Matlab Thai PDF

2
MATLAB
3

GUI
text
MATLAB MATLAB 5.3
Release 11 MATLAB MATLAB 6.0 Release 12 MATLAB
GUI
MATLAB 6.0 GUIDE
GUI
GUI GUIDE
1
MATLAB MATLAB
MALLAB Desktop
Cell Array Structure 2
version 5.0
12 15
GUI MATLAB Visual MATLAB
Graphic MATLAB 12 object MATLAB
13 Object 14 GUIDE
GUI 15 GUI
1 MATLAB _________________________________________1
1.1 ______________________________________________________________ 1
1.2 MATLAB ________________________________ 3
1.3 MATLAB___________________________________________________ 6
1.4 _________________________________________________________ 14
1.5 _______________________________________________________________ 19
2 MATLAB ________________________________________20
2.1 Scalars, Vectors and Matrices _______________________________________ 20
2.2 Matrix Operation_______________________________________________________ 27
2.3 Matrix Functions _______________________________________________________ 29
2.4 Multidimensional Arrays__________________________________________________ 37
2.5 Cell Arrays ___________________________________________________________ 39
2.6 Structures ___________________________________________________________ 43
2.7 Output Options ________________________________________________________ 45
2.8 Simple Plot __________________________________________________________ 47
" ________________________________________________ 57
3 MATLAB FUNCTIONS __________________________________________62

3.1 _________________________________________________________ 62
3.2 ______________________________________________________ 63
3.3 Hyperbolic Functions ____________________________________________________ 63
3.4 Complex Number Functions _______________________________________________ 64
3.5 Polynomial Functions____________________________________________________ 65
3.6 Statistical and Logical Functions ___________________________________________ 67
3.7 File Input/Output Functions _______________________________________________ 71
" ________________________________________________ 76
4 M-FILE ______________________________________________79
4.1 M-File_______________________________________________________________ 79
4.2 Script Files & Function Files _______________________________________________ 80
4.3 M-File ___________________________________ 83
5 SOLUTION TO SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ________________________89

5.1 ____________________________________________ 89
5.2 Inverse ___________________________________________ 90
5.3 Matrix ___________________________________________ 91
5.4 Eigenvalues Eigenvectors _____________________________________________ 92
" ________________________________________________ 94
6 INTERPOLATION CURVE FITTING _______________________________98

6.1 Interpolation Curve Fitting _______________________________________ 98
6.2 Interpolation __________________________________________________________ 99
6.3 Polynomial Curve Fitting_________________________________________________ 104
" _______________________________________________ 106
7 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION _____________________110

7.1 Numerical Integration ___________________________________________________ 110
7.2 Integrate Double Integral _____________________________________________ 112
7.3 Numerical Differentiation ________________________________________________ 114
" _______________________________________________ 115
8 SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIIAL EQUATIONS ___________________118

8.1 First Order ODE _______________________________________________________ 118
8.2 Higher Order ODE _____________________________________________________ 120
8.3 Boundary Value Problems : Shooting Method __________________________________ 123
" ______________________________________________ 129
9 MATLAB GRAPHICS __________________________________________134
9.1 plot 2 _____________________________________________________ 134
9.2 3 _________________________________________________ 141
9.3 _________________________________________________ 151
9.4 ________________________________________________ 153
" ______________________________________________ 155
10 SYMBOLIC MATHEMATICS_____________________________________160
10.1 Symbolic Algebra ____________________________________________________ 160
10.2 Equation Solving _____________________________________________________ 165
10.3 Differentiation Integration___________________________________________ 168
10.4 Symbolic Transformation_______________________________________________ 170
10.5 Function Calculator ___________________________________________________ 173
10.6 Symbolic Math Toolbox : Student Edition ____________________________ 177
11 M-BOOK__________________________________________________180
11.1 M-book _____________________________________________________ 180
11.2 ___________________________________________________ 181
11.3 Input & Output Cells __________________________________________________ 182
11.4 Notebook Menu ___________________________________________ 187
11.5 M-book Template ______________________________ 188
12 Handle Graphic _____________________________________________190

12.1 MATLAB Graphic Object _______________________________________________ 191
12.2 Create Object Function ________________________________________________ 193
12.3 Basic Graphic Object Properties__________________________________________ 195
12.4 GET and SET Function _________________________________________________ 198
12.5 Related Object Function _______________________________________________ 205
13 Object Property_____________________________________________211
13.1 Figure_____________________________________________________________ 212
13.2 Axes______________________________________________________________ 218
13.3 Uicontrol ___________________________________________________________ 229
13.4 Uimenu ____________________________________________________________ 237
13.5 Uicontextmenu ______________________________________________________ 240
14 GUIDE________________________________________243
14.1 GUI GUIDE________________________________________________ 243
14.2 GUI MATLAB _________________________________________ 244
14.3 Application M-file GUIDE______________________________________ 248
14.4 _______________________________ 256
14.5 User Interface Controls ________________________________________________ 262
14.6 Understanding the Application M-File ______________________________________ 262
14.7 GUI__________________________________________ 267
14.8 GUI ____________________________________________ 269
14.9 ________________________________________________________ 270
15 GUIDE ____________________________________________271
15.1 Radio Button _____________________________________________ 271
15.2 Slider Editable Text __________________________________________ 279
15.3 Check Box, List Box Popup Menu _______________________________ 282
15.4 Object Handle GUI _______________________________ 287
MATLAB________________________________________________ 295
____________________________________________________________ 306
1 MATLAB
1.1
MATLAB MATLAB

MATLAB

MATLAB (Interactive)
MATLAB
MATLAB
array (
element ) array MATLAB dimension

matrix vector
C Fortran
MATLAB
MATLAB MATrix LABoratory MATLAB
Matrix MATLAB
Dr. Cleve Molor Fortran
LINPACK EISPACK
MATLAB C MathWorks
LAPACK ARPACK

MATLAB
matrix
..2000 MATLAB 6.0
Introduction to MATLAB 1
12 MATLAB

MATLAB
C Fortran
MATLAB

MATLAB MathWorks MATLAB
toolbox MATLAB
Toolbox
MATLAB
toolbox
signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation
MATLAB
MATLAB
Math Works High-Performance
Numeric Computation and Visualization Software
MATLAB

MATLAB function
function function

MATLAB
C, FORTRAN
MATLAB 2 3

MATLAB Dynamic Link Word, Excel
windows
MATLAB toolbox function

MATLAB

2 Basic Operation
MATLAB

MATLAB MATLAB

MATLAB
Help MATLAB
Internet
http://www.mathworks.com

1.2 MATLAB
n MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB
5
1. Development Environment.
2. The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library.
3. The MATLAB Language.
4. Handle Graphics
5. The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)
Development Environment

graphical user interface MATLAB Desktop Command
Windows, command history browsers help, workspace, files search path
The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library

Algorithms
sine, cosine
inverse matrix eigenvalues eigenvector
fast Fourier transforms
The MATLAB Language

matrix array
input
output Matlab
Handle Graphics

image processing

Graphic User Interface MATLAB
The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

library C Fortran
MATLAB
MATLAB (dynamic linking), MATLAB engine
MAT-file
o MATLAB
Windows
MATLAB shortcut MATLAB desktop
Start MATLAB
Programs Windows
4 Basic Operation
MATLAB 6 MATLAB desktop

MATLAB MATLAB
desktop
Launch Pad
toolbox MATLAB
desktop
desktop (docking)
desktop desktop shortcut
context menus desktop
Preferences File Command
Window desktop Help
Preferences
1.3 MATLAB
MATLAB 6.0 Version MATLAB
MATLAB desktop
version 6 MATLAB
MATLAB
desktop MATLAB 6

MATLAB Desktop 5 Command Windows,
Command History Window, Current Directory Browser, Workspace Browser Launch Pad
n Command Window
Command Window MATLAB
version MATLAB
MATLAB
MATLAB Command Window MATLAB

MATLAB MATLAB MATLAB
prompt Professional Edition EDU Student Edition
MATLAB
EDU
file
MATLAB M-file
6 Basic Operation
Command History
MATLAB
-

(Delete Selection) (Delete to Selection)
(Delete Entire History)
Command Windows
M-file
Shift
Create M-File Editor M-file
M-file
o Current Directory Browser

MATLAB MATLAB Current Directory Search Path

MATLAB file
M-file
Current Directory Search Path
Current Directory
Current Directory Desktop Toolbar
Current Directory
Current Directory
directory Current Directory
Current Directory directory Browser
directory file
Windows
file
MATLAB Current Directory Browser desktop tool current
Directory Browser
Current Directory Browser file

file file
help M-file
Windows
8 Basic Operation
Search Part
Command Window Function
Search Path Search Path
directory MATLAB directory MATLAB
MATLAB Toolbox Search Path
Search Path Set Path
File Menu directory Search Path
directory Search Path path
MATLAB Command Prompt
path
MATLABPATH
C:\MATLABR12\toolbox\MATLAB\general
C:\MATLABR12\toolbox\MATLAB\ops
..
C:\MATLABR12\toolbox\wavelet\wavedemo
C:\MATLABR12\toolbox\rtw\targets\xpc\target\kernel\embedded
C:\MATLABR12\work
Search Part MATLAB

addpath Search Path rmpath directory Search Path
p Workspace Browser
MATLAB
(Workspace) MATLAB
M-file load
MATLAB 6.0 Workspace Browser
Desktop Tool version MATLAB who whos
Command Windows Workspace Browser
Workspace Browser array workspace

workspace Browser Workspace
Delete Selection
array
( )
cell cell
Open Selection

Array Editor
space sheet Matrix Matrix
array editor
10 Basic Operation
Array Editor ()
cell cell Array Editor

array size
cell
undo
q Launch Pad
Launch Pad toolbox
MATLAB Toolbox
Launch Pad file Windows Explorer
Toolbox

Launch Pad
5 MATLAB Desktop
Desktop undock
(Command Windows)
Desktop Dock View
desktop
Desktop
View

Desktop Preference File

r Editor/Debugger
M-file Text Editor Notepad
M-file ASCII Code MATLAB
version 5 editor MATLAB
editor debugger
Editor/Debugger M-files
MATLAB Editor/Debugger text
editor Debugger
MATLAB
12 Basic Operation
MATLAB file M-file
Editor/Debugger
Editor/Debugger
Editor/Debugger
M-file
s Graphic Windows
MATLAB Graphic Windows
Graphic Window
MATLAB Menu Bar Graphic Window
Graphical User
Interface
windows Graphic Window
version MATLAB
Graphic Window
version 6
fit curve Graphic Window
Graphic Window Graphic
1.4
MATLAB

MATLAB
MATLAB Command Window
MATLAB
14 Basic Operation
MATLAB

Angsana New Thai

input MATLAB Courier New

Airtime = B*C(1,2)
output MATLAB Courier New
Airtime = 20
% comment MATLAB

^ MATLAB
Enter key ( Enter
key )
o MATLAB

quit exit MATLAB
clc Command Window
clf Graphic Window
clear
save disk
MATLAB
Ctrl c
^ MATLAB function

p Function Keys
MATLAB keys
Ctrl-p
Ctrl-n
Ctrl-f 1
Ctrl-b 1
Del Backspace 1
Ctrl-l Ctrl- 1
Ctrl-r Ctrl- 1
Ctrl-a Home
End
Ctrl-k
q
MATLAB
help
help MATLAB function help

help function MATLAB function
MATLAB demo
help Menu bar
Help Windows helpwin
version Help Browser MATLAB

MATLAB MathWorks Help
Browser MATLAB Desktop Web Browser
HTML Help Browser Web Browser
Help Browser
16 Basic Operation
Help Help Browser
MATLAB Help
html Browser
( install ) Help browser
help

r Using MATLAB
Development Environment MATLAB desktop
Mathematics
MATLAB
Programming and Data Types MATLAB
Graphics
MATLAB
3-D Visualization view lighting
3

External Interfaces/API C
Fortran Java, , serial port I/O, ActiveX DDE
Creating Graphical User Interfaces
MATLAB graphical user interface
s Reference
MATLAB Function Reference MATLAB
syntax
Function
By Category Alphabetical List of Functions

External Interfaces/API Reference MATLAB

MATLAB

t MATLAB Demos
Toolbox
MATLAB
MATLAB
demo
demo

Run. MATLAB
18 Basic Operation
1.5
MATLAB

3 MATLAB

MATLAB MATLAB 6

2 MATLAB
2.1 Scalars, Vectors and Matrices

scalar vector matrix
MATLAB matrix
scalar matrix [1 x 1]
vector row matrix [ n x 1] column matrix [1 x n]
row vector column vector
MATLAB

underscore ( _ )
MATLAB
19
MATLAB case-sensitive variable
xA, xa, XA
n
assignment statement =

A 1
A = 1
20 Basic Operation
vector matrix [ ]
(row) elements row
(space) comma
A = [1, 2, 3]
A = [1 2 3]
MATLAB
A =
1 23
matrix A 1 row x 3 column

1 2
sami-colon row matrix a=
3 4

a = [1 2;3 4]
a =
1 2
3 4
row
enter
a =[1, 2
3, 4]
row ellipsis comma

3
a = [1, 2, 3,...
4 ,5, 6]
a matrix [1 x 6]
MATLAB matrix matrix

a = [1 2 3]
b = [0 a]
Basic Operation 21
b b = [0 1 2 3]
MATLAB (echo)

a = [1, 2, 3]
MATLAB
a =
1 2 3
MATLAB semi-
colon
a = [1, 2, 3];
echo
MATLAB ans
0 MATLAB
echo echo
element matrix index

a = [1, 2; 3, 4]
row 1 column 2 2 5
a(1,2) = 5
matrix a
a =
1 5
3 4
matrix single row single column matrix index matrix

a = [1 2 3]

a(3) = 5
a
a = [1 2 5]
22 Basic Operation
a = [1 2 3] a(7) = 5 a
a = [1 2 0 0 0 0 5]
MATLAB element 3 7 element

MATLAB 3
who
whos , byte

size matrix array a = 13 2
4
,

size(a)
ans =
2 2
o Colon operator
Colon operator operator matrix
vector matrix

x = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 9 10 0];
a column 1 x
a = x(:, 1)
a =
1
4
9
b = x(2,:) b row 2 x
b = [4 5 6]
Colon operator matrix colon 2

k = 1:5 k row vector

k = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Basic Operation 23
colon 3 2
3
k = 1:0.5:5 row vector
k = [1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5]
colon
k = 5:-0.5:1
k = [5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1]
colon operator submatrix

1 2 3
a = 4 5 6
9 7 8
a=[1 2 3;4 5 6;9 7 8]

a =
1 2 3
4 5 6
9 7 8
minor a(1, 1) row 1 column 1
b = a(2:3,2:3);
b row 2 row 3 column 2 column 3 a
c = a(1:2,1)
c =
1
4
d = a(:,2:3)
d =
2 3
5 6
7 8
a(:) matrix column column 1 a column 2, 3...

e = a(:)
e =
1
4
9
2
5
7
3
24 Basic Operation
6
8
Matrix matrix 0 x 0 a = [ ]; b = 10:1:0; matrix

matrix element
Transpose Matrix row column column row
1 4
1 2 3
a= a = 2 5
T
4 5 6 3 6
MATLAB transpose ( ' ) a'

a = [1 2 3;4 5 6]
a =
1 2 3
4 5 6
b = a'
b =
1 4
2 5
3 6
p
1 1
a = [1 2 3];
a = [3 4];
MATLAB a = [3 4]
a = [1 2 3];
a = [5 a];
MATLAB
A = [5 1 2 3];
q MATLAB
MATLAB

pi 3.14159
i j imaginary valve 1
Basic Operation 25
Inf infinity
NaN Not-a-Number (undefined) 0 0
clock Computer

date format -- 1-jan-97
eps floating-point precision computer
ans
r Matrix MATLAB
Matrix MATLAB matrix
rand(m,n) matrix [m x n] element

0 1
rand(m) square matrix
hilb(N) Hilbert matrix matrix [N x N] element
1
(i + j 1)
magic(N) square matrix [N x N] 1 N2
element row, column diagonal
N 1, 3, 4, 5,
zeros(m,n) matrix [m x n] element
ones(m,n) matrix [m x n] element 1
eye(m,n) matrix [m x n] element diagonal 1
matrix square matrix
linspace(a,b,n)
row vector 1 x n a
b n n
MATLAB n 100
logspace(a,b,n)
row vector 1 x n a
b logarithmic n n
MATLAB n 100
26 Basic Operation
square matrix m n

ones(2) matrix 11 1
1

a=eye(3,4)
a =
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
linspace(1,3,10)
ans =
Columns 1 through 7
1.0000 1.2222 1.4444 1.6667 1.8889 2.1111 2.3333
Columns 8 through 10
2.5556 2.7778 3.0000
s String Variable

string
quotation '
Str1='Tom';
Str2='Pookie';
string
function
matrix element string
matrix column
row blank space string
2.2 Matrix Operation

n Dot Product
Dot Product inner product scalar value vector
A B vector
N
A B = a b N element A B
i =1
i i
A = [1 2 3] B = [4 5 6] C = AB (1)(4) + (2)(5) + (3)(6) = 4+10+18 =

32
MATLAB
C = dot(A,B)
Basic Operation 27
dot(A,B) dot product A B A B matrix dot product row
vector element column dot product column A
B
A=[1 2 3];B=[4 5 6];
dot(A,B)
ans =
32
o Matrix
Matrix A B matrix column row
matrix row column A
[m x n] B [p x q] AB n = p matrix m x q
AB BA matrix MATLAB C = AB
C =A *B
column A row B MATLAB
p Matrix Scalar
matrix scalar element matrix A=[1 2];
C =2*A
C =
2 4
q - Matrix
matrix / //
element matrix
A=[1 2 3];
B=[4 5 6];
C=A-B
C =
-3 -3 -3
r Matrix
Matrix square matrix
28 Basic Operation
A2 = AA
MATLAB A2 A^2
A^2 A*A
A^3 A*A*A
s Matrix Polynomial
polynomial function x
f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 +... a1 x + a 0
an , an1 ,... polynomial x matrix matrix polynomial

matrix matrix MATLAB polynomial
matrix function polyvalm
polyvalm (a,x) polynomial matrix x a x
square matrix a row vector
operation Matrix
MATLAB operation Matrix
operation elements
2.3 Matrix Functions

n Matrix Inverse
A square matrix Inverse Matrix A A-1
AA 1 = A 1 A = I
I identity matrix matrix inverse matrix singular matrix

matrix inverse nonsingular matrix inverse matrix

MATLAB inv
Basic Operation 29
inv(a) inverse matrix a a singular matrix matrix
inverse MATLAB
A=[1 4;8 9];

inv(A)
ans =
-0.3913 0.1739
0.3478 -0.0435
o Rank of Matrix
row matrix rank matrix

1 2 3
a=
2 4 6
row 2 2 row row a rank 1

matrix rank row singular matrix MATLAB rank
rank
rank(a) rank matrix a
a=[1 2 3;2 4 6];

rank(a)
ans =
1
p Determinant of Matrix
Determinant square matrix scalar matrix determinant
square matrix a MATLAB
det(a) determinant a
matrix determinate matrix singular matrix determinant MATLAB
a=[1 2 3; 2 7 6; 5 4 8];
det(a)
ans =
-21
q Matrix
30 Basic Operation
matrix MATLAB function
linear equations
Ax = B
x= A B 1
MATLAB x=A\B
A\B = A-1B
xA = B
x = BA-1
MATLAB B/A
B/A = BA-1
/ MATLAB left matrix division
\ MATLAB right matrix division
x MATLAB Gauss elimination numerical

Technique

r Matrix Decomposition
matrix A matrix 2 matrix
Decomposition Factorization matrix matrix
decomposed matrix 3
c LU-decomposition Triangular Factorization matrix

matrix lower triangular matrix upper triangular matrix
Lower Triangular matrix, L, matrix elements main diagonal
( main diagonal)
1 0 0
L = 4 2 0
5 6 3
Basic Operation 31
Upper Triangular matrix, U matrix elements main diagonal
( main diagonal)
1 2 3
U = 0 4 5
0 0 6
A matrix
A = LU
MATLAB
[L,U]= lu(A) matrix A Lower triangular L

upper triangular U LU = A Matrix A Square
Matrix

A=[1 3 2;-2 6 1;2 5 7];
[L,U]=lu(A)
LD =
-0.5000 0 1.0000
1.0000 0 0
-1.0000 1.0000 0
UD =
-2.0000 -6.0000 1.0000
0 -1.0000 8.0000
0 0 2.5000
0 LU-decomposition
LU-decomposition permutes lower
triangular factor
permuted lower triangular factor

[L,U,P]= lu(A)
L =
1.0000 0 0
-1.0000 1.0000 0
-0.5000 0 1.0000
U =
-2.0000 -6.0000 1.0000
0 -1.0000 8.0000
0 0 2.5000
P =
0 1 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
32 Basic Operation
PA = LU
d QR-Decomposition matrix orthonormal matrix Q upper

triangular matrix, R ( right hand matrix main diagonal
) orthogonal matrix matrix
QQ T = I
Q 1 = Q T
MATLAB
[Q,R]= qr(A) matrix Q R A = QR Q orthonormal
R upper triangular matrix A Square
Matrix

A=[1 2 3; 5 8 7];
[Q,R]=qr(A)
Q =
-0.1961 -0.9806
-0.9806 0.1961
R =
-5.0990 -8.2369 -7.4524
0 -0.3922 -1.5689
e Singular Value decomposition (SVD) decomposed matrix matrix 3

matrix
A = QSV
Q V orthonormal matrix S diagonal matrix MATLAB

[Q,S,V]=svd(A) decompose A A = QSV Q V orthonormal
s diagonal matrix
0 decompose 3 A [m x n]
U, L R A
Q m x m
V n x n
S m x n
Basic Operation 33

A=[1 4;8 9];
[L,U]=lu(A)
L =
0.1250 1.0000
1.0000 0
U =
8.0000 9.0000
0 2.8750
[Q,R]=qr(A)
Q =
-0.1240 -0.9923
-0.9923 0.1240
R =
-8.0623 -9.4266
0 -2.8528
[Q,S,V] = svd(A)
Q =
0.2966 0.9550
0.9550 -0.2966
S =
12.5963 0
0 1.8259
V =
0.6301 -0.7765
0.7765 0.6301
s Array Operation
element matrix
element - by - element operation array operation
A = [1 2 3 4];
B = [2 4 4 5];
A * B matrix C c i = ai bi
c (1) = A(1) * B(1) , c ( 2) = A( 2) * B( 2) ,...
array operation . *
C = A.*B
D element clement element A

B . /
D = A./B
E = A.^B
34 Basic Operation
E element element A element B
A=[1 2 3 4 5];
B=[4 5 9 10 2];
A.*B
ans =
4 10 27 40 10
B.Â
ans =
4 25 729 10000 32
0 Array operation matrix matrix
t
MATLAB
(1)
(2)
(2)
(3)
u Matrix
matrix
MATLAB function
rot90(A) matrix A 90
rot90(A,n) matrix A 90 n
fliplr(A) Matrix A column

flipud(A) Matrix A row

reshape(A,m,n) matrix A [m x n] element matrix A
mn MATLAB
column A
Basic Operation 35
diag(x) x matrix vector main diagonal x
element x vector matrix vector A diagonal
triu(A) square matrix matrix A main diagonal
A
triu(A,k) square matrix matrix A diagonal k
A
tril(A) square matrix matrix A main diagonal
A
tril(A,k) square matrix matrix A diagonal k
A
A=[1 2 3;0 2 4;3 6 8]

A =
1 2 3
0 2 4
3 6 8
rot90(A)
ans =
3 4 8
2 2 6
1 0 3
tril(A)
ans =
1 0 0
0 2 0
3 6 8
triu(A,2)
ans =
0 0 3
0 0 0
0 0 0
diag(A)
ans =
1
2
8
flipud(A)
ans =
3 6 8
0 2 4
1 2 3
36 Basic Operation
2.4 Multidimensional Arrays
MATLAB 2 MATLAB
version 5 2 Matrix 2
x=[1 3 5; 4 2 8]
x =
1 3 5
4 2 8
y=[7 1 4;2 0 1]
y =
7 1 4
2 0 1
z=[4 2 1;3 6 9]
z =
4 2 1
3 6 9
3 3
3 x, y,
z
row column

(concatenates) cat
d=cat(3,x,y,z)
d(:,:,1)=
135
428
d(:,:,2)=
714
201
d(:,:,3)=
4 2 1
3 6 9
size(d)
ans =
2 3 3
x, y, z 2 x 3 d 2 x 3 x 3 cat
Cat(dims,A1,A2,A3,...)
Basic Operation 37
matrix A1, A2, A3,... matrix
dims matrix
Multi-dimensional Array
ndim(A) dimension A
B = permute(A,order) A B order
order vector B
element
ipermute(A,order) permute(A, order)
shiftdim(A,n) dimension A n
B = squeeze(A) dimension 1 B element
A 1
matrix vector
vector
x=[1 3 5;4 2 8];

y=[7 1 4;2 0 1];
z=[4 2 1;3 6 9];
d=cat(3,x,y,z);
e = permute(d,[3 1 2])
e(:,:,1) =
1 4
7 2
4 3
e(:,:,2) =
3 2
1 0
2 6
e(:,:,3) =
5 8
4 1
1 9
f = ipermute(e,[3 1 2])
f(:,:,1) =
1 3 5
4 2 8
f(:,:,2) =
7 1 4
2 0 1
f(:,:,3) =
4 2 1
3 6 9
g=shiftdim(d,2)
g(:,:,1) =
1 4
7 2
38 Basic Operation
4 3
g(:,:,2) =
3 2
1 0
2 6
g(:,:,3) =
5 8
4 1
1 9
p=rand(2,1,4,3);
size(p)
ans =
2 1 4 3
p=squeeze(p);
size(p)
ans =
2 4 3

