WELDINGPage | of 1 Subj, Detailers Guide to Welding Date: 2/21/05 2:44:08 P.M. Central Standard Time From: —_loch4@on.aibn.com To: coastdet!@aol.com Hi Paul Sorry this took a bit to get to you. Ive tried 3 times to send it out via my NISD hotmail account, but msn seems to be having troubles today so | decided to send it out via the company email ‘There are 3 small errors in this copy. 1. pg. 9- In "Groove welds", the welding symbol shows (E) as Effective throat size. weld size. (as the term throat is used only for fillet welds } 2. pg. 18 - E = Effective throat should read = Effective weld. 3. pg. 50 references to weld access geometry on page 53. This should be page 54. should read "effective Please let me know how the meetings turn out. It sounds like itis going to be very interesting, | think our Chapter needs to set up meetings like that as we are having trouble keeping the members interested and active. ‘See you in Montreal Sincerely, Christine McCulloch No virus found in this outgoing message. Checked by AVG Anti-Virus. Version: 7.0.300 / Virus Database: 266.1.0 - Release Date: 2/18/2005DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING This Guide was prepared by Structural Steel Draftsmen for use by Structural Steel Draftsmen. We have tried, where possible, to show the weld symbol to achieve the desired weld. The Guide will not answer or satisfy all welding related questions, particularly in matters relating to capacity, and hopefully will be used as a first reference before seeking additional information from AISC manuals, AWS publications or Gooderham Centre for Industrial Learning publications (GCIL, formerly the Canadian Welding Bureau). As always, where the Fabricator has localized procedures with AWS or GCIL Approval, then these will supersede the Detailers Guide to Welding. The Detailers Guide to Welding is a work in progress and should be updated at regular intervals. Tom McCulloch Christine McCulloch Loch & Associates Inc. Loch & Associates Inc. Ron Sawatsky Brian Lenartowich RAM Drafting Ltd. Digital Witness Inc. Markus Kettner Ryton Structural GroupDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Disclaimer While much effort has been expended by mony persons to ossure the accuracy of the information contained herei one involved in the preparation or presentation of this publication can assume any responsibility for errors resulting from the use of the contents of this manual. The accuracy, adequacy and the applicability of all data should be verified by the user's engineering staff or consultant.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Note: The bottom right corner of each page contains o Bibliography Reference with a * ond a number which denotes the source of the information. If the page has no * and number, it signifies that the information was provided by members of the Welding Committee. The Bibliography is loccted on poge 59 of this monual.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING TABLE of CONTENTS History of Welding Welding Processes Welding Electrodes - Elements of the Welding Symbol Terminology for Joints Flore Groove ond intermittent Welds Weld Symbol Chart General Provisions -- Bosic Joints ond Location of Filet Weids ‘Sample Welds Minimum Size for Welds Stresses in Welds -- Prequalified Welds Weld Clearance Requirements Minimum Shelf Dimensions for Filet Welds Beam Copes, Corner Clips & Backing Bare Lomellor Tearing Splices in Heavy Sections -- Weld Access Hole Geometry - Special Considerations Seismic Welds - - Nondestructive Testing of Welds Detailers Check List for Welding BibliographyDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING ickground yo very recently, in the hisiory of mankind, the only method avatble to join metale wos by forge welding which requires two pleces of metal to be heated and then pressed or hammered together to develop a metallurgical bond between the two. Modern weldin: technology con trace Its origins to the first holf of the 19th century when advances in electrical technology such as the production of an orc between two corbon electrodes ond Invention of the electric generator took place. By the end of the 19th century, these odvonces had led to the development of three new welding processes; arc welding, resistance welding ‘and oxy-acetylene welding. The ore welding process in its numerous variations is now the most important and widely used welding process. The first major patent for are welding wos awarded in the UK to two Russions, Nikolas de Benardos "and Stonislav Olszewski in 1885, who employed 0 carbon electrode os the positive pole to obtoin on arc with the workpiece (negative pole). The orc heated the workpiece Comprising two adjoining pieces of lead or iron so that they locally melted ond fused with each other, Soon thereafter, in. 1889, Lovionoff in Russio and Charles Coffin in the USA were able to substitute © metal electrode ' for the carbon electrode. A significont advancement in welding come with the use of a metal electrode. Carbon electrodes previously in use could not provide filler metal. Further advances and ‘opplicatione of the metal are welding process depended on the development of improved metal electrodes for greater orc stability and meons to shield the molten pool from contamination from the air surrounding the arc which embrittled the weld metal. The earliest effort in this regard was the opplication of coating or covering to the metal electrode. Oscar Kjeliberg of Sweden opplied the coating by dipping short lengths of iron wires in a thick mixture of corbonates and silicates, ond then letting them dry. The British were the firet to attempt application of the arc welding technology on. a significant scole as o substitute for riveting In the fabrication of ships. “In the USA, oround the same time ot the start of World Wor |, German ships interned in New York harbour and scuttled by their crews were ‘rapidly brought back into service by effecting repairs using arc welding. The first oll wolded ship, the Fulagor was launched by the British in 1920. During the 1920's, orc welding was opplied for fabrication of heavy wall pressure vessels and buildings. in Conada, 0 500 foot long, three span bridge having an all welded construction was erected in Toronto in 1923. However, widespread use of arc welding had to woit until 1927 when an extrusion process to economically apply covering to the electrode was developed. Electrodes for welding stoinless steel, coverings that reduced the amount of hydrogen in the ‘wold metal or that contained more eosily ionized ingredients for arc stabilization were developed s00n after.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING In 1930, Robinoff was awarded @ patent for submerged orc welding (welding under powder or flux, continuous wire without any covering) of longitudinal seams in pipes. Being a highly productive, ‘mechanized process, it is still very popular for welding thick steels. Use of externally applied gases instead of slag ond goses formed from the electrode covering to. shield the weld pool in arc welding had also been investigoted. During the 1920's, Hobort ‘and Devers In the USA experimented with orgon and helium as shielding gases ond this wos a precursor to the development of the gos tungsten arc welding process used for welding of magnesium, oluminum ond stainless steel, during World Wor Il. Their work also demonstrated the use of continuous wire being fed through a nozzle for arc welding with extemal inert shielding was later developed into the gas metal orc welding process in 1948 at Bottelle Memoricl Institute. Availability of smaller diameter wires and constant voltage power sources made this process more populer for joining of non-ferrous metals and olloys. Application of gas metal are welding to steels had to owolt the introduction of carbon dioxide ‘oa shielding gos in 1953, and since then there have been numerous developments in regards to the use of gas