thng cao. Hnh v 5-59 biu din s ph thuc
ca cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc thng di theo cc di tn s khc nhau.
aTD, bTD
(a) (b)
0 c1 0 c2
-
Thng cao Thng thp
Hnh 5-59b
- i vi mch lc chn di
Xt mt lc hnh T v hnh ca mch lc chn di (hnh 5-60):
152
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
La/2 La/2 La
2Ca 2Ca Ca
Cb Cb/2 Cb/2
Lb 2Lb 2Lb
Hnh 5-60
Z ()
Z (T)
R()
La R() R() La R()
Cb Cb
0 c1 0 c2
0 c1 0 c2
Hnh 5-61a
(a)
(b)
c2
0 c1 0
(b)
-
Thng thp Thng cao
Hnh 5-61b
153
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
+Chuyn mt phn ca Za xung nhnh song song sao cho to thnh Z 'b .
154
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Za 4 Z b mZ a 4 Z b'
1+ = 1+ (5-131)
2 Za 2 mZ a
1 m2 Z
Rt ra Z b' = Za + b (5-132)
4m m
Z d ( TK ) = Z d ( T M ) Zb
Zb
Hnh 5-63
Z d ( K ) = Z d ( M ) (5-134)
2 1 2 1
= (5-135)
Yb 4Y mYb 4Ya'
1+ a 1+
Yb mYb
1 m2 Y
Rt ra Ya' = Yb + a (5-136)
4m m
Ya
Ya
Hnh 5-64
155
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Za=mZa
Za Za Za
Zb Zb Zb Zb Zb Zb Zb
Zb
Hnh 5-65
' 1 1 m2 Z 1
Zd ( M ) = 2Z '
b = 2( Z a + b ).
4Z ' 4m m 4Z b'
1+ ' b
1+ '
Za Za
1 m2 Z m 2Z b 1 m2 Za
Zd
'
= 2( Z a + b ). = 1 +
4 Z b
( M )
4m m 4Z b 4Z b
1+ 1+
Za Za
1 m2 Za
= Z d ( K ) 1 +
'
hay Zd ( M ) (5-137)
4 Z b
Ya Ya Ya
Ya Ya
Yb Yb Yb Yb
Yb Yb Yb
T T
Hnh156
5-66
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
4Ya 4Ya
1+ 1+
' 1 Yb Yb 1
hay Zd (TM ) = . = .
1 m 2
Y m 2Ya 1 m 2 Yb
2( Yb + a ) 1+ .
4m m 4 Ya
' 1
tc l Zd (TM ) = Z d (TK ) . (5-138)
1 m 2 Yb
1+ .
4 Ya
Kt qu trn cng ni ln rng, tr khng c tnh ca b lc loi M trong cch chuyn song song
ph thuc h s m.
C th ta xt b lc thng thp, c cc tr khng xut pht t loi K:
1
Za = jLa; Zb =
jCb
Z = jmLa
'
a
R()
La
' 1 m2 1 m=0,4
Z b = j 4m La + jmC Cb
b
0 c
La 1 2
Zd ' ( M ) = . .[1 (1 m 2 ). ]
Cb 2 c2 Hnh 5-67a
1
c2
Hnh 5-67a l th biu din s ph thuc ca tr khng c tnh mt lc hnh mch lc thng
thp ni tip theo gi tr ca m.
-Theo cch chuyn song song s c b lc loi M,
m=0,4
tng ng: Z (T)
m=0,6
' 1 m2 1
Y
a = j Cb + La
jmLa
R()
4m m=1
Y ' = jmC Cb
b b
0 c
Hnh 5-67b
157
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
' La 2
1
Zd (TM ) = . 1 2 .
Cb c 2
[1 (1 m 2 ). ]
c2
Hnh 5-67b l th biu din s ph thuc ca tr khng c tnh mt lc hnh T mch lc thng
thp song song theo m.
Nh vy, nu chn m=0,6 th s cc khng c tnh ca cc mt lc nu trn s t ph thc vo tn
s nht. i vi mch lc thng cao cng c kt qu tng t.
By gi ta xt ti truyn t c tnh (g) ca mch lc loi M, trong ch yu xt n suy gim
c tnh (a). Khu lc M phc tp hn khu lc K, do trn cc nhnh ni tip v song song ca
mch lc c th xy ra cng hng lm h mch Ya hoc ngn mch Zb. Khi suy gim c
tnh s ln v cng, v vy cc tn s cng hng ny c gi . Chng l nghim ca cc
phng trnh
1 m2 Y
Ya' = Yb + a = 0
4m m
1 m2 Z
hoc Z = '
b Za + b = 0
4m m
4Z b
Hay l = 1 m2 < 1 (5-139)
Za
R rng cc tn s nm trong di chn (v biu thc trn khng tho mn iu kin di thng)
cc tn s ny ph thuc vo gi tr ca m. Hnh 5-68 minh ho s tn ti ca cc tn s v suy
gim c tnh ca cc mch lc loi M. Ch rng cc thng s c tnh ca mch lc thng di
v chn di loi M u c th suy ra t mch lc thng thp v thng cao cng loi.
aTT aTC
M K K
M
0 c 0 c
aTD aCD
c1 c2
0 1 0 2 0 c1 1 0 2 c2
Hnh158
5-68
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Nhn xt:
Trong khong tn s gia c v , suy gim c tnh tng t 0 n . Do dc ca c
tuyn ph thuc vo b rng ca khong (c, ), m b rng ny li ph thuc vo m, t ta c
th chn dc ca c tuyn mt cch tu theo m. y l mt u im ln ca mch lc M so
vi mch lc K. Tuy nhin khi i su vo di chn th suy gim c tnh li gim kh nh. y l
nhc im ca b lc M so vi b lc loi K.
