Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CIVIL ENGINEERING
INDIANA
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS
FINAL REPORT
S. Hassiotis and J. L. Chameau
4?
PURDUE UNIVERSITY
JOINT HIGHWAY RESEARCH PROJECT
JHRP-84-8
FINAL REPORT
S. Hassiotis and J. L. Chameau
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2011 with funding from
LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation; Indiana Department of Transportation
http://www.archive.org/details/stabilizationofsOOhass
Interim Report
Respectfully submitted,
J.L. Chameau
Research Associate
Interim Report
by
S. Hassiotis
and
J.L. Chameau
Conducted by
Purdue University
in cooperation with the
and the
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
May 1, 1984
Ill
TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE
I. Report No. 2. Government Accession No 3. Recipient's Catolog No.
FHWA/IN/JHRP-84/8
4. Title and SubtitU
5. Report Dat
May 1, 1984
Stabilization of Slopes Using Piles 6. Performing Oryonizotion Code
7. Author(s)
,8. Performing Organizotlon Report No.
19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this poge) 21. No. of Pages 22. Prie
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
greatly appreciated.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
HIGHLIGHT SUMMARY
CHAPTER I. - INTRODUCTION 1
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Appendix
Figure
AB chord length
AB arc length
b pile diameter
BC boundary condition
cohesion Intercept
EI pile stiffness
f concrete strength
H slope height
i slope angle
K elastic constant
OG moment arm of F
P
P resultant of normal frictional forces
a tt/4 + ij>/2
V Poisson's ratio
s
<J>
available friction angle
HIGHLIGHT SUMMARY
25-ft below the freeway and near the top of the wall.
on centers.
ment was in a deep seated weak clay layer near the rock
slope/pile system.
10
11
Theoretical Solutions
r
dz
and (y - y )
p g
v
1 are introduced, the solution of the equation is
s
by
unrealistic (Theoretical values of y g are discussed
of an
be used to determine the horizontal displacements
force.
concept for the calculation of the horizontal
in
Fukuoka (1977) studied the pile-soil interaction
type
slopes subject to creep by means of a Winkler
curve of the pile and for the bending moments and hor-
1977).
Elastic-Plastic Material
slope.
age.
Other Approaches
account.
stabilization is
application to piles used in slope
is dis-
presented. Finally, the validity of the theory
cussed.
Assumptions
can prevent
deforming ground, such as a landslide,
to an ultimate
vary from zero, in case of no movement,
deformation to
(1975) developed the theory of plastic
the
strain-softening caused by the movement of
the
landslide. For that reason, only the soil around
a state of plastic
piles (Figure 1) is assumed to be in
yield cri-
equilibrium, satisfying the Mohr-Coulomb
piles
terion. Hence, the lateral load acting on the
state of equilibrium
can be estimated regardless of the
of the slope.
on the
The theory of plastic deformation is based
20
F -r-
Direction of
deformation
following assumptions:
sliding sur-
1) When the soil layer deforms, two
an angle of
faces, AEB and A'E'B', occur, making
(tt/4 + <J/2)
with the x-axis (Figure 1);
Mohr-
only in the area AEBB'E'A' where the
respect to
4) Plane strain conditions exist with
depth;
in
are neglected when the stress distribution
contro-
The last assumption has been a point of
indicate that
versy in the past, because it seems to
element I in the
within the plastic region (Figure 2),
on the edge. The
center of this region, and element II
Element I
Element
Element I
^ II
Derivation
materials.
-co**
Q
o
+
/ c + ^aTAN 4>
(a)
i
Oa
JL^ c+ CTaTANc^)
1
"x ^x + do;'
CM
Q
. d*
r
|
^-c + 0-a TAN^>
(b) T<7a
Deforming Ground,
-
26
a , then a
TT
corresponds to a principal stress a
equation:
o
a
- oN
x
+ 2c, |N . (3-3)
<J> \ I 9
where
2
N^ = tan ( + |) (3-4)
From geometry
d(f)
dx = - (3-5)
tan(^ + |)
Ddo
x
= dD {N^tan^
<J>
9x99 1 2
N - l)a + c(2tan<j> + 2N / + N~
1/2
)}
(3-6)
1/2
(N tan9+ N -1)
1 2 1/2
(C.D) * * - c(2tan9+ 2N / + N )
--i r75
* *
X
NV tan 9 + N.-l
9 9
(3-7)
27
in the x direction:
integrating it:
2N tan$ ,,-
C exp
2
( D x) - c(2N /
4>
tan<jH-l)
Z
- M
- .
(3-9)
x N , tan<b
1 1/2
a - yzN" - 2cN' (3-10)
I
n
x'x=0 <j 4>
Equation (3-9):
28
C - yz tan<|i + c (3-11)
2
From geometry,
then,
Klx=AE "
NTi^ {<Y*tan*c)-exp (^ (3-13)
1 2
N.
9
tan<J)
Oh
tan (^ +-^)) - c (2N /
<p
tan4> + 1)}
Equation (3-7).
1/2 1/2
(N tan<j*N -1) (N tan<{rfN -1)
<C
lV * * -
Van/ {(Wn+fc)
D -D ...
exp(-j> N tan<|> tan(Jf|)) - c(2N^' tan* + 1)}
1/2
1 -1/2
/Z
+ c (2tan<j>+ 2N /'' + N/ )
? 9
(3-14)
29
P
BB' " VScW 1
" A [
FT^
9
Tf"n*+c)
D 1~ D
exp(-
5
-N^tan*
2 IT A
tan(^-|)) - c(2N7 tanf + 1)}
1/2
1/2
+ N~ 1/2
1 2 1 2
2tan<f> + 2N / + N~
*
2tan* + 2N /
+c J. f l
J
_ C D i $
1/2 1 1/2
N '
tan9+N-l N^' tan9 + N^l
where
1 2
D, (N / tan9 + N -1)
(3-15)
15)):
"
P D (a
BB'- 2 x ) x-0 "
A C [
FTa^
1
{eXP (
V
-D7-%
D
2
tan *
9 *
1/2 -1/2
'
.
/0 2tan9 + 2NV + N .
tan(|f|)) - 2N
1/2
v
tan9-l}H
m * *
N/ tan* + N -1
9 9
1/2 -1/2
2 tan*+ 2N7 + N .
'
.
/0
1/2
-c{D.
