Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v

OER ang ni ln1

Martin Weller martin.weller@open.ac.uk

Gio s v Cng ngh Gio dc
Vin Cng ngh Gio dc
i hc M Vng quc Anh

Dch sang ting Vit: L Trung Ngha

Dch xong: 20/09/2016
Bn gc ting Anh:
https://oerknowledgecloud.org/sites/oerknowledgecloud.org/files/2321-9190-1-PB.pdf

Different Aspects of the Emerging OER Discipline

Aspectos dos Recursos Educacionais Abertos como a

rea emergente

Martin Weller martin.weller@open.ac.uk

Professor of Educational Technology
Institute of Educational Technology
The Open University of the United Kingdom

1 Este artigo esta publicado em portugue s na ntegra na sea o TRADU ES desta edia o.
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

Tm tt

Gn y hn, s gii ngha v gio dc m c lin quan ti ti nguyn gio dc m - OER (Open
Educational Resources), thc hnh gio dc m - OEP (Open Educational Practice), v xut bn
truy cp m (Open Access Publishing). D c lin quan ti gio dc t xa, gc ban u da vo s
gii thch, th vn c cng ng phn bit c xung quanh cc lnh vc . S khi u ca phong
tro OER, c l t 2001, c th c xem nh l c s cho phong tro gio dc m. D vn l kh
gn y, th iu ny a ra khung thi gian cho cc cng ng con (sub-communities) khc
nhau pht trin vi mt di cc u tin v mi quan tm. Da vo phn tch ni dung ca kho m
my Tri thc OER (OER Knowledge Cloud repository), bi bo ny xem xt cc vn ha con (sub-
culture) ang ni ln trong thc hnh gio dc m. Mi (10) dng ca bi bo nghin cu ny
c xc nh i din cho cc tip cn v cc vn khc nhau cho cc nhm c lin quan.

Cc t kha: Ti nguyn gio dc m. MOOC. Thc hnh gio dc m.

Vn phng Phi hp Pht trin Mi trng Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trang 2/13
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

Gii thiu

Phong tro OER c th ln vt ngc v cng b ca MIT v Kha hc M (Open Courseware) vo

nm 2001. Tuy nhin, s bt u ny c nhiu gc r khc nhau. Cc OER c th c xem nh l
cc hu du ca cc i tng hc tp, theo chng l c kh nng s dng li c, l ni dung
gio dc c cp php m. Bn thn phong tro OER c th c gii ngha nh l tuyn ngn
mi nht v b mn gio dc m, n c th c ln vt ngc v vic thnh lp ra i hc M
Vng quc Anh, v cc tip cn lch s cho vic dn ch ha nn gio dc (Peter v Diemann
2013). Trong khi c cc nguyn tc quan trng xut pht t cc nhnh sm ca gio dc m, th
OER a ra trng tm cho mt phong tro hp nht chng. N a ra nh ngha kh r
rng (xem Creative Commons 2016 v danh sch cc nh ngha), vic cp vn qua cc n v nh
Qu Hewlett Foundation, v cc kt qu u ra xc nh c th c s dng v c tnh nh lng.
S r rng ny xung quanh OER c lin kt vi s quan tm ang ni ln ca web 2.0 trong
vic chia s, s dng li v tnh m. Cc OER sau dng nh nm bt c vi chiu hng suy
ngh ca cc nm 2000, v cc kh nng c cng ngh s, c kt ni mng, cho.
Ngay t u ca phong tro OER tng c s pht trin xa hn v kh nng ca cc Kha hc
Trc tuyn M i chng - MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses). Chng li cun s u t
ng k, v dn ti s pht trin ca v s cc nn tng c trng cho MOOC, bao gm
Coursera, Udacity, EdX, FutureLearn, iVersity. Theo nhiu cch thc, s thnh cng, v s ch
ca truyn thng c/b cc MOOC thu ht c th ni lm lu m cc OER. Tuy nhin, khi mi
quan tm ban u v MOOC lng xung, th s khc bit gia chng v OER ang tr nn m nha
i. C th c xem nh l vn ca mn, vi OER c tp trung vo cc mu ni dung hc
tp ring r, v cc MOOC mc kha hc ton b. Tuy nhin, cc MOOC ngn by gi ang
c pht trin, v OER ang c ng gi vo trong cc kha hc, (v d vi i hc OER), nn
s phn bit ny tr nn t c gi tr. Tng t, mt trong nhng c tnh xc nh ca OER l vic
cp php ca chng sao cho chng tun th vi nguyn tc 5R v Gi li, S dng li, Lm li, Pha
trn v Phn phi li (Retain, Reuse, Revise, Remix v Redistribute - Wiley 2014). Trong khi khng
phi tt c cc MOOC khng c cp php m, th c nhiu MOOC ng l khng c cp php
m (xem v d http://www.openuped.eu/), v v th ch mi iu ny khng phi l c tnh phn
bit c.
Cc MOOC i din cho mt kha cnh ca vn ha con hoc nhnh con ca phong tro OER. Mt
lnh vc con khc nh vy l cc sch gio khoa m. C cc sch gio khoa, thng theo cc ch
ph bin c vit c bit c cp php m. Phin bn trn trc tuyn l sn sng vi chi ph
bng 0 v phin bn in c th c mua vi gi thp. Cc sch gio khoa c cc sng kin
nh OpenStax v BCCampus xut bn, vi mc tiu ban u l gim gnh nng cc chi ph sch
gio khoa cho cc sinh vin. V cc sch gio khoa tun th nguyn l 5R ca m
(http://www.opencontent.org/definition/) nn chng cng l c kh nng ty bin thch nghi v chia