5.4.5 B lc th ng LC y
a. Nguyn tc thit k chung
Nguyn tc tnh ton mt b lc l phi m bo cc yu cu k thut, sao cho cht lng ca n
cng t ti l tng cng tt. Ni mt cch c th:
Hnh 5-69: B lc Lc y
-Suy gim c tnh (a) phi hon ton trit tiu trong di thng v rt ln trong ton b di chn.
-B lc phi c phi hp tr khng tt vi ngun v ti.
Trong thc t, p ng y cc yu cu k thut, thng phi xy dng cc b lc phc tp
gm nhiu khu khc nhau v c cc tnh cht b xung cho nhau. Nhn chung mt b lc nh vy
phi c hai khu khng i xng hai u lm nhim v phi hp tr khng vi ngun v ti, v
mt s khu lc i xng loi M hoc K (hnh T hoc hnh ) ni vi nhau theo kiu dy chuyn
(hnh 5-69). Sau y ta i su vo cc khu trong b lc:
Khu lc M (i xng) c a vo m bo ra khi di thng suy gim c tnh tng rt
nhanh. Do c tnh cng i su vo di chn th suy gim c tnh ca n cng tng, do Khu
lc K (i xng) c a vo trc khu lc M khc phc nhc im v s gim ca suy
gim c tnh khi i su vo di chn ca khu lc M. Nh vy m bo cc khu ny c cng
di thng v s phi hp tr khng th khu M s c thc hin bng cch chuyn t khu K
theo cch chuyn tng ng. H s m do tn s suy gim v cng quyt nh.
159
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
E
Z() Z(T) Z(T) Z(T) Z()
Hnh 5-70a
2Ya Ya 2Ya
Ya
Ri
Yb/2 Yb/2 Yb/2 Yb/2 Yb/2 Yb/2 Rt
E
Z(T) Z() Z() Z() Z(T)
Hnh 5-70b
La 2R
= Ri = Rt = R L a =
Cb c
- Khu lc K:
= 2 C = 2
c
La C b b R c
160
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
c 2c
-Cc khu lc M: = m = 1-
1 m2 2
L'a = mLa
' 1 m2
Nu chuyn ni tip: Lb = La
4 m
Cb' = mCb
Hnh 5- 71a
Cb' = mCb
Nu chuyn song song: L'a = mLa
C a' = 1 m Cb
2
4m
La La/2
La
Ca 2Ca
Cb/2 Cb/2
Cb/2 Cb/2 Cb/2
Hnh 5-71b
2. B lc thng cao:
Lb R
= Ri = Rt = R L b = 2
Ca c
- Khu lc K:
= 1 C = 1
c 2 LC a 2 R c
b a
2
-Cc khu lc M: = c 1 m2 m = 1-
2c
(Vi khu 1/2M th m = 0,6)
Hnh 5-72 l cu trc ca cc khu (K, M v 1/2M) ca b lc thng cao y trong trng hp
chuyn ni tip v chuyn song song.
161
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
' Lb
Lb = m
' 4m
Nu chuyn ni tip: Cb = Ca
1 m2
' Ca
C a = m
Hnh 5-72a
' Lb
Lb = m
' 4m
Nu chuyn song song: La = Lb
1 m 2
' Ca
C a = m
La La/2
Ca
Ca
2Lb 2Lb 2Lb 2Lb 2Ca 2Lb
Hnh 5-72b
3. B lc thng di:
1 1
- Khu lc K: 02 = c1 . c 2 = =
La C a Lb Cb
2
c 2 c1 =
La Cb
La Lb
= = Ri = Rt = R
Cb Ca
2R c 2 c1
Rt ra La = Ca =
c 2 c1 2 R c1 c 2
R( c 2 c1 ) 2
Lb = Cb =
2 c1 c 2 R ( c 2 c1 )
2 1 c 2 c1
-Cc khu lc M: 2 1 = =
La Cb 1 m2 1 m2
162
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
c 2 c1 2
rt ra m = 1 ( )
2 1
Ca
L'a = mLa C 'a =
m
Lb
L'b1 = C 'b1 = mCb
m
1 m2 4m
L'b 2 = La C 'b2 = Ca
4m 1 m2
Trong hnh 5-73a minh ho cch chuyn ni tip khu lc thng di .
Lb1 Cb1
Lb Cb Cb2
Lb2
Hnh 5-73a
Ca
L'a1 = mLa C 'a1 =
m
Lb
L'b = C 'b = mCb
m
1 m2 4m
C a' 2 = Cb L'a2 = Lb
4m 1 m2
Trong hnh 5-73b minh ho cch chuyn song song khu lc thng di.
La2
Ca La
Ca2
Hnh 5-73b
163
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
4. B lc chn di:
1 1
- Khu lc K: 02 = c1 . c 2 = =
La C a Lb Cb
1
c 2 c1 =
2 Lb C a
La Lb
= = Ri = Rt = R
Cb Ca
R 2( c 2 c1 )
Rt ra Lb = Cb =
2( c 2 c1 ) R c1 c 2
2 R( c 2 c1 ) 1
La = Ca =
c1 c 2 2 R( c 2 c1 )
1
-Cc khu lc M: 2 1 = 1 m 2 = ( c 2 c1 ) 1 m 2
2 Lb C a
2 1 2
rt ra m = 1 ( )
c 2 c1
Ca
C a' = L'a = mLa
m
Lb
Cb' 1 = mCb L' b1 =
m
4m 1 m2
Cb' 2 = Ca L' b2 = La
1 m2 4m
Trong hnh 5-74a minh ho cch chuyn ni tip khu lc chn di.
