ITU/BDTArabRegionalWorkshopon4GWirelessSystems Tunisia2010

ITU/BDTArab
ITU/BDT Arab Regional Workshopon
Workshop on
4GWirelessSystems
LTETechnology

Session3:LTEOverview DesignTargets
and Multiple Access Technologies
andMultipleAccessTechnologies
Speakers M.Lazhar BELHOUCHET
M Hakim EBDELLI
M.HakimEBDELLI
Date 27 29January 2010

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Agenda
Standardization
Motivation for LTE
MotivationforLTE
LTEperformancerequirements
LTE challenges
LTEchallenges
LTE/SAEKeyFeatures
LTE technology basics
LTEtechnology
AirInterfaceProtocols

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Standardization
LTEisthelateststandardinthemobilenetworktechnology
p y / /
treethatpreviouslyrealizedtheGSM/EDGEandUMTS/HSxPA
networktechnologiesthatnowaccountforover85%ofall
mobilesubscribers.LTEwillensure3GPPscompetitiveedge
overothercellulartechnologies.
3GPPworkontheEvolutionofthe3GMobileSystemstarted
in November 2004
inNovember2004.
SpecificationsscheduledfinalizedbytheendofDecember
2009.
Currently,standardizationinprogressintheformofRel9and
Rel10.

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MotivationforLTE
Needforhigherdataratesandgreaterspectralefficiency
CanbeachievedwithHSDPA/HSUPA
/
and/ornewairinterfacedefinedby3GPPLTE
NeedforPacketSwitchedoptimizedsystem
EvolveUMTStowardspacketonlysystem
Needforhighqualityofservices
Useoflicensedfrequenciestoguaranteequalityofservices
Alwaysonexperience(reducecontrolplanelatencysignificantly)
Reduceroundtripdelay
R d dt i d l
Needforcheaperinfrastructure
Simplifyarchitecture,reducenumberofnetworkelements
Simplify architecture reduce number of network elements

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LTEperformancerequirements
DataRate:
Instantaneousdownlinkpeakdatarateof100Mbit/sina20MHz
p /
downlinkspectrum(i.e.5bit/s/Hz)
Instantaneousuplinkpeakdatarateof50Mbit/sina20MHzuplink
spectrum (i e 2 5 bit/s/Hz)
spectrum(i.e.2.5bit/s/Hz)
Cellrange
5km
5 km optimalsize
optimal size
30kmsizeswithreasonableperformance
upto100kmcellsizessupportedwithacceptableperformance
Cellcapacity
upto200activeuserspercell(5MHz)(i.e.,200activedataclients)

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LTEperformancerequirements Cont.
Mobility
Optimizedforlowmobility(015km/h)butsupportshighspeed
p y( / ) pp g p
Latency
userplane<5ms
controlplane<50ms
Improvedspectrumefficiency
Improvedbroadcasting
IPoptimized
Scalablebandwidthof20,15,10,5,3and1.4MHz
Coexistencewithlegacystandards

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ThewaytoLTE:3main3Glimitations
1.Themaximumbitratesstillarefactorof20andmorebehindthe
y /
currentstateofthesystemslike802.11nand802.16e/m.
2.Thelatencyofuserplanetraffic(UMTS:>30ms)andofresource
assignment procedures (UMTS: >100
assignmentprocedures(UMTS: 100ms)istoobigtohandletraffic
ms) is too big to handle traffic
withhighbitratevarianceefficiently.
3.TheterminalcomplexityforWCDMAorMC
3 The terminal complexity for WCDMA or MCCDMACDMAsystemsisquite
systems is quite
high,makingequipmentexpensive,resultinginpoorperforming
implementationsofreceiversandinhibitingtheimplementationof
otherperformanceenhancements.

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LTE Overview DesignTargets

LTEOverview Design Targets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
and Multiple Access Technologies

LTECHALLENGES

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WhataretheLTEchallenges?
The Users expectation ..leads to the operators challenges
Best price, transparent flat rate reduce cost per bit
F ll IInternet
Full t t provide
id hi
highhd
data
t rate
t
Multimedia provide low latency

User experience will have an Price per Mbyte has to be reduced to

impact on ARPU remain profitable

Throughput Latency
Cost per MByte

HSPA LTE HSPA LTE

UMTS HSPA I-HSPA LTE

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ComparisonofThroughputandLatency
Peak data rates around 300Mbps/80 Mbps Enhanced consumer experience:
Low latency 10-20 ms drives subscriber uptake
allow for new applications
provide additional revenue streams
Latency (Rountrip delay)
delay)*
Max. peak data rate
350 GSM/
EDGE
300
Downlink
250 Uplink HSPA
Rel6
R l6
Mbps

200
HSPAevo
150 (Rel8)
100
LTE
50 min max

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 ms

HSPA R6 Evolved HSPA LTE 2x20 MHz LTE 2x20
(Rel. 7/8, 2x2 (2x2 MIMO) MHz (4x4
MIMO) MIMO) DSL ((~20-50 ms,, depending
p g on operator)
p )
* Server near RAN