1-1-3 g
g(1,1,3)
ans =
5
2.5 Cell Arrays

MATLAB 5 cell array version
element matrix cell
array element matrix matrix
n Cell Arrays
cell arrays { } 2
cell index
x(1,1)={[1 2;3 4]};
x(1,2)={5};
x(2,1)={linspace(0,10,10)};
x(2,2)={'Text Only'};
content addressing
x{1,1}=[1 2;3 4];
x{1,2}=5;
x{2,1}=linspace(0,10,10);
x{2,2}='Text Only';

matrix x 2 x 2 element cell x(1,1) matrix 2
x 2 x
Basic Operation 39
x
x =
[2x2 double] [ 5]
[1x10 double] 'Text Only'
size(x)
ans =
2 2
x
class(x)
ans =
cell
x cell arrays x celldisp

celldisp(x)
x{1,1} =
1 2
3 4
x{2,1} =
Columns 1 through 7
0 1.1111 2.2222 3.3333 4.4444 5.5556 6.6667
Columns 8 through 10
7.7778 8.8889 10.0000
x{1,2} =
5
x{2,2} =
Text Only
cell
x{1,2}
ans =
5
cell array matrix

column ;
y={[1 3; 5 6], [2 3; 5 7]; ['TOM';'TON'],[2+i 5+4i]}
y =
[2x2 double] [2x2 double]
[2x3 char ] [1x2 double]
cell array cell

Z=cell(2,2)
z =
[] []
[] []
o Cell Array
40 Basic Operation
cell array matrix
x
x =
[2x2 double] [ 5]
y
y =
a=[x y]
a =
[2x2 double] [ 5] [2x2 double] [2x2 double]
[1x10 double] 'Text Only' [2x3 char ] [1x2 double]
b=[x;y]
b =
[2x2 double] [ 5]
matrix colon operator

c=b(2:3,1)
c =
[1x10 double]
[2x2 double]
reshape
c=reshape(b,2,4)
c =
[2x2 double] [2x2 double] [ 5] [2x2 double]
[1x10 double] [2x3 char ] 'Text Only' [1x2 double]
cell array
cell cell

cell matrix cell
matrix
deal
Basic Operation 41

c
c =
[2x2 double] [2x2 double] [ 5] [2x2 double]
[1x10 double] [2x3 char ] 'Text Only' [1x2 double]
c{1,4}
ans =
2 3
5 7
c{1,4}(2,1)
ans =
5
[p q] = deal(c{1,2:3})
p =
1 3
5 6
q =
5
p Cell Array Character String

character string matrix
column
MATLAB 5.x cell arrays character string
column cell
x={'Tom';'Pookie';'Tata';'Nut';'Christina';'Mai'}
x =
'Tom'
'Pookie'
'Tata'
'Nut'
'Christina'
'Mai'
class(x)
ans =
cell
size(x)
ans =
6 1
x cell array 6 row x 1 column row

42 Basic Operation
2.6 Structures
3 MATLAB 5.x
structure MATLAB structure object (Data
Containers) fields (database)
structure
n Structure
MATLAB 5.x

field
field

part (name) (make)
(price) (remark) filed 4 field
field field
Parts.name ='Left motor';
Parts.make='GE';
Parts.price=3990;
Parts.remark='Re-build';
parts
parts =
name: 'Left motor'
make: 'GE'
price: 3990
remark: 'Re-build'
2
parts(2).name='Over head cam';
parts(2).make='ACME';
parts(2).price=420;
parts(2).remark='New';

parts
Basic Operation 43
parts =
1X2 struct array with fields:
name
make
price
remark
1 MATLAB
field
parts.name
ans =
Left motor
ans =
Over head cam
Parts(2).price
ans =
420
field
total = parts(1).price*35.4
total =
141246
o field
program
MATLAB 5.x
field object , matrix, cell array

Structure
field fieldname
fieldnames(parts)
ans =
'make'
'name'
'price'
'remark'
structure struct
parts=struct('name',N,'make',M,'price',P)
parts =
1x2 struct array with fields:
name
make
44 Basic Operation
price
matrix N, M ,P
field sub-field
parts.make.FirstChoice='GE';
parts.make.SecondChoice='PW';
file field make field structure
parts
parts =
make:[1x1 struct]
getfield
F=getfield(S,'field')
F field F =
S S 1-by-1 structure.
F=getfield(S,{i,j},'field',{k})
F = S(i,j).field(k).
MATLAB 5.x MATLAB

2.7 Output Options

MATLAB Command Window Enter Key MATLAB

n Display Format

MATLAB
format short 4 22.1234
Basic Operation 45
format long 15 22.123456789012345
format bank 2 22.12
format short e 4 10 2.123 e+01
format long e 15 10 2.12345678901234 e+01
format + + , - +
format short MATLAB

format short
pi
ans =
3.1416
format long
pi
ans =
3.14159265358979
format short e
pi
ans =
3.1416e+000
format long e
pi
ans =
3.141592653589793e+000
o
MATLAB echo
MATLAB
disp
A disp(A) A disp(Display)
MATLAB Display (string)

A=10;
disp(A) ; disp(newtons)
10
46 Basic Operation
newtons

fprintf output
disp fprintf output variable
(specifier) %e, %f %g
%e exponential notation 2.3456 + 2
%f
%g %e %f
specifier %6.2f 4 2
1
fprintf
A=10;
fprintf (Total force is %f newtons \n,A)
Total force is 10.000000 newtons
\n
fprintf (Total force is \n %f newtons \n,A)
Total force is
10.000000 newtons
fprintf (Total force is %6.2f newtons \n,A)

Total force is 10.00 newtons
2.8 Simple Plot

MATLAB 2
3 3
x-y
MATLAB plot
plot
plot(x,y) Linear plot x y x y
semilogx(x,y) plot x y x log y
semilogy(x,y) plot x y x y log

loglog(x,y) plot log scale x y
plotyy(x1,y1,x2,y2)
Basic Operation 47
Linear plot x1-y1 x2-y2 y
y1 y2 x

plot MATLAB graphic window
plot plot graphic window plot
figure Command Window File menu New Figure
graphic windows figure 1, figure 2, ..
n
plot ( plot
semilogx,... )
plot(x,y) Plot vector x vector y coordinate (xj , yj)
plot(y) Plot coordinate ( j, yj ) vector y
plot(z) complex number z = x + iy plot coordinate (Re(z), Im(z))
plot(A) A matrix plot coordinate (j,A1j), (j,A2j),.. j index
row plot A column index
plot(x,A) Plot matrix A m x n vector x x vector m
plot column A x vector x n
plot row A x
plot(A,x) plot vector x Matrix A A m x n vector x m
plot x column A vector x n plot x
row A
plot(A,B) plot column B column A A B m x n
plot curve n m coordinate
plot(x,y,str)
str character string

y = yellow . -
g = green * --
m = magenta X -. dash-dotted
48 Basic Operation
b = blue O : dotted
c = cyan +
w = white S
r = read D
k = black ^
V
>
<
P
H
MATLAB - ()
MATLAB y, g, m, ... plot string
r+ plot +
plot(x,y,str1,w,v,str2,...)
plot curve 1
plot(xi, yi) str1 plot (wi ,vi) str2
str MATLAB y, g, m ...

a = plot(x,y,str1,w,v,str2,...)
plot curve MATLAB a
plot (MATLAB
handle ) MATLAB

o Graphics Window
Graphics window
character string txt ='charactor string
'
title(txt) string txt

xlabel(txt) string txt x x
ylabel(txt) string txt y y

Basic Operation 49
zlabel(txt) ( 3 ) z
text(x,y,txt) string txt plot coordinate (x,y)
Text vector string
vector x y txti (xi, yi)
text(x,y,txt,sc)
string txt plot coordinate (0,0)
(1,1) plot
legend(txt1,txt2,...)
legend curve plot txt1 curve
plot , txt2 curve plot

Legend(txt1,txt2,...,pos)
legend curve plot txt1 curve
plot , txt2 curve plot
pos pos

0 =
1 = ( MATLAB
)
2 =
3 =
4 =
-1 =
legend off legend plot
legend (M,txt1,txt2,...)
M handle legend M
M = plot(x,y,...) help legend

50 Basic Operation
plot MATLAB x, y
plot
axis
axis([Xmin, Xmax, Ymin, Ymax, Zmin, Zmax])

( z
3 )
axis(axis) Lock scaling plot
plot
hold
axis(string)
string string

auto Reset scaling MATLAB auto mode
ij y
xy y
equal x y scale
square
normal
off MATLAB plot
on MATLAB plot
axis auto, axis on,...

grid
grid on
grid off
grid grid on grid off grid off grid on
q Graphic
graphic window
figure graphic window MATLAB
plot
clf graphic window
clc command window
Basic Operation 51
hold on graphics window plot plot
plot
hold off hold on
hold hold on hold off
ishold MATLAB hold plot hold 1
0
r Subplot
graphic window
MATLAB 1 Graphic window
sub - plot graphic window subplot
subplot(m,n,p)
sub-plot graphic window
matrix m x n plot sub-plot p
p 1 sub-plot

subplot subplot window subplot (1,1,1)
x=0:pi/100:2*pi;
y=sin(x);
z=cos(x);
plot(x,y,'+',x,z,'-')
52 Basic Operation
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x=[10 12 14 16 18];
y=[1 2 3 4 5;1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6];
plot(x,y)
xlabel('This is X-axis title')
ylabel('This is Y-axis title')
title('This is Titel of the graph')
text(14,1.5,'This Text start at point (14,1.5)')
legend('First Graph','Second Graph',0)
Basic Operation 53
This is Titel of the graph
6
First Graph
5.5 Second Graph
4.5
This is Y-axis title
3.5
2.5
1.5 This Text start at point (14,1.5)
1
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
This is X-axis title
legend MATLAB handel

x=0:pi/50:4*pi;
y=x.*sin(x).*exp(-x);
z=x.*cos(x*10).*exp(x/20);
y=100*x.*sin(x).*exp(-x);
m=plot(x,y,'r-.',x,z,'b--');
xlabel('This is X-axis title')
ylabel('This is Y-axis title')
title('This is Titel of the graph')
legend(m,'First Graph','Second Graph',3)
54 Basic Operation
This is Titel of the graph
40
30
20
This is Y-axis title
10
-10
-20
First Graph
Second Graph
-30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
This is X-axis title
plot subplot
x=[10 12 14 16 18];
y=[1 2 3 4 5; 1.2 2.3 3.4 4.5 5.6];
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(x,y)
title('This is the graph at position 1 of 2x2')
subplot(2,2,2);
semilogx(x,y)
grid on
subplot(2,2,3);
semilogy(x,y)
subplot(2,2,4);
loglog(x,y)
grid on
Figure Windows

MATLAB 5.3 MATLAB 6.0
graphic windows toolbars

sine MATLAB
X=linspace(0,4*pi);
Basic Operation 55
y=sin(x);
plot(x,y)
figure windows

Edit Current Object Properties Property Editor

Plot

Edit
Axes Properties Property Editor
56 Basic Operation

Graphic

M-file

"
Potential Flow
potential flow half-body (Uniform
flow Source) stream function
q
= Ur sin +
2
Basic Operation 57
U
q flow rate source source strength
plot = stream line plot
r = f()
q

2
r=
u sin
plot x-y polar coordinate

x = r cos y = r sin
zeta=linspace(pi/160,159*pi/160,50);
q=10;U=10;
phi=linspace(q/2,1.5*q,10);
for m=1:10 % FOR-Loop M-FILES m

% stream function stream lines
r(m,:)=(phi(m)-(q*zeta/(2*pi)))./(U.*sin(zeta));
end
r=abs(r');zeta=zeta';
for m=1:10
x(:,m)=r(:,m).*cos(zeta);
y(:,m)=r(:,m).*sin(zeta);
end
hold on
plot(x,y);y=-y;plot(x,y);
title('Flow Over Half Body')
axis([-2 6 -1.5 1.5])
axis off;hold off
58 Basic Operation
Flow Over Half Body
plot Contour plot

3
Single Degree of Freedom

Single Degree of Freedom Force Vibration
mx + cx + kx = F0 cos t
m stiffness k damping c harmonic F0

x x
x = Ae nt sin(d t + ) + A0 cos(t )
parameter
n =
k
m
natural frequency ,
=
c
damping ratio
2 km
d = n 1 2 damping frequency

Transient Vibration Steady State
Basic Operation 59
A0
f0 f0
A0 = =
(n2 ) + (2n )
2 2 2
n2 (1 r 2 ) 2 + (2r ) 2
Phase angle
2r
= tan 1
1 r2

Normalized magnitude AF0 k Phase angle, frequency ratio, r = damping
0 n
ratio
r=linspace(0,3,200);
r=r';
s=0.1;
x=1./sqrt((1-r.^2).^2+(2*s*r).^2);
phi=atan2(2*s*r,1-r.*r);
subplot(2,1,1)
a(1)=plot(r,x);
hold on
subplot(2,1,2)
b(1)=plot(r,phi);
hold on
s=0.25;
x=1./sqrt((1-r.^2).^2+(2*s*r).^2);
subplot(2,1,1)
a(2)=plot(r,x,'b-.');
subplot(2,1,2)
b(2)=plot(r,phi,'b-.');
s=0.707;
x=1./sqrt((1-r.^2).^2+(2*s*r).^2);
subplot(2,1,1)
a(3)=plot(r,x,'b:');
subplot(2,1,1)
b(3)=plot(r,phi,'b:');
s=1.0;
x=1./sqrt((1-r.^2).^2+(2*s*r).^2);
subplot(2,1,1)
a(4)=plot(r,x,'b--');
xlabel('Frequency Ratio');
ylabel('Normalized Magnitude');
legend(a,'0.1','0.25','0.707','1.0')
subplot(2,1,2)
b(4)=plot(r,phi,'b--');
xlabel('Frequency Ratio');
ylabel('Phase Angle, Rad');
60 Basic Operation
legend(b,'0.1','0.25','0.707','1.0')
Normalized Magnitude
0.1
0.25
4 0.707
1.0
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Frequency Ratio
4
0.1
Phase Angle, Rad
3 0.25
0.707
1.0
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Frequency Ratio
Basic Operation 61
3 MATLAB FUNCTIONS
MATLAB MATLAB
function function
sub-directories file M-file M-file
function
function function parameter
( )
function(parameter1,parameter2,...)
sin(x) sine x
abs(x) absolute parameter x
x scalar, vector matrix
3.1
MATLAB function
abs(x) absolute x
sqrt(x) 2 x
round(x) x x
fix(x) x x
floor(x) x x x - infinity
ceil(x) x x x + infinity
sign(x) x -1 x < 0, 1 x > 0 0 x = 0
rem(x,y) x y x/y
exp(x) ex
log(x) ln(x) natural logarithm x
log10(x) log10 x logarithm 10 x
62 MATLAB Function
3.2
MATLAB Radians
180 = rad
sin(x) sine x radians

cos(x) cosine x radians
tan(x) tangent x radians
asin(x) arcsine inverse sine x 1 1
radians
2 2
acos(x) arccosine inverse cosine x 1 x 1
radians 0
atan(x) arctangent inverse tangent x x
2 2
atan2(x,y) arctangent inverse tangent y/x function radians
x y
function MATLAB

1 1 1
sec( x ) = , cos ec( x ) = , cot( x ) =
cos( x ) sin( x ) tan( x )
1
arc sec( x) = arc cos x 1
x
1
arc cos( x) = arc sin x 1
x
x
arc cot( x) = arc cos

1+ x
2
3.3 Hyperbolic Functions

Hyperbolic Functions function natural exponential function, ex inverse hyperbolic
function function natural logarithm functions, MATLAB function
hyperbolic function
e x ex
sinh(x) hyperbolic sine x 2
e x + ex
cosh(x) hyperbolic cosine x 2
MATLAB Function 63
tanh(x) hyperbolic tangent x sinh( x )
cosh( x )
asinh(x) inverse hyperbolic sine x ln x + x 2 + 1

acosh(x) inverse hyperbolic cosine x ln x + x 2 1

x 1
1+ x
atanh(x) inverse hyperbolic tangent x ln x 1
1 x
hyperbolic function MATLAB function
coth( x ) =
cosh( x )
sinh( x )
x 0, sech( x ) =
1
cosh( x )
x + 1
csch( x ) =
1
sinh( x )
, acoth( x ) = ln
x 1
x 1
1 1+ x 2 1+ 1 x2
acsch(x ) = ln +
x
,

asech( x ) = ln

0 x 1
x x
3.4 Complex Number Functions

Complex number z
z = x + iy
x y real i = 1
x real part z ; x = Re(z)
y imaginary part z ; y = Im (z)
MATLAB i j 1 i j
imaginary number function complex number MATLAB parameter z = x + iy
conj(z) complex conjugate z z = x + iy, x - iy

real(z) Real part z z = x + iy, x
imag(z) imaginary part z z = x + iy, y
abs(z) absolute z x 2 + y 2
angle(z) argument z angle (z) = tan xy
1
64 MATLAB Function
3.5 Polynomial Functions
polynomial
P ( x ) = a n x n + a n1 x n 1 +....+ a 2 x 2 + a1 x + a 0
coefficient polynomial P(x) n

a n , a n1 ,... a o
polynomial degree n polynomial degree n MATLAB coefficient

vector n+1
P = [a n , a n 1 ,... a 2 , a1 , a 0 ]
vector P polynomial function

polynomial
polyval(P,x) polynomial coefficient P x x scalar function
x x vector vector x
element function element x
P=[1, 2, 1] % f ( x) = x + 2 x + 1 2
Polyval(P,1)% f(1) 1
ans =
1
x=[1 2 3 4];
polyval(P,x)
ans =
4 9 16 25
n Polynomial
polynomial P(x) x P(x) = 0
order () polynomial complex
number MATLAB
polynomial roots
roots(A) polynomial A
x4 = 4 x4- 4 = 0
A=[1,0,0,0,-4];
B=roots(A)
B =
-1.4142
0.0000+ 1.4142i
MATLAB Function 65
0.0000- 1.4142i
1.4142
4 2 , 2i
D=[1,3,0,-1,0,2];
C=roots(D)
C =
-2.9098
-0.7186+ 0.6574i
-0.7186- 0.6574i
0.6735+ 0.5207i
0.6735- 0.5207I
o polynomial
MATLAB roots polynomial
poly
poly(A) polynomial vector A
B=[1,-3,-1,3];
A=roots(B)
A =
3.0000
1.0000
-1.0000
C=poly(A)
C =
1.0000 -3.0000 -1.0000 3.0000
C B
p polynomial
polynomial scalar polynomial scalar

P=[1, 2, 1] % P( x ) = x 2 + 2 x + 1
Q=2*P % Q( x) = 2( x 2 + 2 x + 1) = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2
polyval(Q,1) % Q(1)
ans =
8
polynomial polynomial
MATLAB conv
conv(P,Q) polynomial
polynomial P Q
66 MATLAB Function

P=[1 2 1]; % P( x ) = x 2 + 2 x + 1
Q=2*P; % ( )
Q( x ) = 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2
conv(P,Q) % P(x)*Q(x)
ans =
2 8 12 8 2
polynomial polynomial
MATLAB polynomial
decond
[A,B]=deconv(C,D) MATLAB polynomial C
polynomial D polynomial A
polynomial B

C=[3,4,-9,13,-1,1.5,-10.5,10,10];
D=[1,3,0,-1,0,2.5];
[A,B]=deconv(C,D)
A =
3 -5 6 -2
B =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5 15
polynomial 3x 3
5x 2 + 6 x 2 polynomial 5x + 15
0 parameter function polynomial
vector parameter matrix MATLAB
row 1 row matrix row row parameter
3.6 Statistical and Logical Functions

n Statistical Functions
function MATLAB function
max(x) MATLAB x x matrix row
vector column x x complex
number
[y,ind] = max(x) MATLAB row vector y column
matrix x ind element
column x
MATLAB Function 67
max(A,B) MATLAB matrix A B
element (i, j) aij bij
function min function max
sum(x) x vector element x

x matrix row vector column
x
cumsum(x) x vector x element 2
element 1 2 x , element 3
element 1, 2 3 x x matrix MATLAB
column x
prod(x) sum element
cumprod(x) cumsum element
mean(x) x vector element x x
matrix row vector element column
x
median(x) x vector median element x x
matrix row vector element medien
column x
std(x) x vector (standard
deviation) element x x matrix row
vector element column
x
cov(x) x vector Varian x x matrix
diagonal matrix Varian column x
corrcoef(A) correlation matrix matrix A
sort(x) x vector vector element
x matrix matrix
column
column x
68 MATLAB Function
[y,ind] = sort(x) y sort (x) ind index
element x
column vector x, row vector y, matrix A
x=[4;1;6]
x =
4
1
6
y=[1 8 9]
y =
1 8 9
A=[1 9 8;2 12 4;4 7 6]

A =
1 9 8
2 12 4
4 7 6

max(y)
ans =
9
min(A)
ans =
1 7 4
sort(x)
ans =
1
4
6
mean(A)
ans =
2.3333 9.3333 6.0000
sum(y)
ans =
18
cumsum(x)
ans =
4
5
11
cumprod(A)
ans =
1 9 8
2 108 32
8 756 192
o Logical Function
MATLAB Function 69
MATLAB function function
, element matrix element matrix function
find(x) vector element x x

matrix column vector column
x vector
any(x) 1 element x element x
0 x matrix row vector
column column x
all(x) 1 element x element x
0 x matrix row vector
column column x
isnan(x) 1 element x ( Not-a-
Number, NaN) 0
finite(x) 1 element x finite 0
element x NaN infinity
isempty(x) 1 x matrix 0

B=[1 0 4;3 6 0;4 2 9]
B =
104
360
4 -2 9

any(B)
ans =
1 1 1
find(B)
ans =
1
2
3
5
6
7
9
all(B)
ans =
1 0 0
70 MATLAB Function
finite(B)
ans =
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
3.7 File Input/Output Functions

MATLAB

--- file MATLAB
- file

file file
disk file
file
n file
MATLAB file fopen
fid=fopen(filename, permission)
file filename file
permission file directory
MATLAB MATLAB search path.
fid file identifiers file
MATLAB file
permission strings
'r' (read)
'w' file
'a' (append)
'r+'
'w+'
'a+'
MATLAB Function 71
file format binary code
file text 't' string
'rt' 'wt+' UNIX Macintosh text file
binary file PC file

file MATLAB
fid = -1 fid =1, 2 3 MATLAB
file string PC
directory DOS
fids=fopen('all') row vector file identifiers file

file fclose
st=fclose(fid) file file identifier, fid, fopen
st =0 file st = -1

st=fclose('all') file
o Binary File
binary file fread fwrite

[A,count]= fread(fid,size,precision)
binary data file fid
matrix A count
size
MATLAB file

N N element column vector
inf file ()
[M,N] matrix M x N column
count=fwrite(fid,a,precision)
72 MATLAB Function
element matrix A file fid
MATLAB column count
elements
precision
String
'char' - 8 bits
'uchar' unsigned character - 8 bits
'schar' signed character - 8 bits
'int8', 'int16','int32','int64' - 8,16,32 64 bits
'uint8', 'uint16', 'uint32', 'uint64' unsigned integer - 8,16,32 64 bits
'float32' floating point - 32 bits
'float64' floating point - 64 bits
computer
'short' - 16 bits.
'int' - 32 bits.
'long' - 32 64 bits.
'ushort' unsigned integer - 16 bits.
'uint' unsigned integer - 32 bits.
'ulong' unsigned integer - 32 bits or 64 bits.
'float' floating point - 32 bits
'double' floating point - 64 bits.
binary file
file
f1=fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\myio1.dat','w');
A=linspace(0,2*pi,10);
st =fwrite(f1,A,'float32')
MATLAB Function 73
st =
10
file
f2=fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\myio1.dat','r');
B=fread(f2,'float32');
fclose(f2);
file
f3=fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\myio1.dat','r');
C=fread(f2,[2 5],'float32');
fclose(f3);
file
F4=fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\myio1.dat','r');
D=fread(f2,[2,2],'float32');
E=fread(f2,[3,2],'float32');
fclose(f4);
B C D E
B =
0
0.6981
1.3963
2.0944
2.7925
3.4907
4.1888
4.8869
5.5851
6.2832
C =
0 1.3963 2.7925 4.1888 5.5851
0.6981 2.0944 3.4907 4.8869 6.2832
D =
0 1.3963
0.6981 2.0944
E =
2.7925 4.8869
3.4907 5.5851
4.1888 6.2832
74 MATLAB Function
binary file IEEE
MATLAB C FORTRAN
help fread
p Format File
text file file binary file
fscanf fprintf
[a,count]=fscanf(fid,format,size)
format file fid
format matrix a
count size
fread
format string %
d, i, o, u, x, e, f, g, s, c, [. . .] (scanset).
C %s character string,
%f floating point %d decimal point integer
MATLAB
count=fprintf(fid,format,a)
format data real part matrix a
format string file fid count
file
file text file iotest.txt

x=linespace(0,5,10);
y=[x,cos(x)];
f1=fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\iotest.txt','wt');
fprintf(f1,'%8.4f %8.4f\n',y);
fclose(f1);
f2=fopen('c:\temp\iotest.txt','rt');
A=fscanf(f2,'%f %f',[2 5]);
B=fscanf(f2,'%f');
A
A =
0 1.1111 2.2222 3.3333 4.4444
0.5556 1.6667 2.7778 3.8889 5.0000
MATLAB Function 75
B
B =
1.0000
0.8496
0.4437
-0.0957
-0.6063
-0.9345
-0.9817
-0.7335
-0.2647
0.2837
function MATLAB function

function MATLAB
help files
"
Stress-Strain Curve
curve
stress-strain curve curve
stress strain