mixtures contoining argon, helium, oxygen and carbon dioxide for gos metol ‘orc welding of steels. ‘Another significant innovation in the mid—50’s was the development of _tubulor wires that contained fluxing agents on the inside. The gases generated by the decomposition of the fluxing agents as well os an extemolly applied gas ore used for shielding the pool from atmospheric contamination, initially known as the Dualehield process, it is know as flux cored ‘re welding todoy. Other variations of tubular wires that have a significant usage today include self shielded flux cored are welding wires (\.e., without using the external gas shield) ond metal cored arc welding wires (only metal powder and some arc stabilizing materials inside and used with external shielding gos). Welding processes other than those using an arc heat for welding hove also been developed over the years since the lost port of the 19th century. Briefly, these can be summarized os follows: — resistance welding end its variations (spot welding seam welding, projection welding, flash butt welding) ‘over the period 1885 to 1900; — ‘thermit welding for joining roils in 1903; = dlectrosiag welding during the 1950" = electrogos welding in 1961 = plasma ore welding in 1957; lectron beam welding in late 1950's.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING WELDING PROCESSES: Metal Ars MAW) ‘Shielded metal arc welding, an important welding process in both shop and field, is sometimes referred to as manua) or stick welding. An electric arc Is produced between the end of o coated metal electrode and the steel components to be welded. The are heats the base metal ‘and the electrode to the point where they melt ond form a molten pool on the surface of the work. As the arc Is moved along its path, the pool solidifies behind it to form a homogeneous: weld, which Is fused with and becomes on ‘effective port of both joint components. During the welding process, the electrode coating serves two purposes: (1) it forms a gas shield to prevent absorption of impurities from the atmosphere. (2) the flux in the coating purifies the molten metal. The flux forms a siag on the weld foce and causes weld splatter, which sticks to the surrounding metal. Both of these deposits are removed readily by chipping or scraping. Figoré 3.2: Electrical Circult for SMAWDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING MAW The gas metol ore welding process is importont in structural shop opplications because of its adaptability to all—position work. This process, which may be automatic or semi—outomatic, utilizes on uncoated solid wire electrode with arc and weld metal shielding provided by a streom of gos. For this reason its use in field welding may require the construction of temporary screens to protect the shielding gos from winds frequently encountered on construction projects. By chonging the type of gos or the arc polarity, the cross section of the deposited metal con be controlled to produce brood, shallow penetration or relatively deep penetration at the weld center line. This process is also known as Mig (metal inert gas) welding, When the ore is shielded with carbon dioxide, it may be called C02 welding. = Variables that must be seiacta fr GMAW Figure 4.2 Equipment Arrangement for GMAWDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) ‘Submerged ore welding is on Important shop welding process. It is performed by either an ‘automatic or semi-automatic method. It is.similar in principle to shielded metal arc welding. However, a continuous bore wire electrode is used instead of a coated “stick” electrode and the flux is supplied in granular form. Loose flux is placed over the jpint to bo welded and the electrode wire Is pushed through the flux. As the orc is established, port of the flux melts to form a slag shield which covers the molten metal. Submerged orc welding results in deeper weld penetration ond a considerably foster deposition rate of welding than ts possible in the shielded metal arc process. The weld surface is smooth ond spater doesnot term. Here too, the slg must be removed, Unmalted fux f recovered fond reused. In the automatic process, an electrically controlled machine supplies the flux and wire through separate nozzles as it moves along a track. The semi-automatic method employs o hand—guided device which automatically feeds both wire and flux through a single nozzle. This process is sometimes used with multiple electrodes in the automatic process, where lorger weld ‘sizes and longer lengths justify this type of equipment. ding (FC: ‘This process may also be automatic or semi-automatic. The electrodes ore tubular ond contain flux filed core which provides shielding for the arc and weld metal. It has the same ‘opplications as the gas metal orc process, with the added advantage that the arc shielding is Ot os likely to be affected by the wind in exposed locations. Additional shielding for arc stability may be obtained from externally supplied gas or mixture of goses. Stud Welding This is o process by which specially manufactured studs ore end—welded to structural members. A gun—type device with special controls holds the stud in position, strikes on arc betwoen the “iud and the member and, when fusion temperature Is reached, automatically pushes th into the molten pool of metal. Fluxing arrangements vary, depending on the manufactur ceramic collar or ferrule encloses the molten metal during the welding process, ond is di ofter the weld is completed. No external rod or wire is used in this process. Examples of studs commonly used include shear connectors for composite steel—concrete construction, concrete anchors, and a voriety of threaded fasteners used by other trades to attach other materia! to steel framing, Coution must be exercised In welding studs in positions other than flat, since gravity tends to pull the molten metol down from the joint to produce a less thon complete end weld. The lorger stud diameters are more susceptible to this problem.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Welding Electrodes ‘An are welding electrode is o metal or wire rod used os a terminal (or terminals) in on electrical current for the purpose of producing an electric arc. In the arc welding process, the electrode oso provides the filler metal to the weld. The electrodes used ore either metallic or ‘carbon, depending on the work to be welded ond other requirements. ‘The £70XX (AWS A5.1) class of electrodes (nominal 70 ksi tensile strength) represents the mild steel grade most commonly used in structural work for shielded metal arc welding. The E7OXX (AWS 5.5) class covers low alloy electrodes for the some purpose. Comparable submerged orc flux-electrode combinations ore in the F7X—-EXXX (AWS A5.17) class. Gas metol electrodes ore in. tho E7XT-X (AWS A5.20) class. As con be seen in Toble 4.1.1 of AWS Code D1.1, which lists the various electrode classes in ascending order of weld strength, the 70 grade is compatible with most of the carbon and high atrength low alloy steels listed in the AISC Specification. The terms E7OXX, F7X-EXXX, ER70S-X and E7XT-X are bbreviations for electrode or flux-electrode classes. The letter E stands for electrode; F stands for flux; S stands for solid electrodes; ond T indicates o flux cored tubulor electrode. The number 70 is the specified minimum tensile strength of deposited weld metal, in ksi. The number 7 oppearing in thi F7X-EXXX is also 0 minimum specified tensile strength of deposited weld metal, but expressed in 10 ksi units (7=70 ksi), The suffix X's stond for numbers and ore replaced by numbers when design considerations so require. Thus, E7OXX might be specified as £7014, in which cose the number 1 indicates the optimum welding position(s), ond 4 indicates the electric current to be used, as well os the type of electrode covering, The various E sequences in electrode classes for other processes have similar or additional ignificances. The determination of these numbers and their interpretation may be made by reference to the opplicable electrode specification. It will be noted in AWS Table 4.1.1 that the electrode closses in part of the higher strength range are replaced by grades, such as Grade E1007. Where these grades are shown, electrodes ond fluxes are at the febricators option, subject to the provisions of AWS D1.1 for the opplicable process. It should be noted that the selection of electrode to be used is not determined by the detailer. Weld Types Welds are identified by their profile or cross section. The two most Important types of structural welds are fillet welds and groove welds. Back welds, used in conjunction with single groove weld, most often after gouging the root to sound metal, serve to complete the weld Penetration ct the weld root. Structural welds of secondary importance ore plug, slot, and flare ‘welds, which ore useful but limited in opplication. The designer specifies the type and size of weld. The fabricator decides the welding process, joint detail ond welding position.