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Scalable Bandwidth
ScalableBandwidth

Easy to
E t introduce
i t d on any ffrequency band:
b d
Scalable bandwidth Frequency Refarming
of 1.4 20 MHz (Cost efficient deployment on
lower frequency
q y bands supported)
pp )

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IncreasedSpectralEfficiency
Allcasesassume2antennaterminalreception
HSPAR7,WiMAXandLTEassume2antennaBTStransmission(2x2
MIMO)
2.0
18
1.8 Downlink ITU contribution from
1.6
Uplink WiMAX Forum shows
downlink 1.3 and uplink 0.8
1.4 bps/Hz/cell
bps/Hz//cell

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
Reference:
04
0.4
- HSPA R6 and LTE R8 from 3GPP R1-071960
0.2 - HSPA R6 equalizer from 3GPP R1-063335
- HSPA R7 and WiMAX from NSN/Nokia
0.0
simulations
HSPA R6 HSPA R6 + HSPA R7 WiMAX LTE R8

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ReducedNetworkComplexity
Flat, scalable IP based architecture Flat Architecture: 2 nodes architecture
IP based Interfaces

Flat, IP based architecture

Access Core Control

Flat networks are

characterized by fewer
network elements, lower
latency, greater flexibility MM IM HLR/H
and lower operation
p cost E S SS
I t
Internet
t
Evolved Node B GateWay

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LTE Overview DesignTargets

LTEOverview Design Targets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
and Multiple Access Technologies

LTE/SAEKEYFEATURES

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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Overview
EPS ( Evolved Packet System ) /
SAE ( System Architecture Evolution ) /
LTE ( Long Term Evolution )
EUTRAN
( Evolved UTRAN ) EPC ( Evolved Packet Core )
IP Network

IP Network

IP Network
PS Domain only,
Evolved
E l d Node
N d B / No CS Domain
OFDMA/SC-FDMA
No RNC
IP Transport Layer
MIMO ( beam-forming/ IP Transport Layer
spatial multiplexing) QoS Aware
HARQ UL/DL resource 3GPP (GTP) or
scheduling IETF (MIPv6)
Scalable bandwidth
(1.4, 3, 5, 10, .. 20 MHz) QoS Aware Prepared for
Non-3GPP Access
Self Configuration

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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures
EvolvedNodeB
NoRNCisprovidedanymore
TheevolvedNodeBstakeoverallradiomanagementfunctionality.
Thiswillmakeradiomanagementfasterandhopefullythenetwork
architecture simpler
architecturesimpler
IPtransportlayer
EUTRANexclusivelyusesIPastransportlayer
y p y
UL/DLresourcescheduling
InUMTSphysicalresourcesareeithersharedordedicated
EvolvedNodeBhandlesallphysicalresourceviaaschedulerand
assignsthemdynamicallytousersandchannels
Thisprovidesgreaterflexibilitythantheoldersystem
This provides greater flexibility than the older system
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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
FrequencyDomain Carrier bandwidth
Scheduling:
Resource block
Frequencydomain
schedulingusesthose
resourceblocksthatare
bl k th t
notfaded
NotpossibleinCDMA
Not possible in CDMA
basedsystem

Transmit on those Frequency

resource blocks that are
not faded

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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
HARQ HARQ Hybrid Automatic
HybridAutomaticRetransmission Repeat Request

on reQuest
onreQuest
HARQhasalreadybeenusedfor
HSDPAandHSUPA.
HARQespeciallyincreasesthe
performance(delayand
throughput)forcelledgeusers.
g p ) g
HARQsimplyimplementsa
retransmissionprotocolonlayer
1/2 that allows to send
1/2thatallowstosend
retransmittedblockswithdifferent
codingthanthe1st one.

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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
QoS awareness
Theschedulermusthandleanddistinguishdifferentqualityofservice
g q y
classes
OtherwiserealtimeserviceswouldnotbepossibleviaEUTRAN
Thesystemprovidesthepossibilityfordifferentiatedservice
Selfconfiguration
Currentlyunderinvestigation
C tl d i ti ti
PossibilitytoletEvolvedNodeBsconfigurethemselves
It
Itwillnotcompletelysubstitutethemanualconfigurationand
will not completely substitute the manual configuration and
optimization.

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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
PacketSwitchedDomainonly
No
Nocircuitswitcheddomainisprovided
circuit switched domain is provided
IfCSapplicationsarerequired,theymustbeimplemented
via IP
viaIP
Non3GPPaccess
Th
TheEPCwillbepreparedalsotobeusedbynon3GPP
EPC ill b d l t b db 3GPP
accessnetworks(e.g.LAN,WLAN,WiMAX,etc.)
Thiswillprovidetrueconvergenceofdifferentpacketradio
This will provide true convergence of different packet radio
accesssystem

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LTE/SAEKeyFeatures Cont.
MIMO
Multiple
MultipleInputMultipleOutput
Input Multiple Output
LTEwillsupportMIMOasanoption,
Itdescribesthepossibilitytohavemultipletransmitterand
It describes the possibility to have multiple transmitter and
receiverantennasinasystem.
UptofourantennascanbeusedbyasingleLTEcell(gain:
Up to four antennas can be used by a single LTE cell (gain:
spatialmultiplexing)
MIMOisconsideredtobethecoretechnologytoincrease
MIMO is considered to be the core technology to increase
spectralefficiency.