Youngs Modulus MPa
Ultimate Strength MPa
Percent Elongation at Fracture
Stress (kpsi) Strain (in/in) Stress (kpsi) Strain (in/in)

0 0 76 0.08
30 0.001 75 0.10
55 0.002 73 0.12
60 0.005 69 0.14
68 0.01 65 0.16
72 0.02 56 0.18
74 0.04 51 0.19 (Fracture)
75 0.06
76 MATLAB Function
file tensile.dat 2 column stress
strain column
kpsi
MPa 1 kpsi = 6.895 MPa
MATLAB
fopen
fid = fopen('c:\MATLABR11\work\tensile.dat','r');
A=fscanf(fid,'%f %f',[2 100]);
fclose(fid);
A=A';

100 file 2
stress strain 2 x 100 transpose
column

Stress = A(:,1)*6.895;
Strain = A(:,2);
Young Modulus linear

elastic strain Ultimate Tensile Strength
Young = (Stress(3)-Stress(2))/(Strain(3)-Strain(2));
fprintf('Youngs Moduls = %7.3f MPa \n',Young)
Youngs Moduls = 172375.000 MPa
U_Strangth = max(Stress);
fprintf('Ultimate Tensile Stress = %7.3f MPa \n',U_Strangth)
Ultimate Teasel Stress = 524.020 MPa
Elongation at fracture strain

Elongation = (max(Strain)-min(Strain))*100;
fprintf('Percent Elongation at Fracture = %5.2f \n',Elongation)
Percent Elongation at fracture = 19.00
plot(Strain,Stress,'^-');
xlabel('Strain')
ylabel('Stress')
title('Stress - Strain Curve')
MATLAB Function 77

S tres s - S train Curve

600
500
400
S tres s
300
200
100
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
S train
78 MATLAB Function
4 M-FILE
4.1 M-File
MATLAB
C, FORTRAN, PASCAL,... MATLAB function

function
MATLAB Save extension " m "
MATLAB M-file M-file 2
script file
function function MATLAB
function M-file function file
M-file MATLAB plain text format program
Notepad save file save file extension m
MATLAB 5.x MATLAB Editor/Debugger
M-file file extension M-file
myfile.m command window MATLAB
myfile
M-file
MATLAB M-file directory path
MATLAB MATLAB directory sub-directory drive
MATLAB search path M-file
file path MATLAB
M-file directory M-file MATLAB
MATLAB search path directory MATLAB program
search path
M-Files 79
search path MATLAB
addpath directory search path directory
DOS
search path MATLAB 5.X click
File Set path... path
4.2 Script Files & Function Files

MATLAB
function MATLAB

program computer script files
MATLAB (script) function file

script file function file
Function file input file
output script file function file
parameter
script file M-file MATLAB
function file
output
function MATLAB
script file global variable function file local variable
function file
script file
variable M-file
MATLAB input output
function file script file
parameter
0 script file function file M-file

search path MATLAB
80 M-Files
script file function file
function mypro(c)
function MATLAB file function file

c input parameter
mypro function file save mypro. m
function a = myfunc(c,d)
function MATLAB file function file

a output scalar matrix
c, d input parameter
myfunc function file save myfunc. m
function[a, b, c] = tiger(d, e, f, g)
function file tiger (Save tiger.m) input d, e, f
g a, b c output
0 Function file function M-file Save

function
Comment ( % )
comment
%
comment MATLAB
% help M-file
script file %
help file
function file % function
help
file
M-file
M-Files 81
script file
% Pythagoras Theorem for Me
a = input (Please input the first side);
b = input (Please input the second side);
c = sqrt (a^2 + b^2)
save file pyta.m

pyta
Please input the first side 3
Please input the second side 4
c =
5
help pyta
Pythagoras' Theorem for Me
function file
function c = pyta (a, b)
% Pythagoras Theorem for Me
% format is c=pyta(a,b)
% where a and b are sides of the rectangle
% and c^2 =a^2+b^2
c = sqrt(a^2 + b^2)
Save file pyta.m
c = pyta(3, 4)
c =
5
Pyta (3,4)
ans =
5
x= Pyta (4, 3)
x =
5

help pyta

Pythagoras Theorem for Me
format is c=pyta(a,b)
where a and b are sides of the rectangle
and c^2 =a^2+b^2
M-file
82 M-Files
4.3 M-File
program computer MATLAB
program C, FORTRAN BASIC

MATLAB line number
subroutine function
MATLAB string, integer
precision
array dimension
function MATLAB
subroutine
MATLAB compile MATLAB
error

For loop Repetitive Control Structure
If - elseif - else - end Conditional Control Structure
While loop Repetitive Control Structure
n For Loop
For loop For loop ( Do loop)
for m = a: b

end
MATLAB (loop) m = a
end MATLAB
for m = a + 1
m = b a b
for m = a:b:c l a c b
M-Files 83
0 FORTRAN loop i j
integer FORTRAN MATLAB
MATLAB imaginary number 1
For Loop
for loop

for k = 1 : 5
for i = 1 : 5
p(k,i) = k * i ;
end
end
matrix p 5x5 element

row column k = 1 loop i = 1
P(1,1) = 1*1=1 end loop 2
k 1 i = 2 P(1,2) = 1*2=2 i = 5
for loop end loop
end loop k = 2
loop i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 loop
k = 5 l = 5
MATLAB 5.x M-file Editer MATLAB loop
loop MATLAB
loop end for loop
loop
o If Statement
If
if

end
MATLAB MATLAB
end condition

84 M-Files
MATLAB
= ==
~=
MATLAB
> >
< <
=>
=<
AND &
OR |
if x == 0
a =5
end
x = 0 a = 5 x a = 5
If-Elseif-Else
else elseif
if 1
1
elseif 2
2
elseif 3
4
................
else n
n
End
1 MATLAB 1 end
MATLAB 2 MATLAB 2 end
MATLAB 3 MATLAB 3 end
M-Files 85
n MATLAB
end
p While - Loop
while loop for loop while loop
for loop loop
while-loop
while

end
loop MATLAB
end

a =0
while a < 5
a =a +1
b =5+a
end
a = 0 loop while a < 5 MATLAB a = 0

+ 1 = 1 b = 5 + 1 = 6 end MATLAB while a = 1
a < 5 MATLAB
a 5
0 loop
loop loop

Ctrl-C MATLAB
q Loop
program loop
Break
86 M-Files
MATLAB loop
end
for k = 1 : 5
y = k^2
if y = = 9
break
end
x = 5/(y-9)
end
MATLAB loop y y 9
MATLAB x y = 9 MATLAB
If (break) MATLAB
end loop for loop
control flow MATLAB 5.X switch - case
switch
case 1
1
case 2
2
case 3
3
...............
otherwise
n
end
switch MATLAB

x=input(' 1-4 \n');

switch x
case 1
fprintf(' 1 \n')
case 2
fprintf(' 2 \n')
case 3
fprintf(' 3 \n')
case 4
M-Files 87
fprintf(' 4 \n')
otherwise
fprintf(' \n')
end
x x MATLAB x
x = 1 1
r
MATLAB
pause keyboard

pause(n) n
return M-file M-file

pause on off pause M-file
M-file
function MATLAB
88 M-Files
5 SOLUTION TO SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
5.1
n 1
nonlinear function function sin, log
n
a11 x1 + a12 x 2 + ... + a1n xn = b1

a 21 x1 + a 22 x 2 + ... + a 2 n x n = b2
............
a n1 x1 + a n 2 x2 + ... + a nn xn = bn
matrix
[ A]{ x} = {b}
[A] [n x n] matrix { x} {b} [n x 1] vector
{b} { 0} ; { x} [A] inverse ( det( A) 0 )

{b} = {0} { x} non-trivial solution ({ x} 0) det( A) = 0
eigenvalue problems
{b} { 0} ; [A] inverse ( det( A) = 0 ) { x} unique
{b} {0} [A] inverse
[ A] 1[ A]{x} = [ A] 1 {b}
{ x} = [ A]1 {b}
System of Linear Equations 89

MATLAB variable x n-linear equations [A] {b}
x MATLAB
MATLAB 2
Inverse
Matrix

Numerical method
MATLAB
5.2 Inverse
inverse
MATLAB
inverse Matrix MATLAB x
[ A]{ x} = {b}
x=inv(A)*b
x
2 x1 + x 2 = 1
x1 + 3x 2 + 5x 3 = 2
4 x1 6x 2 + 8x 3 = 4
MATLAB
A=[2,1,0;1,3,5;4,-6,8];
B=[1;2;4];
X=inv(A)*B
X =
0.4833
0.0333
0.2833
D=B-A*X
D =
1.0e-015 *
0.4441
0
90 System of Linear Equations

0
x1 0.4441 x 10-15
inverse Matrix
analytical numerical
inverse Matrix MATLAB
matrix X = B/A X = A\B
5.3 Matrix
matrix MATLAB
MATLAB
Gaussian Elimination inverse matrix
inverse
matrix ill-condition matrix
singular matrix ( matrix determinant ) inverse
floating point Gaussian Elimination
Method ill-condition

[ A]{ x} = {b}
MATLAB matrix
x=A\b
A=[2,1,0;1,3,5;4,-6,8];
B=[1;2;4];
X=A\B
X =
0.4833
0.0333
0.2833
D=B-A*X
D =
0

0
0
5.4 Eigenvalues Eigenvectors

Ax = x
A square matrix
x column vector
scalar
solution x { x} = { 0} element x solution trivial

solution scalar non-trivial solution
eigenvalues matrix A x eigenvalue eigenvector
eigenvalue problem
( A I ) x = { 0}
{ x} {0} matrix ( A I ) inverse matrix C d
[ C]{ d } = { 0}
C inverse [ C] [ C]{d } = [ C] {0}

1 1
{ d } = { 0}
{d } {0} C inverse

( A I ) inverse
matrix ( A I ) determinant matrix 0
A I = 0
characteristic equation matrix A unique

x 1 ( A I ) x = { 0} eigenvector x
orthogonal matrix Q orthogonal matrix
QQ T = I Q T = Q 1
eigenvector orthogonal normalized eigenvector

eigenvalue dot product eigenvector orthonormal
vector MATLAB eigenvalue problem function
eig(A) column vector eigenvalue matrix A

[Q, b]= eig(A)
square matrix Q column eigenvector A square
matrix b eigenvalue A diagonal 0
A=[1 4;8 9];

eig(A)
ans =
-1.9282
11.9282
[B,C]=eig(A)
B =
-0.8069 -0.3437
0.5907 -0.9391
C =
-1.9282 0
0 11.9282

"
eigenvalue
Principal Stress Natural Frequency N-DOF
Principal Stress
Principal Stress Principal Direction stress
system
xx = 120, yy = 55, zz = 85, xy = 55, yz = 33, zx = 75 MPa
stress tensor 3x3

s=[120 -55 -75;-55 55 33;-75 33 -85]
s =
120 -55 -75
-55 55 33
-75 33 -85
eigenvalue eigenvector
[Direc SP]=eig(s)
Direc =
-0.4654 -0.8372 0.2872
-0.8836 0.4587 -0.0944
0.0527 0.2977 0.9532
SP =
24.0644 0 0
0 176.7995 0
0 0 -110.8640
eigenvalue matrix vector

S=diag(SP)
S =
24.0644
176.7995
-110.8640
Maximum Shearing Stress

MaxShear=(max(S)-min(S))/2
MaxShear =
143.8318

Natural Frequency
Vibrations Egienvalue Problem Natural Frequency
Mode Shapes damp
Mx + Kx = 0
d 2x
x column vector coordinate x = M mass matrix K
dt 2
stiffness matrix harmonic
x = Ae it
A x = 2 Ae it
[ K M ]x = 0
2
[ AM ]x = 0
A = K-1 influence coefficient matrix =

1
eigenvalue
2
problem x unique solution
mode shape
natural frequency mode shape
3-DOF Mass Stiffness Matrix
m1 0 0 k1 + k 2 k2 0
M = 0 m2 0 K = k 2 k2 + k3 k 3
0 0 m3 0 k3 0
MATLAB Natural Frequency Mode Shape function file

threeDOF.m M = [m1 m2 m3] K = [k1 k2 k3 ] vector
( matrix M K )
function [A,B]=threedof(M,K)
m=zeros(3,3);
k=zeros(3,3);
for j=1:3;
m(j,j)=M(j);
end
k(1,1)=K(1)+K(2);
k(2,2)=K(2)+K(3);

k(3,3)=K(3);k(1,2)=-K(2);k(2,3)=-K(3);
k(2,1)=-K(2);k(3,2)=-K(3);
% A - Influence Coefficient Matrix A=inv(K)

invk =inv(k);
% D - Dynamics Matrix D = inv(K)*M

D = invk*m;
% Natural Frequency Mode Shapes
[A B]=eig(D);
B=diag(B);
1
B=sqrt(abs(1./B)); % =
2
% Plot Mode Shapes
X=[0 1 2 3]';
subplot(3,1,1);
Y=[0;A(:,1)];
plot(X,Y);
subplot(3,1,2);
Y=[0;A(:,2)];
plot(X,Y);
subplot(3,1,3);
Y=[0;A(:,3)];
plot(X,Y);
m1= m2= m3=1 kg k1 = k2 = k3 = 10 N/mm function threeDOF
M=[1 1 1];
K=[10 10 10];
[A B]=threedof(M,K)
A =
0.5910 -0.7370 0.3280
-0.7370 -0.3280 0.5910
0.3280 0.5910 0.7370
B =
5.6982
3.9433
1.4073
fundamental frequency () 1.4073 rad/sec Mode Shape

1
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
eigenvalue

6 INTERPOLATION CURVE FITTING
6.1 Interpolation Curve Fitting

function function
2
1. Interpolation
2. Curve Fitting
2 interpolation function curve

fitting function
function curve
2 MATLAB
1. Interpolation MATLAB
Polynomial interpolation - 2
linear interpolation
Cubic-Spline interpolation - curve polynomial degree 3 2
slope
curve curve

n curve n-1 linear
interpolation curve cubic spline curve polynomial
degree 3
2. Curve fitting MATLAB Least-Square Curve Fitting curve
polynomial degree curve
98 Interpolation and Curve Fitting

curve curve fitting MATLAB
polynomial

Numerical Analysis
MATLAB

6.2 Interpolation
n Linear Interpolation

MATLAB interp1
Interp1(x,y,s) linear interpolation x y y = y(x)

y(s) x y vector
s vector vector s
0 interp1 x MATLAB x

() ()
0 0
1 200
2 600
3 680
4 800
Interpolation and Curve Fitting 99

t = 2.5 linear interpolation
x = [0 1 2 3 4]; % x
y = [0, 200, 600, 680, 800];
y1 = interp1(x, y, 2.5)
y1 =
640
t = 1.5 35 linear
interpolation ( x y )
s = [1.5 3.5];
y2 = interp1(x, y, s);
y2 =
400 740
t = 15 400 t = 3.5 740
0 x y matrix MATLAB column

column
o Cubic Interpolation
function cubic interpolation spline curve

interp1(x,y,s,cubic) x, y, s string cubic
MATLAB cubic interpolation
x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
y = [0, 200, 600, 680, 800];
y1 = interp1(x, y, 2.5,'cubic')
y1 =
657.5000
1.5 3.5
s = [1.5 3.5];
y2 = interp1(x, y, s,'cubic')
y2 =
407.5000 735.0000

linear spline
function
p Spline Interpolation
spline interpolation function
interp1(x,y,s,spline) x, y, s string spline
MATLAB cubic spline
interpolation
2.5 cubic spline
x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
y = [0, 200, 600, 680, 800];
y1 = interp1(x, y, 2.5,'cubic')
y1 =
657.5000
1.5 3.5 cubic spline interpolation
s=[1.5 3.5];
y1 = interp1(x, y, s,'spline')
y1 =
421.2500 698.7500
spline
spline(x,y,s) interp1 (x, y, s, spline) spline

x, y vector
spline(x,y) piecewise polynomial interpolate (x, y)
polynomial y = y(x) polynomial pp-
form polynomial function
ppvalue
ppval(pp,s) pp pp-form polynomial, s
spline(x, y, s)

spline(x,y,s)
ans =
421.2500 698.7500

p=spline(x,y);
u=ppval(p,s)
u =
421.2500 698.7500
q Interpolation

y = x sin( x)
x y vector 1x 20 x
0 2 interpolation x
= 5 M-file
% Interpolation Demo
x=0:pi/5:2*pi;
y=x.*sin(x);
s=0:pi/30:2*pi; % Set interval for plot
% Linear
a=interp1(x,y,s);
a1=interp1(x,y,5);
% Cubic
b=interp1(x,y,s,'cubic');
b1=interp1(x,y,5,'cubic');
% Cubic Spline
c=interp1(x,y,s,'spline');
c1=interp1(x,y,5,'spline');
% Exact
d1=5*sin(5);
fprintf('Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by linear inter.= %f \n',a1)
fprintf('Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by cubic inter. = %f \n',b1)
fprintf('Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by spline inter. = %f \n',c1)
fprintf('Exact solution of function x*sin(x) at x=5 = %f \n',c1)
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(s,a,'-',x,y,'o')
text(5,2,'Linear Interpolation')
subplot(3,1,2)
plot(s,b,'-',x,y,'o')
text(5,2,'Cubic Interpolation')
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(s,c,'-',x,y,'o')
text(4,2,'Cubic Spline Interpolation')

Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by linear inter. = -4.755283
Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by cubic inter. = -4.796262
Solution of x*sin(x) at x=5 by spline inter. = -4.795152
Exact solution of function x*sin(x) at x=5 = -4.795152
Linear Interpolation
0
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5
Cubic Interpolation
0
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5
Cubic Spline Interpolation

0
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

function
interpolation function MATLAB function

MATLAB help function
interp2 2- interpolation
interp# interpolation # - MATLAB 6-
interpft Fast Fourier Transform Interpolation Method
griddata 2- interpolation

6.3 Polynomial Curve Fitting
Polynomial curve fitting polynomial degree n

polynomial
P ( x ) = a n x n + a n1 x n 1 +....+ a 2 x 2 + a1 x + a 0
ai
Least square curve fitting polynomial degree
ai

MATLAB
Polyfit(x,y,n) x, y fit curve polynomial degree n

MATLAB polynomial y = f(x)

interpolation fit curve polynomial 2

x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4];
y = [0, 200, 600, 680, 800];
p=polyfit(x,y,2)
p =
-34.2857 345.1429 -28.5714
curve y = a2x2 + a1x + a0 curve 2

a2 = -34.2857, a1= 345.1429 a0 = - 28.5714 2.5
polyval
y1=polyval(p,2.5)
y1 =
620.0000
1.5 3.5
s=[1.5 3.5];
y1=polyval(p,s)
y1 =
412.0000 759.4286

interpolation
polynomial degree M-file
% Curve Fitting Demo
x=0:pi/5:2*pi;
y=x.*sin(x);
s=0:pi/30:2*pi; % Set interval for plot
% Linear
a1=polyfit(x,y,1);
a=polyval(a1,s);
% Second order
b1=polyfit(x,y,2);
b=polyval(b1,s);
% Third order
c1=polyfit(x,y,3);
c=polyval(c1,s);
% Fourth order
d1=polyfit(x,y,4);
d=polyval(d1,s);
subplot(4,1,1)
plot(s,a,'-',x,y,'o')
text(4,2,'Linear Least Square')
subplot(4,1,2)
plot(s,b,'-',x,y,'o')
text(4,2,'Second order')
subplot(4,1,3)
text(4,2,'Third order')
subplot(4,1,4)
text(4,2,'Fourth order')
5
Linear Least Square
0
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5
Second order
0
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5
Third order
0
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5
Fourth order
0
-5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

curve fitting interpolation

interpolation

Least Square Fitting

"

Interpolation Curve Fitting

Impact of a Jet
(1 cos )
F = mU
m U

2 (flat plat) 90
(hemispherical cup) 180
F = mU

F = 2mU

F mU
1 2
600 g

F L = mgl
m g L
150 mm l
mgl
F=
L
TF, VF, TH, LH

T V F H

LF, LH L F H
M-file file M-book

MATLAB Microsoft Word for Windows
M-book LF, TF, VF, LH, TH, VH
Microsoft Word M-file
% Impact of a Jet for M-book
% Initialized Data
LF=LF'; TF=TF'; VF=VF';LH=LH';TH=TH';VH=VH';
% List of Constant
grav = 9.81; % [m/s2]
NozzelDim = 10; % [mm]
High = 35 ; % [mm]
ArmLength = 150; % [mm]
mass = 0.6; % [kg]
% Initialize Figure and hold it
figure('NumberTitle','off','color',[1 1 1])
hold on
% Calculation and Plot for Hemispherical Cub
FlowRate = VH./TH ; % [Liter/s]

NozzelVel = 4*FlowRate*(10^3)/(pi*NozzelDim^2); %[m/s]
HitVel =sqrt(NozzelVel.^2-(2*grav*High/1000)); % [m/s]
ActualForce = LH * mass * grav /ArmLength; % [Newton]
TheoryForce = HitVel.*FlowRate; % [Newton]
HH=plot(TheoryForce, ActualForce,'b+'); %
p = polyfit(TheoryForce,ActualForce,1); % Polyfit
SlopHemi = p(1,1); % p
MaxOfx = max(TheoryForce);
MinOfx = min(TheoryForce);
xx = linspace(0,MaxOfx);
yy = polyval(p,xx);
plot(xx,yy,'b'); % p
% Calculation and Plot for Flat Plate
FlowRate = VF./TF ; % [Liter/s]
NozzelVel = 4*FlowRate*(10^3)/(pi*NozzelDim^2); % [m/s]
HitVel =sqrt(NozzelVel.^2-(2*grav*High/1000)); % [m/s]
ActualForce = LF * mass * grav /ArmLength; % [Newton]
TheoryForce = HitVel.*FlowRate; % [Newton]
HF = plot(TheoryForce, ActualForce,'ro'); %
p = polyfit(TheoryForce,ActualForce,1); % Polyfit
SlopeFlate = p(1,1);
MaxOfx = max(TheoryForce);
MinOfx = min(TheoryForce);
xx = linspace(0,MaxOfx);
yy = polyval(p,xx);
plot(xx,yy,'r'); % p
H = [HF,HH]; % Legend
legend(H,'Flat Plate','Hemisphrical Cup',0)
xlabel('Rate of Momentum Flow (N)')
ylabel('Force on Vane (N)')
fprintf(' Hemisphrical Cup %5.2f \n',SlopHemi)
fprintf(' Flat Plate %5.2f \n',SlopeFlate)
hold off
% ************* END **************
LF, TF, VF, LH, TH, VH
Hemispherical Cup 1.41

Flat Plate 0.77

6
Flat Plate
Hemisphrical Cup
5
4
Force on V ane (N)
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Rate of Momentum Flow (N)

7 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION
7.1 Numerical Integration

(Numerical Integration)
1) integrate
interpolation fitting integrate
2) function integrate analytical
integrate
numerical integration
integrate
integrate MATLAB 2
numerical integration function
MATLAB function
numerical integration Trapezoidal Numerical Integration
function integrate numerical
Simpson's Rule function file
n Trapezoidal Numerical Integration

trapezoidal numerical integration MATLAB function trapz
vector matrix x y
trapz(x,y) integrate y( x)dx x y column vector x
y matrix column matrix x column
vector y matrix column y x
integrate

x sin( x)dx
0
110 Integration and Differentiation

integrate-by-path function trapz
x ( x
) 50
x=0:pi/50:pi;
y 50 x
y=x.*sin(x);
A=trapz(x,y)
A =
3.1406
= 3.14159 3
o Quadrature Integration
Quadrature numerical function MATLAB
function 2 function function function
function quad quadz function function file
function file function y = f(x) integrate quad quadz
integrate
quad(function,a,b)
quad(function,a,b,tol,trace)
quad(function,a,b,tol,trace,p1,p2...)
function function file (
function.m) a b integrate a b
tol, trace, p1. tol
relative error integrate MATLAB
0.001, trace function plot p1, p2 parameters
MATLAB help quad
MATLAB Simpson's Rule integrate
Quad8(function,a,b)
Quad8(function,a,b,tol,trace)
Quad8(function,a,b,tol,trace,p1,p2...)
Parameter function
quad
Newton-Cotes 8 panel rule quad
Integration and Differentiation 111

integral function singularity
integrate

function quad M-file function file
save myint.m
function y = myint(x)
y = x.*sin(x);
A=quad('myint',0,pi)
A =
3.1416
= 3.14159 4
function quad8 function myint
format long
A=quad8('myint',0,pi)
A =
3.14159265358962
format long
pi
ans =
3.14159265358979
13
numerical
integration function trapz, quad quad8
trapz integrate
quad quad8 tol quad
quad8 0.001
7.2 Integrate Double Integral

integrate
integrate 2 function
integrate integrate
double integral

1 1
e
x2 y2
dydx
0 0
MATLAB function file myint2.m

function f = myint2(x,y)
f = exp(-x.^2 - y.^2)
integral x x 20
( script file)
x = 0:1/19:1;
for k = 1:20
A2(i) = quad(myint2,0,1,[],[],x(i));
end
integrate quad function integrate 0 1 tol

trace ( [ ]) x(i) M-file myint2
x loop 20 (k = 1 20) A2 matrix 1 x 20
A2 integrate function A2 fixed y x
trapz
A = trapz(x,A2)
A =
0.55762
function integrate double integral function dblquad
dblquad(function,inmin,inmax,outmin,outmax,tol,trace,method)
integrate double integral function quad inmin, inmax
limit integrand outmin outmax limit
integrate function function file integrand
function option tol trace
function quad quad8 method option
integrate quad quad8 MATLAB
quad function file function(inner, outer) inner
outer integrate
function