Vn phng Phi hp Pht trin Mi trng Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trang 3/13
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

s c, dn ti nhng thay i trong tip cn s phm. Kha cnh rt thc t ca vic trin khai cc
phin bn mi ca sch gio khoa xc tc cho nhng so snh trc tip v nh hng. V d,
DeMarte & Williams (2015) thy rng trin khai cc sch gio khoa m Cao ng Tidewater
dn ti hiu qu v hiu lc ca vic dy hc c ci thin, v Weller et al (2015) thy rng
s dng OER lm cho cc nh gio dc phn nh trong thc hnh s phm ca h. Tuy nhin,
cc d n sch gio khoa m phn ln ch c Bc M (vi ngoi l ng ch ca Siyavula ca
Nam Phi), ni m cc chi ph cao ca cc sch gio khoa l vn c bit to ra n by.
OER cng tng c p dng rng ri nh mt tip cn cc nc ang pht trin nh l mt
phng tin to v chia s ni dung c kh nng kham c. V d, OER Africa c thnh lp
vo nm 2008 thc y s dng OER h tr cho cc nhu cu ca gio dc i hc chu Phi
(Ngugi 2011). D n TESSA h Saharan chu Phi s dng OER c cc gio vin a
phng to ra nh l phng tin pht trin ngh nghip (Wolfenden v Buckler 2012). C cc d
n tng t ang c trin khai n , Malaysia v Nam Phi. D c vi s chng ln vi cc d
n sch gio khoa m, th trng tm y l nhiu hn v bn a ha v gii quyt cc nhu cu
dn s gia tng tm kim gio dc xa hn.
Nhng v d ngn gn minh ha rng lnh vc OER bt u r nhnh khi cc d n trin
khai OER ban u. Tng trong s cc nhm con phn bit c c cc lnh vc quan tm, cc
cu hi nghin cu, cc u tin cp vn, v cc d n ch cht ca ring n. Khi thit lp c
bn thn n trong gn 15 nm pht trin va qua, by gi l lc phi xem xt cc vn ha khc nhau
ang ni ln trong lnh vc rng ln hn ca OER, v xem xt u l cc vn chnh cho tng
nhnh .

Vn phng Phi hp Pht trin Mi trng Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trang 4/13
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

Phng php

m my Tri thc OER - OER Knowledge Cloud (https://oerknowledgecloud.org/) l kho truy cp

