CALCULUS SUMMARY

A quick reference on Exponents, Logarithms, Differentiation, Integration, Power Series

Exponents
The product rule: d
dx ( u v ) = u v + u v
b >0
x
b = b if and only if x = y
x y
v u u v
d u
The quotient rule: dx =
bxb y = bx + y ( b x ) y = b xy v v2
dx f (u ) = du f ( u ) dx u
bx / b y = bx y a x = e x ln a The chain rule*: d d d

u
Logarithms The absolute value rule: d
dx u = u , u0
u
f ( x ) = log e x = ln x The
Natural Logarithmic Function
natural number e 2.71828182846 . To get this Exponential functions: d
dx (a ) = ( ln a )a
x x

number on the calculator, press

log e x is written ln x (read "el - en
1
-
INV
ex")
lnx. d
dx (a ) = ( ln a )a
u u
u

The natural number e: ( e u ) = e u u

d
e = lim(1 + x)1/ x ln x = b if and only if e b = x dx
x 0 1
dx (ln x ) =
d
The natural log:
lim ln x = lim ln x = . x
x 0+ x
u u
ln e = x e a ln b = b a dx (ln u ) = dx ( u ln x ) = + ln x u
x d d
u x
x
ln xy = ln x + ln y ln = ln x ln y
y Logarithms to other bases: dxd
( log a x ) = (ln1a ) x
ln x y = y ln x
dx ( log a u) =
1
d
u
Logarithms to other bases: (ln a )u
y = log a x if and only if a y = x
Trigonometric formulas:
x
log a xy = log a x + log a y log a = log a x log a y d
(sin u ) = u cos u
d
(cos u ) = u sin u
y dx dx
log b x d
log a x y = y log a x log a x =
log b a
( tan u ) = u sec2 u d
(sec u ) = u sec u tan u
dx dx
A calculator can be used to evaluate an expression such as d d
log 2 14 by virtue of the fact that it is equivalent to ln14 / ln 2 . (cot u ) = u csc 2 u (csc u ) = u csc u cot u
dx dx
d u d u
[arcsin u ] = [arccos u] =
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
dx 1 u2 dx 1 u2
d u d u
(where u is a function of x) [arctan u ] = [arccot u ] =
The derivative of a constant is 0. dx 1+ u2 dx 1+ u2
d u d u
The power rule: the derivative of x n is nx n 1 . [arcsec u ] = [arccsc u ] =
dx u u2 1 dx u u2 1
The general power rule*: d
dx u n = nu n 1 u d
d
( sinh u ) = u cosh u ( cosh u ) = u sinh u
dx ( c u ) = c u
d
The constant multiple rule: dx dx
dx ( u v ) = u v
d
The sum and difference rule: Example of the general power rule with trigonometric functions:
d d
*The General Power rule is a special case of the Chain rule. (sin 3 x ) = (sin x )3 = 3(sin x ) 2 cos x = 3sin 2 x cos x
dx dx

Tom Penick tom@tomzap.com www.teicontrols.com/notes 6/11/2001

 RULES OF INTEGRATION sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + C
x n +1
The basic formula: x n
dx = +C sec u du = tan u + C
2
sec u tan u du = sec u + C
n +1
csc u du = ln csc u + cot u + C
Constants: 0 dx = C dx = x + c
csc u du = cot u + C
2

k dx = kx + C k f ( x ) dx = k f ( x ) dx csc u cot u du = csc u + C

tan u du = ln cos u + C cot u du = ln sin u + C
The sum and difference rule:

[ f ( x ) g( x )] dx = f ( x ) dx g( x ) dx du u du 1 u
1 a 2 u2
= arcsin
a
+C a 2
+u 2 =
a
arctan + C
a
Fractional functions: x dx = ln x + C du 1 u
1 u u u2 a 2 a
arc=sec
a
+C
u du = ln u + C u dx = ln u + C 1 1
1 x
sin 2 u du = 2 u 4 sin 2u + C
Exponential functions: a x
dx = a + C
ln a 1 1
cos u du = u + sin 2u + C
2
2 4
The natural number e: e dx = e
x x
+C 1
1 sin 3 u du = 3 (2 + sin 2 u) cos u + C
e dx = u e
u u
+C xe dx = ( x 1) e
x x
+C 1
cos u du = 3 (2 + cos u ) sin u + C
3 2

e ax
xe dx = (ax 1) + C
ax

a2 Definite Integrals
( n 1) / 2 ! Natural Number e:
for odd n
( n +1) / 2
e x / dx = xe
x/
dx = 2
xe n ax 2
dx = 2a 0 0
0
1 3 5L ( n 1)
x 2e x / dx = 2 3 xe
n x/
for even n dx = n ! n +1
2( ) a ( )
n / 2 +1 n / 2 0 0
a
Composite function where u is a function of x: Probability Integrals

f ( u) u dx = F ( u) + C I n = x n e ax dx
2
For the form
0
n +1
u 1/ 2 1 3 / 2
The general power rule: u udx = n + 1 + C
n
I0 =
2
a I1 =
2a
I2 =
4
a

Integration by parts; try letting dv be the most 1 3 5 / 2

complicated portion of the
I 3 = a 2 I4 = a I 3 = a 3
2 8
v du
integrand that fits an
integration formula: u dv = uv ( n 1) / 2 !
for odd n: In =
2a ( )
n +1 / 2
The definite integral where f(x) is the derivative of F(x):
1 3 5L ( n 1)
f ( x )dx = F ( b) F ( a ) = [ F ( x )] a
b
for even n: I n =
b

2( ) a ( )
n / 2 +1 n / 2
a a
2
Second degree polynomials for p ( x ) = Ax + Bx + C : Complex Trigonometric Identities
b a a + b
a p( x ) dx = 6 p( a ) + 4 p 2 + p( b)
b
cos = 12 (e j + e j ) e j = cos + j sin
sin = 1
j2
(e j e j )
Trigonometric formulas:
1 1
sin u dx = u cos u + C cos u dx = u sin u + C

Tom Penick tom@tomzap.com www.teicontrols.com/notes 6/11/2001

 Quadratic Equation
Given the equation
b b 2 4ac
ax + bx + c = 0 :
2
x=
2a

Power Series Representation

xn x2 x3
ex = = 1+ x + + +...
n =0 n! 2! 3!

( 1) n x 2 n x2 x4
cos x = = 1 + ...
n=0 ( 2n )! 2! 4!

( 1) n x 2 n +1 x3 x5
sin x = =x + ...
n = 0 ( 2 n + 1)! 3! 5 !

x 2n x2 x4
cosh x = = 1+ + + ...
n = 0 ( 2 n )! 2! 4!

x 2 n +1 x3 x5
sinh x = =x+ + + ...
n = 0 ( 2 n + 1)! 3! 5 !

( 1) n +1 x n x2 x3
ln(1 + x ) = =x + ...
n=0 n 2 3

1
= x n = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 +...
1 x n =0

1
= x 2n = 1 + x 2 + x4 + x6 + ...,
1 x 2 n =0
x <1

1
1 x, x = 1
1+ x
1
1 + x 1 + x, x = 1
2

Tom Penick tom@tomzap.com www.teicontrols.com/notes 6/11/2001