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Applications of Thermodynamics Laws: Roles of Thermodynamics data

Utilization of various thermodynamics Successful thermodynamics calculation depends
data not only on the application of right equations but
also the availability of accurate thermodynamics
properties (H, S, P,V etc.).
Study by case application Thus, it is important to train ourselves to utilize
various resources to obtain thermodynamics
properties of process material
This material shows a few cases to illustrate this
idea
To obtain a sufficient level of competences, we
have to gain a sufficient experience by working a
number of cases
Source: http://transmis.blogspot.com/2012/07/katup-expansi-
expansion-valve_3818.html
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Expansion of non-ideal gas: the use of steam At the discharge of the throttling valve:

table At the discharge we know 2 variables : pressure and temperature.

Example Case # 1: Steam quality (literally: saturated
steam mass fraction in a steam-condensate mixture) is an
important data in industrial process operation since many
equipment such as shell and tube heat exchangers are
designed based on 100 % steam quality. One simple
method to measure steam quality is by a combination of
an expansion valve and a thermometer installed in a side
of a steam line:
Thus we should be able to compute all other steam properties.
H = 2716,32 kJ/kg
Assuming that the expansion is adiabatic.
H Ek Ep Q Ws H 0
Enthalpy of the steam inside the steam line is H0=H1= 2716,32 kJ/kg
At 70 bar and H1 material is mixture of liquid and saturated steam

P = 70 bar

If the measure
PI temperature is 120 H1 x.hL (1 x).hv H1 hv
x 0.064323
To atmosphere TI C, what is the hL hv
steam quality in
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the steam line ? MF-2017

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Example Case # 2: Steam Ejector

Vacuuming is very important and is often very massive dQ dWS dH udu gdz
or involve corrosive gases such that using vacuum pump
Bila proses isentropic:
is practically not recommended
0 dH udu
dan
dH = V dP

Maka:
Source: http://image.absoluteastronomy.com/ (assessed on March 7, 2013)
0 VdP udu
The detail mechanical design of ejector is beyond the scope
of this course and may also beyond the core competences of
process engineers

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You can show that for an ideal gas: Illustrative calculation: it is expected to
1
create a low pressure condition of 20 kPa
1 1

at the end of the converging nozzle
1
2 P V P
u2 u1
2 2 2
1 P1 utilizing superheated steam at 200 kPa

and 470 oC. If the velocity of the entering
Maximum velocity for converging nozzle: steam can be neglected, what is the steam
From physics, we are told that the maximum velocity velocity at the end of the converging
in a converging nozzle is obtained in the throat (the nozzle in order to achieve the targeted
minimum cross section) of a nozzle and it will not pressure?
exceed the sonic velocity in the media.

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H Ek
H Ek Ep Q Ws
If we can assume that the expansion is isentropic S = 0
You can show that if the exit velocity is calculated using the above
equation, it will exceed the sonic velocity.
Thus the maximum achievable velocity is the sonic velocity.
The meet the targeted vacuum, we must use a multistage system.
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Steam expansion a a turbine:
Suatu sumur geothermal (panas bumi)
menghasilkan steam jenuh bertekanan 10 bar
sebesar 1,5 ton/detik. Steam tersebut akan
diumpankan ke sebuah turbin yang beroperasi
dengan efisiensi 50 % dibanding proses
isentropic. Rekomendasikanlah tekanan keluar
turbin agar diperoleh daya sekitar 300 MW dari
operasi di atas.
H Ek Ep Q Ws
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P-H Diagram Compression in a Multistage

Compressor
A big agro industrial complex build a huge bio digester system to
treat its waste and produce a large quantity of methane gas (after
purification) at an atmospheric pressure. The production rate can
reach 7000 m3/hr. This low pressure gas is technically un-economical
to be stored. To allow a more profitable utilization of this renewable
energy for transportation fuel, you are asked to design a
compression station to pressurize the methane gas to 200 atm.
Propose process flow diagram to achieve this goal
Estimate power consumption. Over all efficiency (covering both
isentropic efficiency and mechanical efficiency) of the compressor
system is 74 %
Estimate the needs of other utilities to operate the system

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