B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

***

BO CO K THUT V KH NNG NG DNG

THE RFID I HC BCH KHOA H NI

Ngi bo co: Phm Mnh Hng

Vin in T - Vin Thng

Email: hung.phammanh@hust.edu.vn
ST: 0912470446
LAB: C9 419
Website: www.hungpm.simplesite.com
www.emglabvn.simplesite.com

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 Cng ngh RFID v ng dng
I. Gii thiu v RFID
1.1 Tng quan
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) l cng ngh nhn dng i tng bng sng
v tuyn. Cng ngh ny cho php nhn bit cc i tng thng qua h thng thu pht
sng radio, t c th gim st, qun l hoc lu vt tng i tng. y l mt phng
php nhn dng t ng da trn vic lu tr d liu t xa, s dng thit b th RFID v
mt u c RFID.
Nh cng ngh RFID s gim c rt nhiu thi gian v chi ph qun l, li nhun
s cao hn. Bi RFID hin ang l mt cng ngh mi v ni bt, tuy nhin ti Vit Nam,
cc ng dng lin quan ti n cn hn ch.
1.2 ng dng
Hin ti, ng dng ca cng ngh RFID vo thc t l rt nhiu v ngy cng ph
bin, c bit l cc nc khu vc chu u v chu M.

Hnh 1. Mt h thng ng dng thc t s dng cng ngh RFID

C th k n 1 s ng dng ca RFID:
Qun l i tng, nhn s
Kim sot vo ra, chm cng in t, kim sot thang my

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 Qun l hng ha bn l trong siu th
Nghin cu ng vt hc
Qun l hng ha trong x nghip, nh kho
Qun l xe c qua trm thu ph
Lu tr thng tin bnh nhn trong y khoa
Lm th h chiu, CMND (M)
1.3 Thun li v thch thc
a) Thun li
RFID c c tnh c bit l c th b sung thm hay thay i thng tin khin vic s
dng tr nn thch hp hn so vi cc cng ngh khc (nh m vch hai di t khng th b
sung, thay i thng tin mt cch d dng vo m vch sau khi in chng). Nhiu loi th
RFID cho php c th c, ghi rt nhiu ln ty thuc vo cng ngh ch to.
Th RFID hot ng tin cy ngay c trong mi trng nng m, bi bn, d liu
thu thp c x l nhanh chng, thao tc khng cn tip xc. Kh nng lu tr d liu trn
th cng l mt li th, da vo ngi ta c th nhn dng ra hng t i tng khc
nhau.
b) Thch thc
C rt nhiu thun li nh vy nhng khng phi RFID l mt cng ngh hon
ho. Mi mt cng ngh mi ra i lun t ra nhng thch thc ring cho bn thn n.
Vn t ra ln nht l kh nng bo mt ca th RFID. Th RFID ch to nu
khng c cc c ch bo mt tt hon ton c th to ra l hng cng ngh, d dng b khai
thc thng tin nu trn c cha nhiu thng tin c nhn ca khch hng. minh chng
cho kh nng ny, ti i hi Hacker Black Hat din ra ti Las Vegas nm 2004, Grunwald
gii thiu mt phn mm min ph c tn RFDump, kt qu ca vi nm nghin cu v
cng ngh RFID. y chnh l chng trnh i km vi u c th thc hin vic thay
i gi bn hng ti cc siu th. Do vic tng cng kh nng bo mt ca th RFID l
vn sng cn i vi cc nh pht trin cng ngh.

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 Hai vn khc na cng c th cp ti l chi ph cao tn km v chun RFID
cha thng nht. Tuy nhin hin nay nh vic cng ngh ngy cng pht trin, hai vn
trn c gii quyt v khng cn l vn ng lo ngi.