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING NOTE: Job specific and regional considerations will dictate if Imperial ‘or Metric designations are to be used. — Within this publication Metric and Imperial Units ore used.REFERENCE STE OR DEPTH OF PREPARATION EFFECTIVE THROAT OF A GROOVE WELD BASC WELD SYMBOL. DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING (gots | sive: ROOT OPENING GROOVE ANGLE FINISH SYMBOL WELD LENGTH PITCH (CENTER TO CENTER)DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING TERMINOLOGY FOR JOINTS Fillet Welds 1. WROAT of « LET WDE The shertest distance fom the root of the let weld to ite fore. 2. LEG of @ PLT WELD: The distance from the root of the jphnt to the toe of the Tet wold. 3. ROOT of WELD: Deepest potnt of useful penetration ire lel weld. 4. TOE of @ WELD: The jction between the face of a weld ond the base mela. 5. FACE of WED: The exposed surfoce of a weld on the sige fom shich the wading ros done, {8 DEPTH of FUSION: Tho dltance that fusion extends into the bore mate 7. SIZE of WELD(S): Leg length of the filet FLAT CONTOUR CONTOUR FINISHING ‘ON FILLET WELDS IS NON-STANDARD 5 t ee 1 1 ROOT GFENNG (2: The setatin Dineen andes esterase Bat 2. ROOT FACE (RF: Groove foce adjocent to the root 3 5. OE FACE: The fae of aber nce MR 4 26/L MCLE (0: Twang fd bata he peed Secs bat as pnd perpendicular to the eurfece of the momber. 5, GROOVE ANGLE (A): The total incuded angle of the groo¥e between parts to be fined by 0 groove weld 6. SZE of WES}: The Jant penetration (depth of horfering plus root penetration ‘when specie). 7. PLATE THOKNESS (Tf: Thickness of plote welded. erecme THROAT (SIZE) LENGTH NOT ‘SPECIFIED AS GROOVES NORMALLY CoNTINUOUSDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING SEL ser FLARE-BEVEL FLARE-V Se OTT — BASIC — CHAIN — STAGGERED PITCH — DISTANCE BETWEEN CENTERS OF INCREMENT ON EACH LINE OF WELD. Prox Parca REQUIRED "E” FOR SOLID ROUND BARS SEE CSA W59 TABLE 4—1 FLARE-BEVEL FLARE-V (© = GAB f) ~ 0sA W59 © =a") (© = 03) ~ CSA Wo9-w (CREMENT) aT HIER) (GN) «1 Ce) Pr = L +e ItDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY Welding Symbol Chart Ba arg Byatt a Tr Coan OR y Lg ZmeD |& November, 2004 4 @ Biography Ret__* 4DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY Welding Symbol Chart SRST Sao Pt a ET Se sonia — a ee | EY | ORS | GS = a eee ney VEK | OA T™ ‘sai ont tna are ran eo GoD: T OW congas SNORT be Ea! ro aye AEA 4 ee November, 2004 12DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Symmetrical Weld Symbols If the weld symbols used on both sides of the reference line, hove axes of symmetry thet are perpendicular, or normal, to the reference line, then these axes of the symbols shell be directly aligned across the reference line. Staggered intermittent welds ore on exception. lor | Weld Symbol If elther of the weld symbols used lacks on axis of symmetry perpendicular, or normal, to the reference line, then the left sides of the weld symbols shall be directly aligned across the reference line. Staggered intermittent welds are an exception. ion_of. ific IL Fillet, bevel-groove, J—groove, and flare bevel-groove weld symbols shall be drawn with the perpendicular leg ALWAYS to the left. Break in Arrow When only one joint member Is to have a bevel, or J-groove, the arrow shall have o break, and be pointed towards that member. The arrow need not be broken if it is obvious which member is to have o bevel or J~groove. It shall not be broken if there is no preference as to which member is to have a bevel or J~groove. mbined Wel: Is For joints requiring more thon one weld type, a symbol shall be used to specify each weld. s in the Direction of Weldi ‘Symbols only apply between any changes In direction of welding, or to the extent of hatching or dimension lines except when the weld all-around symbol is used. Additional welding symbols or multiple orrows shall be used to specify the welds required for ony changes in direction. When it is desirable to use multiple arrows ono wolding symbol, the arrows shall originate trom a single reference line or from the first reference line in the cose of a multiple reference line symbol.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Hidden Members When the welding of @ hidden member is the same os that of o visible member, it may be ‘specified in the tall of the weld as “typicol both members”. If the welding of a hidden member is different from that of a visible member, specific information for the welding of both shall be specified. If needed for clarification, ouxiiary illustrations or sections shall be provided. WI Aroun: A continuous weld, whether single or combined type, extending around @ series of connected jpints may be specified by the addition of the weld~oll—cround symbol at the junction of the ‘Grrow and reference line. The series of joints may involve different directions ond may lie in more than one plone. Welds extending around the circumference of @ pipe are excluded from the requirement regarding changes in direction and do not require the weld—all—around symbol to specify a continuous weld. il_of th If required, the welding ond allied process to be used may be specified by plocing the ‘oppropriate letter designations from the AISC manual in the tail of the welding symbol. ‘Specifications, codes or any other applicable documents moy be specified by plocing the reference in the tall of the welding symbol. Information contained in the referenced document need not be repented in the welding symbol. Repetitions of identical welding symbole on a drawing may be avoided by designating o single welding symbol as TYPICAL and pointing to the arrow to the representotive joint. When the bosic weld symbols are inadequate to indicate the desired weld, the weld shail be specified by a cross section, detail, or other data with a reference thereto in the toll of the welding symbol. This may be necessary for skewed joints. When no references are required, the toil may be omitted from the welding symbol. ntor ined by Weldi Welds to be mode with approximately flush, flat, convex, or concave contours without the use of mechanical finishing shall be specified by adding the flush or fict, convex or concave contour symbol to the welding symbol. Cc ai Finishit Welds to be finished approximately flush, flat, convex, or concave shall be specified by adding the appropriate contour symbol ond the finishing symbol. The following finishing symbols moy be used to specify the method of finishing, but not the degree of finish: H — Hammering M — Machining R RollingDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Basic JointsDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Sample Welds and the Symbol to Achieve that Weld WELD CROSS SECTION ARROW SIDE OG tk WELD CROSS SECTION ‘syMBoL WELD CROSS SECTION ‘SYMBOL APPLICATION OF WELD ALL-AROUND SYMBOL