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LTE Overview DesignTargets

LTEOverview Design Targets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
and Multiple Access Technologies

LTETECHNOLOGYBASICS

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LTEkeyparameters
FrequencyRange UMTSFDDbandsandUMTSTDDbands

Channel
b d id h
bandwidth,
1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz
1Resource
Block=180kHz
6 RB
6RB 15 RB
15RB 25 RB
25RB 50 RB
50RB 75 RB
75RB 100 RB
100RB

Modulation DL:OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
Schemes UL:SCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
Multiple Access
MultipleAccess DL:OFDMA(OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
DL: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
UL:SCFDMA(SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess)
MIMO DL:WidechoiceofMIMOconfigurationoptionsfortransmitdiversity,spatial
technology multiplexing,andcyclicdelaydiversity(max.4antennasatbasestationandhandset)
UL M lti
UL:MultiusercollaborativeMIMO
ll b ti MIMO
PeakDataRate DL:150Mbps(UEcategory4,2x2MIMO,20MHz)300Mbps(UEcategory5,4x4
MIMO,20MHz)
UL:75Mbps(20MHz)
p ( )

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LTE Overview DesignTargets

LTEOverview Design Targets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
and Multiple Access Technologies

OFDM/OFDMA/SCFDMA

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OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier

LTEusesOFDMfortheDL thatis,fromthebasestationto
q p
theterminal.OFDMmeetstheLTErequirementforspectrum
flexibilityandenablescostefficientsolutionsforverywide
carrierswithhighpeakrates.
ThebasicLTEdownlinkphysicalresourcecanbeseenasa
timefrequencygrid.Inthefrequencydomain,thespacing
b t
betweenthesubcarriers,f,is15kHz.Inaddition,theOFDM
th b i f i 15kH I dditi th OFDM
symboldurationtimeis1/f +cyclicprefix.Thecyclicprefixis
used to maintain orthogonality betweenthesub
usedtomaintainorthogonality between the subcarriers
carrierseven
even
foratimedispersiveradiochannel.
OneresourceelementcarriesQPSK,16QAMor64QAM.
Q , Q Q
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OFDM Cont.
Single Carrier Transmission

O th
Orthogonal
lFFrequency Division
Di i i M Multiplexing
lti l i

OFDM signal generation is based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)

operation on transmitter side.
side On receiver side
side, an FFT operation will be used
used.

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PulseshapingandSpectrum
Twocharacteristicsare Th titime d
The domain
i presentation
t ti

importantforaSignal:
Thetimedomain
presentation:
Ithelpsrecognizehow Fourier
longthesymbollastson Transform
air
Thefrequencydomain
presentation:
tounderstandthe
requiredspectrumin
termsofbandwidth The frequency
q y domain p
presentation

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TherectangularPulse
Itisoneofthemostsimpletimedomainpulses.
Itsimplyjumpsattimet=0toitsmaximumamplitudeand
It simply jumps at time t=0 to its maximum amplitude and
afterthepulsedurationTsjustgoesbackto0.

1
Ts fs = FT
amplitude

Ts
Frequency Domain

Time
Ti
Domain
time

IFT

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MultiPathPropagationandInterSymbolInterference

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MultiPathPropagationandInterSymbolInterference
Thecancellationofintersymbolinterferencemakesmorecomplexthe
hardwaredesignofthereceivers.
InWCDMAforinstancetheRAKEreceiverrequiresahugeamountofDSP
capacity.
One of the goals of future radio systems is to simplify receiver design
Oneofthegoalsoffutureradiosystemsistosimplifyreceiverdesign.
Intersymbolinterferenceoriginatingfromthepulseformitselfissimply
avoidedbystartingthenextpulseonlyafterthepreviousonefinished
completely,thereforeintroducingaGuardPeriod(Tg)afterthePulse.
l l h f d d d( ) f h l
Thereisnointersymbolinterferencebetweensymbolsaslongasthe
multipathdelayspread(e.g.delaydifferencebetweenfirstandlast
p y p ( g y
detectablepath)islessthantheguardperioddurationTg.