II. Cu trc h thng RFID

H thng RFID gm 3 thnh phn chnh: (1) th RFID, (2) u c v (3) c s d
liu, c th l:
Th RFID (RFID tag) c lp trnh ghi xa c lu tr cc thng tin ca
mt i tng duy nht
u c: truy vn cc th
C s d liu (CSDL): h thng tin ph tr theo di v cha thng tin v i
tng c nh th, kiu thng tin cha trong CSDL c th s thay i ty theo
tng loi i tng. Cc CSDL ny c th kt ni n cc giao thc mng hay PC
chia s d liu.
Ty theo yu cu v mc ch s dng m h thng RFID c thit k mt cch
y hay gin lc i cc thnh phn khng cn thit. Trong nghin cu ny, chng ta i
vo phn tch, thit k mt thit b c kh nng ng dng cng ngh RFID ni trn. Thit b
sau ch to c kh nng truyn thng c vi my tnh hay giao tip vi smartphone thng
qua module Bluetooth.
Thc t th h thng RFID c chia theo cc dy tn s m n hot ng: tn s
thp, tn s cao, tn s cc cao. Ngoi ra cn c hai loi ca h thng RFID l th ng v
ch ng. Trong phn di y, chng ta s tm hiu thm v tn s v cc loi h thng
RFID.
2.1 Tn s RFID
Tn s lin quan n kch thc ca sng radio c s dng giao tip gia cc
thnh phn h thng RFID.

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 Hnh 2. Minh ha cho cc di tn s m h thng RFID hot ng
H thng RFID trn ton th gii hot ng ti dy tn s thp (LF), tn s cao (HF)
v tn s cc cao (UHF). Vic s dng sng v tuyn khc nhau ti mi tn s s c li
hoc bt li lin quan n vic ng dng thc t ca mi bng tn.
Nu mt h thng RFID hot ng tn s thp, n c mt phm vi c ngn hn v
tc c d liu chm hn, nhng li tng kh nng c gn hoc khi gn trn b mt kim
loi hoc cht lng. Nu mt h thng hot ng mt tn s cao hn, n thng c t l
truyn d liu nhanh hn v c xa hn h thng tn s thp, nhng d b nhiu sng v
tuyn c gy ra bi kim loi trong mi trng cc cht lng.
2.2 RFID tn s thp
Bng tn LF bao gm tn s t 30 KHz n 300 KHz. Thng thng h thng RFID
tn s thp hot ng tn s 125 KHz, mc d c mt s hot ng tn s 134 KHz.
Bng tn ny cung cp mt phm vi c ngn khong 10 cm, v tc c chm hn so vi
cc tn s cao hn, nhng t b nh hng bi nhiu sng radio.
ng dng ca RFID tn s thp l kim sot truy cp vo ra (kim sot ca) v theo
di vt nui. Tiu chun cho h thng RFID tn s thp theo di ng vt c nh
ngha trong tiu chun ISO 14223 v ISO/IEC 18000-2. Dy tn LF khng c xem l mt
ng dng ton cu thc s v nhng khc bit nh tn s v nng lng trn ton th gii.
2.3 RFID tn s cao
Bng tn HF dao ng t 3 n 30 MHz. Hu ht cc h thng RFID tn s cao hot
ng tn s 13,56 MHz vi cc phm vi c t 10 cm v 1 m. H thng tn s cao cho ta
nhiu sng va phi.

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 H thng RFID tn s thp thng c s dng cho cc ng dng bn v, thanh
ton v lu tr d liu. C mt s tiu chun RFID tn s cao hin c, chng hn nh ISO
15693 tiu chun theo di cc hng ha, ECMA-340 v ISO / IEC 18.092 tiu chun cho
Near Field Communication (NFC) giao tip gn, mt cng ngh giao tip khong cch ngn
thng c s dng trao i d liu gia cc thit b.
Cc tiu chun HF khc bao gm cc tiu chun ISO/IEC 14443 A v ISO/IEC 14443
cho cc tiu chun cng ngh MIFARE, c s dng trong th thng minh v th khng
tip xc, ngoi ra cn JIS X 6319-4 cho FeliCa, l mt h thng th thng minh thng
c s dng trong th tin in t.
2.4 RFID tn s cc cao
Cc bng tn UHF bao gm phm vi t 300 MHz n 3 GHz. H thng tun th cc
tiu chun UHF Gen2 cho RFID s dng bng tn 860-960 MHz. Trong khi c mt s khc
bit trong tn s gia cc vng min khc nhau, h thng RFID UHF Gen2 hu ht cc
nc ang hot ng trong khong t 900 n 915 MHz.
Phm vi c ca h thng RFID tn s cc cao UHF th ng c th th xa n 12m
v c tc truyn d liu nhanh hn so vi tn s thp LF hoc tn s cao HF. UHF RFID
rt d b nhiu sng, nhng nhiu nh sn xut tm cch thit k th, ng-ten, v u c
gi hiu sut cao ngay c trong mi trng khc nghit nh kim loi hoc cht lng. Th
UHF th ng d sn xut v r hn hn so vi th LF v th HF.
RFID tn s cc cao c dng trong mt lot cc ng dng, t vic qun l hng
tn kho, bn l, dc phm chng hng gi, dng cu hnh thit b khng dy. Phn
ln cc d n RFID UHF ang c s dng tri ngc vi LF hoc HF. UHF lm cho
phn khc ny pht trin nhanh nht trong th trng RFID. Cc bng tn UHF c quy
nh bi mt tiu chun ton cu duy nht c gi l ECP global Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C)
chun UHF.
III. Cc loi th RFID v MIFARE Classic
3.1 Cc loi th RFID
Th RFID bao gm 2 phn chnh:
Chip: Dng lu tr mt s th t duy nht hoc thng tin khc trn cc loi
th nh: read-only, read-write, hoc write-once-read-many.