DOUBLE-BEVEL—GROOVE_AND FILLET WELD SYMBOLS WEDD CROSS SECTION ‘SYMBOL, SEAL WELD (NOTE: ALL AROUND SYMBOL NOT RECUIRED)“gmp ood worry UN Ps : 2 i a wos annie w 0 sue 9 SUBIR OF ED LO PH ff Fe Be Be one eco wm none ¢ Tuseag paquy SH 5 OM SLED wr 8 (usted “Sp aang 04 v0 9 6 0, OID UT BTOTES wie co vgonuen Bugs oh “ants 6: wba, 6 vgemun wg “4 DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING S,NNOO BV3HS SIVy STONIS G3MGNS YOJ ONICTAM|(GvOUMTUS 3EKL NCES 36 LOWND ONCTEN WYS 10K) 110 Sav 338 (an ze Poor =a) Chasm oe = Be cor = 9 B= 2s wow suas = 3 (o-wros 3 S$-wvos ms) f= 2+ S,NNOO UW3HS 3LVy STONIS G3M3YS OS ONIGTIMDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING WELDS Ei Effective Area — The effective areo of fillet welds shall be taken as the effective length times the effective throat thickness. The effective length of fillet welds, except fillet welds in holes ond slots, shail be the overcll length of full-size filets, including returns. ‘The effective throat thickness of a filet weld shall be the shortest distance from the root of the joint to the face of the diagrammatic weld, except that for fillet welds mode by the submerged arc process, the effective throat thickness shall be taken equal to the leg size for 3/8" and smolier filet welds, and equal to the theoretical throat plus 0.11” for filet welds larger than 3/8” For filet welds in holes ond slots, the effective length shall be the length of the centerline of the weld along the center of the plane through the throat. In the case of overlapping fillets, the effective area sholl not exceed the nominal cross-sectional area of the hole or slot in the plone of the foying surface. Limitations ~ The minimum size of fillet welds shall be as shown in table J24 (below, token from AISC Manucl of Steel Construction, Ninth Edition). Minimum weld size is dependent upon the thicker of the two parts joined, except thot the weld size need not exceed the thickness of the thinner port. For this exception, particular core shall be token to provide sufficient preheat for soundness of the weld. Weld sizes larger thon the thinner port joined ore permitted if required by colculated strength. in the as—welded condition, the distonce between the edge of the base metal and the toe of the weld may be less than 1/16” provided the weld size is clearly verifiable. The maximum size of fillet welds that is permitted along edges of connected parts shall be: = Material loss than 1/4” thick, not greater than the thickness of the material. = Materia! 1/4” or more in thickness, not greater than the thickness of the material minus 1/16", unless the weld ie especially designated on the drawings to be built out to obtain the full-throat thickness. TABLE J2.4 Minimum Size of Fillet Welds Misigum Size of Filet 5) Over 1/4 to 1/2 Over 1/2 to 3/4 Over 5/4 Leg amension of let wes. Sigle-poss wel ust bo used,DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING The minimum effective length of fillet welds designed on the basis of strength sholl be not less thon 4 times the nominal size, or else the size of the weld sholl be considered not to exceed 1/4 of its effective length. If longitudinal fillet welds ore used clone in end connections of flat bor tension members, the length of each filet weld shall not be less than the perpendicular distance between them. The tronsverse spocing of longitudinal filet welds used in end connections of tension members sholl not exceed 8°, uniess the member is designed on the bosis of effective net area in accordance with Sect. 83. (AISC — Manual of Steel Construction, Ninth Edition) Intermittent filet welds ore permitted to tronsfer colculated stress across a joint or foying ‘surfaces when the strength required is less than that developed by o continuous fillet weld of the smallest permitted size, ond to join components of built-up members. The effective length of ony segment of intermitient filet welding shall be not less than 4 times the weld size, with minimum of 1 1/2". In lap joints, the minimum lop shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part joined, but not Tess thon 1”. Lop joints joining plates or bars subjected to oxic! stress shall be fillet welded ‘long the end of both lapped parts, except where the deflection of the lopped ports is sufficiently restrained to prevent opening of the Joint under maximum loading. Fillet welds in holes or slots ore permitted to tronsmit sheor in lap joints or to prevent the buckling or separation of lapped parts and to join components of built-up members. Such fillet welds moy overlap, subject to the provisions of Sect. J2. ( AISC — Monuol of Steel Construction, Ninth Edition) Fillet welds in holes or slots are not to be considered plug or slot welds. Side or end fillet welds terminating ot ends or sides, respectively, of parts or members shall, wherever practicable, be returned continuously around the comers for a distance of not less than 2 times the nominal size of the weld. This provision shall apply to side ond top fillet welds connecting brackets, beam seats and similor connections, on the plane about which bending moments are computed. For framing ongles and simple endplate connections which depend upon flexibility, end returns shall not exceed four times the nominol size of the weld. Fillet welds which occur on opposite sides of a common plone shall be interrupted at the corner common to both welds. End returns shall be indicated on the design and detail drawings. Plug and Slot Welds Effective Area — The effective shearing area of plug and slot welds shall be considered as the Rominal eross~sectional area of the hole or siot in the plane of the faying surface. Limitations — Plug or slot welds are permitted to transmit shear in lap joints or to prevent Buckling of lopped parts and to join component parts of built-up members.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING STRESSES in WELDS Welds may be loaded in sheor, tension, compression, or @ combination of these, depending on the direction and point of application of external forces ond the arrangement of components. Allowable stresses for welds in buildings are given in AISC Specificotion Sect. 1.5.3. For bridge work, allowable weld stresses ore provided by AWS Bridge Code — D1.5; AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges; ond AREA Standard Specificotions for Steel Railway Bridges. Since the weld volues published by these agencies ore not only more conservative than for building work, but differ between agencies, it is imperative that applicable specifications be consulted and adhered to strictly. Tne nomenclature commonly used in design computations involving stresses in welds employs the following symbols: D = Number of sixteenths of on inch in fillet weld size Ft = Allowable tensile stress, ksi Fy = Allowable shear stress, ksi fg = Shear value of a 1” length of weld of given size, kips | = Effective weld length in inches t = Moteriol thickness in inches w = Weld size (leg size for fillet welds ond depth of filing for plug ‘ond slot welds) in inches. Stresses Concentrically Loaded Fillet_Welds Tne critical stress in a filet weld is always considered to be a sheor stress, ond may occur in one of two directions: (1) parallel to the axis of the weld, or (2) tronsverse to the wold oxis. Therefore, tension, compression and moment forces acting upon a fillet welded joint are Glwoys resolved on the basis of sheor in the weld throat. For design purposes, the effective area of a fillet weld is colculated os the product of its effective throat thickness and its effective length. For a typical equol log fillet wold with normal throat size mode by the shielded metal arc, gas metal arc, or Aux cored arc welding processes, the effective throat area equals 0.707w1, where w is the weld size ond | is the length of the weld. The strength of a filet weld is equal to the product of its effective throat area ond the allowable shear stress Fy, permitted by the specifications. Similarly, the strength of concentrically loaded filet weld group is the sum of the strengths of each fillet weld in the group. Allowable shear stresses FY, for fillet welds are shown in AISC Specification Sect. 1.5.3. Assuming that the Fy volue is appropriate to the steel being welded, the strength of a fillet weld in shear may be expressed as 0.707wiFY when normal throat areas ore applicable.