1
N
m
1
/
2
tan9 + N -1
x * 2D
2
N:
*
}
9 9
30
* 2 2
(3-17)
,
n da
o = 3c logD + C (3-19)
3
expression is obtained:
do
c D
j
^ = jT-dx (3-20)
2
31
stress in AEE'A'
O
x
=^x + C
4
(3-21)
|o
x'x-0
= *~ 2c (3_22)
following for C,
C - Y2 - 2c (3-23)
4
D 1~D
a
xlx={(D tan(w/8)
= c(-^2 tan -2)+^ (3-24)
rD
l
)/2}
2
is obtained as:
D-D
C - c (-g tan| - 3logD - 2) + yz (3-25)
3 2
V - D l {ax } D=
Dl
< 3 " 26 >
32
D D D
r = tan
Dj {c (3log ^ + -g
i 2
- 2) + 72}
(3 " 27)
'-'bB'-V'x'x-O
D D-D
{DjOlog gi + ~-=- 2^^)}
c tan|) - + yz
(VV
Parametric Studies
landslides.
34
I-
U- I-
o o
O.
O CD .
10 u. m CO
~
- *
II II II
"^
" >
CO
<t>
CO
d
a
o OJ
Q
Q o
N.
aN cd
00
to 3
CO
o c
CD
>
CO
cu
to
"d en
c
+-
o
<
a>
o
-r~ I ~l r- I
- 1
-v-
1
ro OJ
o 0> CO to
ir>
a>
(sqi) 01/ J
35
o
CO
CO
CO
CD
CO
co
Ll.
U. U. O o
o_ o
m
CO
t
4>
oo >-
o
b
o
CVJ
o Q
o
cr
CO
=1
.CD CO
C_
O co
>
CO
o
in
o
<
CO
o
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
CD CD CD lO >cj- ro CVJ
CD
CO
csai) oi /*d c_
r>
o:
T d
36
CO
c_
<o
E
S
Q
o
c
CO
c
to
CL
tg 00
<u
%-
o
o
Q
II c_
o O
CO
=J
CO
CO
c
CO
o >
CO
CO
c
o
o
u
<
CO
o
- - -I -r- -r- I I
I
CD CO CO lO OJ
co
c_
csai) 01/ =1
s-
37
and <J>
values obtained from shear and standard penetra-
c + o tan <j>
a n
FS = -2. (3-28)
c + a tan <b
T
r n r
used:
tan
F
c
-
c
c
and F
*
=
tan
$
<b
(3-29)
r r
40
FS = F = F x (3-30)
c 9
safety is conservative.
41
Therefore,
a = R.AB/AB (3-32)
42
RSIN<
00'= a
Figure 8.
respectively:
c
a
12
-7?
2
esc x (ycsc y - coty) + cotx - cotl
- - (3-33)
F tfl 2cotx cotv + 2
c
and
a
c
12
sr
2
csc x (ycsc y - coty) + cotx - coti - 2r
-(3-34)
F 1& 2cotx cotv + 2
c
where
i slope angle
46
12F
a
E -
yH
p
*- f
{
cos(CEO)
sin v
H
tt
2
cscx cscy sin*T + OG}
'
F ^H , 2 cos x , / \i
c o esc x cxcy
J sinT {
r
+ csc(u-v) cosCx-u)}
, ,.
sin v
(3-35)
where
2
E=l-2(cot i + 3coti cotx - 3coti coty + 3cotx coty)
and
n 12F
{E + 6n - 6nsin<(cscx cscy} ~^- A
"a _ 7H"
(3-36)
F
c
^ c
ocsc
2
x cscy sin0
r
COSX:
+ csc(
. ,
u-v)cos (x-u ,
. 1
\
l
sinv
where
OG = moment arm of F
P
u = angle defining the force polygon of
eters are the force F and the angle CEO, which defines
the direction of F .
P
Parametric Studies
ties c, <J>,
and y equal to 500 psf, 10 degrees and 125
o u. L.
CO O
(0
u
IO
HO o a a o o
u. II _l
o CM m
s m <* Q >
_l n II II o
to - o
>>.
X Q a.
n
o
CO
ll
*
o
<8
CO
o
CO
* o
o
tO
u
X
50
51
o>
ex
o GO
00
*
o
CO
O GO
h-
Q
>
o 4-
CO
cd
00
Ct-
o O
to
o
r\ o
+J frt
U_
o rn o>
* or
o o
+
ro
J
o
o
_l
o a>
OJ CL
o
_o
LJ
-J - - -T"
05 00 ro O
CJ CVJ
SJ iZ
52
lli
o
< a: w
cr UJ UJ
-> i 1
w ^
,. i . w
< Id
.
x
o
1-
%-
U. L.
rr a: o
o
_i
< -8
z <2
o t*J
e>
IT
E3
tr -j
o OCL
o
CO
>
e
a
o
t~
o
U.
8
u
-8 b
CO
9 c
o
o
fO
o
CM
UJ
.o C\J
UJ/#) J
54
UJ UJ
I o
<
u.
UJ
X
cc to H-
UJ Euj
UJ
u_
I- CO &
=/ o
%-
zi < UJ
ui
UJ I
< i o CO
o y o 2
< b h UJ
cc o CO a.
O Z UJ
CE
o
4)
_J w
Q. 4->
< o UJ
x CO
i- co
O I- co
CM
id
t < UJ <-
2 CO
o
CM >
-
0)
<3" l-
CM cd
CO
CM -
CM o
-
O o
CM +>
o
cd
CO
L_
CO
u. u.
o co
Q. 0. * h-
u_ c
%>b o m to o
O CM
v >n o
CO +
. <M
H <d
n
II ii
x
II
o
1 UJ
o.
^
.fl.O >*
o o
o . O _l
_i C\J
? CO a
- co
- CO
o
CD
- <fr
UJ
CVJ
ro
-r
o O m
Vq
IT)
to CM CM
Sd
55
u
n q. tn !~ o e
lib g CM II
c
o
U.
o
CO
a>
<X>
*
CO
<0
CO
(0
o
4)
, I r
56
CO
en
w O <0
U. U.
o
Q.Q. O
:
f-
O 10 o m
o II
< CO
1/
g - O
O in - Q
c\J ro
ro
oo
o
cvj
oo o>
R u
II II II
Yi
q o c
e- o >^
UJ
td
II II II
co
o o o
^
5f=
CMW * Q
CO CO CO CO
Li. U. Ll. CO
=>
C\J CO
t_
CO
>
O)
o
cd co
X
co
>
- E
co <a
CO <f)
o cd
CO co
CO
CO
o CO
O CO
CO
a.
a> o
> CO
c_
-
o
o -o
a>
0>
c_
a>
N <f-
CVJ
cd
E Q
o
in
-* 1
i
1
1
' T" i
o
a>
O CO
CO io
ro
CVJ
o
o
o o
o
o O O o o
XBUJgj
SJ
57
top to the slope. The figure shows that the piles need
be achieved.