1 1
e
x2 y2
dydx
0 0
function file integrand myint3.m

function f = myint3(x,y)
f = exp(-x.^2- y.^2);
dblquad('myint3',0,1,0,1)
ans =
0.5577

MATLAB integration
function MATLAB function function function
function function integrate
MATLAB Symbolic Integration Symbolic Toolbox
7.3 Numerical Differentiation

differentiation y(x) x
dy y ( x + x ) y ( x )
= y ( x ) = lim
dx x 0 x
Numerical Differentiation Continuous function

differentiation function analytical integration
function (x,y)
y ( x)
y ( x k ) y ( x k 1 )
y ( x k ) =
x k x k 1
x = x k x k 1 function difference
diff(x) difference element x x vector 1 x n ( n x 1)

vector 1 x (n-1) [ (n-1) x 1] x matrix m x n
matrix (m-1) x n

dy
dx
set coordinate (xi, yi)
diff(y)./diff(x)
x = [1 2 3 4 5] y = [1 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.4] dy

dx

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
y = [1, 1.3, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4];
dydx = diff(y)./diff(x)
dydx =
0.3000 0.5000 0.3000 0.3000
dy
dx
x=1 0.3000, dy
dx
x=2 0.5000, ...
Numerical differential x = xi-xi-1

x
x
x interpolate
curve fitting difference
"

indicated
power indicator

Indicated mean effective pressure, imep
W
imep =
V
Indicated Power
imepV N
Pi =
nr

V , N nr 1
2 2 4
- -
( CC ) ( bar ) ( bar )
141.0 16.0 15.0
164.25 47.0 11.0
186.50 42.0 9.5
207.55 37.0 8.0
230.00 33.0 7.0
324.13 21.0 4.5
410.40 14.5 3.0
500.00 11.0 2.0
590.04 8.5 1.5
680.00 7.0 1.0
770.00 5.0 1.5
815.00 4.5 1.5
860.00 3.5 3.5
plot Indicator diagram - 4

function file
function [Power,imep]=ice_PV(V,PH,PL,N,nr)
plot(V,PH,V,PL)
ylabel('Pressure, bar');
xlabel('Volume, CC');
title('Indicator Diagram')
DP=PH-PL;

W=(trapz(V,DP))/10; % N-m
Vdis=max(V)-min(V); % Displace Volume
imep = (W/Vdis); % MPa
Power = W*N*2*pi/(nr*60000); % kW
fprintf('Indicated Power = %5.2f kW \n' ,Power)

fprintf('Indicated mep = %5.2f MPa \n' ,imep)
1200 rpm nr = 2 0
N=1200;
nr=2;
[Power imep]=ice_pv(V,PH,PL,N,nr);
Indicated Power = 53.52 kW

Indicated mep = 1.18 MPa
In d i c a t o r D i a g r a m
50
45
40
35
30
P ress ure, bar
25
20
15
10
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
V o lu m e , C C

8 SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIIAL EQUATIONS

Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) MATLAB
Partial Differential Equation (PDE) MATLAB toolbox

ODE first order order
MATLAB function initial value problem
function boundary value problems
8.1 First Order ODE

first order ODE
dy
y = = g ( x, y )
dx
x independent variable y dependent variable function x g(x,y)

linear function y ODE linear ODE nonlinear ODE
g(x,y) y
homogenous ODE nonhomogeneous ODE
ODE
y = y ( x) y = g ( x, y )
y(x) 1 function
(initial condition) (boundary condition)
function general solutions y(x) boundary initial
118 Ordinary Differential Equations

condition y(x) particular
solution
ODE MATLAB Runge-Kutta Method (R-K) initial
value problem ordinary differential equations MATLAB variable step size
step size solution step
ODE function MATLAB function-function
function file ODE function file ODE function
function - function integrate
order Runge-Kutta Method MATLAB 2 order 2-3
function ode23 order 4-5 function ode45 ODE functions
[x,y]= ode23('function',[a b],initial)
MATLAB Runge-Kutta Method 2nd- order 3rd - order
function function file [function.m ]
function a b
initial function a (initial
condition) x y y = y(x)
[x,y] = ode45(function,[a b],intial)
parameter ode23 R-K order 4 5
ode23 ode23
relative error 0.001 ode45 relative error 10-6
function ode first order ODE

y ' = cos x x sin x
0 initial condition x = 0, y(0) = 0 exact solution

y = x cos x
function M-file myode.m

function yprime = myode(x, y)
yprime = cos(x) - x.*sin(x)
2 script M-file ( M-file )

[x, y] = ode23(myode,[0 pi],0)
Ordinary Differential Equations 119

column vector x y MATLAB variable step side
x y 0 -
interpolate x y x =
y = p cos(p) = - p =-3.14159
ode23
[a b]=size(y);
y(a)
ans =
-3.1417
y() = -3.1417 ode45
[x, y] = ode45(myode,[0 pi],0)

[a b]=size(y);
format long
y(a)
ans =
-3.14159260200719
pi
ans =
3.14159265358979
y() = - 3.1415926 ode23

ODE function singularity
singularity converge
stiff condition
MATLAB function ODE ode15s, ode23s
help ode23s
8.2 Higher Order ODE

n order ODE
dny
y ( n ) = g ( x, y, y , y ,... y ( n 1) ) y=y(x) y ( n ) =
dx n
initial condition
y( x0 ) = a 0
y ( x 0 ) = a1
..........
y ( n 1) ( x 0 ) = a n 1

x independent variable y dependent variable function x
g(x,y,...) linear function y derivative y ODE linear ODE of order n
nonlinear ODE of order n g(x,y,...) y
derivative y homogenous ODE of order n
nonhomogeneous ODE of order n
ODE order 1 ODE
first order ODE
y ( n ) = g ( x, y, y ,... y ( n 1) )
v1 ( x) = y ( n 1)
v 2 ( x) = y ( n 2)
..........
v n 2 ( x) = y
v n 1 ( x) = y
vn = y
v1 ( x) = y ( n ) = g ( x, y, y ,... y ( n 1) )
v 2 ( x) = y ( n 1) = v1 ( x)
v 3 ( x) = y ( n 2) = v 2 ( x)
........
v n 2 ( x) = y = v n 3 ( x)
v n 1 ( x) = y = v n 2 ( x)
v n ( x)= y = v n 1 ( x)
First order n n
nonlinear second order ODE
y = g ( x, y, y ) = y (1 y 2 ) y 2
v1 ( x) = y v1 ( x) = y = y (1 y 2 ) y 2
v2 ( x) = y v2 ( x) = y = v1
v 2 = y,v1 = y v1
v1 = v1 (1 v 22 ) v 22
v 2 = v1

v1 v2 function file myode.m
function dv = myode2(x,v)
dv = zeros (2, 1) % vector 2x1
dv (1) = v(1).*(1-(v(2).^2))-v(2).^2;
dv (2) = v(1) ;
initial condition y (0) = 0 = v1 (0)
y (0) = 0.25 = v 2 (0)
0 x 10 MATLAB command
t = [0 10];
initial = [0 0.25];
[x, y] = ode45(myode2,t,initial);
m = plot(x,y);
legend(m,'dy','y')
ode45 vector x 0 10 R-K

variable step size vector y matrix 2 column
column v1 y column 2 v2 y

1
dy
0 y
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
second order order

order first order
function file first order
ode45 ode23
ode function output

ode23('myode',t,initial)
output function ode23 1 x y MATLAB

ans MATLAB plot (x, y)
option function ode
option function ode help ode23
8.3 Boundary Value Problems : Shooting Method

ODE order 1 condition
order condition
initial value

problem boundary
condition analytical method
boundary initial value problems Runge-Kutta numerical method
R-K
R-K solution step
boundary value problem

x
y = x + 1 y y(1) = 2, y(3) = - 1
5
y x = 1 x = 3
R-K ODE
derivative
condition
R-K

shooting method

1 1
1 3-5
MATLAB
ODE order 2 ODE order 1
dv=zeros(2,1);
dv(1)= x+v(2).*(1-x/5);
dv(2)= v(1);
initial condition y (1) = 1 ( 100%)

init = [-1 2];
1 3

intv = [1 3];
ode45
[x,y]=ode45('myode3',intv,init);
[a b]=size(y);
y(a,:)
ans =
6.2568 6.2382
y(3)=6.2382 -1
slope -1 x = 1 y (1) = 1
slop y (1) = 4
init
init=[-4 2];
[x y]=ode45('myode3',intv,init);
[a b]=size(y);
y(a,:)
ans =
-0.6125 -2.4651
y(3) = - 2.4651 -1
y' -1 -4 interpolate
-1 linear
interpolation
4 ( 1)
1+ ( 1 6.2382) = 3.495
2.4651 6.2382
y (1) = 3.495
init=[-3.495 2];
[x y]=ode45('myode3',intv,init);
[a b]=size(y);
y(a,:)
ans =
0.5439 -1.0000
y(3) = 1
m=plot(x,y);
legend(m,'dy','y')

2
dy
y
1
-1
-2
-3
-4
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3

linear interpolation 3 3

Boundary Value Problems

ODE second order linear ODE
shooting method boundary value problem ODE linear

n Shooting Method Linear ODE

Boundary Value Problem linear ODE
2 3 linear interpolation
G1 1
G2 2
R1 1 ( G1)
R2 2 ( G2)
D
3 G

G 2 G1
G = G1 + ( D R1)
R2 R1
third order ODE boundary value problems

( order ODE)
2
fourth order ODE 2

interpolate
ODE order
o Nonlinear ODE
nonlinear ODE 3
x
y = x + 1

yy
5
y(1)=2 y(3) = -1
nonlinear yy
MATLAB
script file
function file myode4.m
dv = zeros(2,1);
dv(1) = x+ v(1).*v(2).*(1-x/5);
dv(2) = v(1);
script M-file shooting.m

%Shooting Method for Nonlinear ODE
D = 1;
Intv = [1 3];
% First Try
G1 = -1; % 1
init=[G1 2];
[a b]=size(y);

R1=y(a,2); % 1
% Second Try
G2=-5; % 2
init=[G2 2];
[a b]=size(y);
R2=y(a,2); % 2
while abs(y(a,2)-D)>1e-6 %
1E-6
G=G1+(G2-G1)*(D-R1)/(R2-R1); %
init=[G 2];
G1=G2; % 1
G2=G; %
[a b]=size(y);
R1=R2; % 1
R2=y(a,2); %
P=abs(y(a,2)-D); % loop
fprintf('Now your error is %10.6f \n',P)
end % loop plot
%
m=plot(x,y);
legend(m,'dy','y')
% *************************************************** END *******
run file shooting

shooting
Now your error is 1.207074
MATLAB error
10-6 MATLAB

2
dy
1.5 y
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3
Boundary Value Problems Shooting Method

Finite Difference Method

Numerical Method
"
(The Excact Solution of Boundary
Layer Theory)

(Boundary Layer)


Navier-Stokes Equation

2 f + ff = 0
Blasius Equation H. Blasius

1908
Prandtl 1904
= f ( )
u
U
u
U
f = df ()
d
U
= y
x
kinematic viscosity
x
y

potential flow viscous
flow Blasius Equation Boundary condition
F :
= 0 f = 0 = 0 f = 0
F :
, f = 1

Blasius Equation third order ordinary differential equation boundary value problem Runge
- Kutta Method Shooting Method
M-file shooting method
M-file integrand system of first order ODE
function xdot = blas(t,x)
xdot = zeros(3,1);
xdot(1) = -x(3).*x(1)/2;
xdot(2) = x(1);
xdot(3) = x(2);
infinity
infinity
f 1
program shooting method 6 , f = 1 M-file

D=1;
Intv=[0 6];
% **************
G1=1;
init=[G1 0 0];
[x,y]=ode45('blas',intv,init);
[a,b]=size(y);
R1=y(a,2);
G2=2;
init=[G2 0 0];
[a,b]=size(y);
R2=y(a,2);
% **************
while abs(y(a,2)-D)>1e-6
G=G1+(G2-G1)*(D-R1)/(R2-R1);
init=[G 0 0];
G1=G2;
G2=G;
[a,b]=size(y);
R1=R2;
R2=y(a,2);
P=abs(y(a,2)-D);
fprintf('Now your error is %10.6f \n',P)
end
m=plot(x,y);
legend(m,'d2y','dy','y',0)


4.5
d2y
4 dy
y
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

99%
= y @ u = 0.99U
u
U
= f ( ) f = 0.99
interpolation run M-file shooting
shooting
ODE MATLAB
a=y(:,2);
b=interp1(a,x,0.991,'spline')
b =
4.9654

= 4.9654
U
x
Reynolds Number, Re x = Ux

=
Ux

4.965x
=
Re x

9 MATLAB GRAPHICS
2 plot MATLAB
plot plot x, y 2
9.1 plot 2
plot x, y plot

n Error Bar
error bar
errorbar(x,y,e,str)
plot(x,y) error bar e
coordinate plot x-y str option
character string x,y
errorbar(x,y,l,u) error bar (xi , yi ) yi
li yi ui
x = linspace (0,15,40);
y = exp(cos(x)) ;
delta = 0.1*y ;
errorbar (x,y, delta)
134 MATLAB Graphics

3
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
o Graph Function
function file plot function Function
MATLAB fplot
fplot (function, lim, str, tot)
plot function function ( function file function.m)
lim vector Limit function plot
2 lim = [xmin xmax] minimum
maximum x lim = [xmin xmax ymin ymax]
option str
tot relative error tot
lim = [1 0];
fplot(exp(x),lim)
MATLAB Graphics 135

4
x 10
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
p Polar Plot
plot polar coordinate polar
polar(q,r) plot polar coordinate q vector q

radian vector r
theta = linspace(0,2*pi,200);
r = sqrt(abs(sin(theta)).*abs(cos(theta)));
polar(theta,r)
option string ,
plot
90
0.8
120 60
0.6
150 0.4 30
0.2
180 0
210 330
240 300
270
136 MATLAB Graphics

q Plot Complex Plane
complex number z = x + iy plot complex plane
X, Y, Z matrix x,y vector
quiver(X,Y) coordinate xij, yij

quiver(X,Y,dx,dy) coordinate xi, yi argument dx magnitude dy
quiver(X,Y,Dx,Dy) coordinate xij, yij argument magnitude dxij, dyij

feather(Z,str) magnitude argument element
complex matrix Z x option string
str option
feather(x,y) feather (x+y * i) i = 1
compass(z,str) (0,0) magnitude argument
element complex matrix Z str option

compass(x, y) compass (x+y*i) i = 1
rose(v,n) argument histogram frequency arguments vector v
n option MATLAB
n = 36
plot complex plane

z =
1.0000+2.0000i 2.0000+1.0000i 2.0000
5.0000 4.0000-2.0000i 0+4.0000i
3.0000-4.0000i 0+1.0000i 4.0000-1.0000i
subplot(2,2,1)
quiver(real(z),imag(z))
title('quiver')
subplot(2,2,2)
feather(real(z),imag(z))
title('feather')
subplot(2,2,3)
compass(real(z),imag(z))
title('compass')
x=[1 2 1 3 4 5 3 2 3 4 4 1 6 7];
MATLAB Graphics 137

subplot(2,2,4)
rose(x)
title('rose')
plot
quiver feather
4 4
3 2
2 0
1 -2
0 -4
1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15
compass rose
90 5 90 4
120 60 120 60
2.5 2
150 30 150 30
180 0 180 0
210 330 210 330
240 300 240 300

270 270
r Histogram Bar Graphs

Histogram
MATLAB histogram
his(x,n) histogram vector x n option
MATLAB
n = 10
bar graph
bar(x) bar graph x
bar(x,z) bar graph x vector z

stairs(x) stairs graph x (stairs graph bar graph )
stairs(x,z) stairs graph x vector z

138 MATLAB Graphics

stem(x) stem graph x stem graph bar graph

stem(x,z) stem graph x vector z

bar graph histogram

x=[1 2 3 5 4 2 3 1 4 5 3 2 2 3 1 5 6];
x
subplot(2,2,1)
hist(x)
title('Histogram')
subplot(2,2,2)
bar(x)
title('Bar Graph')
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(x)
title('Stem Graph')
subplot(2,2,4)
stairs(x)
title('Stairs Graph')
Histogram Bar Graph

4 6
3
4
2
2
1
0 0
0 2 4 6 0 5 10 15 20
Stem Graph Stairs Graph

6 6
5
4
4
3
2
2
0 1
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
MATLAB Graphics 139

s Comet Plot
Comet plot Plot
plot

comet(x,y) vector x y
pie(x) vector x
element
element vector x
pie(x,y) vector x
element x vector y x
0 1 element y 1 element
x
pie(x,condition) condition

comet plot plot

pie3(x)
pie(x) 3
x=[15 20 14 12 15]';
y=[0 1 0 0 0]';
txt=['Jan'; 'Feb';'Mar';'Apl';'May'];
pie(x,y);
legend(txt)
140 MATLAB Graphics

Jan
20% 20% Feb
Mar
Apl
May
16%
26%
18%
9.2 3
MATLAB 3
MATLAB 3
(mesh) 3
plot 3 MATLAB
n Plot 3
plot coordinate (x,y,z) Cartesian Coordinate
plot3
Plot3(x,y,z) x, y ,z vector plot coordinate (xi, yi,

zi) parameter x, y, z Matrix
MATLAB plot column parameter
vector column
Plot3(x,y,z,str) str
plot
Title, xlabel, ylabel, zlabel, text plot

2 z = sin (x) - cos (y) x y 0 2
MATLAB Graphics 141

x = linspace (0, 2*pi, 100) ;
y = x ;
z = sin (x).* cos (y) ;
plot3(x,y,z)
xlabel('X')
ylabel('Y')
zlabel('Z')
title(' 3-D Plot')
3-D Plot
0.5
0
Z
-0.5
8
6 8
4 6
4
2
2
Y 0 0
X
o 3
3
z = f (x,y)
plot plot3 zi = f(xi,

yi)
zij = f(xi,yj)
x vector m y vector n
plot m x n plot3 m n plot m
142 MATLAB Graphics

grid grid
plot grid
[u,v] = meshgrid(x,y) x vector m y vector n
vector
matrix u v n x m matrix
x y coordinate rectangular domain
coordinate (uij , vij) zij = f (uij,vij)
[x,y,z] = cylinder(r,n) grid cylindrical coordinate vector r
r
coordinate r
n
n = 20
r r = [ 1 1 ]
[x,y,z] = sphere(n) spherical grid matrix x, y, z x, y
z (n+1) * (n-1)
grid function MATLAB
function
grid x = [ 1 2 3 ] y = [ 4 5 ] plot
coordinate z zij = f(xi,yj) (xi,yj) (1,4), (2,4), (3,4), (1,5),
(2,5), (3,5) meshgrid [u v] = meshgrid (x,y)
x=[1 2 3];
y=[4 5];
[u v]=meshgrid(x,y)
u =
1 2 3
1 2 3
v =
4 4 4
5 5 5
zij = f (xij,yij)
p
mesh, meshc, meshz waterfall
MATLAB Graphics 143

mesh(X,Y,Z,C) plot (xij, yij, zij) matrix X,Y,Z m x n
C matrix
C option
MATLAB C = Z
mesh(x,y,Z,C) x vector m y vector n
Z matrix m x n MATLAB plot (xi,
yj, zij ) MATLAB meshgrid vector x
y C option
mesh(Z) plot (i, j, zij) z matrix
meshc(...) mesh (...) contour curve
meshz(...) mesh (...) grid x y
z
waterfall(...) meshz(...) grid
hidden on MATLAB mesh
hidden off MATLAB mesh
hidden hidden on off MATLAB
hidden on
mesh function
z = sin (x) cos(y)
x y 0 2
script file
x = linspace(0,2*pi,40); % x vector 1 x 100
y = x; % y vector 1 x 100
z = sin(x)*cos(y); % z [100 x 1] x [1 x 100] = [100 x 1]
subplot(2, 2, 1);
mesh(x, y, z);
title('Mesh Plot')
subplot(2, 2, 2);
meshc(x, y, z) ;
title('Meshc Plot')
144 MATLAB Graphics

subplot(2, 2, 3)
meshz(x, y, z)
title('Meshz Plot')
subplot(2, 2, 4)
waterfall(x, y, z)
title('Waterfall')
(x,y) , (y,z) (z, x) 3

gird off
x, y, z axis off plot 2
q
mesh
MATLAB
mesh
surf(X,Y,Z,C) parameter X, Y, Z C matrix m x n

plot (xij, yij, zij) cij
C C = Z x y vector
plot (xi , yi , zij )
MATLAB Graphics 145

surfc(x,y,z,c) surf(...) MATLAB contour

surfl(x,y,z,ls) surf(...)
vector ls = [ u h ] u (x,y) x
h (x,y)

surfnorm(x,y,z) surf(...) normal vector
x y z matrix
vector x y surf(...)
[Nx,Ny,Nz] = surfnorm(x,y,z)
surfnorm (x, y, z) normal
vector (xij, yij , zij) (nxij , nyij , nzij )
3 surf mesh
MATLAB shading 3
shading faceted MATLAB

mesh
shading flat faceted mesh
shading interp interpolated mesh

interpolate
surf
x = linspace(0,2*pi,40); y = x; z = sin(x)'*cos(y);
subplot(2,1,1);
surf(x,y,z);shading interp
axis off
title('Surface Plot')
subplot(2,1,2)
[u v]=meshgrid(x,y);
surfnorm(u,v,z);shading flat
axis off
146 MATLAB Graphics

title('Surface Plot with Normal Line')
r
3
view
view(az,el) azimuth, az elevation, el

azimuth (x,y) x
elevation (x,y)
az el

view(x,y,z) x, y, z Cartesian
MATLAB x, y, z
vector
view(2) 2 (az = 0, el = 0)
view(3) 3 (az = -37.50, el = 30)
[a,b]= view a az b el
MATLAB Graphics 147

s Contour Line
contour line
contour
contour line
contour(Z) contour matrix Z Z m x n, MATLAB

scale x 1 m y 1 n
contour(Z,n) contour line matrix Z n n
MATLAB n = 10
contour(x,y,z) contour line x,y scale x
y x,y rector (xi,yij,zij)
contour(...,str) contour line str string
C = contour(...) matrix C label contour
contourf(...) contour plot
clabel(C) lable contour C
C = contour(...) MATLAB

help clabel
contour3(...) contour line 3
148 MATLAB Graphics

contour
x = linspace(0,2*pi,40); y = x; z = sin(x)'*cos(y);
C = contour(z);
clabel(C);
40
-0.2
-0.4 0.4
35 0.8
-0.2
30 -0.8 -0.8
-0.4
0.6 0 -0.6
25 -0.6 0
0.2
20 -0.2 0
0.2
-0.4 0.4
0.6 0.6
15 0
-0.6
10 -0.8
0.8 0.4 0.2
5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
bar3(y,Z) columns m x n matrix Z bars 3

vector y y element

bar3(Z) y =1:m Z m x n
bar3(y,Z,w) w > 1
w = 0.8
bar3(...,'detached')
bar3(...,'grouped')
bar3(...,'stacked')
bar3(...,linespec) string
MATLAB Graphics 149

stem 3
Stem3(z) discrete surface z stems x-y

2
Stem3(x,y,z) surface z x,y
Stem3(...,'filled') stem
Stem3(...,linespec) plot
3
x = 3 2 5 7 9 6 4 8 4 10]';
y = 2*x-3;
z = y*x';
bar3(z)
stem
x=[3 2 5 7 9 6 4 8 4 10]';
y=2*x-3;
z=y*x';
stem3(x,y,z)
xlabel('This is x')
ylabel('This is y')
zlabel('This is z')
150 MATLAB Graphics

200
150
This is z
100
50
0
20
15 10
10 8
6
5
4
This is y 0 2
This is x
9.3
MATLAB function

MATLAB
3 -- Red-Green-Blue (RGB) Color RGB color (0, 0, 0)
RGB color (1 , 1, 1) RGB
RGB
0 1
MATLAB (color map)
plot color map matrix m x 3 row 3 RGB color
matrix m
MATLAB color map MATLAB
MATLAB m color map

shading shading interp
MATLAB Graphics 151

interpolate color map matrix color map
colormap(map) color map map map MATLAB

map M-file
color map
colorbar plot
colorbar(horiz) plot
color map MATLAB 11 map ( map

) colormap(map) colormap map map
gray gray linear scale

hsv Hsv-Saturation-Value color map

hot ---
cool -
bone - X - ray
copper
flag - -
pink
prism -
jet hsv color map
white
lines Color Map
colorcube color-cube
summer
autumn
winter
spring
colormap ( map)
152 MATLAB Graphics

map(m) map map m
matrix m x 3

x = linspace(0,2*pi,40);
y = x;
z = sin(x)'*cos(y);
surf(x,y,z);
colormap gray
colorbar
title('Surface Plot with Color Bar')
9.4
MATLAB function

MATLAB function frame
movie
movie frame frame figure window
plot frame
MATLAB Graphics 153

frame

M = moviein(n) M MATLAB frame

column Matrix M n frame
frame
M(n,j) = getframe frame j figure window
frame

movie(M) M 1
movie(M,n) M n
movie(M,n,FPS) M n FPS frame
FPS MATLAB 12 frame
MATLAB
FPS