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Allowable Fillet Weld Loads. Allowable Fillet Weld Loads (fx), Kips per linear inch Normal Penetration Welds'** Deep Penetration Welds'** Weld Size (Buildings, AISC-AWS) (Buildings, AISC) Grade 60 } Grade 70 | Grade 80 | Grade 60 | Grade 70 | Grade 80 Fy= 18.0 ksi|Fy= 21.0 ksifFy= 24.0 ksi] Fy= 18.0 ksi|Fy= 21.0 ksilFy= 24,0 ksi 1/8 1.59) 1.86 2.42 2.25 2.62 3/6 2.39 2.78 3.18 3.37 3.94 1/4 3.18 371 4.24 4.50 5.25 6.00 5/16 3.98 4.64 5.30 562 6.56 3/8 4.78 ss7__| 637 | 675 7.87 7/6 5.57 6.50 7.43 7.55 eat 1/2 6.37 7.42 8.49 8.34 9.74 ofie_| 716 835 9.55 914 [10.66 5/8 7.96 9.28 ' . 9.95 71.59 3/4 9.55) 114 7 11.52 13.45 1 12.74 14.85 : 14.71 17.16 li For ASTM bose metals “matching” weld electrodes with the given F , volues, see Toble 4.1.1 of AWS D1.1 l2— Volues of fr are based on a normal throot dimension (see Fig. 6-1). [s— Values of fm are for deep penetrotion welds made by submerged orc process (eee AISC Specification Sect. 1.14.6.2 for effective throat dimension) l4— Values of fr are for static loading only. Calculate weld section for dynamic (repeated) stross ‘in accordance with AISC Specification, Sect. 1.7 ond Appendix B. Allowable Loads for Fillet Weld {kips/lin. Inch) per 1/16 in. leg Coefficients for Determining Allowable Fillet Weld Loads (fz) Tectrode Strength Level Fy Tr* ksi kips per lin. in. 60 18.0 0.796D 70 21.0 0.9280 80 24.0 1.0610 90 27.0 4.1930 100 30.0 1.326D 110 33.0 1.458) F Based on normal throgt dimension. iti not conveniant to Tabults aimlorsoeficients for The br lore welds becouse the deep penetration throat dimension, provi ‘Specification Sect. Se ee neers tems Cabutcted i Waste 6% for tne men used grodes oF fectrode ond meld size.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Examples Example 1 : = —|- i Asoume that the double lop joint shown on the fight is filet welded with E7OXX electrodes, ond & that the plates ore of A36 steel, thick enough to = 6 be stronger thar the weld 3 5 What is the maximum force P which may be safely applied? Solution The apparent length of weld deposit on each side is equal to 6+4+6in. = 16in. This theoretical length should be reduced by an amount equal to twice the weld size to account for the cascode or cratering effect of starting or stopping the weld at the plote edges. The weld that is continuous around the edge can be counted os full size. Avoidance of this reduction would require speciol effort similar to thot provided by extension ond runout bars ore groove welds, fond is seldom practical. The weld lengths given on design drawings or calculated from design Toading criteria ‘should be considered os effective lengths. The detailer must prepare tho structural details to recognize this. This requirement is porticularly critical on short welds where {he reduction for cascading represents a larger percentage of the weld length. lat = 2[16~(2x5/16)}30 3/4 = 30.75in. w= 5/16 in. F, = O.3F = 21.0ksi The strength of the weld group is: P = 0.707mF 0.707x5/16x30.75x21.0=142.7 kips Alternative Solution ‘The above solution may be simplified by utilizing precomputed weld copacities per linear inch for the various weld (leg) sizes. Let fg be the shear value on a one-inch length of fillet weld of size w. Then, f= 0.707 why Thus, for a 5/16 in. E7OXX weld: fp = 0.707%5/16x21.0=4.64 kips/lin. in, P = fla4.64x30.75=142.7 kips Bibliography Ref: * 5SDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING The Allowoble Fillet Weld Loads Table lists values of fr for fillet welds of various sizes, based on nominol throat areas, for allowable Fy values of 18.0, 21.0, and 24.0 ksi. Also included in this toble are fy values bosed on deep penetration throat areos for welds made by the submerged ‘ore process. When the shear copacity of filet welds is based on normal throat areas, as is usuclly the cose, the foregoing kind of problem may be simplified even further by memorizing the shear volues of 0 1/16 in, fillet weld, per inch of length, for the most frequently used electrode strength levels. For example, the sheor volue for 1/16 in. filet weld, 1 inch long, with Fv= 21.0 ksi, i fg = 0.707x1 /16x21.0=0.928 kips lin Using the letter D to denote the number of sixteenths of an inch in the leg size, the value per inch of any size of filet weld (where F = 21.0 ksi) con be expressed os *=0.9280. Applying this to the alternate solution of Example 1: P = 0.92801 (0.92Bx5x30.75=142.7 kips The Coefficients for Determining Allowable Filet Weld Loads Toble shows fr values in terms of D for strength levels of electrodes recognized in the AISC Specification ond AWS D1.t The allowable Fy values shown in the Allowable Sheor Stresses for Vorious Welding Processes and Electrode Grodes Table below for the vorious electrodes or flux-clectrode combinations are to be used when the joint components are made of “matching” steels, or steels with greater Fy volues than those shown as matching. Thus, E6OXX electrodes (Fy = 18.0 kei) matching with ‘ASTM ASOO Grade A (Fy = 33.0 ksi) con also be used ot Fy = 16.0 k ASTM ASE steel (Fy=36.0 ksi). When o joint is made up of steel from different matching groups, the electrode value is governed by the stes! of lesser F value. Allowable Shear Stresses for Various Welding Processes and Electrode Grade Welding Pr lectrode Grad jelding Process and Electrode Grade eee SMAW of Deposited] ASTM Designation For Shielded Weld Metal, | AISC é. AWS "Motching” lMetal—Arc |Submerged—Are |Gos Metol—Arc ksi Bose Metols 60x | Fex—ox [A500 Gr._A E7OXK JAS6: ASS Gr. 8:A242;A375, Ja4a1; A500 Gr 8:A501; JA529; A570 Gr D & E(40 te J42); A572 Gr 42 & 50;A5BB EBOXX [A572 Gr 60 & 65 E100%X_ [ASI4, over 2 1/2 in. thick NOX la514 2 1/2 in. thick or lessDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Exomple 2, =| ‘Assume that the two 4 in. bars shown at the right fore to be lopped and spliced to carry a load of 25 4f kips. One bar is A36 ond the other is A572 Gr.65 EBOXX electrodes are sper . 1 Compute size of the filet welds required. rr ak ak a Solution Although EBOXX electrodes with an Fy of 24.0 ksi ore to be used, one of the bors Is A36 steet, thus limiting the Fy value of the weld to 21.0 ksi (see toble Allowable Shear Stresses for Various Welding Processes ond Electrode Grades). Try a 1/4 in, weld with on effective weld length of (4+4)-(4x1/4)=7 in. which allows for stopping and starting of the weld. Each inch of the weld must carry 25/7=3.57 kips. Then 3.57 kips is the required fg; but fy for welds with Fy = 21.0 ksi on A36 steel also equals 0.9280. Therefore, 3.57=0.9280, and D=3.57/0.928=3.85. Rounding this up to the next whole number, 4, gives the required weld size of 1/4. Example 3 In the picture at the right, a palr of 1/4 In. filet welds, made with E7OXX electrodes, is required to resist a pull of 32 Kips, Port X is a 1/4x6 in. bor, and both Members ore A36 steel. Compute the required effective length of each weld Solution The shear volue fg for on E7OXX electrode weld is 0.9280; for 1/4 in. weld, fy=0.928x4— 3.71 kips/lin. in, of length. Then 52 kips would require 32/3.71 = 8.63 in., which con be rounded up to 9 in. Therefore, pair of 41/2 in. long welds will have adequate strength to transfer the load. Note that although these welds might appear to be loaded in tension, they ore actually subject to transverse shear, the same as the welds in Example 2. Bar X is loaded in tension.