m cc bi bo nghin cu c lin quan ti OER. y l sng kin ca cc Ch tch ca UNESCO
v Khi Thnh vng chung v Hc tp - COL (Commonwealth of Learning), do i hc
Athabasca dn dt. y l c s d liu c gim tuyn, bao gm cc bi bo trn tp ch, cc bo
co, cc cun sch v cc phng tin truyn thng khc vi s gim tuyn c cc th th, i
bin tp v vic tm kim v cc gi thc hin. Khng th trnh khi s c vi mc cn thiu,
nhng n i din cho b su tp ton din nht cc nghin cu c lin quan ti OER c sn, ngc
v nm 2001. m my Tri thc OER to nn c s cho phn tch cng vic trong lnh vc OER.
Phng php lun ph hp phn loi cc ti nguyn vn bn nh cc Tm tt (Abstracts) l phn
tch ni dung, n c xc nh nh l 'k thut nghin cu to ra cc suy lun c kh nng nhn
bn v kh thi t cc d liu theo ng cnh ca chng' (Krippendorff 1989, trang 21). Cc ng dng
ban u ca phn tch ni dung tng l khch quan v c tnh nh lng v bn cht t nhin,
trao 's m t khch quan, c h thng v c nh lng' cc ni dung (Berelson 1952, trang 18)
phn ln da vo tn sut cc t v phn tch vn bn pht hin cc mu. Tip cn c s
dng trong cc ti liu hn lm, v d pht hin vic thay i trng tm mi quan tm theo
nguyn tc hn lm qua thi gian (Griggs & Collisson 2013). Cc ng dng phn tch ni dung sau
ny p dng cc tip cn c nh tnh, v d trong vic phn tch cc cuc phng vn (nh,
Graneheim, B. Lundman 2004). Krippendorff (2004) vin l rng s khc bit ny gia nh tnh v
nh lng l mt 's ch i sai lm', v bt k phn tch ni dung no cng i hi cc yu t nh
lng (v d sn xut ra cc tnh ton s lng) v nh tnh (v d, khi xc nh cc chng loi).
Khi tin hnh phn tch ni dung, c vi quyt nh chnh s c lm, m Berg (2007) xc nh
nh l:
nh tnh so vi nh lng - c s tn ti ri s lin tc ca cc kha cnh nh tnh - nh
lng, ph thuc vo tip cn chnh xc c la chn. Berg vin l rng phn tch ni dung
'c th c hiu qu trong phn tch nh tnh - tnh m cc yu t vn bn ch cung cp
phng tin cho vic xc nh, t chc, nh ch mc v truy xut d liu'.
Ni dung kn o so vi cng khai - liu phn tch c nn b gn vo ni dung m l cng
khai, nh thc s hin din, hay nn l ni dung kn o, l, ton b n tng s bao
gm? Berg phn bit iu ny nh l ni dung b mt so vi su bn trong. Ni dung kn
o l c vn hn khi n da vo mc gii thch tip ca nh nghin cu v v th l kh
hn nhn bn.
Cc n v phn tch - iu ny bao trm mn ca tng n v phn tch, v d cc on
trong mt bi bo trong mt t bo, hoc ton b bn thn cc bi bo. N cng xc nh
cc dng n v no bao gm v ci g c/b loi tr; v d, phn tch c th bao gm cc

Vn phng Phi hp Pht trin Mi trng Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trang 5/13
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

bi bo trong mt t bo c cc nh bo vit nhng loi tr cc bc th c xut bn.

Pht trin cc chng loi - cc chng loi c th c tnh quy np, theo chng ni ln t d
liu, hoc c tnh suy din, ni m nh nghin cu p dng mt khung l thuyt ang tn
ti. Chng cng c th c nu nh l ngm nh v r rng. Cc chng loi nn l c
nht v vt cn tng h nhau.
S dng khung ca Berg th mt tip cn pha trn kt hp s gii ngha c tnh nh tnh ca
d liu sn xut ra s o m c tnh nh lng c p dng. Phn tch c th tp
trung vo cc khon mc r rng duy nht v khng phi l cc yu t kn o. n v phn
tch tng l trch xut bi bo nh c lit k trong m my Tri thc OER. Mt tip cn
c tnh quy np c s dng xc nh cc chng loi ny sinh t d liu.
Khi s dng tip cn ny tc gi thc hin phn tch ni dung ca cc Tm tt ca tt c cc xut
bn phm nm 2015 trong m my Tri thc. iu ny c lin quan ti 119 xut bn phm (c
cc xut bn phm chia theo nm c nu trong Bng 1). Tng tm tt c phn loi theo 2
hoc 3 khon mc, da vo cc t kha chnh v cc kt qu u ra c d kin ca ti liu. Phn
tch vng 2 c tin hnh tm tt chng ti cc chng loi mc cao hn.
Phn tch y ht c tin hnh cho giai on sm hn, vo nm 2007, nghin cu iu tra bt
k nhng dch chuyn no dng cc ch ca lnh vc OER c lin quan. Nm 2007 tng c
chn v nh Bng 1 ch ra th n tng l nm u tin c th xem i din cho mn hc v OER
ang ni ln, vi 24 xut bn phm, so vi tng s 1 con s duy nht cho nhng nm trc .