ZORO frame 20 frame

M-file
n = 20;
ZORO = moviein(n)
for j = 1:n
plot
ZORO(:,j) = getframe
end
movie(ZORO)
MATLAB version 5.3 6

moviein(n) getframe
MATLAB version 6
n = 20;
154 MATLAB Graphics

for j = 1:n
plot
ZORO(:,j) = getframe
end
movie(ZORO)
format format
MATLAB plot
plot
fixed a
= axis [xmin,xmax,...] plot axis(a), axis(axis)
plot axis a

frame
frame

Windows multi-tasking

cpu
MATLAB
frame-per-second
"
n Flow Pass Rotating Cylinder
2 stream line
stream function contour line
stream line stream function
potential flow doublet
vortex

stream function
MATLAB Graphics 155

a2
= Ur sin + ln( r )
r 2
a, K U

M-file a =2 2aU
=K
circulation 4 K= 0
K
M-file
% M-file for Potential Flow

% Flow Pass Rotating Cylindera=2;
r=linspace(a,20);
zeta=linspace(0,4*pi);
r=r';zeta=zeta';
[r zeta]=meshgrid(r,zeta);
K=0;
phi=sin(zeta)*(r./a - a./r)-K*log(r/a);
[x y]=pol2cart(zeta,r);
co= [-150 -100 -75 -50 -25 -10 -1 -0.1 0.1 1 10 25 50 75 100 150];
subplot(2,2,1)
contour(x,y,phi,co,'b'); %
axis equal
axis off
axis([-6 6 6 6])
K=100;
phi=sin(zeta)*(r./a a./r)-K*log(r/a);
co=[-150 100 75 50 25 10 1 0.1 0.1 1 10 25 50 75 100 150];
subplot(2,2,2)
contour(x,y,phi,co,'b');
axis equal
axis off
axis([-6 6 -6 6])
K=200;
co= [-300 -250 -150 -100 -75 -50 -25 -10 -1 -0.1,...
0.1 1 10 25 50 75 100 150];
subplot(2,2,3)
axis equal
axis off
axis([-6 6 -6 6])
K=300;
co= [-400 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -80 -75 -65 -60,...
-40 -30 -1 5 10 25 35 50 60 75];
156 MATLAB Graphics

subplot(2,2,4)
axis equal
axis off
axis([-6 6 -6 6])
o Plot Velocity Vector

potential flow velocity vector
Rankine body stream function
q 2ay
= Uy tan 1 2
2 x + y2 a 2
potential flow Vx =
y
Vy =

x

gradient stream function
stream line velocity vector
contour plot stream lines
x y gradient
velocity vector quiver
M-file
% Stream Line Plot With Velocity Vector
a=2;
MATLAB Graphics 157

r=linspace(a^2,10);
q=linspace(0,2*pi);
r=r';q=q';
[x y]= pol2cart(q,r);
[x y]= meshgrid(x,y);
phi=0.8*y-(atan2(2*a*y,(x.^2+y.^2-a^2)));
contour(x,y,phi,20,'r'); % stream line
axis equal
hold on
grid off
phi0=[-0.01 0 0.01];
contour(x,y,phi,phi0,'r') % stream line body
x=linspace(-7,7,10);
y=linspace(-4,4,10);
x=x';y=y';
[x y]=meshgrid(x,y);
a=2;
phi=0.8*y-(atan2(2*a*y,(x.^2+y.^2-a^2)));
[v u]=gradient(phi,0.2,0.2); % velocity
v=-v;
u=abs(u);
quiver(x,y,u,v,0.6) % velocity vector
hold off
axis off
Response Surface
single DOF damped forced vibration
2 function frequency ratio damping ratio
158 MATLAB Graphics

Normalize Magnitude 1
normalized magnitude 1

damping ratio
MATLAB Graphics 159

10 SYMBOLIC MATHEMATICS
MATLAB
MATLAB toolbox Symbolic Mathematics
Symbolic Math Toolbox
MATLAB Toolbox Student Edition MATLAB MATLAB 5.x
version
MATLAB 5.x Symbolic
Toolbox MATLAB 5.x
Symbolic Mathematics
sin(x) x
sin(x) symbolic mathematic x
function sin(x) sin(x) d sin( dx
x)
=
cos(x)
Symbolic Math Toolbox symbolic function MATLAB
Maple V. Software Package software symbolic mathematic

University of Waterloo Watterloo Maple
Software, Inc. Canada
10.1 Symbolic Algebra

n Symbolic Expression
Symbolic expression quote make

t = x^2+5*x-4
expression t(x) expression 1

sin(y+x) x y
independent variable
160 Symbolic Mathematics

indepandent variable MATLAB expression 1
( i j ) x x MATLAB
2 () MATLAB x
( x ) independent variable MATLAB
expression independent variable function symvar
symvar(exp(x)) MATLAB independent variable symbolic expression exp
variable
symbolic variable / symbolic expression MATLAB
symbolic variable sym
S=sym(expression) symbolic variable S expression expression

symbolic variable expression

x=sym(x)
x symbolic variable x
x symbolic expression
f=x^2+3*x-5;
g=2*x^2-5*x+2;
f g symbolic expression
syms symbolic variable
syms ex1 ex2... symbolic variable expressions expression

x, y z symbolic variable
syms 'x' 'y' 'z'
sym(x); sym(y); sym(z);
Symbolic Mathematics 161

findsym
findsym(S) symbolic variable S S sym
s=sym('exp(bc)*sin(z)');
findsym(s)
ans =
bc, z
bc z symbolic variables expression

x=sym('x');
f=5*x^2-3*x-1;
findsym(f)
ans =
x
f symbolic expression symbolic variable x expression

symbolic expression class
class(OBJ) OBJ

double double precision floating point
number MATLAB
sparse 2-D real (or complex) sparse matrix
struct Structure array 12
cell cell array 12

char Character String
sym symbolic variable
x=sym('x');
class(x)
ans =
sym
f=5*x^2-3*x-1;
class(f)
ans =
sym
o plot symbolic expression

ezplot plot
1. plot 2

ezplot(s) plot symbolic expression s function
plot 2 2
ezplot symbolic variable
ezplot(s,[min max]) plot independent variable S min max
p Expression
expression function function
collect(s) expression S

collect(s,v) collect(s) v independer variable
expand(s) expression s
factor(s) expression s
simple(s) s
simplify(s) s Maple
function expression
x=sym(x)
s1= x^2-4*x+4;
s2=(x*cos(x))^2-x^2;
s3=(x-3)*(x-6)*(x+2)/(x^2-4*x-6);
factor(s1)
ans =
(x-2)^2
expand(s2)
ans =
x^2*cos(x)^2-x^2
factor(s2)
ans =
x^2*(cos(x)-1)*(cos(x)+1)
collect(s3)
ans =
(x-3)*(x-6)*(x+2)/(x^2-4*x-6)
expand(s3)
ans =
1/(x^2-4*x-6)*x^3-7/(x^2-4*x-6)*x^2+36/(x^2-4*x-6)

simple(s3)
ans =
(x^3-7*x^2+36)/(x^2-4*x-6)
symbolic expression MATLAB

q Operations on Symbolic expression
operation symbolic expression symbolic function
symbolic function symbolic expression
function
numden(s) expression 2 symbolic expression s
numeric(s) s
double(sym(s))
poly2sym(c) polynomial coefficient vector c symbolic expression
pretty(s) s output
sym2poly(s) s polynomial coefficient vector
symadd(s1,s2) symbolic expression, s1 + s2 sym(s1)+sym(s2)
s1+s2
symmul(s1,s2) symbolic expression, s1 x s2 sym(s1)*sym(s2)
s1*s2
sympow(s1,s2) symbolic expression, s1^s2 sym(s1)^sym(s2)

s1^s2
symsub(s1,s2) symbolic expression, s1 - s2 sym(s1)-sym(s2)
s1-s2
function s1,s2 s3 symbolic expression
x = sym(x)
s1= x^2-4*x+4');
s2= (x*cos(x))^2-x^2
s3= (x-3)*(x-6)*(x+2)/(x^2-4*x-6)
[s4 s5]=numden(s3)
s4 =
(x-3)*(x-6)*(x+2)
s5 =
x^2-4*x-6
sym2poly(s4)
ans =
1 0 0 36
s4 + s5

ans =
(x-3)*(x-6)*(x+2)+x^2-4*x-6
factor(ans)
ans =
x^3-6*x^2+30-4*x
10.2 Equation Solving

n
MATLAB symbolic expression
solve(s) expression s variable s

s symbolic equation s
solve(s1,s2,...,sn) n s1,s2 sn independent variable
symbolic equation s1, s2,...sn
solve(s)
syms x1 y1 z1
s1= x1+y1+z1-5;
s2= 2*x1-y1+2*z1-4;
s3= x1-4*y1-z1+2;
a=solve(s1)
a =
-y1-z1+5
symbolic expression MATLAB x

independent variable s1, s2, s3
[x y z]=solve(s1,s2,s3)
x =
9/2
y =
2
z =
-3/2
x = 9/2, y = 2 z = -3/2 x,y z

class(x)
ans =
sym

x symbolic variable
double
double(x) x expression
double precession number
x
double(x)
ans =
4.5000
symbolic MATLAB
analytical solution MATLAB numerical solution
S1=sym('x^3*exp(x)*sin(x))=2');
[b]=solve(s1)
b =
.2539413645466444913948333 1.040276743255826267579410*i
o Solution to ODE
first-order-ODE
dy
y' = = g( x, y)
dx
ODE symbolic toolbox

first-order ODE
dsolve(equation,condition)
ODE symbolic
equation option condition initial
condition independent variable MATLAB

symbolic t dy MATLAB Dy D
dt
differential dependent variable
dz dt
= sin x MATLAB
Dz=sin(x) second derivative D2y third derivative

D3y condition
MATLAB C1, C2,... integrate

first order 1
dsolve('Dx = -a*x^2')
ans =
1/(a*t+C1)
x = dsolve('Dx = -a*x^2','x(0) = 1','s')

x =
1/(a*s+1)
x = dsolve('Dx = -a*x^2','x(0) = 1')

x =
1/(a*t+1)
first order
dsolve(equation1, equation2,...,condition)
dsolve(equation1, equation2,...,condition)
S = dsolve('Df = f + g, Dg = -f + g','f(0) = 1','g(0) = 2')

S =
f: [1x1 sym]
g: [1x1 sym]
2 output S MATLAB
field S.f S.g (
MATLAB 5 12)
field
S.f
ans =
exp(t)*cos(t)+2*exp(t)*sin(t)
S.g
ans =
-exp(t)*sin(t)+2*exp(t)*cos(t)
first order 3
[u1 v1 w1] = dsolve('Du=v, Dv=w, Dw=-u','u(0)=0, v(0)=0, w(0)=1')
u1 =
1/3*3^(1/2)*exp(1/2*t)*sin(1/2*t*3^(1/2))-
1/3*exp(1/2*t)*cos(1/2*t*3^(1/2))+1/3*exp(-t)

v1 =
1/3*3^(1/2)*exp(1/2*t)*sin(1/2*t*3^(1/2))+
1/3*exp(1/2*t)*cos(1/2*t*3^(1/2))-1/3*exp(-t)
w1 =
1/3*exp(-t)+2/3*exp(1/2*t)*cos(1/2*t*3^(1/2))
order
nonlinear second order ODE
d2y dy
2
= y 5
dx dx
initial condition y (0) = 0
y(0) = 0.25
dsolve('D2y=y-Dy-5','Dy(0)=0,y(0)=0.25')
ans =
5+(-19/8-19/40*5^(1/2))*exp(1/2*(5^(1/2)-1)*t)-19/40*(5^(1/2)-
1)*5^(1/2)*exp(-1/2*(5^(1/2)+1)*t)
analytical solution MATLAB
10.3 Differentiation Integration

differentiation Integration symbolic math function
diff(s) differentiation expression s independent variable

diff(s,t) differentiation expression s independent variable t
diff(s,n) differentiation expression s independent variable
n
diff(s,t,n) differentiation expression s t n
symbolic toolbox function diff numerical diff function

MATLAB symbolic numeric variable
Numeric Integration function
int(s) integrate symbolic expression s independent variable

int(s) integrate symbolic expression s independent variable t
int(s,a,b) integrate s independent variable limit a b

int(s,t,a,b) integrate expressions t a b
int(s,m,n) integrate expression s independent variable
limit m n symbolic variable
function integrate
integrate symbolic MATLAB
Symbolic differentiation integration

x=sym(x);
s1=x^3*exp(x)*sin(x)-2;
s2=x^3+3*x^2+5*x-2;
s3=x*sin(x);
diff(s1)
ans =
3*x^2*exp(x)*sin(x)+x^3*exp(x)*sin(x)+x^3*exp(x)*cos(x)
diff(s1,'x')
ans =
diff(s1)
ans =
diff(s1,'t')
ans =
0
diff(s2)
ans =
3*x^2+6*x+5
diff(s3,3)
ans =
-3*sin(x)-x*cos(x)
integrate
int('x^4')
ans =
1/5*x^5
int('x*cos(x)')
ans =
cos(x)+x*sin(x)

int('x^2*exp(x)')
ans =
x^2*exp(x)-2*x*exp(x)+2*exp(x)
int('x*sin(x)',0,pi)
ans =
pi
int('x^2/sin(x)')
ans =
int(x^2/sin(x),x)
MATLAB integrate
10.4 Symbolic Transformation

transformation function
Fourier Transform Laplace Transform Symbolic Toolbox transformation
n Laplace Transform
Laplace Transform function f(t) time domain function L(s) s-domain
transformation

f (t )e
st
L ( s) = dt
0
Laplace Transform differential equation

Control System MATLAB laplace
L = laplace(F,var1,var2)
Laplace transform symbolic expression F var1-
domain function var2-domain
L(var2) transform F(var1) option var1,
var2 MATLAB var1 t var2 s
F, var1 var2 sym
sym
f = ilaplace(L,var1,var2)
inverse Laplace transform symbolic expression L
L option var1 var2 t s
f(var2) inverse transform L(var1) F,

var1 var2 sym
sym
Laplace transform
f (t ) = 5e 2 at cos t
MATLAB
syms a s t w
f=5*exp(-2*a*t)*cos(w*t);
L=laplace(f,t,s)
L =
5*(s+2*a)/((s+2*a)^2+w^2)
ilaplace(L,s,t)
ans =
5*exp(-2*a*t)*cos(w*t)
o Fourier Transform
function function
function time-domain frequency-domain
Fourier Transform

F ( ) = f ( t )e
jt
dt

transform frequency-domain time-domain Inverse Fourier Transform

f (t) = F ( ) e
jt
dt

MATLAB symbolic Fourier transform

F = fourier(f, var1, var2 )
Fourier transform symbolic f
independent variable x function
w. independent
variable var1 var2
f = ifourier(F,var1,var2)

inverse Fourier transform symbolic F
independent variable w
function x
independent variable var1 var2
syms x t
fourier(exp(-x^2),x,t)
ans =
pi^(1/2)*exp(-1/4*t^2)
f=ifourier(F,t,x)
f =
1/2*4^(1/2)*exp(-x^2)
simple(f)
ans =
exp(-x^2)
Fourier Transform function 2 function Step function u(t)

Impulse function (t) Step function
Ku(t-a) = 0 t < 0
Ku(t-a) = a t > 0
impulse function
K ( t a ) = 0 for t a

K ( t a) dt = K

for t = a
MATLAB function function

Step function Heaviside(t) Impulse function Dirac(t)
function
p Z-Transform
transform transform function
discrete-time domain Z-transform

F ( z) = f ( n) z
n=0
n
z complex MATLAB function ztrans iztran Z-transform inverse Z-

transform

F=ztrans(f,var1,var2) Z-transform symbolic function f
independent variable n F
function z
var1 var2
f=iztran(F,var1,var2) inverse Z-transform symbolic function F
independent variable z f
function n
var1 var2
syms k n w z
ztrans(2^n)
ans =
z/(z-2)
iztrans(ans)
ans =
2^n
F=ztrans(cos(n*k),k,z)
F =
z*(-cos(n)+z)/(-2*z*cos(n)+z^2+1)
F=ztrans(cos(n*k),n,w)
F =
w*(-cos(k)+w)/(-2*w*cos(k)+w^2+1)
f=iztrans(exp(x/z),z,k)
f =
x^k/k!
F=ztrans(f,k,z)
F =
exp(x/z)
10.5 Function Calculator

symbolic toolbox M-file file function
function symbolic toolbox
function calculator funtool
funtool figure windows 3

1 function f(x) 2 function g(x)
3 function f(x), g(x)
function f(x) 3
n 1
1
1. function f(x) MATLAB expression
Enter MATLAB f(x)
1
2. function g(x) MATLAB expression
Enter MATLAB g(x)
2
3. x x
[xmin , xmax ] xmin xmax x
4. parameter a function
parameter f(x) g(x) parameter a
a f(x) g(x)
o 2

2 function 1
function f(x) f(x)
2 4
1 f(x)
f(x)

df/dx f(x)
int f f(x)
simple f f(x) ()
f(x) f(x)
num f

f(x) f(x)
den f

1/f f(x) 1/f(x)
finv f(x) inverse function
inverse function function
2 function f(x) parameter a

f +a f(x) f(x) + a
f -a f(x) f(x) - a
f *a f(x) f(x) * a
f / a f(x) f(x) / a
fâ f(x) f(x) ^ a
f(x+a) f(x) f(x + a)
f(x*a) f(x) f(x * a)

3 f(x) g(x) function operation

f +g f(x) f(x) + g(x)
f g f(x) f(x) - g(x)
f *g f(x) f(x) * g(x)
f /g f(x) f(x) / g(x)
f(g) f(x) f(g(x))
g =f g(x) f(x)
swap f(x) g(x)
4 Function Calculator
function f(x) list funtool
f(x) function file fxlist
fxlist function function

Insert f(x) list
Cycle f(x) f(x) list
Delete function f(x) list ( list)
Reset f, g, x, a and fxlist

Help funtool
Demo funtool
Close
funtool

funtool function
MATLAB Graphics User Interface (GUI)
mouse MATLAB

GUI GUI
2
10.6 Symbolic Math Toolbox : Student Edition

Symbolic Math Toolbox Version 2.0 version Student Edition
.. 1997 version
symbolic toolbox

help
Calculus.
diff Differentiate.
int Integrate.
limit Limit.
taylor Taylor series.
jacobian Jacobian matrix.
symsum Summation of series.
Linear Algebra.
diag Create or extract diagonals.
triu Upper triangle.
tril Lower triangle.
inv Matrix inverse.
det Determinant.
rank Rank.
rref Reduced row echelon form.
null Basis for null space.
colspace Basis for column space.
eig Eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
svd Singular values and singular vectors.
jordan Jordan canonical (normal) form.
poly Characteristic polynomial.
expm Matrix exponential.
Simplification.

simplify Simplify.
expand Expand.
factor Factor.
collect Collect.
simple Search for shortest form.
numden Numerator and denominator.
horner Nested polynomial representation.
subexpr Rewrite in terms of subexpressions.
subs Symbolic substitution.
Solution of Equations.
solve Symbolic solution of algebraic equations.
dsolve Symbolic solution of differential equations.
finverse Functional inverse.
compose Functional composition.
Variable Precision Arithmetic.

vpa Variable precision arithmetic.
digits Set variable precision accuracy.
Integral Transforms.
fourier Fourier transform.
laplace Laplace transform.
ztrans Z transform.
ifourier Inverse Fourier transform.
ilaplace Inverse Laplace transform.
iztrans Inverse Z transform.
Conversions.
double Convert symbolic matrix to double.
poly2sym Coefficient vector to symbolic polynomial.
sym2poly Symbolic polynomial to coefficient vector.
char Convert sym object to string.
Basic Operations.

sym Create symbolic object.
syms Short cut for constructing symbolic objects.
findsym Determine symbolic variables.
pretty Pretty print a symbolic expression.
latex LaTeX represention of a symbolic expression.
ccode C code represention of a symbolic expression.
fortran Fortran represention of a symbolic expression.
Special Functions.
sinint Sine integral.
cosint Cosine integral.
zeta Riemann zeta function.
lambertw Lambert W function.
String handling utilities.

isvarname Check for a valid variable name.
vectorize Vectorize a symbolic expression.
Pedagogical and Graphical Applications.

rsums Riemann sums.
ezplot Easy to use function plotter.
funtool Function calculator.
Demonstrations.
symintro Introduction to the Symbolic Toolbox.
symcalcdemo Calculus demonstration.
symlindemo Demonstrate symbolic linear algebra.
symvpademo Demonstrate variable precision arithmetic
symrotdemo Study plane rotations.
symeqndemo Demonstrate symbolic equation solving.

11 M-BOOK
11.1 M-book
word processing

word processing
copy

word
processing
word processing
word processing
M-book
M-book 2 Microsoft Word for Window
program word processing program word processing
MATLAB
Word Word
MATLAB background
Word MATLAB
program M-book Save file Word document file (.doc)
M-book ( Window 95 system)

MATLAB 4 MATLAB 5
Microsoft Word for Window 6.0 7.0
180 M-book
Word 97 Math Works MATLAB
5.0 download file Internet
www.mathworks.com MATLAB 5.1 Word 97
Word MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB directory Word
template
M-book template Word Word
template Word template
Normal.dot MATLAB Word template M-book.dot
template Word MATLAB macro
11.2
Word MATLAB M-book Word
Word template Normal.dot document file M-
book
file Word
file New File Menu New dialog box
M-book template Word document file

Word MATLAB
file file M-book
MATLAB ()
Dynamics Data Exchange (DDE) Word MATLAB
macros - DDE Cells
MATLAB Word
styles text cells
menu Notebook Menu bar Word
MATLAB Word M-book

prompt MATLAB
notebook
M-book 181
Word template M-book.dot
document file M-book document
document template M-book New M-book document
file Insert Menu insert file dialog box
file M-book
11.3 Input & Output Cells

MATLAB Word MATLAB
Word cell Word
MATLAB input cell MATLAB
output cell
input cell MATLAB
MATLAB
n Input cell
Input cell cell text cell text
input cell
input cell
MATLAB command window

text
Highlight
Notebook Menu Define Input Cell Alt-D
M-book input cell

input style ( style
) cell mark cell mark [ ]
input cell cell mark
Word cell mark
cell mark
182 M-book
style M-book input cell
Courier New 10 points
input cell
normal text
A=10;
B=20;
C=A*B
highlight input cell

A=10;
B=20;
C=A*B
Notebook Menu Define input cell Alt-D

[A=10;
B=20;
C=A*B]
o input cell
input cell cell MATLAB cell
MATLAB cell

input cell
input cell input cell
Highlight input cell

Notebook Menu Group Cell Alt-G M-book input cell
input cell text
input cell M-book text input cell Group

p AutoInit Cell
M-book 183
input cell file
(Automatic Initialize) AutoInit Cell AutoInit Cell
input cell
input MATLAB
Highlight
Notebook menu Define AutoInit Cell ( short cut key)
M-book AutoInit Cell Cell mark
Courier New 10 points
q MATLAB
input cell MATLAB input cell
AutoInit Cell M-book
input cell M-book MATLAB
input cell cursor cell Notebook
Menu Evaluate Cell Ctrl-Enter
input cell M-book Notebook Menu Evaluate M-book
Alt-R Notebook M-book
input cell M-book highlight input cell ( text
text MATLAB) Notebook
Menu Evaluate cell Ctrl-Enter M-book input cell
cell
r
Notebook output cell output cell ,
Command Window MATLAB Output cell
M-book input cell output text input cell output cell
input cell text input cell
Output cell Command Windows
, Echo,
input cell output cell
184 M-book
output cell Notebook output cell
input cell output cell Notebook output
cell output cell
input cell input cell output 1 Notebook
output cell output output
input cell
output Courier New 10 points

Notebook Menu option
input cell output cell text highlight cell
Notebook Menu Undefined cell Alt-U
output cell Highlight output cell Notebook Menu Purge
Output Cell Alt-P
s Input Output Cell

M-book 1 file
MATLAB MATLAB copy M-book
M-book
M-book file
Clear input
cell M-book M-book
M-book output
input cell output
input cell cell input cell cell
input cell
input cell
Evaluate M-book Alt-R Update

error input cell cell MATLAB
input cell Notebook Menu Options
Options Window Check box Stop evaluating on error Check box
M-book 185
MATLAB error input cell cell
error MATLAB input cell input cell
t Graphic Output
Graphic output output cell
Graphic window M-book Notebook Menu option
Options window cheek box Embed Figures in M-book box
output cell M-book graphic
window command window
Toggle Graph Output for Cell Notebook Menu
Graphic Output cell M-book
Output cell ( Embed Figures in M-book)
input cell cursor cell Toggle Graph output
for cell Notebook Menu cell mark

Word
Graphic Output
Option Notebook Menu
Mouse click picture holder
mouse
MATLAB M-book
click picture holder
shift drag holder
holder
16 256
option Notebook Menu
u Calculate Zone
calculate zone calc zone text, input cell, output cell
M-book calc zone M-book calc zone section
brake brake section calc zone
input output M-book calc zone highlight
186 M-book
, input, output zone Notebook Menu
Define calc zone MATLAB section calc zone input cell

input cell zone Evaluate calc zone
Notebook Menu
calc zone calc zone
zone M-book
11.4 Notebook Menu

M-book Template program MATLAB
() background Menu bar Word
Menu 1 Menu Notebook Menu Menu
Short cut Key