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING requalified Welds The AISC Specification and the Structural Welding Code of the American Welding Society exempt from tests ond qualification most of the common welded joints used in steel structures. Such exempt joints are designated prequalified. AWS prequalification of a weld joint is bosed upon experience that sound wold metal with oppropricte properties can be deposited, provided work is Performed in accordance with all applicable provisions of the Structural Welding Code. Among the applicable provisions are requirements for joint form and geometry, which ore reproduced for convenience on the following pages. Prequalificetion is intended only to mean that sound weld metel con be deposited and fused to the base metal. Suitoblity of particulor joints for specific opplications is not ossured merely by the selection of © prequalified pint form. The design and detaling for successful welded construction require consideration of factors which include, but are not limited to, magnitude, type and distribution of forces to be transmitted, accessibility, restraint to weld metal contraction, thickness of connected moterial, effect of residual welding stresses on connected materia! ond distortion. In general, oll filet welds ore deemed prequalified, whether illustrated or not, provided they conform to requirements of the AWS Code ond the AISC ASD Specification. ‘These prequalified joints ore limited to those made by the shielded metol arc. submerged orc, gos motal arc (except short circuiting transfer) ond flux-cored are welding procedures. Small Seviotions from dimensions, angles of grooves, ond voriation of depth of groove joints are permissible within tolerances given. Other joint forms ond welding procedures may be employed, provided they are tested and qualified in accordance with AWS D1.1. Most prequalified joints ilustroted are clso opplicable for bridge construction. (See Notes to Prequalified Welded Joints, preceding the tobles, ond to prohibited types in Sect. 9 of AWS D1.1) For information on the subject of highly restrained welded joints, refer to the orticle “Commentary on Highly Restrained Welded Connections”, AISC Engineering Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3, 3rd Quarter, pp. 61-73. be ersaeeeee neg [oatoyonty rt * 3] 26DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING The designations such as B-Ltc, B-U2, B-P3, which are given on the following pages are used fon the AWS standards. Groove welds dre classified using the following convention: 1 ‘Symbols for Joint Types B= __ butt joint © = comer joint T Tejoint Bc butt or corner joint Tc T or comer joint Bre butt, T or comer joint ‘Symbols for Base Metol Thickness and Penetration L_ = limited thickness, complete joint penetration = unlimited thickness, complete joint penetration P = _ partial joint penetration for Weld Types ‘squore groove single-U groove single-V groove double-U groove double-V groove single-J groove single-bevel groove double-J groove double—bevel groove flare—bevel groove for Welding Processes shielded metal ore (SMAW): = submerged are welding (SAW) = gas metol arc welding (GMAW) = fux-cored ore welding (FCAW) Welding Positions fot horizontal vertical oH overhead The lower case letters, €.9., 0, b,c, etc., are used to differentiate between joints that would otherwise have the same joint designation.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Notes to Prequalified Weld Joints Not prequalified for gas mete! arc welding using short circuiting transfer. doints welded from one side. Bridge application limits the use of these joints to the horizontal position. Gouge root of joint to sound metal before welding second side. Minimum effective throat E as shown in AISC Specificetion, Table J2.3; S as specified on drawings. If filet welds ore used in buildings to reinforce groove welds in comer and T-joints, they shall be equal to } Ty, but need not exceed Groove welds in comer and [pits branes al be mode with filet welds equal to Ty, but not more thon in If filet welds ore used in buildings to reinforce groove welds in comer and T-oints, they sholl be equal to $ T., but need not exceed § in. Butt ond T—joints ore not prequalified for bridges. Double-groove welds may hove grooves of unequal depth, but the depth of the shallower groove shall be no less then one-fourth the thickness of the thinner part joined. Double-groove welds may have grooves of unequal depth, provided they conform to the Also, the effective throat E, lees ony reducti opplies The orientation of the two members in the joints may vary from 135° to 180" provided the basic joint configuration (groove angle, root foce, root opening) remain the some ond thot the design throat thickness is mointoined. For comer and Tints, the member orientation may be changed, provided the groove angle is maintained as specified ‘The member orientation may be changed, provided the groove dimensions ore maintained os specified. The orientation of two members in the joint may vory from 45° to 135" for comer joints ond from 45° to 90" for T=jpints, provided the bosic joint configuration Groove angle, root face, root opening) remain the some ond that the design throot thickness is mointoined. For corner joints, the outside groove preparation may be in either or both members, provided the basic groove configuration is not changed and adequate edge distance js maintained to support the welding operations without excessive edge melting Effective throat E is based on joints welded flush, * Please note that the following Prequalified Welds are prequalified by the American Welding Society and may not be considered prequalified by the Canadian Welding Bureau.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Bibliography Ref *_10 29DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Table 6-3 (cont). Prequalified Welded Joints Complote-Joint-Penetration Groove WeldsDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING ‘Table 83 (cont). Proqoalified Welded Joints Cornpiete-Jaint-Penetration Groove WeldsDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Table 83 (cont). Prequalified Welded Joints ‘Complete-Joint-Penetration Groove WeldsDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDINGDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING “Taio @3 (cont), Proqualified Welded Joints Complete-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds aap ent ‘sng im tele ‘ore =DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Tablé &3 (cont). Prequalified Welded Joints Complete-Joint-Penetration Groove Weis ear Ree we ea ¥ =| faa | goss Rese [ 50 ig saDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Table 83 (cont). Prequalified Welded Joints ‘Complete-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds a ro ih Bbiiogrophy Refs *_ 10. 36DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING ‘Table #3 (cont). Prequalified Welded Joints Complete-Joint-Penetration Groove Welds fs ap peas ig ine eo cr or 0DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING ‘Table 83 (cont). Prequalified Welded Joints ‘Complete-Jolnt-Penetration Groove Wolds abet eedss) meen Fernie [emtogrony Ret * 10] 38DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDINGDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Table &-3 (cont). Proqualifiod Welded Joints PartialJoint-Penetration Groove Welds == Faimane | Mate seestes | eee wae | aneDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Feces 44DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Table 3 (cont). Prequalified Wolded JointsReset ert beDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Table &3 (cont). Prequalified Welded Joints [ral fj e ls [uleiF SE ola cease ae iDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Table 65 (cont). Prequalified Welded Joints Flare-Bevel Groove Welds bei Re 3 | He P00 near nim Cc thd bos rg ont tw Pe St rors Wee otha nt petra on a borat STA co a | rats teak nara tens adore habe rs oma fe san an romeo The eae nc tigers pn Tecra aye habe arcDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Welding