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Multi-Path Propagation
p g and the Guard Period

1
3
Time Domain
TSYMBOL
Tg

1 Guard Period (GP)

TSYMBOL time

2 Guard Period (GP)

TSYMBOL ti
time

3 Guard Period (GP)

time

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Multi-Path Propagation and the Guard Period

2
1
3
4
TSYM Tg
when the delay
1
p
spread of the
multi-path time
environment is 2
greater than the
guard period time
duration (Tg), then 3
we encounter
inter-symbol time
interference (ISI) 4

time

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ReuseoftheGuardPeriod
ThereisthepossibilitytousethelosttransmissiontimeduringtheGuardPeriod
byrepeatingpartofthesymbolduringthisperiod.
Thisisachievedbyfillingtheguardperiodwitheitheroneorbothofthefollowing
h h d b f ll h d d h h b h f h f ll
twosolutions:CyclicPrefic (CP)andCyclicSufix (CS).
CP:Thecyclicprefixisfillingthefinalpartoftheguardperiod.Itsimplyconsistsof
thelastpartofthefollowingsymbol.CyclicprefixesareusedbyallmodernOFDM
systemsandtheirsizesrangefrom1/4to1/32ofasymbolperiod.
CS:Thecyclicsuffixfillstheinitialpartoftheguardperiodanditissimply
occupiedbythebeginningpartoftheprevioussymbol.

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CyclicPrefix
Inmultipathpropagation
l h
environmentsthedelayed
versionsofthesignalarrivewith
atimeoffset,sothatthestartof
thesymboloftheearliestpath
fallsinthecyclicprefixesofthe
y p
delayedsymbols.
AstheCPissimplyarepetitionof
the end of the symbol this is not a
theendofthesymbolthisisnota
intersymbolinterferenceandcan
beeasilycompensatedbythe
f ll i d di b d
followingdecodingbasedon
discreteFouriertransform.

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LimitationsoftheSingleCarrierModulation
Usingasingleradiofrequencycarrierwithrectangularpulseshapinghasamajordrawback:
Thecyclicprefixdurationisfixedbythemaximumexpecteddelayspreadoverthemultipath
propagation models for the system.
propagationmodelsforthesystem
delaymax = TCP

Thesymboldurationcanbemadeassmallasthecyclicprefixsize,butthenonlyonehalfof
th ti
thetimeisusedfordatatransmission,theotherhalfisforthecyclicprefix,providingavery
i df d t t i i th th h lf i f th li fi idi
lowefficiency(E) TSYMBOL
E=
TSYMBOL + TCP
Also shorter symbol duration mean a broader spectrum bandwidth (fS)tobeusedfora
Alsoshortersymboldurationmeanabroaderspectrumbandwidth(f ) to be used for a
carrier. 1 1
fS = =
TS TSYMBOL + TCP
To increase efficiency the symbol duration must be made longer but then the symbol rate is
Toincreaseefficiencythesymboldurationmustbemadelonger,butthenthesymbolrateis
reduced.

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Multi-Carrier
Multi Carrier Modulation
Subcarriers
Guard Bands

011 001 011 100 101 001 011 101

Slow Data frequency

Serial-to-Parallel
Fast Data Converter

011001011100101001011101

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Multi-Carrier Modulation Cont.

Thecenterfrequenciesmustbespacedsothatinterferencebetweendifferent
carriers,knownasAdjacentCarrierInterferenceACI, isminimized;butnottoomuch
spacedasthetotalbandwidthwillbewasted.
Eachcarrierusesanupperandlowerguardbandtoprotectitselffromitsadjacent
carriers.Nevertheless,therewillalwaysbesomeinterferencebetweentheadjacent
carriers.

fsubcarrier
fsub-used
b d

f0 f1 f2 f3 fN

ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference

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OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
Fortherectangularpulsethereis
h l l h
abetteroptionpossibleanditis
eveneasiertoimplement. Single carrier

Wemustjustnoticethatthe
spectrumofarectangularpulses
shows null points exactly at
showsnullpointsexactlyat
integermultiplesofthe
frequencygivenbythesymbol
duration.
duration
Theonlyexceptionisthecenter
frequency(peakpower)
f/fs

fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs fs

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OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
ThusOFDMsimplyplacesthenextcarrierexactlyinthefirstnullpointofthe
Th OFDM i l l h i l i h fi ll i f h
previousone.
Withthiswedontneedanypulseshaping.
B
BetweenOFDMcarriersusingthe
OFDM i i h
samesymboldurationTs, Orthogonal Subcarriers: it
noguardbandsarerequired. means that at the
f s subcarriers center
frequencies, there is no
Adjacent Carrier
Interefence ((ACI))
Two carriers

f/fs

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Spectrum Overlapping of multiple OFDM carriers

1
f n = f 0 + nf s = f0 + n n = K 1 , 0 ,1 , 2 . K
Ts

f0 f1 f2 f3 f4

No ACI (Adjacent Carrier Interference)

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OFDM:OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiCarrier
OFDMallowsatightpackingofsmallcarrier calledthesubcarriers
intoagivenfrequencyband.
nsity

ower Denssity
Power Den

Saved
Bandwidth

Po
P

Frequency (f/fs) Frequency (f/fs)

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TheOFDMSignal

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OFDMandMultipleAccess
Uptoherewehaveonlydiscussedsimplepointto
point or broadcast OFDM.
pointorbroadcastOFDM.
Nowwehavetoanalyzehowtohandleaccessof
multiple users simultaneously to the system each
multipleuserssimultaneouslytothesystem,each
oneusingOFDM.
OFDMcanbecombinedwithseveraldifferent
OFDM b bi d ith l diff t
methodstohandlemultiusersystems:
PlainOFDM
l
TimeDivisionMultipleAccessviaOFDM
OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccessOFDMA
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PlainOFDM
PlainOFDM: NormalOFDM
hasnobuiltinmultiple
access mechanism
accessmechanism.