La/2 La/2
La/2 La/2
2Ca 2Ca
2Ca 2Ca
Cb1
Cb Lb1
Lb Cb2 Lb2
Hnh 5-74a
164
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Ca
C a' 1 = L'a1 = mLa
m
Lb
Cb' = mCb L' b =
m
4m 1 m2
L'a 2 = Lb C 'a2 = Cb
1 m2 4m
Trong hnh 5-74b minh ho cch chuyn song song khu lc chn di.
La La1
Ca Ca1
Cb/2 Cb/2 Cb/2 Ca2 La2 Cb/2
2Lb 2Lb
2Lb
L 2Lb a
Hnh 5-74b
b0 + b1 p + ... + b m -1 p m-1 + b m p m
K ( p) = , (n m) (5-140)
a 0 + a1 p + ... + a n -1 p n -1 + p n
N ( p)
( p + i ). ( p 2 + bi p + ci )
K ( p) = = k0 . p r . i i
= F ( p).K 1 ( p) (5-141)
D( p) ( p + j ). ( p 2 + b j p + c j )
j j
165
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Trong Q(p) cha cc nghim thc l im cc thc ca K(p). Cn P(p) cha mt phn cc
nghim ca N(p), v bc ca P(p) nh hn hoc bng bc ca Q(p). Khi F(p) c th c thc
hin bng cc phng php tng hp mch th ng. Nu P(p) ch cha cc im khng thc th
c th thc hin bng mch hnh ci thang.
-Cn li K1(p) l t hp cc hm truyn bc hai v s c thc hin bng cc khu bc hai (cha
cc phn t tch cc) vi u im c in tr ra rt nh.
b. Khu lc tch cc RC bc 2:
Khu lc bc hai c mt ngha c bit quan trng v l khu c bn tng hp cc hm
bc cao bt k. Tng qut, khu lc bc hai tng ng vi hm truyn in p:
b0 + b1 p + b 2 p 2
K u ( p) = (5-142)
a 0 + a1 p + p 2
I1b
Mch phn
hi
(b)
I2a C _
M4C
U1 (a) + U2
Hm mch ny hon ton c th thc hin c bng mch KTT vi cc vng phn hi v mch
RC. Mch phn hi ca KTT c th l mt
Hnh vng
5-75: hoclc
Khu nhiu vng.
c mt
-Khu dng phn hi mt vng: Hnh 5-75vng
m phn hikhu tch cc RC c mt vng phn hi
t mt
m dng KTT; (a) l mch th ng RC; (b) l mch phn hi.
Vit li hm truyn di dng:
N ( p)
K u ( p) = k (5-143)
D( p)
Trong h s ca s hng bc cao nht N(p) v D(p) bng 1; D(p) l a thc Hurwitz c cc
nghim na mt phng tri; N(p) khng c nghim trn trc dng c th thc hin mch
in c dy t chung. d dng thc hin hm mch bng khu mch bc hai, ngi ta thng
chn mt a thc ph P(p) c cc nghim thc, khng dng v bc i (tng qut, i = max bc N,
bc D) -1; C th chn bc i cao hn, nhng khi s linh kin s tng ln), sao cho:
N ( p)
k1
N ( p) P( p)
K u ( p) = k = (1)
D( p) D( p)
k2
P( p)
166
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
U2 y
K u (p ) = = 21a (2)
U1 y 21b
N ( p) D( p) k1
y 21a = k 1 . ; y 21b = k 2 ; = k (5-144)
P( p ) P( p ) k2
Y4 Y5
_
Y1 Y3
U1 Y2 + U2
Th d 5-14:
C
Xc nh chc nng ca mch in hnh 5-77a. R
Gi thit vi mch l l tng v lm vic ch C +E
tuyn tnh. R
-
+
U1 R -E U2
B
167
Hnh 5-77a
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
Gii:
Tnh hm truyn t: Lp phng trnh trng thi ti cc nt theo nh lut Kirchhoff I, t rt
ra:
+ Trong min p:
U 2 ( p) RCp
T ( p) = = 2 2 2
U 1 ( p) R C p + 2 RCp + 2 T ( j )
0
0
RC 2 1
T ( j ) = , ti 0 = th T ( j ) max = .
(2 2 R 2 C 2 ) 2 + 4 2 R 2 C 2 RC 2
CU HI V BI TP CHNG V
5.1 Mng bn cc c cha diode l loi M4C:
a. Th ng. c. Khng tng h
168
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
n n
b. H = H
= k =1
k
d. A=A
= k =1
k
5.6 Cng thc no di y ng vi M4C c ghp t n M4C n gin theo cch ghp ni
tip-ni tip
n n
a. Y = Y c.
= k =1
k Z = Z
= k =1
k
n n
b. H = H
= k =1
k
d. A=A
= k =1
k
5.7 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng c th khai trin thnh s tng ng:
a. Hnh T c. Hnh cu
b. Hnh d. C ba phng n u sai
5.8 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng v i xng c th khai trin thnh s tng
ng:
a. Hnh T c. Hnh cu
b. Hnh d. C ba phng n u ng
5.9 Mng bn cc i xng v s tng ng hnh cu c mi quan h:
1
Z I = Z11 Z12
Z11 =
2
( Z I + Z II )
a. b.