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 Anten: c gn vi vi
mch truyn thng tin t
chip n b c. Anten cng
ln cho bit phm vi c
cng ln.
Th RFID c 3 loi khc nhau:
th th ng (passive tag), th bn ch
ng (semi-active tag) v th ch ng
(active tag).
Th th ng (passive tag)
Nhng th th ng khng c ngun nng lng bn trong. Ngay khi m dng in
c gy ra bi nhng tn hiu sng radio i vo trong anten cung cp nng lng cho
mch tch hp CMOS (IC) trong th, mch bt u hot ng v th truyn tn hiu phn
hi tr li. iu ny c ngha l khi th th ng i qua my c, nng lng ca sng radio
pht t my c s cung cp nng lng cho chip v nh thc n thu nhn thng tin
m n lu gi. iu ny c ngha l anten phi thit k thu c nng lng t c hai tn
hiu n v tn hiu phn li truyn ra. S thiu ht ca ngun gn trong c ngha l thit b
c th kh nh.
Th th ng trn thc t c c khong cch t khong 2 mm (ISO 14443) ti
vi mt (EPC v ISO 18000-6) ph thuc vo s la chn sng radio v thit k, kch thc
ca anten. Bi v th th ng c chi ph sn xut r hn v khng c pin, phn ln cc th
RFID tn ti dng b ng. K t nm 2005, gi thp nht ca th EPC (Electronic
Product Code m hng in t) Gen 2 sn c trong th trng l 7.2 cents mt chic trong
khong 10 triu con c bn ra. Nhu cu hin ti i vi vi x l mch tch hp RFID l
mong ch s pht trin nhanh hn trn nhiu nn tng gi c .
Th bn ch ng (semi-active tag)
Th bn ch ng RFID l rt ging vi th th ng tr phn thm mt pin nh. Pin
ny cho php IC ca th c cp ngun lin tc, gim bt s cn thit trong thit k anten
thu nng lng t tn hiu quay li. Cc th ny khng tch cc truyn mt tn hiu n b
c. N khng hot ng (m n bo tn pin) cho ti khi chng nhn tn hiu t b c.