C /F YH - f(F ) (3-37)
fl c
F - F /a (3-38)
m p
used to analyze the slope, but the total force per unit
slope.
58
number is:
c /F 1H - f(F /F ) (3-39)
a c p c
about 1.55.
59
Q. LL
u.
O o
z o
o 1-
>>
1-
<
< N w o>
M _i u-
^^
_J m 0.
O CO
o 2 O O
2 _i 1- CD
_i
< _i
< i-<
i- crD
O < O
1- a. LU o
O
U.
o
CD
Q.
o c
lO
o
N
CO
o
o
L_ 0>
CD
o CO
ll.
o l_
0. i- O
en
O CL ro 4>
fO
o
O
o
o
m u.
m
II
Q
/ II
o>
^r n IT)
c\j
I a.
* o II II II II
CO e- o >^ I o o
CVJ
_ o UJ
CD
a>
r~
f - -
I
-
o CD s
I
- CD in ro CJ o en
oj
SJ
60
,y*WA"
SLOPE =49*
.4 ~
CO
I .3 -
1.2 -
I.I I
i i
0.65
1
0.70 0.75
0.50 0.55 0.60
D 2 /D|
Q
\
OJ
o
V-
o
CO
o
4->
cd
CO or
ro CO 4->
in
CJ c
CO
o c_
09
II CO *-
CM *-
Q Q
<d- c_
CJ o
>-
CJ 03
Cl.
CJ O
CO
o Q.
CJ 3
CO
_a>
co
~
a!
CO
CO ^ -=
H +*
O
CO o
0.
<d-
CO c
0_ (- _
4J
o o lO
o
Ll.
en O o CJ O CJ cd
JO rO o
<fr
*
o
ii II II il
_l
u -0- o K X o
0. CO
o 3
_l CO
co c_
co <u
>
c_
CO o
->
u
J
t Ll.
M>
CD
CJ
J
CO
I-
CO
lO TO CJ
a>
SJ o>
b3
co
CD
3
cd
>
+-
c
<x>
t_
a>
<t-
<H-
b
m c
rO o
o>
to
o 3
o.
rO
CO
CD
cu
m jC
-
CM
o
c
u.
o
o K*f +-
CO
CM
CO o
Q.
CO
=J
CO
m c_
OJ
^~
>
>>
+ CD
CU CO
t- c
o cd
<
CO
e
*>- o
o -
c_ o
o
+
c_
o u_
m cd <l-
U. o
0)
~i r
- r- c_
-i
o
*
CD
CD
CVJ O CO CO CM CT>
CJ CM CM CM CM
SJ
r
64
Ll. Ll.
CO CO CO
Q_ 0.
ro
CD CO
CO O O-
o
CVJ
co
II II Cl
o o O
to
CO
CD
in
cvj
c
o C
O +-> o
C\J
W CO
O CD
CO Q. JZ
o
CO
3
O
CO <*-
_ io
c_ o
a>
> CO
CO
c_ =J
o
cd
*->
o >
rt
*->
L_
c
CD
>
t_
+->
CD
CO
l
d-
J
-IT) CO Q
O
CVJ
-r~ -1 - 1
~T- I - -
r~ O
' CD
_
CO CM
q CO CO CO O CO CO
V.
Cvj Cvj cvj _ _ _ - - o o
Sd
65
SUMMARY
slopes.
66
analysis calculations.
67
GOVERNING EQUATIONS
P - Ky (4-1)
K = b K (4-2)
g
.4
EI
HF--
*-f
dz
= -Ky + q (4-3)
y -
*
/^ ^ S
M + dM
Ground Surface
;;s>\\sj;;\\\s//
surface
tip
surface
pile tip
A,
= q(z)
EI r=- (-CE < z < 0) (4-4a)
dz
EI
A
^-2 = -K y (z > 0) (4-4b)
dz
q 2~ q l
q(z) = q L z (*-5>
2 +-e-
SOLUTION TECHNIQUES
direct integration:
y = a + z + a^ 2
+ a z
3
f
14 + y^^-gj
+ j^^ z
f
2
z
(4-6a)
x Q 8l 3
where
f, = q.
"
q2 q i
.
2 CE
obtained by:
dy
Slope = -x
Ii
2
Moment = -EI
d y
x
ir- (4-6b)
dz
73
Shear = -EI r-
dz
where
f f
dYi 2 l 3 ,
2 4
I = + ^-gj + Z
&1 + 2a 2 z +
3a z z
dz 3 ^Til
(4-6c)
A
1 f
d f
y, l 2 2 3
+
T
dz
= 2a
2
+ 6a
3
z +
2-EI
z
6H Z
and
3
d y f f
x x 2 2
= 6a + +
T"
dz
3 EI
2
2~EI
Z
(W>
*
i
and the location of any node m is defined by:
z = mX (4-8)
74
m-2 | J-
I
m- I |_.
I
r
m= |
Sliding Surface
m-2
m- I
!
m
ED
m+ I
m+2
1 m = MT
I
mt+i pL I
MT + 2 L- _J
75
A
EI (
,4m
dz
&> m
= b(
Vo m ym
(4_9)
at node m, y
m
is the deflection at point m, and (
A j-)
dz*
with depth:
n
K - KSL ( (4 - 10a)
S E>
respectively:
1
K + <K K EB (4 -' b)
h S0 SL- S0> <eI>" * '
n!