Considerations and Appurtenances Clearance Requirements Clearances are required to allow the welder to moke the proper weld. Ample room must be provided so that the welder or welding operator may manipulate ond observe the weld cs it is being deposited. In the SMAW process, the preferred position of the electrode when welding in a horizontal position is in a plane forming 30° with the vertical side of the fillet weld being made. However this angle, shown as angle ‘x’ in Figure 1(a) below, may be varied somewhat to avoid contact with some projecting part of the work. A simple rule to provide adequate clearance for the electrode in horizontal fillet welding is that the clear distance to a projecting element should be at least one-half its height; distance y/2 in Figure 1(b) below. (a) ElectrodeDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING AA special cose of minimum clearance welding with o straight electrode is itustrated in Figure 2 below. The 20° angle is the minimum that will aliow satisfactory welding along the bottom of the angle ond therefore governs the setback with respect to the end of the beam. If a fin. setback ond a jf in, electrode diameter were used, the clearance between the ongle and the beam flange could be no less than 1h in, for an angle with a leg dimension w of 3 in., nor less thon 1 in, with aw of 4 in. When it Is not possible to provide this clearance, the end of the ongle may be cut as noted by the optional cut in Figure 2 to allow the necessary ongle. However, this secondary cut will Increase the cost of fabricating the connection,DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Minimum Shelf Dimensions for Fillet Welds The recommended minimum shelf dimensions for normal size SMAW fillet welds ore ‘summarized in Figure 3 below. SAW fillet welds would require o greater shelf dimension to contain the flux, although auxiliary material can be clomped to the member to provide for ‘The dimension 6 illustrated in figure 4 must be sufficient to accommodate the combined dimensional variations of the angle length, cope depth, beam depth and weld si VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL SECTION f MIN, SHELF DIM. (in.) R y e e £ PDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Beam Copes and Weld Access Holes Requirements for beam copes and weld access holes ore given in LRFD Specification Section 1.6. Weld access holes are used to permit down—hond welding to the beam bottom flange, as well as the placement of a continuous bocking bor under the beam top flange. Weld access holes also help to mitigate the effects of weld shrinkage strains and prevent the intersection or close juncture of welds in orthogonal directions. Weld access holes should not be filled with weld metol becouse doing so may result in a state of triaxial stress under loading. See page 53 for weld access hole geometry. Corner Clips Comers of stiffeners and similor elements that fit into 0 corner should be clipped generously to ‘avoid the lack of fusion that would likely result in that comer. In general, a 3/4 in. clip will be ‘odequate, although this dimension can be adjusted to suit conditions, such os when the fillet radius Is larger or smaller than that for which a 3/4 In. clip is oppropriate. Backing Bars Backing bors should be approved weldable material os specified in AWS D1.1- Per AWS D1.1, backing bars on groove—welded joints must be continuous or fully spliced to ‘avold stress concentrations or discontinuities and should be thoroughly fused with the wold metol. Bocking bar removal is addressed in LRFD Specification Section J2.6 ond AWS 01.1. rs [beiogphy Ret * 7 | 50.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Lomellar Tearing ‘A lomellor teor is ©. separation or crack in the base metol coused by through thickness weld Shrinkage strains. When steel fe hot-rolled, sulphides or other Inclusions ore elongated to form microscopic platelets in the plone of the steel plate. These inclusions reduce the strength of the steal in the through=thickness. direction below that nthe longitudinal’ or tranaverse Giection, Une seca, proclcas are ovleble Yo produce low~auphur steel when i reaatont to lamellar tearing, and ASTM A770 provides a testing method by which the through-thickness: strength of the bose metol may be measured, ite difficult to assure freedom from the possiblity of lomelor teoring.” Lamellar tearing Is a phenomenon, which ean occur even In Material with superior mechanical properties. Instead, the int. detall ie most. Important in preventing lomellar tearing. Some joint designe ‘ore inherently susceptible to lomelor tearing. For example, the complete—joint penetration groove—welded tee joints in thick sections shown in Figure 1 below can cevelop lomeler tears in the crossbor of the tee fonge. Such tears can be Astected by UT. The proboblity of lamelior tearing may be minimized through good joint design ‘and proper welding procedures, The joint design should minimize the weld size ond, therefore, fhe resulting shrinkage strains, Adetionally, the cesign should reduce the restrcint, which Intensifies the local strain, the welding procedure should then establish o sequence to ‘component and internal restraint. Welding with low-hydrogen processes ond effectiveDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Examples of Joints Susceptible to Lamellar Tearing And Improved Details Susceptible Detai Improved Detail Susceptible Detail Improved Detail as Susceptible Detail Improved Detail Bibiogrophy Ref: * 7.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Sotidified but stilhot fitter metal contracts significantly as it cools to ambient temperature. Shrinkage of large wolds between elements which are not free to move to accommodate the shrinkage causes strains in the moterial adjacent to the weld thot can exceed the yield point strain. In thick material the weld shrinkage is restrained in the thickness direction, os well as in the width and length directions, causing trioxial stresses to develop that moy inhibit the ability of ductile steel to deform ino ductile manner. Under these conditions, the possibility of brittle fracture increases. When splicing ASTM AG/AGM Group 4 ond 5 rolled sections or heavy welded built-up members, the potentially harmful weld shrinkage strains con be avolded by using bolted splices or fillet-welded lap splices or splices that combine a welded and bolted detoil (see Figure 1 below). Details and techniques that perform well for materiols of modest thickness usually must be ‘changed or supplemented by more demanding requirements when welding thick material, Also, the provisions ‘of the Structural Welding Code, AWS D1.1, ore minimum requirements that opply to most structural welding situations; however, when designing and fabricating welded splices of ASTM A6/A6M Group 4 ond 5 shapes ond similor built-up cross sections, special consideration must be given to oll aspects of the welded splice detail. Ha = Shear plate welded (b) Shear plate welded (c) Bolted splice plates to web to flange tips Figure 1 Alternative splices that minimize weld restraint tensile stresses.DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Hol metr Generously sized weld occess holes are required to provide increases relief from concentrated weld shrinkage strains, to avoid close juncture of wolds in orthogonal directions, and to provide Odequate cleoronce for the exercise of high quality workmanship in hole preparation, welding, and ease of inspection. & & Radius precut by 2t5ty mote 2) rl or hole sow 2a Zin. (19mm) 22d in. (19mm) 02 3 in. (19mm) Nood not be. tongent, notches 2) prohibited fn, (19mm) 25 taf Optional method for R (oe making comer radius rote 2) ate? i (18mm) Rolled shope! or groove welded shope!3 Notes: 1. For ASTM AS Group 4 & 5 shapes ond welded built-up shapes with plate thickness more than 2in. (50mm), preheat to 150¥ (65°C) prior to thermal cutting, grind and