1 Define input cell Alt +D input cell highlight text
MATLAB
2 Define AutoInit cell - Automatic Initialized cell input cell
M-book
Text 1
3 Define Calc Zone - zone zone
4 Undefined Cells Alt + U input output cell text
cell
5 Purge output cell Alt + p output cell cell
6 Group Cell Alt + G Input cell Cell cell
7 Ungroup cell - Group cell 6
8 Hide Cell Marks Alt + [ Cell Mark [...]
(Show Cell Marks) M-book Hide show
Cell Mark
Note Cell Mark
9 Toggle Graph - M-book
Output to Cell Cursor input cell
10 Evaluate Cell Ctrl - Enter input cell highlight input cell
cell cursor cell

11 Evaluate Calc zone Atl - Enter calculate zone calc zone
M-book 187
Short cut Key
12 Evaluate M-book Alt - R M-book input cell
13 Evaluate loop Alt - L M-book loop Cell
Cell
loop
14 Bring MATLAB to Alt - M MATLAB window foreground MATLAB
Front command window background
15 Notebook Options.. - option
1. Number format
format MATLAB
2.
2.1 M-bookEmbed Figures in M-
book
2.2 2.1 16 256

3. M-book Input cell
Stop Evaluation on Error

11.5 M-book Template

M-book Template MATLAB
Style Font
Normal Times New Roman 10 points
AutoInit Courier New 10 points
Error Courier New 10 points
Input Courier New 10 points
Output Courier New 10 points
word Thai
Edition style

1. Format Menu Style
188 M-book
2. Style Window
3. window (style)
4. style highlight style
5. Click Modify Menu bar
6. Fonts...
7. Fonts window ,

8. Click OK Fonts style window
9. style
10. click Apply
Word
M-book 189
12 Handle Graphic
MATLAB

(Low Level Command)
(Graphical User Interface,
GUI) MATLAB
MATLAB

MATLAB
MATLAB
Figure window MATLAB Axes

Figure window axes

Parent & Child Object Hierarchy object
MATLAB
Handle Handle

Handle
Handle

handle
190 Handle Graphic

12.1 MATLAB Graphic Object
MATLAB

handle
object MATLAB object
MATLAB
Object
Root object Root object MATLAB

Figure object MATLAB
Axes object

Image object
Light object. Patches Surfaces
Line object
patch object
Rectangle

Surface object
text object
uicontextmenu object Context menu

uicontrol object MATLAB GUI

uimenu object Menu bar Figure window.
object MATLAB
Handle Graphic 191

Object MATLAB
Root
Figure
Uimenu Uicontextmenu Axes Uicontrol
Image Light Line Patch Rectangle Surface Text
Line Child Axes Line

Axes plot
Parent object Figure Axes Figure
Parent

MATLAB
Handle MATLAB Handle
192 Handle Graphic

(Handle)
MATLAB Object Object
Handle Object
Object Handle

(Property)

12.2 Create Object Function

Root object

Handle
MATLAB
Function Object Description

figure Figure object
axes Axes object
uicontrol Uicontrol object
uimenu Uimenu object
uicontextmenu Uicontextmenu object
image Image object
light Light object
line Line object
patch Patch object
rectangle Rectangle object
surface Surface object
text Text object

MATLAB (Default Value)
Error
Handle Graphic 193

h = function('property name', property value,...)
MATLAB ( line, axes )

'property name' property value
MATLAB Handle h

Read only Property Name
Tag, Visibility ''
Property Value
Handle
Handle h
Handle
Handle

GUI GUI environment

High-Level Low-Level
MATLAB High-level graphics routines plot surf
Low-level graphics routines
High-level graphics routines
High-level routines
high-level graphics routines

High-level graphics routines
Low-level graphics routines

high-level graphics routines plot MATLAB
194 Handle Graphic

plot high-level graphics routines
NextPlot axes figure
replace
object creation functions low-level graphics routines
parent NextPlot
line
Line('XData',x,'YData',y,'ZData',z,'Color','r')
MATLAB axes
x Xdata x y z
axes MATLAB axes
figure window axes MATLAB figure window
MATLAB

high-level functions plot plot graphics objects
axes ( Position Units)
low-level line
high-level functions
hold NextPlot

NextPlot Figure Axes
12.3 Basic Graphic Object Properties

parent
children
Handle Graphic 195

axes object
line object

GUI

MATLAB root
properties handle pointer cursor
figure properties children
axes properties child
parent
child child
parent

GUI

read only

(Default Values)

BusyAction MATLAB callback (
object )

196 Handle Graphic

ButtonDownFcn
Children Handles object children object
Clipping children
axes
CreateFcn
DeleteFcn
HandleVisibility handle

Interruptible

Parent Parent
Selected
SelectionHighlight
Tag
Type object figure, line, text
UserData
Visible

MATLAB
LineStyle XMinorTickMode
MATLAB

2 3

M-files
MATLAB version
2 3
Handle Graphic 197

12.4 GET and SET Function

GET SET
GET
Graphic object
get(object_handle)
returned_value = get(object_handle,'PropertyName');
object_handle handle 'PropertyName'

"

set get

sine

x=linspace(0,2*pi);
y=sin(x);
line_handle = plot(x,y);
198 Handle Graphic

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
line_handle handle object 2 object

MATLAB handle

gcf (Get Current Figure) MATLAB handle

gca (Get Current Axes) MATLAB handle

handle
handle
fig_handle = gcf
fig_handle =
1

axes_handle = gca
axes_handle =
73.0007
Handle Graphic 199

MATLAB handle 1
handle 73.007
handle (Figure, Axes, Line)
get
Figure MATLAB
get(fig_handle)
BackingStore = on
CloseRequestFcn = closereq
Color = [0.8 0.8 0.8]
Colormap = [(64 by 3) double array]
CurrentAxes = [73.0007]
CurrentCharacter =

WindowButtonUpFcn =
WindowStyle = normal
ButtonDownFcn =
Children = [73.0007]

Tag =
Type = figure
UIContextMenu = []
UserData = []
Visible = on
get(line_handle)
Color = [0 0 1]
EraseMode = normal
LineStyle = -
LineWidth = [0.5]
Marker = none
MarkerSize = [6]
MarkerEdgeColor = auto
MarkerFaceColor = none
XData = [ (1 by 200) double array]
YData = [ (1 by 200) double array]
ZData = []
ButtonDownFcn =
Children = []
Clipping = on
20 Handle Graphic
0
CreateFcn =
DeleteFcn =
BusyAction = queue
HandleVisibility = on
HitTest = on
Interruptible = on
Parent = [73.0007]
Selected = off
SelectionHighlight = on
Tag =
Type = line
UIContextMenu = []
UserData = []
Visible = on

get

l_color=get(line_handle,'Color')
l_color =
0 0 1
l_color
[0 0 1] RGB
n Querying Individual Properties

structure
get(gca,'ColorOrder')
ans =
0 0 1.0000
0 0.5000 0
1.0000 0 0
0 0.7500 0.7500
0.7500 0 0.7500
0.7500 0.7500 0
0.2500 0.2500 0.2500
Structure
output get MATLAB
structure array field field field

a = get(line_handle);
Handle Graphic 201

a structure array field
filed
a.Color
ans =
0 0 1
o Querying Groups of Properties

cell array

camera mode cell array
camera_props(1)={'CameraPositionMode'};
camera_props(2)= {'CameraTargetMode'};
camera_props(3)= {'CameraUpVectorMode'};
camera_props(4)= {'CameraViewAngleMode'};
cell array
get(gca,camera_props)
ans =
'auto' 'auto' 'auto' 'auto'
9 set
set
set
set(object_handle,'PropertyName','NewPropertyValue')
object_handle handle
PropertyName
NewPropertyValue

NewPropertyValue

20 Handle Graphic
2

RGB
[1 0 0]
set(line_handle,'Color',[1 0 0])

quote string
MATLAB
set
set(object_handle,'PropertyName')
MATLAB

MATLAB
set(line_handle,'LineStyle')
[ {-} | -- | : | -. | none ]
[ {-} | -- | : | -. | none ] { }

set(line_handle,'LineWidth')
A line's "LineWidth" property does not have a fixed set of property values.

Set(object_handle)
set(axes_handle)
AmbientLightColor
Box: [ on | {off} ]
Handle Graphic 203

CameraPosition
CameraPositionMode: [ {auto} | manual ]
CameraTarget
CameraTargetMode: [ {auto} | manual ]
CameraUpVector
CameraUpVectorMode: [ {auto} | manual ]

Tag
UIContextMenu
UserData
Visible: [ {on} | off ]
set
structure arrays cell arrays
view1.CameraViewAngleMode = 'manual';
view1.DataAspectRatio = [1 1 1];
view1.ProjectionType = 'Perspective';
set(gca,view1)
output set MATLAB

structure array
a = set(gca);
field a field

a.GridLineStyle
ans =
'-'
'--'
':'
'-.'
'none'
grid line styles
case sensitive
structure field case sensitive
20 Handle Graphic
4
a.gridlinestyle
??? Reference to non-existent field 'gridlinestyle'.
error MATLAB case

sensitive
MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB
get factory-defined
a = get(0,'Factory');
0 handle root structure array

field field factory
value field
UimenuSelectionHighlight: 'on'
SelectionHighlight uimenu on
Get(0,'FactoryObjectTypePropertyName')

get(0,'FactoryTextFontName')
Windows
ans =
Helvetica
Helvetica
12.5 Related Object Function

GUI
findobj

h = findobj
Handle Graphic 205

h = findobj('PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
h = findobj(objhandles,...)
h = findobj(objhandles,'flat','PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
findobj handles

h = findobj
handles root object

findobj
ans =
0
1.0000
73.0007
1.0010
handle root, figure, axes line

h = findobj('PropertyName', PropertyValue,...)
handle PropertyName
PropertyValue
findobj handle

h = findobj(objhandles,...)
handles
h = findobj(objhandles,'flat','PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
findobj error handle
findobj('Color','r')
20 Handle Graphic
6
Color property red r [1 0 0]

MATLAB findobj
handle
copyobj

new_handle = copyobj(h, p)
copyobj
Parent handle parent
line
axes
new_handle = copyobj(h, p)
handle h handle
children handle p h p
new_handle
new_handle(i) h(i) ] parent
p(i) h p h parents
p new_handle(i) h parent p(i) length(new_handle)
length(p).
h p new_handle(i) h(i)
Parent p new_handle length(h)
surface figure
surface
h = surf(peaks);
colormap hot
figure % figure windows

axes % figure
Handle Graphic 207

new_handle = copyobj(h,gca);
colormap hot
view(3)
grid on

surface colormap figure view grid
axes surface
gca
handle axes ( gca = Get Current Axes)
h = gca
h = gca handle axes figure

MATLAB handle
get(gcf,'CurrentAxes')
MATLAB
current axes MATLAB
plot, text, surf
current axes current figure current axes
gcbo
handle callback
h = gcbo
[h, figure] = gcbo
h = gcbo handle callback [h, figure] =

gcbo handle callback handle figure
MATLAB handle callback root

CallbackObject callback callback MATLAB
20 Handle Graphic
8
CallbackObject handle callback callback
MATLAB handle
CallbackObject root read-only
callback
CurrentFigure root CurrentAxes CurrentObject
callback
callback callback
callback
callback CreateFcn DeleteFcn ResizeFcn
figure gcbo callbacks
CurrentFigure root CurrentObject CurrentAxes figure
CallbackObject root
callbacks gcbo [ ]
gcf
handle (gcf=Get current figure )
h = gcf
h = gcf handle current figure

figure window plot, title surf
MATLAB handle
handle
get(0,'CurrentFigure')
gco
handle current object (gco = get current object)
h = gco
h = gco(figure_handle)
h = gco handle current object h = gco(figure_handle)

current object figure figure_handle.
Handle Graphic 209

current object
uimenus
current object
MATLAB handle the current object CurrentObject figure
CurrentObject CurrentFigure callback
callback callback
CurrentObject CurrentFigure callbacks CreateFcn, DeleteFcn uimenu
Callback CurrentFigure CurrentObject
handle gcbo
handle callback
callback
handle current object figure window 2
h = gco(2)
h =
146.0001
handle
handle

210 Handle Graphic

13 Object Property
(Graphical Object)

GUI
MATLAB

1. Figure Object
2. Axes Object
3. Uicontrol Object
4. Uimenu Object
5. UiContextMenu Object
2 Children Figure Object

object children axes

get set
GUI

MATLAB Reference Book I Reference
Book II Using Graphic Manual
GUI MATLAB
Object Property 211

13.1 Figure
figure graphics object
figure
figure('PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
figure(h)
h = figure(...)
figure (figure graphics objects) figure objects

MATLAB

figure('PropertyName', PropertyValue,...)
MATLAB

figure(h)
handle h h handle
handle h h
MATLAB handle h
handle h h error
handle
MATLAB handle
h = figure(...) returns the handle to the figure object
MATLAB

structure arrays cell arrays get set gcf
handle

212 Object Property

root
ScreenSize 4 [, , ,
]:
scrsz = get(0,'ScreenSize')
scrsz =
1 1 1024 768
figure('Position',[1 scrsz(4)/2 scrsz(3)/2 scrsz(4)/2])
set(0,'DefaultFigureProperty',PropertyValue...)
Property PropertyValue
set get

Property Name Property Description Property Value
(Positioning the Figure)

Position :
[left, bottom, width, height]
:
Units : inches, centimeters,
normalized, points, pixels,
characters
: pixels
(Specifying Style and Appearance)
Color : ColorSpec
: color
scheme
MenuBar : none, figure
: figure
Name : string
: ' ' (string )
NumberTitle : on, off
Object Property 213

Figure No. n, n : on

Resize : on, off
: on
SelectionHighlight : on, off
: on
Visible : on, off
: on
WindowStyle : normal, modal
: normal
(Controlling the Colormap)
Colormap colormap : m x 3
RGB
: jet colormap
Dithermap Colormap truecolor : m x 3
data RGB
pseudocolor : colormap

DithermapMode MATLABdithermap : auto, manual
: manual
FixedColors colormap : m x 3
RGB read only
MinColormap : scalar
: 64
ShareColors MATLAB color table on, off
slots : on
(Specifying the Renderer)
BackingStore off screen pixel buffering : on, off
: on
DoubleBuffer : on, off
: off
Renderer : painters, zbuffer,
OpenGL
:
MATLAB
214 Object Property

(General Information About the Figure)

Children Handle uicontrol, uimenu : handles
uicontextmenu
Parent root object Value: always 0
parent

Selected : on, off
: on
Tag : string
: string
Type (read only) : string 'figure'
UserData :
: [ ] ()
RendererMode : auto, manual
: auto
(Information About Current State)
CurrentAxes Handle : handle axes
CurrentCharacter : character (read only)

CurrentObject Handle : graphics object handle
CurrentPoint : 2-element
[x-coord, y-coord]
SelectionType (read only) : normal, extended,

alt, open
Callback Routine Execution
BusyAction : cancel, queue
: queue

ButtonDownFcn : string
: string

CloseRequestFcn : string
close : string
Object Property 215


CreateFcn : string
: string
DeleteFcn : string
: string
Interruptible : on, off
: on ()
KeyPressFcn : string
: string
ResizeFcn : string
: string
UIContextMenu context menu : handle Uicontrextmenu
WindowButtonDownFcn : string
: string
WindowButtonMotionFcn : string
: string
WindowButtonUpFcn : string
: string
(Controlling Access to Objects)
IntegerHandle handle : on, off
: on (handle
)
HandleVisibility handle : on, callback, off
: on
HitTest : on, off
( : on
CurrentObject )
NextPlot : add, replace,
replacechildren
: add
(Defining the Pointer)
Pointer : crosshair, arrow,
watch, topl, topr, botl, botr,
circle, cross, fleur, left,
right, top, bottom,
216 Object Property

fullcrosshair, ibeam,
custom
: arrow
PointerShapeCData : 16-by-16 matrix
: Pointer
custom
PointerShapeHotSpot active spot : 2-element
[row, column]
: [1,1]
(Properties That Affect Printing)
InvertHardcopy : on, off
: on
PaperOrientation : portrait, landscape
: portrait
PaperPosition : 4-element
[left, bottom, width, height]
PaperPositionMode WYSIWYG : auto, manual

: manual
PaperSize : [width, height]

PaperUnits

PaperType
read only
PaperType : see property
description
: usletter
PaperUnits : normalized, inches,
PaperSize centimeters, points
PaperPosition : inches
set get
Object Property 217

13.2 Axes

figure

axes
axes('PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
axes(h)
h = axes(...)
axes (low-level function)

Figure (current figure)
MATLAB
axes object
(Controlling Style and Appearance)

Box axes plot box on off : on, off
: off
Clipping axes axes
(clip) figure

GridLineStyle grid : -, --, :, -., none
: :()
Layer : bottom, top
: bottom
LineStyleOrder : LineSpec
: - ()
LineWidth points (1 point = : points
1/72") : 0.5 points
SelectionHighlight axes on : on, off
: on
TickDir (tick marks) : in, out
: in(2-D),out(3-D)
TickDirMode MATLAB : auto, manual
218 Object Property

: auto
TickLength : [2-D 3-D]
: [0.01 0.025]
two-element vector
Visible : on, off
: on
XGrid, YGrid, ZGrid grid : on, off
: off
(General Information About the Axes)
Children Handles images, lights, lines, patches, : handles
surfaces text
CurrentPoint : 2x3

HitTest current object : on, off
: on
Parent Handle figure : figure
handle
Position figure : [left bottom width
Height]
: [0.1300 0.1100
0.7750 0.8150]

Selected : on, off
: on
Tag : any string
: '' ( string )
Type : string 'axes'

Units : inches, centimeters,
'Position' Characters, normalized,
Points, pixels
: Normalized
UserData : any matrix
: [ ] ()
(Selecting Fonts and Labels)
FontAngle : normal, italic, Oblique
Object Property 219

: normal
FontName Helvetica :
Courier
: Helvetica
FontSize :

: 10
FontUnits : points, normalized,
FontSize inches, centimeters, pixels
: points
FontWeight : normal, bold, light,
demi
: normal
Title Handle title : handle
title
XLabel, Handles : Handles
YLabel,
ZLabel
XTickLabel, tick mark labels : strings

YtickLabel, :
ZtickLabel MATLAB
XTickLabelMode, MATLAB : auto, manual
YTickLabelMode, tick mark labels : auto
ZtickLabelMode
(Controlling Axis Scaling)
XaxisLocation x : top, bottom
: bottom
YaxisLocation y : right left
: left
XDir, YDir, Zdir : normal, reverse
: normal
XLim, Ylim, Zlim : [min max]
:

MATLAB
220 Object Property

XlimMode, MATLAB : auto, manual

YlimMode, : auto
ZlimMode
XScale, linear logarithmic : linear, log
YScale, : linear (
Zscale plot
log )
XTick, ticks marks :
YTick, tick
Ztick marks
:
MATLAB
XTickMode, MATLAB : auto, manual
YTickMode, tick mark : auto
ZtickMode
(Controlling the View)
CameraPosition : [x,y,z]

:
MATLAB
CameraPositionMode MATLAB : auto, manual
: auto
CameraTarget : [x,y,z]

:
MATLAB
CameraTargetMode MATLAB : auto, manual
: auto
CameraUpVector : [x, y, z]

:
MATLAB
CameraUpVectorMode MATLAB : auto, manual
: auto
CameraViewAngle : 0180
Object Property 221

:
MATLAB
CameraViewAngleMode MATLAB : auto, manual
: auto
Projection projection : orthographic,
perspective
: orthographic
(Controlling the Axes Aspect Ratio
DataAspectRatio :
[dx dy dz]
:
MATLAB
DataAspectRatioMode MATLAB : auto, manual
: auto
PlotBoxAspectRatio :
[dx dy dz]
:
MATLAB
PlotBoxAspectRatioMode MATLAB : auto, manual
: auto
Callback (Controlling Callback Routine Execution)
BusyAction : cancel, queue
: queue
ButtonDownFcn : string
: string
CreateFcn : string
: string
DeleteFcn : string
: String
Interruptible : on, off
: on
UIContextMenu contextmenu : handle
Uicontextmenu
(Specifying the Rendering Mode)
DrawMode (rendering) : normal, fast
: normal
222 Object Property

(Targeting Axes for Graphics Display)

HandleVisibility : on, callback, off
: on
NextPlot : add, replace,

replacechildren
: replace
(Properties that Specify Color)
AmbientLightColor : ColorSpec
: [1 1 1]
CLim Colormap : [cmin cmax]
: MATLAB

CLimMode MATLAB Clim : auto, manual
: auto
Color : none, ColorSpec
: none
ColorOrder : m x 3
RGB
:

XColor, tick marks : ColorSpec
YColor, :
ZColor
1.

M-file
Object Property 223

h(1)= axes('Position',[0 0 1 1]);
sphere
shading interp
h(2)= axes('Position',[0 0 .4 .6]);
sphere
h(3)= axes('Position',[0 .5 .5 .5]);

sphere
shading interp
h(4)=axes('Position',[5 0 .4 .4]);
sphere
h(5)= axes('Position',[.5 .5 .5 .3]);

sphere
colormap(hot)
shading interp
set(h,'Visible','off')
m-file
2. X Y

Y
X X
224 Object Property

MATLAB 5.0 plotyy

Y x
XAxisLocation YAxisLocation X
Y 2
XaxisLocation and YAxisLocation
X Y
2
x-y
low-level line axes

Handle
x1 x2
x1=linspace(0,30);
y1=sin(x1).êxp(-x1/10);
hl1= line(x1,y1,'color','r');
ax1= gca;
set(ax1,'Xcolor','r','Ycolor','r');
grid on

x y none

ax2 = axes('Position',get(ax1,'Position'),...
'XAxisLocation','top',...
'YAxisLocation','right',...
'Color','none',...
'XColor','k','YColor','k');
Object Property 225

x2=x1/10;
y2=100*sin(x2/30).*exp(-x2);
hl2 = line(x2,y2,'Color','k','Parent',ax2);
grid on
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

1 1.4
0.8
1.2
0.6
1
0.4
0.2 0.8
0 0.6
-0.2
0.4
-0.4
0.2
-0.6
-0.8 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
grid grid on
grid
grid
grid grid grid
grid tick mark

tick mark grid
tick mark
tick mark
tick mark
tick mark tick mark 7 x (
) y tick mark 8
tick mark
226 Object Property

xlimits = get(ax1,'XLim');
ylimits = get(ax1,'YLim');
x y
xinc = (xlimits(2)-xlimits(1))/6;
yinc = (ylimits(2)-ylimits(1))/7;
tick mark
set(ax1,'XTick',[xlimits(1):xinc:xlimits(2)],...
'YTick',[ylimits(1):yinc:ylimits(2)])
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

1 1.4
0.7429 1.2
0.4857 1
0.2286 0.8
-0.0286 0.6
-0.2857 0.4
-0.5429 0.2
-0.8 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
trick mark y
limit y 7 y 8 trick mark
7 1 1.1
2.1 7 0.3
ylimits = [-1.0 1.1];
set(ax1,'YLim',ylimits);
yinc = (ylimits(2)-ylimits(1))/7;
set(ax1,'XTick',[xlimits(1):xinc:xlimits(2)],...
'YTick',[ylimits(1):yinc:ylimits(2)])
Object Property 227

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1.1 1.4
0.8 1.2
0.5 1
0.2 0.8
-0.1 0.6
-0.4 0.4
-0.7 0.2
-1 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
228 Object Property

X2 value
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1.1 1.4
0.8 1.2
0.5 1
0.2 0.8
Y1 value
Y2 value
-0.1 0.6
-0.4 0.4
-0.7 0.2
-1 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
X1 value
13.3 Uicontrol
user interface control object
handle = uicontrol(parent)
handle = uicontrol(...,'PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
uicontrol uicontrol (user interface controls)

GUI uicontrols uicontrol
MATLAB
uicontrol
uicontrol MATLAB
1. Check boxes
2. Editable text
3. Frames
4. List boxes
5. Pop-up menus
6. Push buttons
Object Property 229

7. Radio buttons
8. Sliders
9. Static text
10. Toggle buttons

GUI
uicontrol
uicontrol
1. Check boxes

check box

2. Editable text boxes
230 Object Property

fields
editable text input
Microsoft Windows editable text box focus menu bar callback
editable text UNIX
Microsoft Windows editable text box menu bar
get(edit_handle,'String') MATLAB
edit box MATLAB callback
String

3. Frames
Frames

uicontrol
uicontrol Frames callback
uicontrols frames Frames
frame uicontrols
uicontrols frame frame
Stacking order uicontrols

frame frame

4. List boxes
String

Min Max Value

Value MATLAB
callback list box
Value
Object Property 231

Done GUI callback
List boxes
(double clicks)
SelectionType figure normal open
callback
5. Pop-up menus

String
Pop-up menus

String
6. Push buttons

Push buttons
7. Radio buttons
check boxes
Radio button Radio button
radio button

8. Sliders

slider

slider
9. Static text boxes

232 Object Property

GUI
static text interactive callback static text

10. Toggle buttons

on off
callback
Toggle buttons toolbars
uicontrol structures
cell arrays arguments handle
set get
Uicontrol children figures axes
uicontrol objects

Controlling Style and Appearance
BackgroundColor background : ColorSpec
:
Cdata Truecolor image control : matrix
FegroundColoror : ColorSpec
: [0 0 0]
: on
String Uicontrol : string
list
box pop-up menu
Visible : on, off
Uicontrol : on
General Information About the Object
Object Property 233