Z II = Z11 + Z12 1
Z12 = ( Z II Z I )
2
c. C hai phng n trn u ng
169
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
5.11 Tr khng sng ca mng bn cc i xng c th c tnh theo mch tng ng cu:
a. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I / Z II c. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I Z II
b. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I + Z II d. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I Z II
U1 R2 U2
Hnh 5-78
170
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
R1 M R2
* *
U1 L1 U2
L2
Hnh 5-79
Z1 R
U1 Z2 U2 U1 C 2R U2
U1 2R U2
b. V nh tnh c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha ca
U 2 ( j )
hm truyn t in p T ( j ) = khi u ra
U 1 ( j ) Hnh 5-82
M4C c Zt=2R.
c. Nhn xt tnh cht ca mch (i vi tn s).
R
5.21 Cho bn cc nh hnh 5-83:
U1 B B
L 2R U2 B B
171
Hnh 5-83
Chng 5: Mng bn cc v ng dng
5.22 Thit k mch lc thng di loi k bit tr khng c tnh ti tn s trung tm bng 10k,
di thng ca mch nm trong khong (10 - 12)kHz.
172
Hng dn tr li
HNG DN TR LI
CHNG 1: CC KHI NIM V NGUYN L C BN
1.1 M hnh ton hc ca mch in trong min thi gian c th c trng bi:
b. Mt h phng trnh vi phn hoc sai phn.
1.2 Hiu qu khi chuyn mt mch in analog t min thi gian sang min tn s l:
d. s thay th h phng trnh vi phn bng mt h phng trnh i s.
1.3 Tr khng ca phn t thun dung l :
1
b) Z C = = jX C
jC
1.4 Tr khng ca phn t thun cm l :
c) Z L = j L = jX L
b) YC = jC = jBC
172
Hng dn tr li
G 1 j15o
-Bin phc dng in trong mch: I m = .e
2
G o
-in p trn Z1: U 1m = e j 30
G o
-in p trn Z2: U 2 m = 2e j 30
1.20 a. 1.5 2
u1 (t ) = 6 2 sin(t 30 o ) 1s 1s 1s 1s
i1 (t ) = 3 sin(t + 15 o )
3
i2 (t ) = 2 sin(t + 60 o )
2 Hnh 6-1
3
i3 (t ) = 2 sin(t 30 o )
2
b. S tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s c dng nh hnh 6-1.
c. Cng sut tc dng:
P = U.I cos = 9W. r =1 XL=5
1.21 a.
r =3 r =6
u1 (t ) = 6 2 sin(t + 60 ) o
XC=3 XC=6
i1(t) =2.sin(t + 15o)
i2(t) =4/3.sin(t + 15o)
Hnh 6-2
i3(t) =2/3.sin(t + 15o)
b. S tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s c dng nh hnh 6-2, n v l .
c. Cng sut tc dng:
0,5s
P = U.I cos = 6W.
0,5s 1,5
1.22 a.
0.5s
u (t ) = 2 2 sin(t 30 ) o
0,5s 0,5
4
i (t ) = sin(t + 15 o )
3 Hnh 6-3
173
Hng dn tr li
2
i1 (t ) = 2 sin(t 30 o )
3
2
i2 (t ) = 2 sin(t + 60 o )
3
b. S tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s c dng nh hnh 6-3.
c. Cng sut tc dng:
P = U.I cos = 4/3W.
IV 1 ( R1 + R3 ) IV 2 R3 = E1
IV 1 R3 + IV 2 ( R2 + R3 ) = E2
2.12
174
Hng dn tr li
a. H phng trnh:
-Xt vng 1: IV1(R1+ZL1+ZC) - IV2.ZC = E1.
-Xt vng 2: -IV1ZC + IV2(R2+ZL2+ZC) =-E2.
b. Dng trong cc nhnh:
IL1 = IV1.
IL2 = IV2.
IC = IV1 IV2
2.13 Dng in trn cc nhnh theo phng php dng in vng:
I R1 = IV 1 = 4 A
I R2 = IV 2 = 3 A
I R3 = IV 1 IV 2 = 1A
IV 1 ( R1 + jX L1 jX C ) + IV 2 ( jX C jX M ) = E1
IV 1 ( jX C jX M ) + IV 2 ( R2 + jX L 2 jX C ) = E2
1 1
IV 1 R1 + j L1 + + IV 2 = E1
jC jC
1 1
IV 1 + IV 2 R2 + j L2 + = E2
jC jC
-PTrnh in p nt:
UA(G1+G2+G3) = Ing1-Ing2
-Thay s tnh c:
UA = -1V.
-Vy ta c:
I1=0,2A.
I2=0,25A.
I3=0,05A.
2.17 Cc phng trnh nt:
1 1 1 1 E
+ + U A UB = 1
R1 jX L jX C jX C R1
1 1 1 1 E2
UA + + + U B =
jX C R2 R3 jX C R2
175
Hng dn tr li
1 1 1
UA + UB = I ng 1
R1 R2 + j L2 R2 + j L2
1 1 1 Eng 4
U A +UB + + jC =
R2 + j L2 R4 R2 + j L2 R4
2.19 Et v Rt ca ngun tng ng:
Et= 5V; Rt = 5 Ohm.
2.20: Tr khng tng ng ca mch Thevenine:
Rt= R1// R2 // R3
2.21 Tnh dng in IR4 theo phng php ngun tng ng:
Nu tnh theo thevenine khi :
36
U hmAB = 7 V
Z 12
=
tdAB
7
Vy theo s tng ng Thevenine ta c:
U hmAB 36 18
I R4 = = = A
Z tdAB + R4 12 13
7( + 2)
7
Kt qu tng t nu ta trin khai theo Norton.