K
s " So
+ (,
Sl- V <
i
i2 * > EB (4 - 10c>
where K = K at z =
K " KS at Z " EB
SL
material below z = EB
K^ = K
R
at z = EB
K
RL
= K
R
atZ = ED
are:
(
dz
hm - -2i _E
.2
5_L (4-H)
d3y - 2y + 2y
, 2,
y m+2 nH-l m-l " y m-2
3 m 3
dz 2X
and
+ 6y
/
\
y
4
2,
;
m
y -2
m I
4y
m -l
A
m
" 4y
nH-l + y m+2
dz A
for z < EB
)ni]y
-
y m-2- 4y m -l +6y m 4y m+ l^nH-2 = a b[K S0 +(K SL- K SO )( ET m
(4-12a)
-
y m-2- 4y m -l +6y m 4y m+ l 4y nH-2 = a ^^O^hL^RO^^^K
(4-12b)
where
a = -^ (4-12c)
78
following section.
Boundary Conditions
sary:
[ y ] z =o = [
= [y ]
yi ] z =o 2 z =o
dy dy
= x
= 2
t6] t _1 [ ]
z=0 dz z=0 dz~ z=0
1 1
a
d a
d
y, y,
[m]
z=0
= i-rh=o
dz
=
ittUdz
(4 " 13)
79
tV]
z=0
- t-^] z=0 = t-3-l z=0
dz dz
V is the shear at z = 0.
integration a
Q
, a^ a
2
, and a
3
are expressed as:
a = y
y1 -y x
a, =
1 2X
2 . HZ^f^L (4-U,
y
y MT
=0
(4-15a)
and, y MT+1 - y m - 1 -
:
80
yMT+l - 2v
v y MT + y MT-l =
V , (4-15b)
V
" EI
' M1
Z~CE t-rU-CE
dz
"
and, (4-16)
*\
m z~CE--EI l-T-'z-CE- dz
gives
81
3
2a
2
- 6a CE
3
+ ^ CE* - ^| CE =
and, (4-17)
f f
l 2 2
6a CE + CE "
3 " EI 2ET
17):
= 2X
3
J 2
[gg| CE
3
J
-
12
CE^] (4-18a)
^eY
and
f f
-y_ 2 2 2x3 tfl CE " ce2] 4_18b >
2 + (
)y_r ( )y!+ y 2 HI (
a^ - 2a
2
CE + 3a
3
CE - ~: CE +
^ |= CE - (4-20a)
2 2 2 2 2
(-CE )y_ +(2CE -4 ACE-2 A )y_ +(8 XCE)y +(2 \ -4 ACE-2CE )
2 1 Q yi
+ (CE
2
)y = 4A
3 [^gi CE 3 - jjL. C E 4 ] (4-20b)
2
= frll,-CB
=
(4 " 2U)
^z=-CE
83
a - ai CE + a
2
CE
2
- a
3
CE
3
+ ^T CE "
T20~EI
CE *
(4-22a)
2 2 3 3 2
3 - 2CE )y_ + (12X - 12XCE )y
(CE )y_ + (6X CE + 6XCE 1
2
2 2 3 3
+(6XCE -6A CE + 2CE ) - (CE )y - 12
yi 2
r L_ CE 4 + CE * 5
]
J
(4-22b)
1
24EI 120 EI
fvl
lyJ = iy
[v 1
J
=0 (4-23a)
z=-CE l z=-CE
(4 - 23b>
t^U-cE-^rWcE-
and (2) it has the same value at every point along the
(Terzaghi, 1955).
given by:
E = y'zA (4-24)
s
and E :
s
K = (4 " 25a)
s u33b
gives:
Table 1
Values of dimensionless coefficient A, to calculate k g
(tons/ft ) for a pile embedded in moist or submerged
sand (Terzaghi, 1955).
K K (4 " 26)
S
=
d~b S1
in tons/ft
3
. Recommended values of K
are given in
Table 2.
sionless soil:
E,
K = 3.3 (4-27a)
g f-
and in cohesive soil:
E,
K
g
= 1.6
^ (4-27b)
2
where E, is the pressuremeter modulus in tons /ft and
d
3
K is given in tons /ft .
K
s
= ^-E d (b)
1/4
(4-28)
Table 2
Values of k
3
in tons/ft for a square plate (lxl ft)
.
2
Values of q (tons/ft )
1-2 2-4 >4
u
Range for k . (square plates) 50-100 100-200 >200
1 -
"s
doubled:
1 "
"s
or (2) as
m
for the long term condition (u
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97
at each node m
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used,' a value of (K_)
3).
test:
. 2
U
y = p b C I
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) (4-30)
R
100
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DEFLECTION (in)
(4-31)
y 2
(1 - u )
SUMMARY
Table 4
Modulus of elasticity of rocks.
Quartzite 5.7-8.3
Shale 1.4-4.9
Mudstone 2.8-6.9
Coal 1.4-2.8
y=0.023IX-l.32
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a:
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or
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O 0.4 -
0.2 -
20 40 60 80 100
Figure 25 Comparison of RQD and the Modulus Ratio ER /E t50 (After Coon
and Merritt, I 970).
104
Table 5
Correlation between def ormability and RQD
(Coon and Merritt, 1970).
D.
106
design.
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108
slope/pile system.
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27).
SLOPE = 30
<f>-
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C=500 PSF
y= 25 PCF
I
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120
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o Ld
X
CO fO
to
o l.
CNJ
cr
d
i
o
O
I
(U) z-
122
face and the loads that act on the pile, and conse-
SUMMARY
piles:
degree of mobilization of F . It
selected.
Appendix C.
fied.
ratio D./b.
determined.
of a slope.
125
ments for both the slope and the piles. The following
viewed.
as follows:
shallower.
128
a weak. soil.
shallower ones.
129
piles.
piles.
130
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
reinforced slope.
(Figure 9):
d = moment arm of W
a moment arm of C
r
OG = moment arm of F
P
H height of the slope
i slope angle
139
to the chord
2y = angle AOB
c
C
r
=c r AB = =^- AB =
r
c
^
r
c
c
r
R'sin(y) (A-l)
where
expressed as:
2 2
W = fR y-7R sin(y) cos(y)+^- {cot(x)-cot(i)} (A-3)
rotation, 0, is:
3
2
Wd = -j|-{l-2cot (i)+3cot(i)cot(x)-3cot(i)cot(y) (A-5)
+ 3cot(x)cot(y)}
Wd " E (A" 6)
U~
c =12 2
esc (x) {y esc (y)-cot(y)}+cot(x)-cot(i)
(A-7)
F tfl 2 cot(x) cot(v) + 2
tions:
u
sin(u-v) - ttt sin(u) csc(x) csc(y) sin (<|>) (A-8)
with
H 2
cot(u) oT y sec(x) csc(x) esc (y) - tan(x)
(A-9)
and,
141
rl ^
12
-z
c
2
esc (x) {y esc (y)-cot(y)}+cot(x)-cot(i)
2d 2
y{l-2cot (i)}+cot(i){cot(x)-cot(y)}+cot(x)cot(y)
(A-10)
ity number.
