Chapter 3.

NUMBERS

3.1 Numeration Systems

Tally$Marks$
Marks$that$represent$objects$being$counted$
Early$forms:$
Scratches$on$the$ground$or$cave$walls$
Knots$on$ropes$or$vines$
Piles$of$pebbles$or$s1cks$
Notches$on$a$pieces$of$wood$or$bone$

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The$Origins$of$Numera1on$ Usual$tally$marks$
A'postage'stamp'issued'by'Nicaragua'in'1971'
under'the'title'The'10'Formulas'that'Changed'the'
World.'
The'stamp'shows'the'basic'process'of'using'fngers'
to'count'and'Developing'mathematical'
symbolism'using'the'brain.'

Is'the'PCOS'more'ecient?'
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Japanese$tally$

This'is'the'Japanese'character'for'the'word'tadashi,'
which'means'correct.'
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 ILLUSTRATION:$$$$99$
Tally$used$in$volleyball$scoring$ Simple$Grouping:$$
1$$l,$$5$$V$,$$25$$N,$125$$M,$$$625$$$
99$=$NNNVVVVllll$
$Mul1plica1ve$Grouping:$introduce$mul1pliers$$
Mul1pliers:$o,$,$=,$,$
$
99$=$N$$V$$ l$=$(3$x$25)$+$(4$x$5)$+$(4x1)$
Posi1onal$System:$only$mul1pliers$appear!$$
99$=$$ ' $
Each$posi1on$has$a$value.$
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Methods$of$Numera1on$
Simple'Grouping'
Multiplicative'Grouping'
Positional'System'

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ILLUSTRATION:$$$$99$ Egyp1an$Numera1on$System$$

Tally'Marks':'

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll'

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 Roman$Numerals$

100'+'100'+'
10'+'10'+'10'+'
10'+'10'+'10'+'
1'+'1'+'1'+'1'+'1'+'1'+''10'

='276'

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Roman$numerals$
What'numbers'do'these'hieroglyphs'represent?'

='123'

'='2008'

='1,753'

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Egyp1an$Frac1ons$ Reading$Roman$numerals$

lll'
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Represen1ng$numbers$in$Roman$numerals$
Chinese$numerals,$examples$

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Represen1ng$numbers$in$Roman$numerals$ What$numera1on$methods$were$
used?$
Egyp1an$$ Simple$grouping$

Roman$ Simple$grouping$
Chinese$$ Mul1plica1ve$
grouping$

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Chinese$numerals$

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 Place$Value$
In'a'system'with'place'value,'there'is'a'set'of'
characters'(numerals)'which'changes'values'as'it'
changes'position.'
This'is'the'system'we'are'familiar'with.'For'
example,'we'know'23''32.'

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Mayan$Numera1on$System$$

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Mayan$System$ Solu1on:$
The'place'values'are''
' ' 1,'20,'18'x'20,'18'x'202,''
The'numbers'are'written'vertically'
with'the'lowest'place'value'at'the'
bottom'

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Example$:$ Write$17,$525$in$Mayan$Symbols.$
The'smaller'place'values'are'1,'20,'360,'7200,'144,000'
The'largest'of'these'not'exceeding'17,525'is'7,200.'
Divide'17,'525'by'7,'200.'The'quotient'is'2'and'the'
remainder'is''3125.'
Divide'3125'by'next'place'value'which'is'360.'
The'quotient'is'8,'remainder'245.'
Divide'245'by'20.'Q'='12,'R='5.'
The'units'digit'is'5.''

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Example:$Find$$the$value$of$
Hence,17,525''='2'x'7,200'+'8'x'360'+'12'x'20'+'5'
In'symbols:'

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NUMERATION$METHOD$ EVOLUTION)OF)THE)NUMERALS)
Positional'Method'
Base'10'
Only'ten'(10)'symbols'are'needed'to'
write'any'number'
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9'

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12,345$ MULTIPLICATION$METHODS$
1'x'10000''='1'x'104' Chinese'Line'Method''
2'x'1000'='2'x'103' Egyptian'Algorithm'
3'x'100'='3'x'102' Russian'Peasant'
4'x'10'='4'x'101' Lattice'Method'
5'x'1'='5'x'100'

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2$x$3$=$6$ Step$2:$$

Six$points$of$
intersec1on$

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 1"

2"
2"
3" 4"
3"
6"
6"
9"

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1"
123'x'321'='
2"
2" 39483"
3" 4"
3"
6"
6"
3"
9"

8" 3"

="9" 14" 8"

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Step$4:$$ 1"
2"
2"
3" 4"
3"
6"
6"
3"
9"

8" 3"

14" 8"
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RUSSIAN$PEASANT$
EXAMPLE:'Multiply'12'x'25''
4" Write''the''two''factors:''12'''''''25'
="736" Divide'the'rst'factor'by'two'and'multiply'the'
6"
6"
second'factor'by'two.' 'Write'the'results'in'the'
same' row.' If' the' quotient' is' not' a' whole'
number,'drop'the'decimal'part.''
9" Continue' dividing' and' multiplying' by' two,'
writing' the' results' in' the' same' row' ' until' the'
quotient'on'the'left'column'is'one.''
Add' the' values' on' the' right' column'
6" 1"3" 6"
corresponding' to' odd' quotients' on' the' left.'
This'gives'the'product.'''''
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EGYPTIAN$ALGORITHM:$12$X$25$ RUSSIAN$PEASANT$
1 25 12 25
2 50 6 50
4 100 3 100
8 200
+' ='300'
1 200
+'='300'
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Ex$2.$$Mul1ply$18$x$25$
Double' Double'this'
this' column'
column'
1 25
2 50
4 100
18' 8 200
16 400

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18 25 = 450
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Ex$2.$Russian$Peasant$Method$
Halve'this' Double'this'
column' column'
18 25
9 50
18""25" 4 100
2 200
1 400

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18 25 = 450
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LATTICE)METHOD)
''1'''''''''''''''''''''2'
0' 0' 1'
2'
2' 4'
0' 1'
3' 5'
5' 0'
0' 0'
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