2.22 Tr khng tng ng Rt ca mch Thevenine.
Rt= 1250
2.23 Tnh dng in iR2 bng nguyn l xp chng:
Khi Ing1 tc ng (Eng4 b ngn mch): dng in trn R2 tnh c l 2A (chiu t A sang B).
Khi Eng4 tc ng (Ing1 b h mch): dng in trn R2 l 0,5A (chiu t B sang A).
Tng hp: dng in trn R2 l 1,5A (chiu t A sang B).
176
Hng dn tr li
d. tin n v hn khi t.
3.4. Lut ng ngt ca cc phn t qun tnh c pht biu :
b. Trong cun dy khng c t bin dng in, trong t in khng c t bin in p,
k c ti thi im ng ngt mch.
3.5. Hm gc UC(t) nu bit nh ca n:
1 1 3t
b. U C (t ) = + e
6 2
3.6. Hm gc iL(t) nu bit nh ca n l:
b. iL (t ) = 2e 2t + 3te 3t + 2e 3t
3.7 Xc nh uC(t):
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =90V.
-Ngt kho K, vit phng trnh cho mch:
1 E ( p)
( + pC ).U C ( p) = + C.U C (0)
R1 R1
Kt qu tm c:
90 p + 5.10 6 100 10
U C ( p) = =
p ( p + 5.10 )
4
p p + 5.10 4
3.8 Xc nh uC(t) ?
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =60V.
-ng kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
60 p + 5.10 4
U C ( p) =
10 4
p( p + )
6
-Chuyn v min thi gian:
10 4
t
U C (t ) = 30 + 30e 6
3.9 Xc nh uC(t):
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =100V.
-ng kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
177
Hng dn tr li
90 10
U C ( p) = +
p 10 6
p+
18
-Chuyn v min thi gian:
10 6
t
U C (t ) = 90 + 10e 18
3.10 Xc nh uC(t):
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =3V.
-Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
6 3
U C ( p) =
p 10 4
p+
15
-Chuyn v min thi gian:
10 4
t
U C (t ) = 6 3e 15
3.11 Xc nh uC(t):
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =5V.
-Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
10 5
U C ( p) =
p 10 7
p+
5
-Chuyn v min thi gian:
10 7
t
U C (t ) = 10 5e 5
3.12 Xc nh iL(t):
-iu kin u:
IL(0) =0,5A.
-Ngt kho K. S dng cc phng hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm c:
2/3 1/ 6
I L ( p) =
p p + 10 4
178
Hng dn tr li
-iu kin u:
IL(0) =0,5A.
-Ngt kho K. Lp phng trnh cho mch. Kt qu tm c:
0,5
I L ( p) =
p + 10 4
3.16 Xc nh uC(t):
-iu kin u:
UC(0) =20V.
-ng kho K. S dng phng php in p nt hc tm nh ca p ng. Kt qu tm
c:
20 p + 15.10 5 15 5
U C ( p) = = +
p ( p + 10 )
5
p p + 10 5
179
Hng dn tr li
5
U C (t ) = 15 + 5e 10 t
1/ C
U ( p ) = H ( p ). X ( p ) = . 2 0 2
1 p + 0
p+
CR
Bin i Laplace ngc ta c p ng ra l:
1
1
t 1
u (t ) = 0 e 0 cos 0 t + sin 0 t
RC
1 RC
C ( 02 + )
R C2
2
3.18
a. Xc nh dng in i(t) sinh ra trong mch v in p UC(t).
Ti thi im x=0.8[ms]:
U C ( x ) 10[Vol ]
i ( x ) 0
Ti thi im T=2[ms]:
U C (T ) 0
i (T ) 0
10
t(ms)
Hnh 6-4a
180
Hng dn tr li
i(t)[mA]
20
t(ms)
-20
Hnh 6-4b
Ti thi im x=2[ms]:
U C ( x ) 50[Vol ]
iL ( x ) 0
Ti thi im T=6[ms]:
U C (T ) 0
i (T ) 0
iL(t)[mA] UC(t)[Vol]
500 50
t(ms) t(ms)
-500 -50
Hnh 6-5
181
Hng dn tr li
5.10 4 3
U C (t ) [cos(10 6 t arctg ) e 10 t cos( r t acrtg )]
2 + 2
c. thay th p = j.
4.7 th Bode ca im cc c dng tha s tng ng vi dng tha s ca im khng thuc
na tri mt phng phc c suy ra t th ca im khng theo nguyn tc:
a. th Bode bin v pha u c ly i xng qua trc honh
4.8 Hnh v 4.32b tng ng vi th pha ca thnh phn ng vi h s K<0.
4.9 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng:
1
H ( p) = , trong h = 10 3
p
1+
h
4.10 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng:
1
H ( p) = k. , trong h = 10 3 v k =10.
p
1+
h
4.11 Xc nh hm truyn t ca h thng:
182
Hng dn tr li
1
H ( p) = 2
, vi i = 10 4 v 0<<1
p p
1 + 2 +
i i2
4.12 v nh tnh trc tip (khng dng h trc ta logarit) c tuyn hm truyn t:
U 2 ( j ) R2
+ Thnh phn bin : T ( j ) = =
U 1 ( j ) ( R1 + R2 ) + ( R1 R2 C ) 2
2
R1 R2 C
+ Thnh phn pha: arg[T ( j )] = U 2 U 1 = arctg
R1 + R2
/T(j)/ U2-U1
R2/(R1+R2)
0
0 -/2
Hnh 6-6
0 [D]
[D]
0
-/4
-20dB/D -/2
Hnh 6-7
Nhn xt: Mch lc thng thp.