Thn nghin cu ang ni ln

Phn tch n gin nh lng cc xut bn phm h l cch thc lnh vc OER bt u ni ln,
v cc bi bo nghin cu bt u c xut bn, c ch ra trong Bng 1.
Nm S lng cc xut bn phm Nm S lng cc xut bn phm
2001 3 2008 58
2002 1 2009 67
2003 0 2010 153
2004 3 2011 121
2005 7 2012 167
2006 9 2013 205
2007 26 2014 183

Bng 1 - S lng cc xut bn phm OER theo tng nm, c trong m my Tri thc OER.

Vn phng Phi hp Pht trin Mi trng Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trang 6/13
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

D liu trong Bng 1 trnh by s gia tng ng k cc xut bn phm vo nm 2007, khi cc d n
OER ban u thit lp v bt u xut bn tc phm, v cc d n tip theo c trin khai.
iu ny c th c coi nh l s m rng v chp nhn xa hn tip cn OER, khi n dch chuyn
vo trong dng chnh. S thit lp cc hi ngh thng xuyn, c nhiu ngi tham d nh
OpenEd, hi ngh UK OER v OEGlobal (trc l hi ngh ca Nhm Open Courseware) cng
c th c xem nh l ch s ca iu ny.
Phn tch cc xut bn phm nm 2007 tit l kh t cc chng loi chnh, khng ngc nhin v
ch c 26 mc, nh c ch ra trong Bng 2. S nhn mnh phn ln tng l vo vic thnh lp cc
d n OER v pht trin ni dung.
Chng loi S lng cc xut bn phm
Trng hp in hnh cc d n 6
K thut 6
OER nh l i tng ch 11
Nghin cu vi d liu nh hng 3

Bng 2: Cc dng xut bn phm OER trong nm 2007

iu ny th hin rng khi lnh vc bt u pht trin, cc ti nguyn c tp trung vo

vic pht trin cc d n v h tng c yu cu, cng vi vic l thuyt ha v ng dng ca cc
OER. Ngc li, cc chng loi cho cc mc ca nm 2015 c ch ra trong Bng 3.
Chng loi S lng cc xut bn phm
Trng hp in hnh cc d n 8
K thut 7
OER nh l i tng ch 18
Nghin cu vi d liu nh hng 7
Chnh sch 15
Nh thc hnh 11
OER cc nc ang pht trin 2
Cc MOOC 36
S phm 9
D liu/Thc hnh/Truy cp M 6

Bng 3: Cc dng cc xut bn phm OER trong nm 2015

Cc chng loi by gi s c m t chi tit.

Vn phng Phi hp Pht trin Mi trng Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trang 7/13
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