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Th bn ch ng RFID nhanh hn khi phn hi li, v vy chng mnh hn trong vic c
s truyn so vi th th ng.
Th ch ng (active tag)
Khng ging nh th th ng v bn ch ng, th ch ng RFID (c bit n
nh l beacons) c ngun nng lng trong chnh bn thn n c s dng cung cp
ngun cho tt c cc IC v pht ra tn hiu. Chng thng c gi l n hiu bi v chng
pht cc tn hiu m chng nhn c. Loi th ny c th c tm hot ng ln hn v b
nh ca th th ng c kh nng lu tr thm thng tin tt c gi t my truyn pht.
Tit kim s tiu hao nng lng, nhiu n hiu c b tr vi nhng khong cch c
nh. Nhiu th ch ng c tm hot ng trn thc t l khong 10m, v tui th ca pin
c th ti 5 nm.
3.2 MIFARE Classic
MIFARE l thng hiu s hu bi NXP Semiconductors gm hng lot cc chip
c s dng rng ri trong ng dng lm th thng minh v th cm ng. Theo cc nh
sn xut, hng t chip th thng minh v hng triu module c c bn ra. Cng ngh
ny c s hu bi NXP Semiconductors (sng kin t Philips Electronics vo nm 2006)
c tr s ti Eindhoven, H Lan, v cc im kinh doanh chnh ti Nijmegen, H Lan v
Hamburg, c. MIFARE vi cng ngh c quyn theo tiu chun ISO / IEC 14443 loi A
13,56 MHz, l th thng minh khng tip xc tiu chun.
Tn MIFARE c ngun gc t tn MIkron FARE Collection System bao gm 7 loi
khc nhau ca th khng tip xc: th MIFARE Classic, th MIFARE siu nh, th MIFARE
DESFire, th MIFARE DESFire EV1 (DESFire8), th MIFARE DESFire EV2, th MIFARE
Plus, th MIFARE SAM AV2.
y, chng ta ch i su vo vic phn tch cc tnh nng, c im, cu trc,
cch t chc b nh cng nh kh nng bo mt ca loi th MIFARE Classic. Bi v,
n l loi th c bn ph bin Vit Nam.
Tnh nng, c im

- Th MIFARE Classic l th thng minh khng tip xc thng dng nht ph

hp cho cc ng dng nh: kim sot ra vo, thanh ton bng th, cc ng
dng thanh tan trong cng ty hoc trng hc, v xe cng cng, th khch
hng thn thit... vi kch thc bng th tn dng thng thng.

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 - MIFARE Classic gm hai loi b nh 1K v 4K, tn s hot ng 13.56MHz
vi khong cch ti a ln ti 100mm (ty thuc vo vic thit k anten)

- Tc truyn d liu: 106 Kbit/s

- C kh nng chng xung t gia cc th trong cng mt phm vi

- Tui th ca chip cao (100,000 ln ghi xa), thi gian lu tr d liu l 10

nm

- Ch c 1 m seri duy nht i vi mi th (do nh sn xut quy nh)

Cu trc, cch t chc b nh ca th MIFARE Classic

Hnh 3. S khi ca th MIFARE Classic

Th MIFARE Classic c 1 chip MF1ICS50, cu to trong bao gm 1Kbyte
EEPROM, giao din RF v n v iu khin s. Nng lng v d liu c truyn qua 1
anten c thit k bng cc vng dy kt ni trc tip vi MF1ICS50 m khng cn thm
bt k linh kin ph tr no.

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 Hnh 4. T chc b nh EEPROM ca MF1ICS50
B nh EEPROM c dung lng 1 Kbyte c chia thnh 16 sectors, mi sector li
c chia thnh 4 blocks, mi block c ln 16 bytes. Block cui cng ca mi sector th
c gi l sector trailer. Cc sector trailer ny u cha 2 m bo mt c th lp trnh c
truy cp vo mi sector . Duy ch c sector 0 l c bit hn so vi 15 sector cn li,
l vic n c 1 block ca nh sn xut. Block ny c nh sn xut ghi m Serial
Number vo nhm phn bit cc th vi nhau v cc m Serial Number ny l duy nht.
Ngi lp trnh khng c ghi, xa d liu vo block ny trnh vic b li sector ny
(theo khuyn co ca nh sn xut).
Nh vy, mi sector s s dng c 3 block phc v cho vic ghi xa d liu;
trong sector 0 l ch s dng c 2 block ghi xa (do 1 block nh sn xut s
dng ghi s seri ln). Nh vy tng s block c th s dng cho vic ghi xa l 2 + 15x3
= 47 blocks, mi block c ln 16 bytes ln d liu ti a l 47x16 = 752 bytes.
Kh nng bo mt
Trc khi cp ti vn bo mt, chng ta s ni v cch truy cp v lm vic vi
th MIFARE Classic. Nh sn xut NXP a ra mt lu thut ton thun tin trong
vic truy xut vi th RFID.