Inspect thermally cut edges of access hole using magnetic particie or dye penetration methods prior to making web and flange splice groove welds. Radue shat prove ementh toh fre tonamiason: Rai In (VOmm) (tie ‘Access opening mode after welding web to flange. ‘Access opening made before welding web to flange. These are typical details for joints welded from one side against steel backing. Alternative Joint designs should be considered. welded shope'™tDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Spec siderations Welding of Painted Structures Whilst a weldable primer paint is ovollable ond has been for years, It wos primarily used in the shipbuilding industry where the primer wos opplied almost as soon as the steel plates were received from the steel! mills, in an attempt to prevent further corrosion to the steel plotes before the final painting was applied which could toke years. In steel structures where 0 sound weld is required then the paint should be removed, by wire brushing or grinding, to bore metal for a distance of 2~3 in. clear of the weld location to avoid ‘any melting paint to cause porosity in the finished weld. Welding of Galvanized Structures It is generally accepted that if o steel structure is to be galvonized then every effort should be made to seal all welds. If welds are not sealed then the pickling acids, used to clean steel prior to galvanizing, will settle between steel foces and in time may couse rusting. Should tubular or HSS sections be used, then the welds should be sealed ond drainage holes provided in each section with a minimum of 2 holes (one at each end). If drainage holes were not provided then this would cause two problems: (1) Buoyancy — the hollow sections would float in the galvanizing tanks. (2)_ Explosions — if hollow sections ore submerged in the zinc—galvonizing tonk then the ir inside the secled section becomes super heated and explode: Field Welding of Galvonized Structures If a structural weld of load carrying connection is required ofter the structure Is galvanized then it is imperative that the golvonized surface is removed and cleaned to bore metal to allow a ‘sound structural load carrying weld to be opplied with little or no porosity in the finished weld. Welding of Dis~Similor Metals The Detoiler Welding Guide is primarily intended for the structural steel welds ond whilst the welding of dissimilar metals will occur, e.g. stoinless steel to corbon steel, then care should be exercised to ensure the proper electrode is specified. ‘A close association with the fabricator and thelr welding engineer Is imperative to ensuring that welding of dis—similar metals is cchievoble. AESS (Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel. For the welding of AESS members it is expected that all welds will be smooth ond weld spatter removed. Grinding of welds is only necessary where required for fit-up, or if project “mock-ups” (physical samples) show that welds are to be contoured and blended. Erection marks should be placed on surfaces which will not be exposed when installed. Where HSS sections with weld seams are used, the seom should be installed on the non-visible side where possible. Indicate welds using standord AWS symbols but expanded to show finish ‘ond contour of weld. (e.g. grind smooth or blended)DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Seismic Welds What's New in Seismic Welds An to clarify some of the new Implementations. ing code Is being used ond watch for on R value greater than 3 in the seismic structural data. New requirements for Erection Drawings: 1. Removal of backer bars at the bottom flange only, or at both top ‘and bottom flonges and subsequent rewelding. 2. Special requirements for filler metal to increase the toughness of the ‘weld material. For example, the specification might require the weld to meet Chorpy V-Notch value of 20 ft.—Ibs at 40 degrees Fahrenheit. New requirements for Shop Drawings: 1. Special access hole details for ech shope (see FEMA 350, pg. 3-18). This is going to be a difficult education process for the drawing offices ‘and shops if these details become universal. 2. The filler metal requirements stated above may or may not apply to shop drawings.VISUAL LIQUID |PENETRAN MAGNETIC-| PARTICLE, LTRASONIC} RADIO- GRAPHIC Magnifying Gloss Weld—size gouge Pocket Rule Straight Edge Workmanship ‘Stondords (Commercial Kite, containing fluo escent or dye penetronts and developers. Application equip ‘Special commercial ‘equipment. Magnetic powders— dry or wet form; may be fluorescent for viewing under ultraviolet light. ‘Special commercial equipment, either ‘or video patterns. Commercial X-ray for gomma units, made especialy for Inapecting welds, castings ond November, 2004 DETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Inspection aa Enables ispeti pensties | advantages | imitations | Remarks ‘Surface flows— cracks, porosity, unfiled craters, ‘slag inclusions. Warpage, under— welding, over— welding. poorly the unaided eye. Excellent for locating leaks in discontinuities especially surface| cracks. ‘Surface ond sub surface flows, Including those by other methods. Especially for detecting subsurtoce ‘flaws~cracks, porosity, blow ales, non=metatic inclusions, oe be fies id ‘mognetic, non— magnetic materia Easy to use. Low cost. ‘Simpler to use thon radiographic Inspection. Permits controlled sensitivity. Relatively tow-cost| method. Very sensitive Permits probing of pints Inaccessibie to radiography. [Cannot be used effectively on hot assemblies. ‘Applicable to ferromagnetic materiale only. Requires skil in| give potter: For this Interpretation of [reason the field should] Indications and [Requires skil ta choosing angles | requred by many codes land specifications. Usetul in quaificationDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING Verify electrode is compatible with bose material. 2g. E7OXX for A36, A572 ond A992 steel EBOXX for weathering steot Estoblich maximum filet weld size with fabricators. e.g. Small/medium fobricators may use § fillet weld Heavy fobricatore may use jf filet weld Minimum filet weld size for toad corrying structures is @- Maximum filet weld size is equal to the thickness of the thinner part joined Unless greater size Is required by design. In cold weather climates or high impact areas verify if Charpy “VW notch tests are required. In full prep welds check fabricators welding processes before selecting weld. e.g. Thick materials moy require fewer passes when double prepped, however fabricator may wish to weld from 1 side. When prepping from 1 side estoblish preference to use 30° bevel with gop or 45° bevel with ] gop. In Canada, if @ prequalified weld is chosen from the AISC, make sure the fabricator hes a CWB certified weld procedure for this weld. (An AISC prequalified weld is not automatically considered prequalified in Conada) Overhead welds should be avoided if at all possible. Moke sure enough clearance is provided to achieve the weld, Determine whether structure is designed per ASD or LRFD. For structural steel fabricated in Canade and shipped to the USA, the Conadion fobricator is still bound by his certification with the CWB. In galvanized structures make sure all interfoces ore seal welded. Note the weld to seal may be minimum size and not necessarily the same size as design weld. In highly stressed oreas verify if Fracture Critical Welds (FCW) are to be identified Non—destructive Testing (NDT) is required. OYDETAILERS GUIDE TO WELDING BIBLIOGRAPHY GCIL Module 4 — Welding Processes and Equipment GCIL Welding Symbols Study Guide AISC — Manual of Steel Construction 9th Edition AWS 2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding AISC Detoiling for Steel Construction AWS D1.1 LRFD Volume Il — Connections The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding 12th Edition (Lincoln Electric) Welders Guide — by James E. Brumbaugh LRFD Manual of Steel Construction 3rd Edition November, 2004