4.14 thi Bode ca hm truyn t in p nh hnh 6-8.
p R L
H ( p) = k. , trong h = v k =
p 2L R
1+
h
a()[dB] b()[rad]
0 [D]
/2
/4
0 [D]
20dB/D
Hnh 6-7
183
Hng dn tr li
Nhn xt: Mch lc thng cao. Vng tn s cao tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s thp
tn hiu ra nhanh pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
5.6 Vi M4C c ghp t n M4C n gin theo cch ghp ni tip-ni tip:
n
c.
Z = Z
= k =1
k
5.7 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng c th khai trin thnh s tng ng:
a. Hnh T
5.8 Mng bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h, th ng v i xng c th khai trin theo:
d. C ba phng n.
5.9 Vi mng bn cc i xng v s tng ng hnh cu:
c. C hai phng n trn u ng
5.10 Cc tr khng sng ca M4C c th c tnh theo cng thc:
5.11 Tr khng sng ca mng bn cc i xng c th c tnh theo mch tng ng cu:
c. Z 0 = Z10 = Z 20 = Z I Z II
5.12 Khi :
d. tt c u ng.
5.13 Khi tn s tn hiu vo mch lc thng thp tng, in p li ra s:
a. Gim
184
Hng dn tr li
R1 1
H ij =
1 1
R2
Z ng = Z1 ( Z1 + Z 2 )
Z t = Z1 Z 22 /( Z1 + Z 2 )
5.19
a. Ma trn thng s:
1 1 U2-U1
/T(j)/
[Y ] = R R
1 3 1/2
pC + 0
R 2R
b. Hm truyn t in p: -/2
0
1
T ( j ) = Hnh 6-8
2 + jRC
c tuyn tn s nh hnh 6-8:
c. Nhn xt: Mch lc thng thp. Vng tn s thp tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s cao
tn hiu ra chm pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
185
Hng dn tr li
5.20
a. Ma trn thng s:
1
1 + ( R + pL). 2 R ( R + pL)
[ A] =
1
1
2R
R
b. T ( j ) =
2 R + jL
c tuyn tn s nh hnh 6-9:
/T(j)/ U2-U1
1/2 0
0 -/2
Hnh 6-9
c. Nhn xt: Mch lc thng thp. Vng tn s thp tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s cao
tn hiu ra chm pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
5.21
a. Ma trn thng s:
1 1
[Y ] = R1 1
R
3
+
R pL 2 R
j L
b. T ( j ) =
R + j 2L
c tuyn tn s nh hnh 6-10:
/T(j)/ U2-U1
1/2 /2
0 0
Hnh 6-10
c. Nhn xt: Mch lc thng cao. Vng tn s cao tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, vng tn s thp
tn hiu ra nhanh pha so vi tn hiu vo mt gc /2.
186
Hng dn tr li
5.22
2 La/2 2Ca
= c 2 c1 = 2 (12 10).10 3 2Ca La/2
0,26nF 0,8H 0,26nF 0,8H
LaCb
L Lb
Ta c
a
= = Z d ( 0 ) = 10.10 3
Cb Ca Lb Cb
1 1 13,2mH 16nF
= = 20 = c1 c 2 = 4 2 .10.12.10 6
L a C a L b C b
2 1
C b = = = 16nF
( c 2 c1 ). Z d ( 0 ) .2.10 7 Ca La
0,13nF
2. Z d ( 0 ) 2.10 4
1,6H
L a = = = 1, 6H
c 2 c1 2.2.10 3
Rt ra
C 1 2Lb Cb/2 2Lb Cb/2
= = 0,13nF
a L a . c1 . c 2 26,4mH 8nF 26,4mH 8nF
L 1
= = 13, 2mH
b C b c1 c 2
Hnh 6-11
Cc s mt lc thng di c v hnh 6-11.
5.23
-Ta tnh cc thng s xut pht t mch lc thng di loi K:
1 1
20 = c1 . c 2 = =
LaCa L bC b
2
c 2 c1 =
LaCb
La Lb
= = Z d ( 0 ) = R
Cb Ca
2R c 2 c1
Rt ra La = = 96mH Ca = = 2 nF
c 2 c1 2 R c1 c 2
R ( c 2 c1 ) 2
Lb = = 0,79mH Cb = = 0,26F
2 c 1 c 2 R ( c 2 c1 )
f c 2 f c1 2 12 10 2
m = 1 ( ) = 1 ( ) = 0, 76
f 2 f 1 12,8 9,5
187
Hng dn tr li
Lb
L' b1 = = 1mH C 'b1 = mC b = 0,2F
m
1 m2 4m
L' b 2 = L a = 13,3mH C 'b2 = C a = 14 nF
4m 1 m2
Hnh 6-12 minh ha mt lc thng di loi M theo cch chuyn ni tip t khu lc thng di loi
K.
Lb1 Cb1
Lb Cb Cb2
Lb2
Hnh 6-12
188
Ph lc
PH LC 1
MCH IN I NGU
-Cc yu t i ngu:
Hai phn t Za v Zb c gi l i ngu nu:
Za.Zb = k2 (vi k l mt hng s) (7-1)
T suy ra cc thng s sau y to nn tnh i ngu:
L C E ng I ng ZY
r g ui
r L
(a) (b)
di 1
dt C
e ng = r. i + L + idt (a)
du 1
dt L
I ng = g. u + C + udt (b)
R rng phng trnh (b) l phng trnh i ngu ca (a) v ngc li.