This
Thisissuitableforbroadcast
is suitable for broadcast
systemslikeDVBT/Hwhich
transmitonlybroadcastand
y
multicastsignalsanddonot
reallyneedanuplink
feedbackchannel(although
suchsystemsexisttoo).

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TimeDivisionMultipleAccessviaOFDM
TimeDivisionMultipleAccessvia
i i i i li l i
OFDM:Thesimplestmodeltoimplement
multipleaccesshandlingisbyputtinga
ti
timemultiplexingontopofOFDM.
lti l i t f OFDM
Thedisadvantageofthissimple
mechanismis,thateveryusergetsthe
sameamountofcapacity(subcarriers)
t f it ( b i )
anditisthusratherdifficultto
implementflexible(highandlow)bitrate
services.
services
Furthermoreitisnearlyimpossibleto
handlehighlyvariabletraffic(e.g.web
t ffi ) ffi i tl ith t t
traffic)efficientlywithouttoomuch h
higherlayersignalingandtheresulting
delayandsignalingoverhead.
1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info

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OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccessOFDMA
Thebasicideaistoassignsubcarriersto
h b i id i i b i Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
usersbasedontheirbitrateservices. OFDMA
Withthisapproachitisquiteeasyto
time
h dl hi h d l bit t
handlehighandlowbitrateusers
simultaneouslyinasinglesystem. ...
Butstillitisdifficulttorunhighlyvariable 1 1 1 2 2 ...
traffic efficiently
trafficefficiently. 1 1 1 2 2 ...
Thesolutiontothisproblemistoassign 1 1 1 2 2 ...

subccarrier
toasingleuserssocalledresource . . . . .
blocks orschedulingblocks.
or scheduling blocks . .
RB . . .
1. 1. 1. . ....
Suchblockissimplyasetofsome 1 1 1 ...
subcarriers over some time.
subcarriersoversometime. 3 3 3 3 3 ...
Asingleusercanthenuseoneormore 3 3 3 3 3 ...
Resourceblocks. 3 3 3 3 3 ...
1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info

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DifferencebetweenOFDMandOFDMA
OFDMallocatesusersintime OFDMAallocatesusersintime
domainonlyy andfrequencydomain
q y

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SCFDMA
SCFDMA:SingleCarrierFrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess
SCFDMAisanewhybridmodulationschemethatcleverlycombinesthe
lowPARofsinglecarriersystemswiththemultipathresistanceand
flexiblesubcarrierfrequencyallocationofferedbyOFDM.
SCFDMA
SC FDMAsolvesthisproblembygroupingtogethertheresourceblocksin
solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in
suchawaythatreducestheneedforlinearity,andsopowerconsumption,
inthepoweramplifier.AlowPAPRalsoimprovescoverageandthecell
edge performance
edgeperformance.
SCFDMAsignalprocessinghassomesimilaritieswithOFDMAsignal
processing,soparameterizationofDLandULcanbeharmonized.
SCFDMAisoneoptioninWiMAX(802.16d)anditisthemethodselected
forLTEintheuplinkdirection.

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Comparaison ofCCDFofPAPRforIFDMA,LFDMAandOFDMA
(a):QPSK (b):16QAM localized mode (LFDMA)
is used in LTE

IFDMA = Interleaved
Interleaved FDMA
FDMA = Distributed SC-FDMA
LFDMA = Localized FDMA = Localized SC-FDMA

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HowdoesaSCFDMAsignallooklike?
SimilartoOFDMsignal,but
inOFDMA,eachsubcarrieronlycarriesinformationrelatedtoonespecific
y p
symbol,
inSCFDMA,eachsubcarriercontainsinformationofALLtransmitted
symbols.
y

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ComparingOFDMA&SCFDMA

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LTEdownlink:conventionalOFDMA
LTEprovidesQPSK,16QAM,
64QAMasdownlink
modulation schemes
modulationschemes
Cyclicprefixisusedasguard
interval different
interval,different
15 kHz configurationspossible:
Normalcyclicprefixwith5.2s
(firstsymbol)/4.7s(other
symbols)
Extendedcyclicprefixwith16.7s
Extended cyclic prefix with 16 7 s
15kHzsubcarrierspacing
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
Scalablebandwidth
Scalable bandwidth
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OFDMAtimefrequencymultiplexing