Trng hp in hnh cc d n - chng loi ny hoc l cc bo co v cc pht hin mt trng

hp in hnh c bit, hoc cng b s trin khai mt d n. N l khc bit vi nghin cu vi
cc d liu nh hng, khi n thng thiu s kht khe nghin cu trong vic nh gi nh hng
ca trin khai OER, tp trung vo cc chi tit ca d n, nh s lng cc ti nguyn c to ra,
cc bn ti v, ... Dng xut bn phm ny tng p o hn trong giai on sm ca OER, khi n
tng l trng tm chnh cho mi hot ng. N vn cn i din cho mt phn quan trng ca ton
b cc t liu, nhng thng cc trng hp in hnh c l c tp trung vo cc kha cnh c
th, trn vi cc chng loi khc. Mt v d t cc khon mc ca nm 2015 l bn cp nht ca
Mackintosh (2015) v s tin b ca OERu.
K thut - cc ti liu tp trung vo c t k thut ca mt d n c th nh kho OER, hoc
c t k thut c yu cu cho mt h sinh thi hoc d n khung. C vi s chng ln vi cc
trng hp in hnh, nhng khi s nhn mnh l vo cc thnh phn k thut, th bi bo bao
gm trong chng loi ny. Mt v d l Heinen et al (2015, trang 1), ngi m t 'mt h sinh thi
m lin on cho OER c s dng h thng gio dc ca c nh l mt trng hp in hnh'.
Trong khi iu ny c th c phn loi nh l OER nh l ch , hoc trng hp in hnh, th
s nhn mnh l vo cc chi tit k thut ca h tng ca h sinh thi v m t cc ti nguyn.
OER nh l i tng ch - chng loi ny c tp trung vo bn thn lnh vc OER, bn cht
t nhin ca tnh m, ng hng cho OER, nhng gi p dng, vai tr ca OER trong gio
dc t xa. Khng ngc nhin i vi mt mn hc mi iu ny vn cn l mt ch bt bin,
khi nhng ngi thc hnh trong lnh vc phn nh v ng hng ca n. Ti liu ny c th
nm trong chng loi ny, v mt v d khc l ca Annand (2015, trang 1), ngi khai thc 'cc
vn v ti chnh c lin quan ti s sn xut, ph bin v s dng OER bn vng trong gio dc
i hc'.
Nghin cu vi d liu nh hng - dng ti liu ny tin hnh nh gi nh hng ca trin khai
OER, s dng phng php lun nghin cu gio dc m c th c tha nhn t cc nghin cu
dng chnh hn, nh cc nhm kim sot, kim th ng h v phn i, ... y l dng nghin cu
m thng l kh thc hin trong gio dc ni m cc kch c mu l nh, v thng mc ca
trng hp in hnh. V d tt trong mu ny l Fischer et al (2015, 159 trang) vi mt nghin cu
m ' s dng thit k bn th nghim c tnh nh lng vi cc nhm khp ni im s theo xu
th xem xt nhng khc bit trong cc kt qu u ra gia cc sinh vin m s dng OER v
cc sinh vin m khng'.
Chnh sch - cc bi bo nu v cc chnh sch OER ang tn ti, nhu cu v chnh sch hoc
cc tip cn c tiu chun ha, cc khung quc gia v so snh cc chnh sch. V d Gondol v
Allen (2015, 273 trang) xem xt 'chin lc i tc Chnh ph M cho vic m bo cc cam kt
mc quc gia i vi gio dc m cc quc gia tham gia', to ra tham chiu ti cc chnh sch
nht nh. Ngc li, bo co ca Contact North (2015) v Gio dc i hc v Tng lai Bn vng
Chng ta Mun, xem xt cc thch thc gio dc rng ln, v cch m OER c th ng vai tr
cc mc quc gia trong vic gii quyt chng.

Vn phng Phi hp Pht trin Mi trng Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trang 8/13
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

Nh thc hnh - trng tm ca cc bi bo l s dng OER ca cc nh thc hnh theo ng cnh

c th, v d cc gio vin hoc cc th th. OER thng l s cn nhc th 2 v nhng g n cho
php nh thc hnh t c; v d, Hills (2015, 47 trang) m t m hnh to ni dung 'vi sinh
vin nh l m hnh nh sn xut, trong khi cc li ch ca cc sinh vin c s dng dn dt s
nhn din v to ra ni dung gio dc'. Chng loi ny s dng OER to thun li cho vic to
v ty bin thch nghi ni dung, nhng sinh vin nh l m hnh sng to l trng tm chnh.
OER cc nc ang pht trin - s dng OER trong ng cnh ca cc quc gia ang pht trin
nhn c vi s ch vi cc d n nh TESSA. Chng tch bit ra nh l mt chng loi v
cc vn v cng ng c lin quan trong cc d n nh vy thng khc bit vi trng tm v
OER Bc M v chu u. Mt v d l Nti (2015, 156 trang), ngi 'xem xt cch truy cp ti, v
s dng ca, cc ni dung OER c th c ci thin cho nhng ngi hc khng bm sinh ni
ting Anh cc nc ang pht trin t quan im ca ngi hc'.
Cc MOOC - Cc kha hc trc tuyn m i chng tng l lnh vc pht trin ng k k t nm
2009. Nhm ny c th c phn loi nh l mt lnh vc ang ni ln ca t bn thn n, hoc
cc MOOC c th c din gii nh l OER v c ti phn loi theo cc chng loi khc. Tuy
nhin, c trng tm c bit vo cc MOOC hin nay, v c xem l hu dng phn bit
cng vic ny vi thn chnh ca OER. Cc v d bao gm Ho et al (2015), ngi nghin cu cc
d liu MOOC ca MIT v Harvard, Soffer v Cohen (2015), ngi chi tit ha kinh nghim v
MOOC i hc Tel Aviv, v Malin (2015), ngi s dng nhn chng hc t ng
(autoethnography) nghin cu kinh nghim ca nhng ngi hc MOOC.
S phm - vi bi bo tp trung c bit vo nh hng c kh nng ca OER ln s phm, hoc
nh mt phng tin thay i trong thc hnh dy hc. D c s giao ct vi cc chng loi
khc, vic nhn mnh s phm trong cc ti liu gi mt chng loi nghin cu c th. V
d l Bossu, Smyth v Stagg (2015), ngi khai thc nh hng ca OER pht trin m hnh s
phm, c gi l M hnh Hc tp c Trang b M (Open Empowered Learning Model).
D liu/Thc hnh/Truy cp M - OER c lin quan ti cc lnh vc khc trong m my Tri thc
OER. Chng loi ny sau i din cho s giao ct vi cc kha cnh khc ca thc hnh m m
c cc mc thch hp khc nhau i vi cng ng OER.