Children Uicontrol objects
children
Enable uicontrol : on, inactive, off
(Enable disable) : on
Parent parent Uicontrol : scalar figure handle
Selected : on, off
: off
SliderStep slider : two-element vector
: [0.01 0.1]
Style uicontrol object : pushbutton,
togglebutton,
radiobutton, checkbox,
edit, text, slider, frame,
listbox, popupmenu
: pushbutton
Tag : string
TooltipString tooltip : string
object
Type graphics object : string (read-only)
: uicontrol
UserData User-specified data ( : matrix
) : [ ]
Controlling the Object Position
Position : position rectangle
uicontrol : [20 20 60 20]
Units : pixels, normalized,
inches, centimeters,
points, characters
: pixels
Controlling Fonts and Labels
FontAngle : normal, italic,
oblique
: normal
FontName Font family () : string
:
FontSize : size in FontUnits
234 Object Property

:
FontUnits : points, normalized,
inches, centimeters,
pixels
: points
FontWeight : light, normal, demi,
bold
: normal
HorizontalAlignment : left, center, right
VerticalAlignment : uicontrol object
String Uicontrol : string
list
box pop-up menu
Controlling Callback Routine Execution
BusyAction Callback : cancel, queue
: queue
ButtonDownFcn callback : string

Callback : string

CreateFcn Callback : string

DeleteFcn Callback : string

Interruptible Mode : on, off
Callback : on
UIContextMenu Uicontextmenu : handle
Information About the Current State
ListboxTop : scalar
List box : [1]
Max : scalar
uicontrol :
Min : scalar
uicontrol :
Value uicontrol : scalar or vector
:
Controlling Access to Objects
Object Property 235

command line : on
GUIs
HitTest : on, off
: on
push button
h = uicontrol('Style', 'pushbutton', 'String', 'Clear',...
'Position', [20 150 100 70], 'Callback', 'cla');
uicontrol colormaps figure pop-up

menu M-file Callback
hpop = uicontrol('Style', 'popup',...
'String', 'hsv|hot|cool|gray',...
'Position', [20 320 100 50],...
'Callback', 'setmap');
uicontrol
hsv, hot, cool gray String
|
Callback M-file setmap
M-file callback

M-file callback setmap
M-file M-file setmap
val = get(hpop,'Value');
if val ==1
colormap(hsv)
elseif val ==2
colormap(hot)
elseif val ==3
colormap(cool)
elseif val ==4
colormap(gray)
end
236 Object Property

Value 1 4 hsv
value 1
uicontrol command line
GUI
command line
13.4 Uimenu

uimenu('PropertyName', PropertyValue,...)
uimenu(parent, 'PropertyName', PropertyValue,...)
handle = uimenu('PropertyName', PropertyValue,...)
handle = uimenu(parent,'PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
uimenu
uimenu context menu
Handle = uimenu('PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
handle

handle = uimenu(parent,'PropertyName',PropertyValue,...)
(submenu) handle parent

parent handle figure uimenu object Uicontextmenu MATLAB
MATLAB

uimenu
property name property value structures cell arrays
input arguments Callback uimenu
MATLAB Uimenus
WindowStyle normal figure object
uimenu WindowStyle modal
Object Property 237

MenuBar figure
MenuBar figure
MATLAB
MenuBar none

uimenu

Checked : on, off
: off
ForegroundColor : ColorSpec
: [0 0 0]
Label Menu : string
: on
Separator Separator line : on, off
mode : off
Visible Uimenu : on, off
: on
Accelerator Keyboard equivalent : character
Children Handles : vector of handles
Enable uimenu : on, off
: on
Parent handle parent : handle
Uimenu
Tag : string
: uimenu
UserData : matrix
Controlling the Object Position
Position uimenu : scalar
: [1]
238 Object Property

: queue
ButtonDownFcn callback : string

Callback : string



Interruptible Callback : on, off
: on
: on
command line
GUIs
HitTest : on, off
: on

Workspace figure window
(save) workspace MATLAB
Ctrl Q Quit
accelerator key
f = uimenu('Label','Workspace');
uimenu (f,'Label','New Figure','Callback','figure');
uimenu (f,'Label','Save','Callback','save');
uimenu (f,'Label','Quit','Callback','exit',...
'Separator','on','Accelerator','Q');
Object Property 239

13.5 Uicontextmenu
context menu
handle = uicontextmenu('PropertyName',PropertyValue,...);
uicontextmenu context menu

context menu uimenu

UIContextMenu handle context menu UIContextMenu
uicontextmenu objects


Visible Uicontextmenu : on, off
: off
Position uicontextmenu : two-element vector
Visible on : [0 0]
Children handle uimenus : matrix
uicontextmenu
Parent parent Uicontextmenu : scalar figure handle
Tag : string
: uicontrol
UserData : matrix
: queue
240 Object Property

Callback : string



Interruptible Callback : on, off
: on
: on
command line
GUIs

context menu line

M-file
% context menu
cmenu = uicontextmenu;
% context menu
hline = plot(1:10,'UIContextMenu',cmenu);
% callbacks context menu
% 3
cb1 = ['set(hline, ''LineStyle'', ''--'')'];
cb2 = ['set(hline, ''LineStyle'', '':'')'];
cb3 = ['set(hline, ''LineStyle'', ''-'')'];
% context menu
item1 = uimenu(cmenu, 'Label', 'dashed', 'Callback', cb1);
item2 = uimenu(cmenu, 'Label', 'dotted', 'Callback', cb2);
item3 = uimenu(cmenu, 'Label', 'solid', 'Callback', cb3);
M-file

Object Property 241

context menu MATLAB
line object context menu GUI
children Axes

MATLAB
242 Object Property

14 GUIDE
Graphical User Interface (GUI) user interface graphical object
slider objects object
slider

Application GUI application
application
input
GUIDE
GUI GUIDE
GUIDE
GUIDE GUI
GUIDE

14.1 GUI GUIDE

MATLAB GUI (figure window)
axes, uicontrol
MATLAB version uicontrol , uimenu
text base version5
MATLAB Graphical User Interface Development Environment GUIDE
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUIDE GUI
GUIDE M-file handle object
Introduction to GUIDE 243

GUI M-file
callback
14.2 GUI MATLAB

GUI M-file
GUIDE
GUIDE 2 GUI
FIG-file
GUI
M-file GUI callback
callback sub function M-file M-file
GUI Application M-file
Application M-file
GUI FIG-file
n Application M-file GUIDE

GUIDE GUI Application M-file
Application M-file
GUI

M-file GUI
M-file
M-file MATLAB
Application M-file Sub function uicontrols GUI
callback
GUIDE GUIDE fig-file

GUI M-file GUI
MATLAB GUI GUIDE GUIDE Application M-file
GUI GUIDE
GUIDE Application option GUIDE FIG-file M-file
244 Introduction to GUIDE

Layout Editor GUI
Application M-file GUIDE
Application M-file
Note GUIDE Application M-file Fig-file Layout Editor

GUI Active Layout Editor, GUIDE Application M-file
GUI
o GUIDE Application Options

GUIDE MATLAB COMMAND WONDOW prompt
guide
Layout Editor
GUI
Tool Application Options

GUIDE Application Options
GUIDE FIG-file Fig-file M-file

Resize Behavior
GUI
MATLAB GUIDE 3
Non-Resizable (default)
Proportional GUI MATLAB
GUI GUI
User-Specifide GUI
GUI GUI
GUI
GUI
Proportional
Proportional
GUI
User-Specify

Command-Line Accessibility
MATLAB graph figure axes parents MATLAB

figure Axes MATLAB
figure Axes MATLAB figure Axes
GUI axes
GUI axes
GUI GUIDE Command-Line Accessibility
Off - command-line GUI (default)

On command-line GUI
User-Specified GUIDE GUI Handle Visibility
Integer Handle figure
Note Findobj GUI Handle Visibility Figure off

handle figure MATLAB figure
Application M-file handle GUI
findobj handle figure
figure 2
Handle Visibility off handle children

figure children root object figure current figure
(current figure MATLAB) handle
handle
Integer Handle off MATLAB handle
(68.0001224)
GUI handle
GUI

14.3 Application M-file GUIDE
GUI GUIDE GUIDE FIG-file M-file
4 Application M-file

Generate callback function prototypes
Application allows only one instance to run
Use system color scheme for background
Function does not return until application window dismissed
n Application M-file
Generate Callback Function Prototype GUIDE Application
Option GUIDE sub function application M-file GUI
( frame Static text) GUEDE sub function
sub function GUIDE sub
function callback context
callback sub function
function object.Tag_Callback(h,eventdata,handles.varagin)
arguments
h handle callback
eventdata
handles structure handle GUI
file tag handle
GUI callback
MATLAB
varargin variable-length callback function
push button Tag pushbutton1
GUIDE sub function application
function pushbutton1_Callback(h,evendata,handles,varargin)

GUIDE Callback push button
Mygui(pushbutton1_callback,gcbo,[],guidata(gcbo))
Mygui FIG-file GUI

Pushbutton1 Callback- callback sub funcion
gcbo handle push button
[ ] eventdata
guidata(gcbo) handles structure figure GUI
sub function GUIDE

argument
, (1) sub function application M-file (2)
callback gx1 gx2 subfunction
function M-file
MYGUI(pushbutton1_callback,gcbo,[],guidata(gcbo),gx1,gx2)
GUI
GUI
MATLAB GUI
MATLAB GUI
MATLAB GUI MATLAB

GUI GUI
MATLAB GUI GUI
code application M-file application M-file
fig = openfig(mfilename,reuse)
fig = openfig(mfilename,new)
Note openfig application M-file command line

o System MATLAB
GUI
uicontrol figure GUI
uicontrol
application M-file
%Use system color scheme for figure

set(fig,color,get(0,Default UIcontrol Background Color);
Note M-file command line
p input
GUIDE application option
Function does not return until application window dismissed
application M-file input

uiwait M-file
MATLAB

GUI
GUI callback uiresume
MATLAB command line

dialog box callback
application M-file code
%wait for callbacks to run and window to be dismissed
uiwait(fig);
fig handle figure
Note M-file command line

q Tag
GUI Tag
GUIDE Tag ()
pushbutton1 string callback sub function
pushbutton1_callback

Tag
active save GUI
save as GUIDE application M-file
callback callbacks
Note GUIDE Tag function structure file Tag
MATLAB
Tag Activate save GUI
Application M-file Tag
application M-file
GUIDE application M-file
application M-file
Tag application M-file GUIDE sub function
handles MATLAB GUIDE Tag
file handles application M-file
x = get(handles,listbox1,string)
Tag Listbox1 graph

x = get(handles,graph,string)
GUI file structure handles listbox1

error MATLAB

FIG-file M-file M-file
GUIDE file extension ( fig M) file file


GUI Building Tools (GUI Layout Tool)
MATLAB GUI GUI Layout tools

GUI GUI uicontrol
axes GUI
Layout Editor GUI

Alignment Tool GUI
Property Inspector
Object Browser handle MALAB
Menu Editor context menu
GUIDE Layout Editor

Layout Editor
guide
MATLAB GUI GUI
guide mygui.fig
( .fig ) GUI GUI

open File Layout Editor
r GUI Layout Editor

Layout Editor
uicontrol axes

1. uicontrol axes GUI component palette

2. GUI cursor


3.

s Activating the Figure

GUI activate figure
Layout Editor Activate activate figure Tool Activator
button Toolbar
activate figure
GUIDE SAVE M-file Fig-file file
SAVE Dialog box SAVE AS FILE SAVE
MATLAB (Append)
Note GUI
Tag GUI Activate Figure
Layout Editor Context Menu
Layout Editor
context menu
context menu subfunction application M-file
callback routine
Context figure

t Aligning Component in The Layout Editor

Alignment Tool Alignment Tool Alignment Tool
Alignment Tool
Alignment Tool
(select) component palette

Align
Shift

Vertical Horizontal
Apply
Alignment Tool Grids Rulers
grid Grid and Rulers
Layout
Grid size 10 57 200 Pixel 50 default

Snap-to-grid 9 pixels
grid grids snap-to-grid
grid Layout Editor
guide line
guide line ruler
gui
grid grid

GUI
GUI
context menu
Bring to Front, Send to back, Bring Forward send Backward
14.4
GUI Property
Inspector

Property Inspector

Property Inspector Tools
Inspect property Edit
Inspect Properties context

Property Inspector Toolbar
Property Inspector Layout Editor

Property
Property Inspector
Mixed

n The Object Browser

OBJECT BROWSER
figure children figure
object Browser GUI
The Menu Editor
MATLAB
Menu bar object - figure menu bar
Context Menu -
Menu Editor
Menu Editor Layout Editor Toolbar Edit Menu bar Layout Menu Editor

UI menu UIcontext menu
o Menubar
MATLAB figure Menu bar

New Menu Toolbar
UI MENU Property
Lable (), Tag () Seperator () Checked
Menu property () Callback menu

New Menu Item
Print File
New
Menu Item New Menu Item
p callback
callback
MATLAB callback Menu Editor
print-dsp Subfunction
Application- M file GUIDE UI control callback
Note GUIDE callback subfunction application M-file

subfunction
callback String
callback
subfunction
My Gui (Name_of_subfunction, gcbo, I J, guidata (gcbo))
My Gui Applicaton M-file
Name_of_subfunction subfuncton
gcbo handle
[]
guidata (gcbo) handles GUI

callback Menu Editor application M-file
subfunction Name_of_ subfunction
q Context Menu
Context Menu
Menu Editor context menu
1. Paren Menu context menu children context menu

figure paren menu Context Menus tab
Menu Editor New Context menu
2. Tag context menu

3. callback String
4.
5. Context menu Layout Editor
Property Inspector UI context Menu Context
Menu
6. Callback subfunction


14.5 User Interface Controls
User interface control 1) Check Boxes, 2) Editable Text, 3) Frames 4)
List boxes, 5) Push Buttons, 6) Radio Buttons, 7) Sliders, 8) Static Text, 9) Toggle Buttons
object Properties
GUIDE MATLAB
6.0 Callback subfunction ( frame Static text)
Tag subfunction DUIDE
Control default Tag

UI Control Default Tag

Check Boxes checkbox1, checkbox2,..
Editable Text edittext1, ..
Frames frame1, ..
List Boxes listbox1, .
Push Buttons pushbutton1,
Radio Buttons radiobutton1,
Slider slider1,
Static Text text1,
Toggle Buttons Togglebottom1,
14.6 Understanding the Application M-File

Application M-file GUI
Fig-file GUIDE GUI Application M-file
Code Subfunction Application
M-file Callback Subfunction Callback
Initialize GUI
M-file GUI application M-
file GUIDE
Application M-file GUIDE
M-file
GUI Application M-file

Callback
Application M-file
Application M-file
n Automatic Naming of Callback Routines

GUIDE Callback subfunction
Layout Editor Static Text Frame GUI
MATLAB Callback Callback subfunction application M-file
MATLAB Subfunction GUIDE GUI
GUIDE
1. GUI GUIDE Layout Editor

2. Save GUI Layout Editor GUIE
Application M-file Fig-file GUI
Callback
my_gui('ObjectTag_Callback',gcbo,[],guidata(gcbo))
my_gui application M-file save

ObjectTag_Callback Subfunction Application M-file
ObjectTag Tag
Tag pushbutton1 subfunction pushbutton1_Callback
subfunction application M-file GUI

gcbo get callback object handle Callback

[ ]
guidata(gcbo) handle GUI
GUI
GUI GUIDE Subfunction
ObjectTag_Callback GUI MATLAB
Application M-file ( my_gui.m)
Subfunction ObjectTag_CallBack application M-file Subfuction

% ---------------------------------------------------------------
function varargout = ObjectTag_Callback(h, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.ObjectTag.
disp('ObjectTag Callback not implemented yet.')
input Subfunction
h handle
eventdata
handles structure field handle
GUI field Tag GUI
3
Figure Tag figure1 handle
1.00256
Push Buttom Tag ObjectTag handle 5.00123
Slider Tag slider1 handle 6.00301
handles Structure 3 field

handles.figure1 1.00256
handles.ObjectTag 5.00123
handles.slider1 6.00301
handle GUI findobj

GUI version MATLAB
varargin (variable argument input)
disp('ObjectTag Callback not implemented yet.')
Command Window
Callback Subfuction
o Application M file

Application M-file M-file Command
Windows
1. M-file
2. M-file Subfunction
callback
GUIDE Switchyard Code GUI

GUI
The Switchyard Code
GUI
Switchyard Code
GUIDE

if nargin == 0 % LAUNCH GUI
fig = openfig(mfilename,'reuse');
% Use system color scheme for figure:
set(fig,'Color',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
% Generate a structure of handles to pass to callbacks, and store it.

handles = guihandles(fig);
guidata(fig, handles);
if nargout > 0
varargout{1} = fig;
end
elseif ischar(varargin{1}) % INVOKE NAMED SUBFUNCTION OR CALLBACK
try
[varargout{1:nargout}]=feval(varargin{:});%FEVAL switchyard
catch
disp(lasterr);
end
end
code

if nargin == 0 % LAUNCH GUI if
Command line GUI 0
MATLAB GUI GUI
fig = openfig(filename,'reuse'); GUI

FIG-file reuse GUI
( )
GUI new
set(fig,'Color',get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'));
uicontrol GUI GUI
GUI
handles = guihandles(fig); guihandles structure

field
handles handle fig field
Tag handles
guidata(fig, handles) handles

guidata
MATLAB handles

GUI
handles
if elseif GUI
MATLAB
Subfunction Subfunction

GUIDE GUI
GUI GUI
14.7 GUI
GUI MATLAB
MATLAB GUIDE
Callback GUI

GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI
GUI GUI
GUI GUI
GUI GUI
GUI GUI
GUI
GUI

GUI
GUI
GUI


GUI
GUI GUI

Interactive
GUI

GUI

Slider

o
GUI

GUI

p

File
help
GUI

GUI

A simple design is a good design.
14.8 GUI
GUI
GUI GUI
GUI GUI

GUI
GUI

GUI
GUI

callback

GUI GUI
MATLAB GUIDE
figure windows callback Callback Editor
GUI calback

MATLAB
GUI MATLAB web site
14.9
GUI

Editable text object
String Slider
Slider Value


15 GUIDE
GUIDE
GUIDE

GUI MATLAB
15.1 Radio Button

GUI GUIDE
application M-file
GUI Radio Button
GUI
Getting Start with GUIDE 271

radio button check box
GUI
GUIDE Layout Editor

GUIDE Command Windows
GUIDE
GUIDE Layout Editor
Allocation Option Tool

MATLAB
uicontrol GUI Radio Button

4 Radio Button Tool Pallet

Radio Button
4

Static Text
GUI
272 Getting Start with GUIDE

Frame GUI Frame
Tool Pallet Radio Button Frame Radio Button
Frame Radio Button
Frame Context Menu
Send to Back Frame Radio Button
GUI Alignment Tool
Tag
Property Inspector
Property Inspector

Figure
Layout Editor Property Inspector
Radio Button
Property Inspector Tag String
Tag radiobutton1 String Radio Button default

Tag Option1 String Option 1
String Radio Button Option 1
Tag String Radio Button Option2,
Option3, Option4 Option 2, Option 3, Option 4

Value Radio Button Option 1 0.0
1.0 default
Static Text String Default Static Text
You have select Option 1 default
Save Activate GUI

Save GUI
Save File MATLAB
option Click OK MATLAB
option.fig
Application M-file option.m
MATLAB GUI
Editor/Debugger option.m

Option GUI Command Windows
Option3 Callback not implemented yet.
callback subfunction option.m
GUI

Radio Button
Option 2 Option 1
subfunction

% ----------------------------------------------------------------
function Turn_Off(off)
set(off,'Value',0);
% ----------------------------------------------------------------

Subfunction Turn_Off off off
vector handle value handle
off radio button
subfunction
subfunction callback uicontrol
subfunction Option 1
function varargout=Option1_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Option1.
disp('Option1 Callback not implemented yet.')
disp('...')
off = [handles.Option2 handles.Option3 handles.Option4];

turn_Off(off);
set(h,'Value',1);
set(handles.text1,'String','You have selected Option 1');
off vector handle Radio Button

off function Turn_Off
Value 3 Value (h
handle Callback) 1
( Radio Button
(value = 1) (value = 0) (value = 0)
(value = 1)
String Static Text handles
handles.text1 You have selected Option 1 1
subfunction
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
off =[handles.Option1 handles.Option3 handles.Option4];
Turn_Off(off);
set(h,'Value',1);
% ----------------------------------------------------------------

Turn_Off(off);
set(h,'Value',1);
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
Turn_Off(off);
set(h,'Value',1);
Subfunction off
Value = 0
GUI Save
GUI
GUI
GUI Command Windows
option
GUI

GUI
GUI title Untitled
GUI
Layout Editor figure Property Inspector
Name Untitled My First GUI: Option ( )
Save Layout Editor
update GUI
update GUI Activate GUI
GUI

GUI GUI
GUI GUI
Subfunction Callback Function

Function-file
15.2 Slider Editable Text

uicontrol GUI
Slider Value
Slider

Max Min
Value
Editable Text
String Editable Text
String Numeric
GUI
Slider Editable Text
slider
Editable Text Slider

Slider 10 0
Editable Text

GUIDE Layout Editor

GUIDE Command Windows
GUIDE
Layout Editor uicontrol

Tag
Property Inspector
Property Inspector Tag
Editable Text Tag edit1 Slider Tag slider1
Slider
Default 0 1 Max
10 Value Slider 0 default
Editable Text String
0 string
0 a
Save Activate GUI

Save GUI Save File
MATLAB numerical OK
MATLAB numerical.fig numerical.m
Activate GUI MATLAB GUI
Editor/Debugger numerical.m
GUI
Slider Editable Text String
2
str2num(X) String X X
[ ]

num2str(X) X String
Slider callback slider1_Callback

nvalue = get(h,'Value');
svalue = num2str(nvalue);
set(handles.edit1,'String',svalue);
Value
nvalue nvalue String
String Editable Text Tag edit1 svalue
slider
slider
Editable Text callback edit1_Callback
svalue = get(h,'String');
nvalue = str2num(svalue)
if nvalue > 10
nvalue = 10;
set(h,'String','10');
elseif nvalue < 0
nvalue = 0
elseif nvalue == [ ]
nvalue = 0
end
set(handles.slider1,'Value', nvalue);
String Editable Text

String nvalue if
nvalue
String Editable Text ( 10
String)
Value Slider Editable Text
GUI
GUI save file Editor/Debugger
Activate GUI GUI

15.3 Check Box, List Box Popup Menu
Check Box, List Box Popup Menu GUI
Check Box, List Box
Popup Menu
Check Box Value

Value 1 Value 0
List Box Value
1 Value 1 2 Value 2
String List Box String
Vector
Popup Menu Value List box

String Popup Menu Vector

List Box Popup Menu
List Box
GUI Popup Menu GUI
GUI

Product Popup Menu
/

List Box
Static Text
GUIDE Layout Editor

Tag

String Static Text Tag Static Text
Product Result

Check Box String At Work Tag Work Value 0
Check Box String At Home Tag Home Value 0
Popup Menu Tag Popup1 Sting
String

OK Property Inspector
Value 1
List Box Tag HomeList Sting
String


OK Property Inspector
Value 1 Enable
off
Figure Name Product Selection
Save Activate GUI

Save GUI Save File
MATLAB product OK
MATLAB product.fig product.m
activate GUI MATLAB GUI
Editor/Debugger product.m
GUI
GUI
GUI Callback Subfunction
Subfunction
Subfunction Callback
Subfunction Subfunction manager
Application M-file product.m
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
function manager(handles)
nselect = get(handles.Popup1,'Value');
pop_string = get(handles.Popup1,'String');
ProSelect = pop_string(nselect);
string_display = strcat('You have selected',ProSelect);
if get(handles.Work,'Value') == 1;
string_display =strcat(string_display,'for use it at work');
if get(handles.Home,'Value') ==1;
Nselect = get(handles.HomeList,'Value');
list_string = get(handles.HomeList,'String');
HomeSelect = list_string(Nselect);
string_display=strcat(string_display,'and use it at home',
HomeSelect);

end
elseif get(handles.Home,'Value') ==1;
nselect = get(handles.HomeList,'Value');
list_string = get(handles.HomeList,'String');
HomeSelect = list_string(nselect);
string_display=strcat(string_display,'and use it at home',
HomeSelect);
end
set(handles.Result,'String',string_display);
subfunction input handles

handle Popup Menu
String
strcat String
string Popup Menu List Box

if elseif end Logic
check box
string list box
Subfuction Application M-file
manager(handles) Subfunction Check Box At Home
List Box
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
function varargout=Home_Callback(h, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Home.
if get(h,'Value') == 1
set(handles.HomeList,'Enable','on');
else
set(handles.HomeList,'Enable','off');
end
manager(handles)
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
Enable on
off
GUI

GUI save file Editor/Debugger
Activate GUI GUI
15.4 Object Handle GUI

GUI GUIDE FIG-file M-file
Structure handles field Tag
field handles
MATLAB handles
GUI
handle handles
handle
handles GUIDE uicontrol
layout GUI
GUI
Subfunction handles
Subfunction

Subfunction GUI GUI

GUI guihandles guidata
handles = guihandles(fig); guihandles Structure

handle fig field
handles handle fig field Tag

guidata[fig, handles] handles

guidata
MATLAB handles

GUI handles

Subfunction
handles guidata
Callback Callback
Subfunction Application M-file Subfunction
handles

GUI
GUIDE Layout Editor

GUI Uicontrol

GUI
Uicontrol Property name Property value

Figure Name My Graph
Axes Next Plot Replacechildren
Editable Text () Tag Xmin
String 0
Blackgroundcolor
Editable Text () Tag Xmax
String 5
Blackgroundcolor
Push Button Tag Sine
(sin(x)) String sin (x)
Uicontrol Property name Property value
Push Button Tag Cos
(cos(x))
String cos(x)
Push Button Tag XSine
(x sin(x)) String x sin (x)
Push Button Tag XCos
(x cos(x)) String x cos (x)
Toggle Button Tag GridOn
String Grid On
Value 0
Popup Menu Tag Popupmenu2
String Blue, Green, Red, Yellow, Black,
Pink
(
)
Static Text String
Save Activate GUI