*TTI = transmission time interval

** For normal cyclic prefix
duration

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spectrumflexibility
LTEphysicallayersupports
anybandwidthfrom1.4
MHz to 20 MHz in steps of
MHzto20MHzinstepsof
180kHz(resourceblock)
CurrentLTEspecification
Current LTE specification
supportsasubsetof6
differentsystem
Channel BW
bandwidths [MHz]
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Number of
6 15 25 50 75 100
AllUEsmustsupportthe RBs

maximumbandwidthof20
MHz

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BandwidthScalability
SScalablebandwidth1.4
l bl b d idth 1 4 20MHzusingdifferentnumberofsubcarriers
20 MH i diff t b f b i
LargebandwidthprovideshighdataratesSmallbandwidthallowssimpler
spectrumreframing,e.g.450MHzand900MHz

Bandwidth
1.4 MHz Narrow Spectrum Reframing
3.0 MHz

5 MHz

10 MHz High Data Rates

15 MHz

20 MHz

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LTEFrameStructure
LTEframesare10msecinduration.Theyare
di id d i t 10 bf
dividedinto10subframes,eachsubframe
h bf
being1.0mseclong.Eachsubframeisfurther
dividedintotwoslots,eachof0.5msec
duration.Slotsconsistofeither6or7ODFM
symbols,dependingonwhetherthenormalor
extended cyclic prefix is employed
extendedcyclicprefixisemployed

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LTESlot
TheLTESlotcarries:
7symbolswithshortcyclicprefix
b l h h l f
6symbolswithlongprefix

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OFDMResourceBlockforLTE/EUTRAN
EUTRANcombinesOFDMsymbolsin
b b l
socalledresourceblocksRB.
Asingleresourceblockisalways12
g y
consecutivesubcarriersduringone
subframe (2slots,1ms):
12subcarriers
12 subcarriers *15kHz=180kHz
15 kHz= 180 kHz
Itisthetaskoftheschedulertoassign
resourceblockstophysicalchannels
belongingtodifferentusersorfor
generalsystemtasks.
Asinglecellmusthaveatleast6
g
resourceblocks(72subcarriers)and
upto110arepossible(1320
subcarriers)
subcarriers).

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LTEDLframestructuretype1(FDD),DL
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1 slot = 0.5 ms
1 subframe = 1 ms

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LTEDLframestructuretype2(TDD)
1 subframe = 1 ms
1 slot = 0.5 ms
# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Special subframes containing:
DwPTS: downlink pilot time slot
UpPTS: uplink pilot time slot
GP: guard period for TDD
operation
g
Possible UL-DL configurations

ULDLconfig Subframe number

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 D S U U U D S U U U
2 D S U D D D S U D D
3 D S U U U D D D D D
4 D S U U D D D D D D
5 D S U D D D D D D D
6 D S U U U D S U U D

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ModulationSchemesforLTE/EUTRAN
EachOFDMsymbolevenwithinaresource
h b l h
blockcanhaveadifferentmodulation 16QAM
scheme. b0 b1b2b3 QPSK
b0 b1
Im 1111
EUTRANdefinesthefollowingoptions: 01
Im
11
QPSK,16QAM,64QAM.
Re 10Re
Not every physical channel will be allowed to
Noteveryphysicalchannelwillbeallowedto 00
0000
useanymodulationscheme:Control
channelstobeusingmainlyQPSK. 64QAM
b 0 b 1b 2b 3 b 4 b 5
Ingeneralitistheschedulerthatdecides Im
whichformtousedependingoncarrier
qualityfeedbackinformationfromtheUE.
q y
Re

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LTE Overview DesignTargets

LTEOverview Design Targets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
and Multiple Access Technologies

MIMO

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MultipleAntennaTechniques
MIMOemploysmultipletransmitandreceiveantennastosubstantially
enhancetheairinterface.
Itusesspacetimecodingofthesamedatastreammappedontomultiple
transmitantennas,whichisanimprovementovertraditionalreception
diversityschemeswhereonlyasingletransmitantennaisdeployedto
y y g p y
extendthecoverageofthecell.
MIMOprocessingalsoexploitsspatialmultiplexing,allowingdifferentdata
streams to be transmitted simultaneously from the different transmit
streamstobetransmittedsimultaneouslyfromthedifferenttransmit
antennas,toincreasetheenduserdatarateandcellcapacity.
Inaddition,whenknowledgeoftheradiochannelisavailableatthe
transmitter(e.g.viafeedbackinformationfromthereceiver),MIMOcan
alsoimplementbeamformingtofurtherincreaseavailabledataratesand
p
spectrumefficiency y

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AdvancedAntennaTechniques
Singledatastream/user
Beamforming
Beam forming
Coverage,longerbatterylife
Spatial
SpatialDivisionMultipleAccess
Division Multiple Access
(SDMA)
Multipleusersinsameradioresource
Multipledatastream/userDiversity
Linkrobustness
Spatialmultiplexing
Spectralefficiency,highdataratesupport