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 Hnh 5. Lu thut ton truy xut th RFID
Khi nhn c nng lng t u c th tc l th nm trong khu vc qut
ca u c, th RFID s tr v m Serial Number. Tuy nhin lc ny u c c c ch
chng xung t v ch nhn 1 m Serial Number (trong trng hp c nhiu th ri vo
vng qut ca u c). Trong mt h thng, nu gp mt th l (cng tn s hot ng)
khng nm trong c s d liu th ti y h thng s khng th c c cc thng tin tip
theo nu khng c m xc nhn cho php. Trng hp cn li, khi u c th la chn
c th m n qut, c th n s tin hnh thao tc xc nhn bng cc m c nhn
dng t trc. Ngoi m xc nhn ny th do nh sn xut quy nh th phi cn thm 1 m
bo mt do ngi lp trnh t ra trnh vic thng tin c nhn ca ch th b khai thc.
Ch khi thc hin xong bc xc nhn m ny, ngi lp trnh mi c kh nng c ghi,
xa theo mong mun.
Vn bo mt ti y c t ra, chng ta lm nh th no c th bo mt c
thng tin trn th? Rt n gin, nh ni phn trn, trong 4 blocks ca mi sector th
lun c mt block ng vai tr l sector trailer. Sector ny bao gm m bo mt A (key A)
v m bo mt B (key B) (ty chn), m ny s ng vai tr nh l cha kha trong vic ghi,
xa thng tin trn th. Di y l cu trc d liu ca mt sector trailer (bao gm 16
bytes).

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 Hnh 6. Cu trc khung d liu ca 1 sector trailer
Nh hnh v th m bo mt A c lu trn byte 0-5, m bo mt B c lu trn
byte 10-15. Khi lp trnh c cc m ny, n s tr v gi tr logic 0. iu kin truy cp
vo 4 blocks ca mt sector c lu trong byte 6-9, gi l Access Bits. Cc Access Bits
ny cng xc nh kiu d liu trn blocks. Nu nh key B khng s dng trong qu trnh
bo mt th 6 byte cui cng ca mi sector trailer ny u c th s dng nh l cc byte
d liu thng thng. Ngoi ra byte 9 ca sector trailer cng c th c dng trong vic
ghi d liu. Tuy nhin thng nht, khng nn dng cc byte d liu trn cc sector trailer
trnh phc tp ha vn . Nh vy sector trailer ny ch dng cho qu trnh bo mt
thng tin trn th.
Vy nh sn xut quy nh m bo mt A v B ban u nh th no? Mc nh th bt
k mt th MIFARE Classic no khi sn xut ra u c cu hnh cho php c th truy
nhp vo mi block trong sector vi key A c gi tr l 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF.
Tt nhin 1 vi trng hp, nh sn xut c th quy nh m ny khc so vi bnh thng.
Bng 1. Mt s mu key A mc nh ca nh sn xut
0xFF 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF 0xFF
0xD3 0xF7 0xD3 0xF7 0xD3 0xF7
0xA0 0xA1 0xA2 0xA3 0xA4 0xA5
0xB0 0xB1 0xB2 0xB3 0xB4 0xB5
0x4D 0x3A 0x99 0xC3 0x51 0xDD
0x1A 0x98 0x2C 0x7E 0x45 0x9A
0xAA 0xBB 0xCC 0xDD 0xEE 0xFF
0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00 0x00
0xAB 0xCD 0xEF 0x12 0x34 0x56

Cc version th MIFARE sau ny th bo mt ngy cng c tng cao hn vi

vic trang b thm cc thut ton bo mt hin i nh 2KTDES, 3KTDES, 3DES v
AES

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 Hnh 7. Mt v d v vic c thng tin trn th RFID (sector 0)
Tm li, ty theo yu cu ng dng m chng ta la chn loi th c bo mt cho
ph hp.
VI CC M T K THUT TRN, NHU CU QUN L HIN NAY V
C S H TNG HIN VIC P DNG TH RFID LM TH SINH VIN L
HOT NG NN TIN HNH SM.
Mt s ng dng v th nghim ti trng hc BKHN

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Mu th dng trong d n th nghim

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 bit thm thng tin xin xem file m t ca d n th nghim Qun l thng tin
tham gia hot ng ca sinh vin khi s dng th RFID

n nay, nhm pht trin lm ch c mi cng ngh s dng th

RFID!

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