189
Ph lc
PH LC 2
CC THNG S CA MCH DAO NG N CH XC LP IU HA
a. Vi mch dao ng n ni tip:
Khi mch chuyn sang ch xc lp, ta hy xt cc thng s v quan h trong mch di
dng phc (bn c th xem li th d nu trong chng I v chng III):
+ Tr khng ca mch:
1 X
Z = r + j( o L ) = r (1 + j ) = r (1 + j )
C r
o
1
X = o L C
o
trong (7-2)
= X
r
1 1
X=0 khi o L = o = = ch
oC LC
Z = r 1 + 2
(7-3)
arg Z = arctg
L
+ in tr c tnh: = X Lch = X Cch = (7-4)
C
1 1
+ Dn np ca mch: Y = G + jB = = (7-5)
Z r (1 + j )
Y 1 Y 1
1 1 = =
Y = Z =
Y 1 + j Ych 1+ 2
r 1+ 2 ch (7-6)
arg Y = arg Z = arctg v i Y = 1 Y
ch
arg( ) = arctg
r Y ch
Y
Ych
-argY
1
ng cng hng vn nng
0,7
2
-1 1
190
2
Ph lc
1 1
= d = 1 (7-7)
1 + 2d 2
+ lch cng hng tng i (): Ngoi khi nim lch cng hng tuyt i () v
lch cng hng tng qut (), ta cn c lch cng hng tng i:
o ch 2.
= (7-8)
ch o ch
+ Phm cht ca mch (Q): l t s gia cng sut phn khng lun chuyn gia L v C vi cng
sut tiu hao trn mch ti tn s cng hng:
Px X c ( ch ) X L ( ch ) 1 L 1 L
Q= = = = = ch = . (7-9)
PT r r ch Cr r r C
Ta c th suy ra cc mi quan h:
2
= Q Q. (7-10)
ch
r ch
2 d = = (7-11)
L Q
T (7-11) ta thy khi phm cht ca mch cng cao th di thng cng gim, ngha l chn lc
tn s tng ln.
+ Dng in trong mch:
G G G
G E E E
I= = j.arg Z
= . e jarctg (7-12)
Z Z .e r 1+ 2
+ in p trn r:
G
G G E
U r = I. r = . e jarctg (7-13)
1+ 2
+ in p trn C:
G
G G 1 E 1 j ( arctg + )
Uc = I = . .e 2
nhn c t v mu vi ch
j o C r 1 + 2 o C
191
Ph lc
G
G Q. E ch j( arctg + 2 )
Uc = . .e (7-14)
1+ 2 o
+ in p trn L:
G
G
G G E o L j ( arctg ) Q . E o j( arctg 2 )
U L = I . j o L = .e 2
= . .e (7-15)
r 1+ 2 1 + 2 ch
G G j G
U c = QE. e 2 = jQE in p trn C chm pha /2 so vi E. (7-18)
G G j G
U L = QE. e 2 = jQE in p trn L nhanh pha /2 so vi E. (7-19)
1
vi B = oC (7-22)
oL
B 2
+ lch cng hng tng qut: = = Q = Q (7-23)
g ch
1 1
Z = r + jX = Y = g (1 + j )
+ Tr khng: (7-24)
1 1
Z = = & argZ = -argY = -arctg
Y g 1+ 2
192
Ph lc
Z 1
= (v i Zch = r )
Z ch 1+ 2
(7-25)
Z
arg( ) = arctg
Z ch
C 1 1
+ in dn c tnh: = = ch C = = (7-26)
L ch L
o ch 2
+ lch cng hng tng i: = (7-27)
ch o ch
r C
+ Phm cht ti fch: Q= = r ch C = =r (7-28)
g ch L L
g ch
2 d = =
+ Di thng: C Q (7-29)
= 1
d
G G
G Ing Ing . r jarctg
+ in p trn mch: u= = e (7-30)
Y 1+ 2
G
G G Ing
+ Dng in trn in dn: Ig = ug = e jarctg (7-31)
1+ 2
G
G QIng o j( arctg )
+ Dng in trn C: Ic = e 2
(7-32)
2
1+ ch
G
G QIng ch j( arctg + 2 )
+ Dng in trn L: IL = e (7-33)
1+ 2 o
+ Ti o=ch:
G
G Ing
U= in p t max, cng pha vi Ing (7-34)
g
G G G G G G
Ig = Ing ; IL = jQ Ing ; Ic = jQIng (7-35)
rL rc
193
B B
B B
Rt B B Ct
B B Lt B B
L C
Ph lc
1 1
i vi mch 7-3b: Yb = + j( o C td ) (1)
R td o L td
1 1
i vi mch 7-3a: Ya = +
rL + j o L 1
rc +
j o C
rL << o L
vi iu kin 1 ta s c:
rc << C
o
rL + rc L 1 rC 1
Ya + j( o )= + j( o C ) (2)
L L L L oL
oC
C C C
Hai mch trn tng ng nhau khi YaYb, t (1) v (2) ta suy ra:
L = L
td
C td = C ( trong r = rL + rc ) (7-36)
R td = L = = Q = Q 2 r
2
rC r
Rtd l in tr tng ng ca mch cng hng hnh 7-3a.
nghin cu m hnh cc mch dao ng khc (nh mch ba im in cm, mch ba im
in dung...) hc sinh c th tham kho trong cc ti liu.