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MIMO Beamforming
Enhancessignalreception
throughdirectionalarraygain,
while individual antenna has
whileindividualantennahas
omnidirectionalgain
Extendscellcoverage
Extends cell coverage
Suppressesinterferencein
spacedomain
p
Enhancessystemcapacity
Prolongsbatterylife
Prolongs battery life
Providesangularinformationfor
usertrackingg

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LTE Overview DesignTargets

LTEOverview Design Targets andMultipleAccessTechnologies
and Multiple Access Technologies

AIRINTERFACEPROTOCOLS

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RadioProtocolsArchitecture

ItisquitesimilartotheWCDMAprotocol
stackofUMTS.
t k f UMTS
Theprotocolstackdefinesthreelayers:
thephysicallayer(layer1)
datalinkandaccesslayer(layer2)
d li k d l (l 2)
layer3(hostingtheAS,theNAScontrol
y ( g ,
protocolsaswellandtheapplicationlevel)

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RadioProtocolarchitecture Userplane
UE eNB Headercompression(ROHC)
PDCP PDCP Insequence
In sequencedeliveryofupperlayerPDUs
delivery of upper layer PDUs
DuplicateeliminationoflowerlayerSDUs
RLC RLC
Cipheringforuser/controlplane
MAC MAC Integrityprotectionforcontrolplane
PHY PHY
Timerbaseddiscard

AM,UM,TM
Mappingbetweenlogicaland ARQ
transportchannels (Re)segmentationConcatenation
(De)Multiplexing Insequencedelivery
Scheduling information reporting
Schedulinginformationreporting Duplicate detection
Duplicatedetection
HARQ SDUdiscard
Priorityhandling Reestablishment
Transportformatselection

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Controlplaneprotocolstack
Broadcast/Paging
RRCconnectionsetup
RadioBearerControl
Mobilityfunctions
UEmeasurementcontrol

EPSbearermanagement
Authentication
ECM IDLE mobility handling
ECM_IDLEmobilityhandling
PagingoriginationinECM_IDLE
Securitycontrol

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PhysicalLayer
Itprovidesthebasicbittransmissionfunctionalityoverair.
thephysicallayerisdrivenbyOFDMAinthedownlinkandSCFDMAinthe
uplink.
Physicalchannelsaredynamicallymappedtotheavailableresources
(physical resource blocks and antenna ports)
(physicalresourceblocksandantennaports).
Tohigherlayersthephysicallayeroffersitsdatatransmissionfunctionality
viatransportchannels.
LikeinUMTSatransportchannelisablockorientedtransmissionservice
withcertaincharacteristicsregardingbitrates,delay,collisionriskand
reliability.
y
incontrastto3GWCDMAoreven2GGSMtherearenodedicated
transportorphysicalchannelsanymore,asallresourcemappingis
dynamically driven by the scheduler
dynamicallydrivenbythescheduler.
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MediumAccessControl(MAC)
MACisthelowestlayer2protocol.
Itsmainfunctionistodrivethetransportchannels.
FromhigherlayersMACisfedwithlogicalchannelswhichareinoneto
onecorrespondencewithradiobearers.
Each logical channel is given a priority and MAC has to multiplex logical
EachlogicalchannelisgivenapriorityandMAChastomultiplexlogical
channeldataontotransportchannels(demultiplexinginreception)
FurtherfunctionsofMACwillbecollisionhandlingandexplicitUE
identification.
AnimportantfunctionfortheperformanceistheHARQfunctionality
which is official part of MAC and available for some transport channel
whichisofficialpartofMACandavailableforsometransportchannel
types.

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RadioLinkControl(RLC)
ThereisaonetoonerelationshipbetweeneachRadioBearer
andeachRLCinstance
RLCcanenhancetheradiobearerwithARQ(Automatic
RetransmissiononreQuest)usingsequencenumbereddata
framesandstatusreportstotriggerretransmission.
ThesecondfunctionalityofRLCisthesegmentationand
reassemblythatdivideshigherlayerdataorconcatenates
higherlayerdataintodatachunkssuitablefortransportover
transport channels which allow only a certain set of transport
transportchannelswhichallowonlyacertainsetoftransport
blocksizes.

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Layer3RadioProtocols
PDCP(PacketDataConvergenceProtocol)
EachradiobeareralsousesonePDCPinstance.
PDCPisresponsibleforheadercompression(ROHC:RObustHeaderCompression;RFC
3095)andciphering/deciphering.
ObviouslyheadercompressionmakessenseforIPdatagram's,butnotforsignaling.
Thus the PDCP entities for signaling radio bearers will usually do ciphering/deciphering
ThusthePDCPentitiesforsignalingradiobearerswillusuallydociphering/deciphering
only.
RRC(RadioResourceControl)
RRCistheaccessstratumspecificcontrolprotocolforEUTRAN.
h f l lf
Itwillprovidetherequiredmessagesforchannelmanagement,measurementcontrol
andreporting,etc.
NASProtocols
l
TheNASprotocolisrunningbetweenUEandMMEandthusmustbetransparently
transferredviaEUTRAN.
ItsitsontopofRRC,whichprovidestherequiredcarriermessagesforNAStransfer