(A-12)
F cos(CE0)+C cos(x)
r
{-2 ; , > }Rsin(<{.)+C {Rsin(4.)csc(u-v)}
sinv.v) r
+F (OG)-^- E - (A-14)
P Li.
142
12 F
C
E ^ ^) {
}
f csc(x)csc(y)sin( tf+OG}
(A-15)
A-9.
the slope:
3 3
2
Wd = -j|- E + -2|- {2n - 2n sin(<|>) csc(x) csc(y)} (A-16)
,
12F
{E+6n -6nsin($)csc(x)csc(y)} -2- A
C
a = yer
c 6csc (x)csc(y)sin( )l sl / y \ 'csc(u-v)cos(x-u) \
(A-18)
143
where
cob(CEO) H + OG (A-19)
A . C8c(x)c8c(y)8ln ( fl
sin(v) 2
If only
' a fraction of F is assumed mobilized, F
p P
(A-18).
144
APPENDIX B
//AV- &*&.
ure:
AC p- (B-D
cos(i)
2 2 2
-1 , 0C - R - AC ,
v
(B
( S
OCA = cos { _ 2AC(0C) } 5)
and
as:
2 2 2
2(0C)cos(0CE) + \|{2(OC)cos(OCE)} -4(OC -R )
(B _ ?)
CE 2
AA' = n H (B-9)
(B-10)
AC = D/cos(i) (B-ll)
2 2
-2 R - OA' 2 - AA'
(B ~ 13)
'
0A A cos i
^^mhoPT }
/2 2 2
nr A ' = cos ~ 2 0A - A'C - PC ,_ ...
OCA f
{ _ 2 A > c (QC)
,
} (B-15)
and
APPENDIX C
DATA CARDS
152
c
c
c DATA INPUT
c
c slope = slope angle in degrees
c h = slope height
c s - the horizontal distance from the toe of
c the slope to the piles
c pilein = The two quantities are used together to indi-
c nosur cate the presence of the pile and the type
c of analysis needed. When no piles are
c present, both pilein"0, and nosur=0
c When piles are present and they change the
c critical surface, pileinl, and nosur =
c When piles are present but are not expected
c to change the critical surface, pilein=0, and
c nosur=l
c phiav friction angle of the soil in degrees
c c cohesion of the soil
c gamma unit weight of the soil
c fphi = initial factor of safety with respect to
c friction
c sdif difference between the safety factor with
c respect to friction and the one with respect
c to cohesion that will be used to check
c convergence. A difference of 0.001 will be
c sufficient
c dO = pile diameter
c dl = center to center distance between the piles
c fpar = if Fp is partially mobilized. Otherwise,
c it is equal to 1
c dfac = a parameter in subroutine phycir. The max
c depth of the failure surface measured from
c the top of the slope is limited to dfac*h
c
c ;
1
c
c
c MAIN PROGRAM
parameter (pi=3 . 14 159
common /all/ slope, h,cosslp,cgch,oc, phi, xmax,ymax,
1 nmax,dmax,tanslp,
1 snmax, m, cots lp , sinphi , pilein, gamma , s , cosx, t anx
2 d,n,x,y,c8cx,cscy,ge,fp,ce,ceo,og,r,oach,direc
common /pres/ d0,dl,d2,tanphi,c,p(2), phiav
c
common /phi/ cemax,fpmax,rmax,f
common /pc/ ii,jj,kk, 11, nosur, fpar
c
c
real nmax
s )
153
integer pilein.fpar
c
read (5,*), slope, h,
read (5,*),pilein,nosur
read (5,*),phiav,c,gamma
read (5,*),d0,dl
read (5,*),fpar
c
d2=dl-d0
c
c In defining the different failure surfaces,
c x goes from 15 to m degrees and y goes
c from 25 to 50 degrees
c
m^nintCslope)-!
ii=25
jj=50
kk=15
ll=m
fc=1.0
c
phiav=phiav*pi / 180.
slope=slope*pi/180.
tanphi=tan(phiav)
cosslp=cos (slope)
cotslp=l./tan(slope)
tanslp=tan(slope)
c
c a new critical surface is found after the addition
c of the piles
c
c initialize a friction angle
c
c
100 phi =atan(tan(phiav)/fphi)
c
sinphi=sin(phi)
c
c find the critical stability number
call phicir
c
c
c:
c
if (snmax.le.0.0) then
print*, 'You are overdesigning the slope'
stop
endif
c
c:
f c=c / ( s nmax*gamma *h
:: )
154
c: : : :
c
if (snmax.le.0.0) then
print*, 'You are overdesigning the slope'
stop
endif
c
c: : : :
f cc / ( s nma x*gamma *h
c
c when phi is equal to zero
155
c
if (phiav.le.O.O) then
fs-fc
go to 06
endif
c
c check for convergence of the safety factors
c
diff=abs(fc-fphi)
if (diff.gt.sfdif) then
fphi=(fphi+fc)/2.
go to 101
else
fs=(fphi+fc)/2.