Vn phng Phi hp Pht trin Mi trng Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trang 9/13
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

Tho lun

Phn tch ny gi 10 lnh vc ny sinh t cc xut bn phm nm 2015. Trc khi cn nhc
chng, liu chng c i din cho cc cng ng khc nhau v cc ng ca chng c v lnh vc
OER hay khng, vi kh khn lin quan ti phng php lun s c cp ti.
Trc ht, d m my Tri thc OER i din cho mt mu tt cc bi bo OER, bao gm khng
ch cc bi bo trn tp ch m cn c cc bo co v cc kt qu u ra t mt hi ngh c bit, v
d, trong khi nhng ngi khc c th l khng d. S khng nn c coi nh l h s quyt nh
cc kt qu u ra c lin quan ti OER. Tuy nhin, n c th i din cho mt mu chp nhn c
cc chng loi quan tm ln. Cc phn ca chng d cn ng nghi, v cc phng php ly mu
khc c th c li cho vi chng loi ny hn so vi cc chng loi khc.
Phng php phn tch ni dung i hi tng n v c t vo mt chng loi duy nht, nhng
khng th trnh c vi n v s c lin quan ti 2 hoc 3 chng loi. Quyt nh t chng vo
mt nhm v th s nh gi khng ti nhng ng gp i vi nhng nhm khc, v quyt nh
cui cng i vi iu l chng loi ban u phn ln l chng loi c tnh ch quan. Tuy nhin,
phng php ny cho php to ra cc chng loi r rng hn.
Vic gn nhn cho cc chng loi phn ln l quy trnh c tnh ch quan. Cc chng loi khc nhau
c th ni ln t tp hp mu y ht; v d, cht lng l ch lp i lp li, v cc sch gio
khoa m l s thuyt minh v OER m c th c trao cho mt nhm ring bit. Yu t xc nh
xy dng cc chng loi tng l liu chng c i din c cho li ch hoc cng ng c bit
trong ton b lnh vc OER hay khng.
Vi cc kh khn trong u, 10 chng loi by gi c th c cn nhc. Nhng g chng ch ra
l lnhh vc OER pht trin t mt mn hc hp da vo xung quanh vi d n chnh, sang mt
lnh vc rng ln vi vi ch chng ln nhau, v b sung cho nhau. Cc ng bin gii ca lnh
vc OER l m nht, giao ct vi cc lnh vc khc m bn thn chng c coi l tng trng
tng t, bao gm cc xut bn truy cp m, d liu m v cng dn m. Trong cng ng OER
chng ti c th thy s pht trin ca mt lnh vc mi y tim nng, n c th to thnh nhnh,
y l cc MOOC. Liu iu ny c tip tc m rng, hay t ti nh v tr thnh mt phn ca
lnh vc OER ni chung s c thy trong khong 5 nm ti.
Bn thn cc chng loi ni ln cu chuyn v lnh vc OER ang pht trin nh th no. L th
v rng 4 chng loi t 2007 vn cn l thch hp trong nm 2015. S p o ca cc trng hp
in hnh cc d n c th v cc tuyn b trong t liu gim xung. Trong khi s lng cc ti
liu chi tit ha nghin cu nh hng gia tng, th n vn i din cho tng th s lng kh
nh. S ni ln ca nghin cu mnh m t nhiu d n trin khai c th c xem nh l mt
trong nhng yu t chnh trong vic to thun li cho phong tro OER trong dng chnh thng.
Phn tch ny gi rng trong khi n ang din ra, th nghin cu thc hnh vn cn l mt khu