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Layer1/2RadioProtocols Summary

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RRCProtocol

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LTEMBMSConcept
MBMS(MultimediaBroadcastMulticastServices)isanessentialrequirementfor
LTE.ThesocalledEMBMSwillthereforebeanintegralpartofLTE.
InLTE,MBMStransmissionsmaybeperformedassinglecelltransmissionoras
b f d l ll
multicelltransmission.Incaseofmulticelltransmissionthecellsandcontentare
synchronizedtoenablefortheterminaltosoftcombinetheenergyfrommultiple
t
transmissions.
i i
Thesuperimposedsignallookslikemultipathtotheterminal.Thisconceptisalso
knownasSingleFrequencyNetwork(SFN).
TheEUTRANcanconfigurewhichcellsarepartofanSFNfortransmissionofan
MBMSservice.TheMBMStrafficcansharethesamecarrierwiththeunicast traffic
orbesentonaseparatecarrier.
ForMBMStraffic,anextendedcyclicprefixisprovided.Incaseofsubframes
carryingMBMSSFNdata,specificreferencesignalsareused.MBMSdataiscarried
ontheMBMStrafficchannel(MTCH)aslogicalchannel.

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LTEvs WiMAX
BotharedesignedtomovedataratherthanvoiceandbothareIPnetworksbased
onOFDMtechnology.
WiMax isbasedonaIEEEstandard(802.16),andlikethatotherpopularIEEEeffort,
b d d d( ) dlk h h l ff
WiFi,itsanopenstandardthatwasdebatedbyalargecommunityofengineers
beforegettingratified.ThelevelofopennessmeansWiMax equipmentisstandard
andthereforecheapertobuy.
d th f h t b
Asforspeeds,LTEwillisfasterthanthecurrentgenerationofWiMax.
However,LTEwilltaketimetorollout,withdeploymentsreachingmassadoption
by2012.WiMax isoutnow,andmorenetworksshouldbeavailablelaterthisyear.
Thecrucialdifferenceisthat,unlikeWiMAX,whichrequiresanewnetworktobe
built,LTErunsonanevolutionoftheexistingUMTSinfrastructurealreadyusedby
over80percentofmobilesubscribersglobally.Thismeansthateventhough
developmentanddeploymentoftheLTEstandardmaylagMobileWiMAX,ithasa
crucialincumbentadvantage.

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Summary
The3GPPLongTermEvolution(LTE)representsamajor
gy
advanceincellulartechnology.
LTEisdesignedtomeetcarrierneedsforhighspeeddataand
mediatransportaswellashighcapacityvoicesupportwell
intothenextdecade.
LTEiswellpositionedtomeettherequirementsofnext
generationmobilenetworks.Itwillenableoperatorstooffer
highperformance,massmarketmobilebroadbandservices,
through a combination of high bit rates and system
throughacombinationofhighbitratesandsystem
throughput inboththeuplinkanddownlink withlow
y
latency.
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Summary Cont.
LTEinfrastructureisdesignedtobeassimpleaspossibleto
p y p , g gy
deployandoperate,throughflexibletechnologythatcanbe
deployedinawidevarietyoffrequencybands.
LTEoffersscalablebandwidths,fromfrom 1.4MHzupto
20MHz,togetherwithsupportforbothFDDpairedandTDD
unpairedspectrum.
TheLTESAEarchitecturereducesthenumberofnodes,
supportsflexiblenetworkconfigurationsandprovidesahigh
level of service availability
levelofserviceavailability.
Furthermore,LTESAEwillinteroperatewithGSM,
WCDMA/HSPA TDSCDMA
WCDMA/HSPA,TD SCDMAandCDMA.
and CDMA
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Summary Cont.

Technologies/Features Benefits Requirements

OFDMAwith CP/SCFDMAwith CP + Equalizer simpler
Scheduling time/frequency
Better PAPR(SC
PAPR (SCFDMA)
FDMA)
ISIsuppression(CP)
QPSK,16QAM,64QAM + Higher bitrates
Adaptative
p modulation
Canauxcommuns + Variable traffic Scheduling is
Better capacity needed
TTI = 1 ms
TTI=1ms + Better response tochannel
to channel
variation
Higher bitrates

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Summary Cont.

Technologies/Features Benefits
Better response tochannel
TTI=1ms + variation
Higher bitrates
Simpler Architecture
Flatarchitecture +
Better latency
Architecturesimpler
p Schedulingg with
All IP
AllIP +
Convergence priorities is needed
MIMO + Higher bitrates
Bande passante flexible(1 4 20
Bandepassanteflexible(1.4 20
+
MHz)
Universal frequency reuse (1/1) + Better spectral efficiency ICIC

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Thank you foryour

for your Attention

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