endif
06 continue
endif
c
slope=slope*180. /pi
phiav=phiav*180. /pi
xmax=xmax*180./pi
ymax=ymax* 1 80 . /p i
c
c
write (6,440) slope, h,phiav,c, gamma
440 format ('SLOPE CONFIGURATION'//
1 5x, 'Slope Angle - ',f5.1/
1 5x, 'Slope Height - ',f5.1//
1 'SOIL PARAMETERS'//
1 5x, 'Friction Angle - ',f5.1/
1 5x, 'Cohesion - ',f6.1/
1 5x,'Unit Weight = ',f6.1//)
c
if(pilein.eq.O.and.nosur.eq.0) go to 450
write (6,441) dO.dl.s
441 format ('PILE DIMENSIONS'//
1 5x, 'Pile Diameter - ',f4.1/
1 5x, 'Center-to-Center Distance ',f5.1/
1 5x, 'Distance Upslope = ',f5.1//)
c
if(pilein.eq.l.and.nosur.eq.O) then
write (6,442)
442 format ('GEOMETRY OF THE CRITICAL SURFACE'//
1 5x, "The critical surface of the slope changes'/
1 5x,'with the insertion of the piles'//)
else if (pilein.eq.O.and.nosur.eq.l) then
write (6,443)
443 format ('GEOMETRY OF THE CRITICAL SURFACE'//
1 5x,'The critical surface of the slope does not change'/
1 5x,'by the presence of the piles'//)
endif
c
write (6,444) xmax,ymax
156
endif
c
c
write (6,449) fpmax,cemax
449 format (5x, 'The unit reaction force on the slope provided'/
1 5x,'by the piles is ',f7.0//
1 5x, 'The distance from the ground to the critical surface,'/
1 5x,'CE, is 'f5.1//)
c
450 write (6,451) sfdif, fs
451 format ('FACTOR OF SAFETY'//
1 5x, 'The tolerable difference between Fc and Fphi'/
1 5x, 'is ',f7.4//
1 5x, 'The safety factor of the slope is ',f5.2)
c
c
8 top
end
c
c
c-
subroutine phicir
c
c
c subroutine that computes the critical surface and
c stability number
c
real n,nmax,nfact
common /all/ s lope, h,cosslp,cgch,oc, phi, xmax,ymax,
) ) c
157
1 nmax,dmax,tanslp,
1 snmax,m,cotslp,sinphi,pilein, gamma, s,cosx, tanx,
2 d,n,x,y,cscx,cscy,ge,fp,ce,ceo,og,r,oach,direc
do 20 numy=ii,jj
do 10 numx=kk,ll
c
c
x=numx*pi/180.
y=numy*pi/180.
cosx=cos(x)
tanx=tan(x)
cotx=l . /tan(x)
coty=l./tan(y)
cscx=l . /sin(x)
cscy=l ./sin(y)
secx=l . /cos(x)
cosx=cos(x)
siny=sin(y
d=0.5*(cscx*cscy-cotx*coty+l
n=0.5*(cotx-coty-cotslp+sinphi*cscx*cscy)
c
c
if (n.le.0.0) then
c.
c the failure surface passes through the toe
c
if (y.gt.x.and.d.ge.dfac) go to 20
c
c
if (phi.le.O.O)go to 06
h2dn=0.5*cscx**2*(y*cscy**2-coty)+cotx-cotslp
h2dd=l./3.*(l.-2.*cotslp**2)+cotslp*(cotx-coty)+cotx*coty
h2d =h2dn/h2dd
cotu=h2d*y*secx*cscx*cscy**2-tan(x)
.
158
u=atan(l./cotu)
8lnuv=h2d*sin(u)*cscx*C8cy*sinphi
C8cuv=l . /sinuv
angl=asin(sinuv)
v=u-angl
sinv=8in(v)
c
06 if (pilein.le.O) then
c
c *** without piles ***
c
if (phi. gt. 0.0) then
cfwhn=h2dn
cf whd=2 . *cotx/tan( v)+2
else if (phi. le. 0.0) then
cfwhn=(l.-2*cotslp**2)/3.+cotx*coty+cotslp*(cotx-coty)
cfwhd=2.*y*c8cx**2*cscy**2
endif
c
sn=cfwhn/cfwhd
else if (pilein.ne.O) then
c
c *** with piles ***
c
call momarm
c ===========
eq4=l.-(2.*cotslp**2)+(3.*cotslp*cotx)-(3.*cotslp*coty)
1 +(3.*cotx*coty)
c
if (phi. gt. 0.0) then
cfwhn=eq4-((12.*fp)/(f *gamma*h**3)*(cos(ceo)/sinv*h/2.*
1 cscx*cscy*sinphi+og))
cfwhd=6.*cscx**2*cscy**2*siny*sinphi*(cosx/sinv+
1 cscuv)
else if (phi. le. 0.0) then
cfwhn=eq4-12.*fp*og/(f *gamma*h**3)
cfwhd=6.*y*c8cx**2*cscy**2
endif
c
sn=cfwhn/cfwhd
endif
c
else
c
c the failure surface passes below the toe
c
if (n.gt.nfact) go to 20
if (y.gt.x.and.d.ge.df ac) go to 20
c
c
if (phi. le. 0.0) go to 07
h2dn=0 . 5*cscx**2* (y *cs cy**2-coty )+cotx-cotslp-2 . *n
/
159
h2dd-l./3.*(l.-2.*cotslp**2)+cotslp*(cotx-coty)+cotx*coty
1 +2.*n**2-2.*n*sinphi*cscx*cscy
h2d=h2dn/h2dd
cotu=h2d*y*secx*cscx*cscy**2-tan(x)
u=atan(l./cotu)
sinuv=h2d*sin(u)*cscx*cscy*sinphi
cs cu v= 1 . /s i nuv
angl=asin(sinuv)
v=u-angl
sinv=sin(v)
07 if (pilein.eq.O) then
c
c *** without piles ***
c
if (phi. gt. 0.0) then
cfwhn=h2dn
cfwhd=2.*cotx/tan(v)+2.
else if (phi. le. 0.0) then
cfwhn=(l.-2.*cotslp**2)/3.+cotx*coty+cotslp*(cotx-coty)+2*n**2
cfwhd=2.*y*cscx**2*cscy**2
endif
sn=cfwhn/cfwhd
else if (pilein.ne.O) then
c
c *** with piles ***
c
call momarm
if (oach.gt.r) go to 20
eq4=l.-(2.*cotslp**2)+(3.*cotslp*cotx)-(3.*cotslp*coty)
1 +(3.*cotx*coty)
if (phi. gt. 0.0) then
*(2 . *n**2-2 . *n*sinphi*cscx*cscy ) )-12 *f p
.
cf whn=(eq4+3 .