Th d: Mt ngun sc in ng iu ho, bin 1V t ln mch dao ng n ni tip c r =
20, in dung C = 60pF, tn s cng hng fch = 3MHz. Gi thit mch c lch cng hng
f = f0 - fch = 6kHz. Khi :
-Phm cht ca mch:
1 1 1
Q= = = = 44 ,25
ch . C. r 2fch C. r 2.3106
. 12 .20
. .6010
Q.2 f 44 ,25.2.610
. 3
= = = 0,177
fch . 6
310
194
Ph lc
E 1
Im = = = 49 mA
r. 1 + 2 20 1 + ( 0,177 ) 2
X = . r = 0,177.20 = 3,54
-Bin in p ra trn t:
Q. E ch 44 ,25
UC = . = = 43V
1 + 2 0 1 + ( 0,177 ) 2
e U C = arctg + = 100 + 900 = 1000
2
Dng in trong mch chm pha so vi sc in ng nn mch mang tnh cht in cm (in
khng X=3,54 > 0).
195
Ph lc
PH LC 3
VN TNG HP MCH TUYN TNH
Lu hnh 7-4 m t cc bc tng qut trong ton b qu trnh thit k mch.
Bt u t cc
ch tiu cho
trc
N
a ra mt m hnh trn c s tng
hp mch hoc trn c s kinh
nghim thit k
Phn tch
N tho mn cc ch
tiu cha ?
Cu trc c th
N tho mn cc ch
tiu cha ?
Lp rp mch
o c
N
tho mn cc ch Dng
tiu cha ?
196
Ph lc
Nh vy, phn tch v tng hp mch l hai qu trnh khng th tch ri trong thit k mch in
t.
a. Tnh cht ca bi ton tng hp mch
- Khc vi kt qu duy nht ca bi ton phn tch mch, i vi bi ton tng hp mch c th
tm ra nhiu s tho mn yu cu t ra.
- Cc qu trnh truyn t trong mch tuyn tnh thng b ph thuc vo tnh cht tn s ca
mch, do bi ton tng hp thng quy v vic tm cc thng s ca mch theo c tuyn tn
s cho.
- Bi ton tng hp mch thng tun t gii quyt ba vn , bao gm:
1. Vn xp x: cn phi tm hm mch gn ng F(p) va tha mn cc ch tiu cho trc,
va tha mn cc iu kin l hm cho php. Hm cho php l hm mch tha mn mt s
iu kin cn v c th thc hin c vi cc phn t mch yu cu.
2. Vn thc hin mch theo hm mch cho php: l cng vic thit lp s mch in
theo hm F(p) v xc nh gi tr ca cc phn t.
3. Vn chn s ti u: Vic chn mch thng da trn cc quan im ti u v cng
ngh, s dng, nhy v dung sai.
Trong cc vn nu trn, vn thc hin mch theo hm mch cho php ch l s thc hin
mt cch my mc theo cc phng php bit trc, cn xp x l vn kh khn hn c. Do
cc c tuyn ca tr khng, dn np hoc cc hm truyn t c cho di dng graph, th...
cn hm cho php c vit di dng phn thc hu t, nn bi ton xp x s tm ra c cc
hm cho php gn ng vi cc tiu chun cho trc thc hin c di dng mch mt ca
hoc hai ca.
- im cc v im khng c trng cho hm mch: Ta bit cc phng php biu din cc
hm c trng ca mch in, bao gm f(t) trong min thi gian vi cng c chnh l phng
trnh vi phn, F() trong min tn s vi cng c ch yu l cp bin i Fourier, v F(p) Trong
min tn s phc s dng cng c l cp bin i Laplace. Trong vic biu din min tn s
phc p l d dng nht cho cc qu trnh tnh ton v thit k mch in, hn na t min tn s
phc ny ta hon ton c th chuyn mt cch n gin sang cc min khc bng bin i Laplace
ngc hay bng s thay th p=j. Do ngui ta thng chn cch c trng cho mch in
bng hm mch F(p). Hm ny c th l tr khng hoc dn np nu l mch hai cc, c th l
hm truyn t gia i lng u ra v i lng u vo nu l mch bn cc. Mt cch tng
qut F(p) l mt phn thc hu t v c th biu din di nhiu dng khc nhau theo cc im
cc v im khng:
n n n
p
a r pr (p p i ) (1 p
i =1
)
r =0 i =1
F ( p) = m
=K 1 m = K2 m
i
(7-37)
p
b q p q
(p p )
j =1
j
j =1
(1 )
pj
q =0
197
Ph lc
*Nhm xp x theo con ng trc tip: Vic xp x hm mch cho trc F( j ) bng hm mch
F(p) c th theo phng php trc tip, th d nh:
1. Xp x vi bng phng cc i (cn gi l xp x Butterworth).
2. Xp x u (xp x Chebyshev).
3. Xp x liptic (Cauer)
4. Xp x Chebyshev ngc...
Tu theo tnh cht ca tng loi mch cn phi tng hp m cc phng php ny s cho cc biu
thc tnh ton khc nhau.
c. Vn thc hin hm mch:
Sau khi gii xong bi ton xp x, chng ta nhn c hm F(p) mt mt tho mn cc ch tiu
cho trc, mt khc tho mn iu kin hm cho php. Bc tip theo s l thc hin hm mch
tm c, tc l xc nh cu trc v gi tr cc phn t trong cu trc .
-Vi hai cc th ng RLC, hm mch thng c biu din qua tr khng Z(p). Vic thc hin
cc hm mch ny c th s dng cc phng php FOSTER, CAUER hoc BRUNE.
- Vi bn cc th ng, hm mch thng c biu din qua cc thng s zij v yij. Ngi ta
thng dng phng php Cauer hoc phng php kh im cc v y im khng thc
198
Ph lc
199
Ph lc
3. Phng Xun Nhn, Tn hiu - Mch v h thng v tuyn in, NXBH-THCN, 1972.
200
L THUYT MCH
M s: 411LTM240