hemorrhoid [hemo-roid]

an enlarged (varicose) vein in the mucous membrane inside or just outside the re
ctum; called also pile.
Internal hemorrhoids usually are first noticed when minor bleeding occurs with d
efecation. Pain occurs rarely, unless there is an associated disorder such as an
anal fissure, thrombosis, or strangulation of the affected vein. External hemor
rhoids produce varying degrees of pain, feelings of pressure, itching, irritatio
n, and a palpable mass. Bleeding occurs only if the external hemorrhoid is injur
ed or ulcerated and begins to break down.
Hemorrhoids are caused by increased pressure on the veins of the anus. Prolonged
sitting, constipation, and hard, dry stools that are difficult to pass can lead
to straining and sitting at stool for long periods of time, all of which add pr
essure on the anal veins. Failure to follow through on the urge to defecate can
also lead to hemorrhoids. In women, probably the single most common cause is pre
gnancy.
External hemorrhoids can be treated by local applications of cold and an astring
ent cream, by sitz baths, and by avoidance of constipation. Internal hemorrhoids
may require sclerosing or cryosurgery to obliterate the affected tissue. More a
dvanced, chronic hemorrhoids usually must be removed surgically by ligation and
excision (hemorrhoidectomy)