1 (f*gamma*h**3)*(cos(ceo)/sinv*h/2.*cscx*cscy*sinphi+og)
cfwhd=6.*cscx**2*cscy**2*siny*sinphi*(cosx/sinv+cscuv)
endif
c
c
c:
if (sn.gt.snmax) then
snmax=sn
ymax=y
xmax=x
160
dmax=d
nmax=n
cemax=ce
fpmax*fp
rmax=r
p *
c
c
c
endif
10 continue
20 continue
c
return
end
c
c
subroutine momarm
c
c
c subroutine that calculates the moment arm of
c force Fp
c
common /all/ slope, h,cosslp,cgch,oc, phi, xmax,ymax,
1 nmax,dmax,tanslp,
1 snmax.m, cots lp,sinphi,pilein, gamma, s.cosx.tanx,
2 d,n,x,y,cscx,cscy,ge,fp,ce,ceo,og,r,oach,direc
real n
parameter (pi=3. 14159)
r=h/2.*cscx*cscy
oab=pi/2.-y
if (sch.gt.s) then
pile to the left of origin
oce=3 . /2 . *pi+s lope-oca
else if (sch.lt.s) then
pile to the right of origin
oce=pi/2.-slope+oca
else if (sch.eq.s) then
pile underneath the origin
) )
161
ce=*r-oc
og=oc+cgch
go to 111
endif
call presur
gche=ce-cgch
eg=gche*cosc
if (direc.eq.l) then
og=r-eg
111 continue
c
c
return
end
c
c
162
c
subroutine presur
c
c subroutine that calcuates pressure Fp
c
parameter (pi=3. 14159)
common /all/ s lope, h,cosslp,cgch,oc, phi, xmax,ymax,
1 nmax,dmax,tanslp,
1 snmax.m, cotslp, sinphi, pilein, gamma, s, cos x, tanx,
2 d,n,x,y,cscx,cscy,ge,fp,ce,ceo,og,r,oach,direc
c
common /pres/ d0,dl,d2,tanphi,c,p(2) ,phiav
real nphi,nphil,nphi2
c
c
c equation in the form p=a+bz gives the pressure on the pile
c as a function of depth z
c
z-0.0
do 10 1=1,2
nphi=(tan(pi/4.+phiav/2.))**2
nphil=(nphi)**(.5)
nphi2=(nphi)**(-.5)
parl=(dl-d2)/d2*nphi*tan(pi/8.+phiav/4.)*tanphi
par2=(2.*tanphi+2*nphil+nphi2)/(nphil*tanphi+nphi-l)
par3=nphil*tanphi+nphi-l
c
if (c.le.0.0) then
c
c cohesionless soil
c
p(i)=gamma*z/nphi*(dl*(dl/d2)**par3*exp((dl-d2)/d2*nphi*
1 tanphi*tan(pi/84phiav/4))-d2)
else if (phiav.le.0.0) then
c
c cohesive soil
c
p(i)c*(dl*(3*alogl0(dl/d2)+(dl-d2)/d2*tan(pi/8))
1 -2*(dl-d2))+gamma*z*(dl-d2)
else
c
c c-phi soil
c
p(i)=c*dl*(dl/d2)**par3*(l/(nphi*tanphi)*(exp(parl)-2*nphil
1 *tanphi-l)+par2)-c*(dl*par2-2*d2*nphi2)+gamma*z/nphi*
2 (dl*(dl/d2)**par3*exp(parl)-d2)
endif
zce
10 continue
c
c to find the force (ie.the area of the pressure diagram
c and its center of action)
163
c
c
al"ce*p(l)
a2=ce*(p(2)-p(l))/2.
ylce/2.
y2=2*ce/3.
alyl=al*yl
a 2y2=a2*y2
sum=alyl+a2y2
ftot=al+a2
y3=sum/f tot
cgch=y3
fp=ftot/dl
return
end
164
DATA
RESULTS
SLOPE CONFIGURATION
SOIL PARAMETERS
PILE DIMENSIONS
Toe failure
FACTOR OF SAFETY
APPENDIX D
DATA CARDS
c
c
C DATA INPUT
c
c
c
c phiav = friction angle of the soil in degrees
c c = cohesion of the soil
c gamma = unit weight of the soil
c CE depth from the slope face to the critical
c surface
c EL = depth of the pile below the critical surface
c EB = distance between the critical surface and
c the bedrock
c BD = depth of the pile below the bedrock
c mt = number of points the pile will be descretized
c to
c dO = pile diameter
c dl = center-to-center distance between the piles
c ksO = coefficient subgrade reaction at the
of
c critical surface
c ksl = coefficient of subgrade reaction at the end
c of layer EB
c krO = coefficiet of subgrade reaction at the beginning
c of layer BD
c krl = coefficient of subgrade reaction at the end of
c the pile
c nl = index that indicates the variation of ks with
c depth. For nl=0, ks is constant, for nl-1
c ks increases linearly (in layer EB)
c n2 = same as nl, for layer BD
c ei = pile stiffneso
c be = boundary condition for the pile top (1, 2, 3, or 4)
c hr = for hr=l, layer BE is assumed to be hard rock
c for hr=0, it is assumed to be soft rock or soil
c kopt = if kopt=0, a total number of mt additional data
c carda are required to input the values of the
c subgrade reaction along the pile
c
c
c
c
c MAIN PROGRAM
dimension a (85, 86) ,g(85,86) ,h(85,86) ,y(86)
dimension zl(86),z2(86),sl(86),s2(86)
dimension ml (86) ,m2(86) ,vl(86) ,v2(86) ,yl(86)
dimension ki(86)
c
parameter (mtl=6,pi=3. 14159)
c
common /all/ ce,d0,dl phiav, , c, gamma, p(2)
c
integer be, r, hr
171
if (kopt.ne.O) then
write (6,461) ksO,ksl,krO,krl,kopt
461 fornat (lOx, 'Coefficients of Subgrade Reaction'//
1 20x,'ks0 = ',e!0.3/
1 20x, 'ksl = ',el0.3/
1 20x,'kr0 = ',el0.3/
1 20x,'krl = ',el0.3//
1 10x,'kopt = ',12//)
c
else if (kopt.eq.O) then
write (6,462)
462 format (lOx, 'Coefficients of Subgrade Reaction'//)
do 463 i=3,mt+3
write (6,464) ki(i)
464 format (20x,el0.3)
463 continue
write (6,465) kopt
465 format (10x,/
1 10x,'kopt = ',12/ /)
c
endif
c
write (6,466) nl,n2
466 format (lOx, 'Variation of the subgrade reaction coefficients //
1 20x,'nl = ',f3.1/
1 20x,'n2 = ',f3.1//)
c
write (6,467) ce,el,eb,bd,dO,dl,ei,mt
467 format ('PILE DIMENSIONS'//
,
172
c
write (6,470)
470 format (5x, 'Z' ,8x, 'DISPL(Y) ' , 7x, 'SLOPE(S) ',7x, 'MOMENT(M) '
1 6x,'SHEAR(V)'//)
c
b=d0
c
ks=ksl-ks0
kr=krl-kr0
q=el/mt
a3=q**4/ei
fl=p2
f2=( P 2-pl)/ce
c
do 3 j-1,86
a(i,j)=0.