Vn phng Phi hp Pht trin Mi trng Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trang 10/13
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

vc trong lnh vc OER m cn s khuyn khch. OER nh l i tng ch vn gi l chng

loi p o. iu ny c th c din gii nh l lnh vc ang nhn vo bn trong, nhng n nhn
mnh cc pha sm ca mn hc ang thit lp cho n cc tip cn, cc ng bin gii, v tim
nng. S phn nh v phn tch bt bin c th c xem nh l phng php qua lnh vc phn
bit v thit lp t bn thn n.
Ngc li, chnh sch c lin quan ti cc xut bn phm pht trin ng k trong t nm qua.
iu ny ch ra s chn mui ca OER nh l gii php thc t, v s thnh cng ca nhng ngi
bo v chnh sch nh Creative Commons v SPARC. Chnh sch c lin quan trong cc bi bo
nh l phng tin hiu qu trong vic ginh c s tng trng i vi OER, v v th l mt
lnh vc ng phn b ti nguyn.
S dng OER ca cc nh thc hnh cng l chng loi ln hp l. Nu iu ny c kt hp vi
cc chng loi c trng tm thc hnh khc nh k thut v cc trng hp in hnh th iu ny
chim ti khong 1/4 cc xut bn phm. Nhng mi quan tm ca cc nh thc hnh OER c
th rt khc nhau t cc ti liu c xu hng l thuyt hn m chng c th c thy trong OER
nh l chng loi i tng ch , hoc cc ti liu dng chnh sch c ng lc chnh tr hn. Sau
hi ngh OpenEd 2015, Farrow (2015) nhn mnh s ni ln c kh nng ca cc vn ha khc
nhau trong lnh vc OER, iu ng nu thnh khi nim cc nh thc dn (colonisers) v nhng
ngi lm dng gio dc (edupunks). Khi nim u tng c tp trung nhiu hn vo thc hnh,
s dng OER thay th cc thc hnh ang tn ti, v d cc sch gio khoa m, trong khi khi
nim sau c quan tm trong cc ch trch gio dc v bn thn tnh m. iu ny nhn mnh mt
vn i vi cc nh t chc hi ngh, l: mc no h nh cp tt c 10 chng loi
c nu trn?
Trong mt phn tch thng k cc xut bn phm OER t 2002 ti 2013, Zancanaro, Todesco &
Ramos (2015) thy 11 ch ln: Cc tho lun l thuyt; Cht lng; Cc ro cn s dng;
Gio dc m; Cc chnh sch khuyn khch; Kho st; Cng ngh; Dng; Tnh bn vng; Sn xut;
Cc giy php m. S dng phng php lun khc nhau c nhiu s tng t tt gia cc chng
loi c ngun gc khc nhau trong bi bo ny. iu ny gi rng s pha trn cc ch c
th a ra i din tt ca lnh vc OER ang tn ti.
Cc cu hi cho lnh vc sau l mc no cc cng ng c th c coi l phn bit
c, hoc cc u tin khc nhau v s quan tm cho 1 hoc 2 cng ng ln hn l g? Cc cng
ng c nhng li ch khc nhau, v cam kt vi OER v cc l do khc nhau. Khi tnh m tr
thnh ngy cng l mt phn ca thc hnh dng chnh, nh c chng minh bng vic xut bn
truy cp m v s ph bin ca cc MOOC, th c l l OER dch chuyn vt ra khi mt phong
tro ang c xem xt, v cc yu t tr thnh c tch hp hn vi cc lnh vc gio dc
khc. V d, cc cng ng xung quanh s phm, nh gi, cht lng v cng ngh gio dc tt c
c th c coi nh l phn bit c ngoi cc lnh vc ni m OER c th cung cp cc gii php
hu dng.

Vn phng Phi hp Pht trin Mi trng Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh Trang 11/13
Cc kha cnh khc nhau ca mn hc v OER ang ni ln. Martin Weller. Xut bn 12/08/2016.

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c trnh ngy 30/03/2016, c ph chun ngy 12/08/2016

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