Save GUI Save File
MATLAB My_graph OK
MATLAB My_graph.fig My_graph.m

activate GUI MATLAB GUI
Editor/Debugger My_graph.m
GUI
subfunction application M-file
1 subfunction push button

Sine code
1 function varargout=Sine_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
2 % Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Sine.
3 set(handles.figure1,'HandleVisibility','on');
4 xmin = str2num(get(handles.Xmin,'String'));
5 xmax = str2num(get(handles.Xmax,'String'));
6 x=linspace(xmin,xmax,200);
7 y=sin(x);
8 LinePlot=plot(x,y);
9 handles.LineX = LinePlot;
10 guidata(gcbo, handles);
11 popupmenu2_Callback(h, eventdata, handles, varargin);
12 set(handles.figure1,'HandleVisibility','off');
Code
1 function, 3 GUI
handle handle
plot GUI set ON set Callback
Callback Command windows
set ON On
plot Command windows
4 5 string edit text
6, 7 8
handle LinePlot
9 field handles field
LineX handle
10 gcbo
get callback object push button handles.figure1 handle
GUI GUI
gcbo MATLAB parent

handles
Subfunction
11 function popup menu
12 handle MATLAB
Push Button plot

Code
function varargout=Cosine_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Cosine.
set(handles.figure1,'HandleVisibility','on');
xmin = str2num(get(handles.Xmin,'String'));
xmax = str2num(get(handles.Xmax,'String'));
x=linspace(xmin,xmax,200);
y=cos(x);
LinePlot=plot(x,y);
handles.LineX = LinePlot;
guidata(gcbo, handles);
popupmenu2_Callback(h, eventdata, handles, varargin);
set(handles.figure1,'HandleVisibility','off');
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
function varargout=Xsine_Callback(h, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Xsine.
y=x.*sin(x);
LinePlot=plot(x,y);
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
function varargout=Xcosine_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.Xcosine.
y=x.*cos(x);
LinePlot=plot(x,y);
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
Popup menu Code

% ----------------------------------------------------------------
function varargout=popupmenu2_Callback(h,eventdata,handles,varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.popupmenu2.

col = get(handles.popupmenu2,'Value');
LinePlot=handles.LineX;
if col == 1
set(LinePlot,'Color',[0 0 1]');
elseif col == 2
elseif col == 3
elseif col == 4
elseif col == 5
elseif col == 6
end
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
handles.LineX
RGB
Callback Toggle Button Code

% ----------------------------------------------------------------
function varargout=GridOn_Callback(h,eventdata, handles, varargin)
% Stub for Callback of the uicontrol handles.GridOn.
status = get(h,'Value');
if status == 0
set(h,'String','Grid On');
grid off
else
set(h,'String','Grid Off');
grid on
end
% ----------------------------------------------------------------
Toggle
code handle grid
on grid off
Subfucntion Callback Editable Text Max Min

Callback
GUI
Save Application M-file activate GUI

GUI
GUI
error plot graph
handles.LineX
GUI handles
GUI
Application M-file guidata guidata
guidata
set(fig,'HandleVisibility','on');
y=sin(x);
LinePlot=plot(x,y);
guidata(fig, handles);
set(fig,'HandleVisibility','off');
handles GUI
Save Application M-file activate GUI

Subfunction
GUI
GUI
GUI

MATLAB
MATLAB MATLAB function
MATLAB
function MATLAB
function help
General Purpose Commands
Managing Commands and Functions

addpath Add directories to MATLABs search path
doc Load hypertext documentation
help Online help for MATLAB functions and M-files
lasterr Last error message
lookfor Keyword search through all help entries
path Control MATLABs directory search path
profile Measure and display M-file execution profiles
rmpath Remove directories from MATLABs search path
type List file
version MATLAB version number
what Directory listing of M-files, MAT-files, and MEX-files
whatsnew Display README files for MATLAB and toolboxes
which Locate functions and files
Managing Variables and the Workspace

clear Remove items from memory
disp Display text or array
length Length of vector
load Retrieve variables from disk
pack Consolidate workspace memory
save Save workspace variables on disk
size Array dimensions
who, whos List directory of variables in memory
Controlling the Command Window

echo Echo M-files during execution
format Control the output display format
more Control paged output for the command window
Working with Files and the Operating Environment

cd Change working directory
delete Delete files and graphics objects
diary Save session in a disk file
dir Directory listing
edit Edit an M-file
fullfile Build full filename from parts
inmem Functions in memory
MATLABroot Root directory of MATLAB installation
Appendix 295
tempdir Return the name of the systems temporary directory.
tempname Unique name for temporary file
! Execute operating system command
Starting and Quitting MATLAB

MATLABrc MATLAB startup M-file
quit Terminate MATLAB .
startup MATLAB startup M-file
Operators and Special Characters

+ Plus
- Minus
* Matrix multiplication
.* Array multiplication
^ Matrix power
.^ Array power
kron Kronecker tensor product.
\ Backslash or left division.
/ Slash or right division
./ and .\ Array division, right and left
: Colon
() Parentheses
[] Brackets
{} Curly braces
. Decimal point
... Continuation
, Comma
; Semicolon.
% Comment
! Exclamation point
' Transpose and quote
.' Nonconjugated transpose
= Assignment.
== Equality.
<> Relational operators
& Logical AND .
| Logical OR.
~ Logical NOT
xor Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
Logical Functions
all Test to determine if all elements are nonzero
any Test for any nonzeros
exist Check if a variable or file exists
find Find indices and values of nonzero elements
is* Detect state.
*isa Detect an object of a given class.
logical Convert numeric values to logical
Language Constructs and Debugging
MATLAB as a Programming Language

builti Execute builtin function from overloaded method
eval Interpret strings containing MATLAB expressions
feval Function evaluation
function Function M-files
global Define global variables
nargchk Check number of input arguments
296 Appendix
script Script M-files
Control Flow
break Break out of flow control structures
case Case switch.
else Conditionally execute statements
elseif Conditionally execute statements
end Terminate for, while, switch, and if statements or indicate last index
error Display error messages
for Repeat statements a specific number of times
if Conditionally execute statements
otherwise Default part of switch statement
return Return to the invoking function
switch Switch among several cases based on expression
warning Display warning message
while Repeat statements an indefinite number of times
Interactive Input
input Request user input.
keyboard Invoke the keyboard in an M-file.
menu Generate a menu of choices for user input
pause Halt execution temporarily
Object-Oriented Programming
class Create object or return class of object
double Convert to double precision
inferiorto Inferior class relationship
inline Construct an inline object.
isa Detect an object of a given class
superiorto Superior class relationship
uint8 Convert to unsigned 8-bit integer
Debugging
dbclear Clear breakpoints
dbcont Resume execution
dbdown Change local workspace context
dbmex Enable MEX-file debugging
dbquit Quit debug mode
dbstack Display function call stack
dbstatus List all breakpoints.
dbstep Execute one or more lines from a breakpoint.
dbstop Set breakpoints in an M-file function
dbtype List M-file with line numbers
dbup Change local workspace context
Elementary Matrices and Matrix Manipulation
Elementary Matrices and Arrays

eye Identity matrix
linspace Generate linearly spaced vectors
logspace Generate logarithmically spaced vectors
ones Create an array of all ones
rand Uniformly distributed random numbers and arrays
randn Normally distributed random numbers and arrays
zeros Create an array of all zeros
: (colon) Regularly spaced vector
Special Variables and Constants
Appendix 297
ans The most recent answer
computer Identify the computer on which MATLAB is running
eps Floating-point relative accuracy
flops Count floating-point operations
i Imaginary unit.
Inf Infinity
inputname Input argument name
j Imaginary unit.
NaN Not-a-Number
nargin, Number of function arguments.
nargout
pi Ratio of a circles circumference to its diameter,
realmax Largest positive floating-point number
realmin Smallest positive floating-point number
varargin, Pass or return variable numbers of arguments.
varargout
Time and Dates

calendar Calendar.
clock Current time as a date vector
cputime Elapsed CPU time .
date Current date string
datenum Serial date number
datestr Date string format
datevec Date components
eomday End of month.
etime Elapsed time.
now Current date and time
tic, toc Stopwatch timer .
weekday Day of the week .
Matrix Manipulation
cat Concatenate arrays
diag Diagonal matrices and diagonals of a matrix
fliplr Flip matrices left-right
flipud Flip matrices up-down
repmat Replicate and tile an array.
reshape Reshape array .
rot90 Rotate matrix 90 degrees.
tril Lower triangular part of a matrix.
triu Upper triangular part of a matrix .
: (colon) Index into array, rearrange array .
Specialized Matrices
compan Companion matrix .
gallery Test matrices .
hadamard Hadamard matrix . .
hankel Hankel matrix .
hilb Hilbert matrix .
invhilb Inverse of the Hilbert matrix .
magic Magic square
pascal Pascal matrix .
toeplitz Toeplitz matrix .
wilkinson Wilkinsons eigenvalue test matrix
Elementary Math Functions

abs Absolute value and complex magnitude
acos, acosh Inverse cosine and inverse hyperbolic cosine
acot, acoth Inverse cotangent and inverse hyperbolic cotangent
298 Appendix
acsc, acsch Inverse cosecant and inverse hyperbolic cosecant
angle Phase angle
asec, asech Inverse secant and inverse hyperbolic secant
asin, asinh Inverse sine and inverse hyperbolic sine
atan, atanh Inverse tangent and inverse hyperbolic tangent
atan2 Four-quadrant inverse tangent.
ceil Round toward infinity.
conj Complex conjugate
cos, cosh Cosine and hyperbolic cosine.
cot, coth Cotangent and hyperbolic cotangent.
csc, csch Cosecant and hyperbolic cosecant
exp Exponential
fix Round towards zero
floor Round towards minus infinity
gcd Greatest common divisor
imag Imaginary part of a complex number
lcm Least common multiple
log Natural logarithm
log2 Base 2 logarithm and dissect floating-point numbers into exponent and
mantissa
log10 Common (base 10) logarithm
mod Modulus (signed remainder after division)
real Real part of complex number
rem Remainder after division
round Round to nearest integer
sec, sech Secant and hyperbolic secant
sign Signum function
sin, sinh Sine and hyperbolic sine
sqrt Square root
tan, tanh Tangent and hyperbolic tangent
Specialized Math Functions

airy Airy functions
besselh Bessel functions of the third kind (Hankel functions)
besseli, besselk
Modified Bessel functions
besselj, bessely Bessel functions
beta, betainc, Beta functions
betaln
ellipj Jacobi elliptic functions
ellipke Complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind
erf, erfc, erfcx, Error functions
erfinv
expint Exponential integral
gamma, Gamma functions
gammainc,
gammaln
legendre Associated Legendre functions.
pow2 Base 2 power and scale floating-point numbers
rat, rats Rational fraction approximation
Coordinate System Conversion

cart2pol Transform Cartesian coordinates to polar or cylindrical
cart2sph Transform Cartesian coordinates to spherical
pol2cart Transform polar or cylindrical coordinates to Cartesian
sph2cart Transform spherical coordinates to Cartesian
Matrix Functions - Numerical Linear Algebra
Appendix 299
Matrix Analysis
cond Condition number with respect to inversion
condeig Condition number with respect to eigenvalues
det Matrix determinant
norm Vector and matrix norms
null Null space of a matrix
orth Range space of a matrix
rank Rank of a matrix
rcond Matrix reciprocal condition number estimate
rref, rrefmovie Reduced row echelon form.
subspace Angle between two subspaces.
trace Sum of diagonal elements.
Linear Equations
\/ Linear equation solution.
chol Cholesky factorization
inv Matrix inverse
lscov Least squares solution in the presence of known covariance
lu LU matrix factorization.
nnls Nonnegative least squares
pinv Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse of a matrix
qr Orthogonal-triangular decomposition
Eigenvalues and Singular Values

balance Improve accuracy of computed eigenvalues
cdf2rdf Convert complex diagonal form to real block diagonal form
eig Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
hess Hessenberg form of a matrix
poly Polynomial with specified roots
qz QZ factorization for generalized eigenvalues
rsf2csf Convert real Schur form to complex Schur form.
schur Schur decomposition
svd Singular value decomposition
Matrix Functions
expm Matrix exponential
funm Evaluate functions of a matrix
logm Matrix logarithm
sqrtm Matrix square root
Low Level Functions

qrdelete Delete column from QR factorization.
qrinsert Insert column in QR factorization.
Data Analysis and Fourier Transform Functions
Basic Operations
convhull Convex hull
cumprod Cumulative product
cumsum Cumulative sum
cumtrapz Cumulative trapezoidal numerical integration
delaunay Delaunay triangulation
dsearch Search for nearest point
factor Prime factors
inpolygon Detect points inside a polygonal region
max Maximum elements of an array
mean Average or mean value of arrays
300 Appendix
median Median value of arrays
min Minimum elements of an array
perms All possible permutations
polyarea Area of polygon
primes Generate list of prime numbers
prod Product of array elements
sort Sort elements in ascending order.
sortrows Sort rows in ascending order
std Standard deviation
sum Sum of array elements
trapz Trapezoidal numerical integration
tsearch Search for enclosing Delaunay triangle
voronoi Voronoi diagram.
Finite Differences
del2 Discrete Laplacian
diff Differences and approximate derivatives
gradient Numerical gradient
Correlation
corrcoef Correlation coefficients.
cov Covariance matrix
Filtering and Convolution

conv Convolution and polynomial multiplication
conv2 Two-dimensional convolution.
deconv Deconvolution and polynomial division.
filter Filter data with an infinite impulse response (IIR) or finite impulse response
(FIR) filter
filter2 Two-dimensional digital filtering
Fourier Transforms
angle Phase angle
cplxpair Sort complex numbers into complex conjugate pairs
fft One-dimensional fast Fourier transform
fft2 Two-dimensional fast Fourier transform
fftshift Move zeroth lag to center of spectrum.
ifft Inverse one-dimensional fast Fourier transform
ifft2 Inverse two-dimensional fast Fourier transform
nextpow2 Next power of two
unwrap Correct phase angles
Vector Functions
cross Vector cross product
intersect Set intersection of two vectors
ismember Detect members of a set
setdiff Return the set difference of two vectors
setxor Set exclusive-or of two vectors
union Set union of two vectors
unique Unique elements of a vector
Polynomial and Interpolation Functions
Polynomials
conv Convolution and polynomial multiplication
deconv Deconvolution and polynomial division
Poly Polynomial with specified roots
Appendix 301
polyder Polynomial derivative
polyeig Polynomial eigenvalue problem
polyfit Polynomial curve fitting
polyval Polynomial evaluation
polyvalm Matrix polynomial evaluation
residue Convert between partial fraction expansion and polynomial coefficients
roots Polynomial roots
Data Interpolation
griddata Data gridding.
interp1 One-dimensional data interpolation (table lookup)
interp2 Two-dimensional data interpolation (table lookup)
interp3 Three-dimensional data interpolation (table lookup)
interpft One-dimensional interpolation using the FFT method
interpn Multidimensional data interpolation (table lookup).
meshgrid Generate X and Y matrices for three-dimensional plots
ndgrid Generate arrays for multidimensional functions and interpolation
spline Cubic spline interpolation
Function Functions Nonlinear Numerical Methods

dblquad Numerical double integration
fmin Minimize a function of one variable
fmins Minimize a function of several variables.
fzero Zero of a function of one variable .
ode45, ode23, Solve differential equations
ode113,
ode15s, ode23s
odefile Define a differential equation problem for ODE solvers
odeget Extract properties from options structure created with odeset
odeset Create or alter options structure for input to ODE solvers
quad, quad8 Numerical evaluation of integrals
Sparse Matrix Functions
Elementary Sparse Matrices

spdiags Extract and create sparse band and diagonal matrices
speye Sparse identity matrix
sprand Sparse uniformly distributed random matrix
sprandn Sparse normally distributed random matrix.
sprandsym Sparse symmetric random matrix
Full to Sparse Conversion

find Find indices and values of nonzero elements
full Convert sparse matrix to full matrix
sparse Create sparse matrix
spconvert Import matrix from sparse matrix external format
Working with Nonzero Entries of Sparse Matrices

nnz Number of nonzero matrix elements
nonzeros Nonzero matrix elements
nzmax Amount of storage allocated for nonzero matrix elements
spalloc Allocate space for sparse matrix
spfun Apply function to nonzero sparse matrix elements
spones Replace nonzero sparse matrix elements with ones
Visualizing Sparse Matrices

spy Visualize sparsity pattern
302 Appendix
Reordering Algorithms
colmmd Sparse column minimum degree permutation.
colperm Sparse column permutation based on nonzero count
dmperm Dulmage-Mendelsohn decomposition
randperm Random permutation .
symmmd Sparse symmetric minimum degree ordering.
symrcm Sparse reverse Cuthill-McKee ordering.
Norm, Condition Number, and Rank

condest 1 norm matrix condition number estimate
normest 2 norm estimate.
Sparse Systems of Linear Equations

bicg BiConjugate Gradients method .
bicgstab BiConjugate Gradients Stabilized method
cgs Conjugate Gradients Squared method .
cholinc Incomplete Cholesky factorizations .
gmres Generalized Minimum Residual method (with restarts).
luinc Incomplete LU matrix factorizations .
pcg Preconditioned Conjugate Gradients method .
qmr Quasi-Minimal Residual method .
Sparse Eigenvalues and Singular Values

eigs Find a few eigenvalues and eigenvectors .
svds A few singular values.
Miscellaneous
spparms Set parameters for sparse matrix routines .
Sound Processing Functions
General Sound Functions

sound Convert vector into sound
SPARCstation-specific Sound Functions

auread Read NeXT/SUN (.au) sound file
auwrite Write NeXT/SUN (.au) sound file
.WAV Sound Functions

wavread Read Microsoft WAVE (.wav) sound file
wavwrite Write Microsoft WAVE (.wav) sound file .
Character String Functions
General
eval Interpret strings containing MATLAB expressions
strings MATLAB string handling
String Manipulation
deblank Strip trailing blanks from the end of a string
findstr Find one string within another
lower Convert string to lower case
strcat String concatenation
strcmp Compare strings.
strjust Justify a character array.
Appendix 303
strmatch Find possible matches for a string
strncmp Compare the first n characters of two strings
strrep String search and replace
strtok First token in string
strvcat Vertical concatenation of strings
upper Convert string to upper case
String to Number Conversion

char Create character array (string)
int2str Integer to string conversion
mat2str Convert a matrix into a string
num2str Number to string conversion
sprintf Write formatted data to a string
sscanf Read string under format control
str2num String to number conversion
Radix Conversion
bin2dec Binary to decimal number conversion
dec2bin Decimal to binary number conversion
dec2hex Decimal to hexadecimal number conversion
hex2dec IEEE hexadecimal to decimal number conversion.
hex2num Hexadecimal to double number conversion.
Low-Level File I/O Functions
File Opening and Closing

fclose Close one or more open files
fopen Open a file or obtain information about open files
Unformatted I/O
fread Read binary data from file
fwrite Write binary data to a file.
Formatted I/O
fgetl Return the next line of a file as a string without line terminator(s)
fgets Return the next line of a file as a string with line terminator(s)
fprintf Write formatted data to file
fscanf Read formatted data from file
File Positioning
feof Test for end-of-file
ferror Query MATLAB about errors in file input or output
frewind Rewind an open file
fseek Set file position indicator
ftell Get file position indicator.
String Conversion
sprintf Write formatted data to a string .
sscanf Read string under format control
Specialized File I/O

dlmread Read an ASCII delimited file into a matrix.
dlmwrite Write a matrix to an ASCII delimited file
imfinfo Return information about a graphics file
imread Read image from graphics file
imwrite Write an image to a graphics file
wk1read Read a Lotus123 WK1 spreadsheet file into a matrix
wk1write Write a matrix to a Lotus123 WK1 spreadsheet file.
304 Appendix
Bitwise Functions
bitand Bit-wise AND.
bitcmp Complement bits
bitor Bit-wise OR
bitmax Maximum floating-point integer
bitset Set bit
bitshift Bit-wise shift.
bitget Get bit
bitxor Bit-wise XOR
Structure Functions
fieldnames Field names of a structure
getfield Get field of structure array
rmfield Remove structure fields
setfield Set field of structure array
struct Create structure array
struct2cell Structure to cell array conversion
Object Functions
class Create object or return class of object
isa Detect an object of a given class
Cell Array Functions

cell Create cell array
cellstr Create cell array of strings from character array
cell2struct Cell array to structure array conversion
celldisp Display cell array contents
cellplot Graphically display the structure of cell arrays
num2cell Convert a numeric array into a cell array
Multidimensional Array Functions

cat Concatenate arrays
flipdim Flip array along a specified dimension
ind2sub Subscripts from linear index.
ipermute Inverse permute the dimensions of a multidimensional array
ndgrid Generate arrays for multidimensional functions and interpolation
ndims Number of array dimensions
permute Rearrange the dimensions of a multidimensional array
reshape Reshape array
shiftdim Shift dimensions
squeeze Remove singleton dimensions
sub2ind Single index from subscripts
Appendix 305

MATLAB
The Student Edition of MATLAB Version 5 : Users Guide, Prentice Hall, 1997.
Biran, A. and Breiner, M., MATLAB for Engineers, Addison-Wesley, 1995.
Enander, E. P., et al, The MATLAB Handbook, Addison-Wesley, 1996.
Etter, D.M., Engineering Problem Solving with MATLAB, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 1997.
MATLAB Language Reference Manual : Version 5, MathWorks Inc., 1996.
MATLAB Graphics Reference Manual : Version 5, MathWorks Inc., 1996.
MATLAB Notebook Users Guide : Version 5, MathWorks Inc., 1996.
Gerald, C.F. and Wheatley, P.O., Applied Numerical Analysis, 5th ed., Addison-Wesley, 1994.
Kreyszig, E., Advance Engineering Mathematics, 7th ed., John Wiley, 1993.
Inman, D.J., Engineering Vibration, Prentics Hall, 1994.

Thomson, W.T., Theory of Vibration with Applications, 4th ed., Prentics Hall, 1993.
Rao, S. S., Mechanical Vibrations, 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley, 1995.
Steidel, R. F., An Introduction to Mechanical Vibrations, 3rd ed., John Wiley, 1989.
Kelly, S.G., Mechanical Vibrations, McGraw-Hill, 1993.
Ferguson, C. R., Internal Combustion Engine, John Wiley, 1986.
Heywood, J. B., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, 1988.
Shames, I. V., Mechanics of Fluids, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1992.
Janna, W. S., Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd ed., PWS, 1993.
Anderson, J. D., Fundamental of Aerodynamics, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1991.
Smith, W. F., Principles of Materials Science and Engineering, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1996.
Shames, I. V., Introduction to Solid Mechanics, 2nd ed., Prentics Hall, 1989.
Web Site: www.mathworks.com
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2

3 MATLAB FUNCTIONS __________________________________________62

5 SOLUTION TO SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS ________________________89

6 INTERPOLATION CURVE FITTING _______________________________98

7 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION _____________________110

8 SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIIAL EQUATIONS ___________________118

12 Handle Graphic _____________________________________________190

2. The MATLAB Mathematical Function Library.

3. The MATLAB Language.

5. The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

The MATLAB Language

The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API)

MATLAB Command Window MATLAB

o Current Directory Browser

Current Directory Browser file

Search Part MATLAB

 Angsana New Thai

 clc Command Window

 clf Graphic Window

 help MATLAB function help

version Help Browser MATLAB

2.1 Scalars, Vectors and Matrices

vector row matrix [ n x 1] column matrix [1 x n]

row vector column vector

matrix A 1 row x 3 column

row ellipsis comma

MATLAB matrix matrix

element matrix index

matrix single row single column matrix index matrix

MATLAB element 3 7 element

Colon operator matrix colon 2

colon operator submatrix

a=[1 2 3;4 5 6;9 7 8]

b row 2 row 3 column 2 column 3 a

a(:) matrix column column 1 a column 2, 3...

Matrix matrix 0 x 0 a = [ ]; b = 10:1:0; matrix

Transpose Matrix row column column row

MATLAB transpose ( ' ) a'

rand(m,n) matrix [m x n] element

2.2 Matrix Operation

A = [1 2 3] B = [4 5 6] C = AB (1)(4) + (2)(5) + (3)(6) = 4+10+18 =

A=[1 2 3];B=[4 5 6];

column A row B MATLAB

an , an1 ,... polynomial x matrix matrix polynomial

2.3 Matrix Functions

I identity matrix matrix inverse matrix singular matrix

A=[1 4;8 9];

row 2 2 row row a rank 1

a=[1 2 3;2 4 6];

matrix determinate matrix singular matrix determinant MATLAB

\ MATLAB right matrix division

x MATLAB Gauss elimination numerical

c LU-decomposition Triangular Factorization matrix

[L,U]= lu(A) matrix A Lower triangular L

permuted lower triangular factor

d QR-Decomposition matrix orthonormal matrix Q upper

e Singular Value decomposition (SVD) decomposed matrix matrix 3

Q V orthonormal matrix S diagonal matrix MATLAB

c (1) = A(1) * B(1) , c ( 2) = A( 2) * B( 2) ,...

D element clement element A

0 Array operation matrix matrix

A=[1 2 3;0 2 4;3 6 8]

x=[1 3 5;4 2 8];

Angsana New Thai

clc Command Window

clf Graphic Window

help MATLAB function help

mx + cx + kx = F0 cos t