3 continue
2 continue
c
c
c read first two boundary conditions
c
if (bc.eq.l.or.bc.eq.3) then
a(l,D=ce
a(l,2)=2.*q-2.*ce
a(l,3)=-4.*q
a(l,4)=2.*q+2.*ce
( 1
a
i;mt+6)=2*q**3*(f2/(6*ei)*ce**3-fl/(2*ei)*ce**2)
(
endif
if (bc.eq.l.or.bc.eq.2)
then
a(2,l)=-l.
a(2,2)=2.
a(2,4)=-2.
a (2;mt+6)=2*q**3*(fl/ei*ce-f2/(2*ei)*ce**2)
endif
if (bc.eq.2.or.bc.eq.4) then
a(l,l)=-(ce**2)
a(l,2)=2*ce**2-4*q*ce-2*q**2
a(r,3)S*q*ce
a(l 4)=-2*ce**2-4*q*ce+2*q**2
a(l^t+6)*4*q**3*(fl/(6*ei)*ce**3-f2/(24*ei)*ce**4)
endif
if (bc.eq.3.or.bc.eq.4) then
a(2,l)=ce**3
a(2 2)=6*q**2*ce+6*q*ce**2-2*ce**3
a(2',3) = 12.*q*(q**2-ce**2)
a(2,4)=6*q*ce**2-6*q**2*ce+2*ce**3
f(^t+6)=12*q**3*(f2/(120*ei)*ce**5-fl/(24*ei)*ce**4)
endif
c
c inputing rest of array
c
do 30 i=3,mt+3
j=i-2
a(i, j)=l-
j=i-l
a(i,j)="4.
j=i
m=i-3
z=m*q
if (kopt.ge.l) then
174
if (z.le.eb) then
a(i, j)=6.+a3*b*(ks0+ks*(z/eb)**nl)
elseif (z.gt.eb) then
a(i, j)=6+a3*b*(krO+kr*((z-eb)/bd)**n2)
endif
a(i,j)=-4.
j=i+2
a(i,j)=l.
30 continue
c
c inputing last boundary conditions
c
c
if (hr.le.O) then
c Soft Rock, Shear and Moment equal zero at EL
c
c
i=mt+5
a(i,mt+l)=-l.
a(i,mt+2)=2.
a(i,mt+4)=-2.
a(i,mt+5)=l.
c
i=int+4
a(i,iat+2)^l.
a(i,mt+3)=-2.
a(i,mt+4)=l.
c
elseif (hr.ge.l) then
c Hard rock, displacement and rotation equal zero at EL
c
c
i=mt+5
a(i,mt+l)=l.
a(i,rat+2)=-4.
a ( i, mt+3 )=a( mt+3, mt+3)
a(i,mt+4)=-4.
a(i,mt+5)=l.
c
i=mt+4
a(i,mt+2)=-l.
a(i,mt+4)=l.
c
i=mt+3
a(i,mt+l)=0.
a(i,mt+2)=0.
175
a(i,mt+3)=l.
a(i,mt+4)=0.
a(i,rct+5)=0.
c
endif
do 70 i=l,mt+5
do 80 j=l,mt+6
c print*, a(i,j)
80 continue
70 continue
c
c
c calculating the auxiliary quantities
c
c
suml=0.
sum2=0.
do 111 l=l,mt+5
do 222 k=l,mt+5
if (l.le.l) go to 12
do 22 r-1,1-1
suml=suml+g(k, l-r)*h(l-r, 1)
22 continue
12 g(k,l)=a(k,l)-suml
suml=0.
222 continue
c
1-1
do 333 j=i+l,at+6
m=i
if (l.le.l) go to 13
do 32 r=l,i-l
sum2=sum2+g(i,i-r)*h(i-r, j)
32 continue
13 h(i, j)=(a(i, j)-sum2)/g(i,m)
sum2=0.
333 continue
111 continue
do 989 i=l,mt+5
do 898 j=l,mt+6
898 continue
989 continue
c
c
c solving for the unknown displacements y
c
c
sum3=0.
do 555 l=l,mt+5
m=mt+6-l
if (l.le.l) go to 55
do 65 r-1,-1-1
.
176
go to 442
441 continue
c
do 443 m=3,mt+3
write (6,444) z2(m) ,y(m) ,s2(m) ,m2(m),v2(m)
444 format (2x,f 5. 1 ,5x,el0.3 ,5x,el0.3,5x,el0.3,5x,el0.3)
443 continue
c
stop
end
c
c
c-
subroutine presur
c-
c
c subroutine that calcultes the force Fp
c
parameter (pi=3. 14159)
common /all/ ce,dO,dl ,phiav,c, gamma, p(2)
if (c.le.0.0) then
cohesionless soil
P
(i)=gamma*z/nphi*(dl*(dl/d2)**par3*exp((dl-d2)/d2*nphi*
1 tanphi*tan(pi/8+phiav/4))-d2)
else if (phiav.le.0.0) then
cohesive soil
P
(i)=c*(dl*(3*alogl0(dl/d2)+(dl-d2)/d2*tan(pi/8))
1 -2*(dl-d2))+gamma*z*(dl-d2)
else
c-phisoil
P
(i)=c*dl*(dl/d2)**par3*(l/(nphi*tanphi)*(exp(parl)-2*nphil
1 *tanphi-D+par2)-c*(dl*par2-2*d2*nphi2)+gamma*z/nphi*
2 (dl*(dl/d2)**par3*exp(parl)-d2)
178
endif
z"ce
10 continue
c
return
end
179
DATA
RESULTS
SOIL PARAMETERS
ksO = 0.500e+O5
ksl = 0.500e+05
krO = 0.400e+09
krl = 0.400e+09
kopt = 3
nl = 0.
n2 = 0.
PILE DIMENSIONS
Force Diagram
force on the pile head = 4845.
force acting on the pile at the critical
surface = 14556.
181
g
j
o
q I