Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.

13-ES 205

Name: D.SUMADHURI Branch: ECE Section:S11

Id No: 13004443 Roll. No: Group :

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded:

Signal Processing-Lab-6
DT Sequences and Systems: Frequency-Domain
Representation (DTFT)
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Lab Report

Introduction: A linear and time-invariant system can be represented using its response
to the unit sample sequence. This response, called the unit impulse response h[n] ,

allows us to compute the system response to any arbitrary input x[ n] using the linear
convolution. This convolution representation is based on the fact that any signal can be
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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represented by a linear combination of scaled and delayed unit samples. Similarly, we

can also represent any arbitrary discrete signal as a linear combination of basis signals.
Each basis signal set provides a new signal representation. Each representation has
some advantages and some disadvantages depending upon the type of system under
consideration. However, when the system is linear and time-invariant, only one
representation stands out as the most useful. It is based on the complex exponential

signal set {e jn } and is called the discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT).

 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Objectives:

To compute the discrete time Fourier transform ( DTFT) for DT sequences and
LTI systems.
To determine and display the Magnitude and phase spectrum of given
sequences and LTI systems.
To find out real part and imaginary part of the spectrum.

Requirements: Digital Computer with MATLAB software.

 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Basic theory: If x[n] is absolutely summable, that is,

| x[ n] | , then its discrete
time Fourier transform (DTFT) is given by

X [e j ]
n
x[n] e jn

The inverse discrete-time Fourier transform (IDTFT) of X [e j ] is given by

 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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1
2
x[n] X [e j ] e jn d .

In general X [e j ] is a complex function of the real variable and can be written as

X [e j ] X re [e j ] j X im [e j ]

where X re [e j ] and X im [e j ] are, respectively, the real and imaginary parts of

X [e j ] , and are real functions of . X [e j ] can alternately be expressed in the form

 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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X [e j ] | X [e j ] | e j []

j
where [] arg X [e ]
The quantity | X [e j ] | is called the magnitude function and the quantity [] is

called the phase function, with both functions again being real functions of . In many
applications, the Fourier transform is called the Fourier spectrum and, likewise,
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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| X [e j ] | and [] are referred to as the magnitude spectrum and phase spectrum,

respectively.

The Fourier Domain Representation of LTI Systems:

The response of an LTI system for any arbitrary sequences in time domain can be

represented by using a convolution sum y[n] x[n] h[n] , where x[n] is input

sequence, h[n] is the impulse response of the

 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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system and y[n] is the response of the system. According to the convolution theorem,
the convolution in time domain is multiplication in frequency domain,

Y [e j ] H [e j ] X [e j ] , where X [e j ] is the spectrum of the input sequence and

H [e j ] is the system (or Transfer) function. Fig.1 An LTI

System
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Examples:
Ex1: Determine the DTFT of x[ n] (0.5)n u[ n] analytically. Develop Matlab script for the
same and plot its magnitude, angle, real and imaginary parts. Also show that DTFT is
periodic sequence.
Ans: Analytical Solution
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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X [e j ]
n
x[n] e jn
n 0
(0.5)n e jn

1
(0.5e j )n
n 0 j
1 0.5e
V6_1: Frequency spectrum (DTFT) using analytical solution

clear all; close all; clc;

 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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k = -300:300;

w = (pi/100)*k;

X = exp(j*w) ./ (exp(j*w) - 0.5*ones(size(w)));

magX = abs(X);
angX = angle(X);
realX = real(X);
imagX = imag(X);
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');

subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,angX,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');

subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,realX,'m','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Real');
title('Real Part--->');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX,'k','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Imaginary---->');
title('Imaginary Part');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Magnitude Spectrum Phase Spectrum

2 1
M a g n it u d e ---->

R a d ia n s ---->

0.5
1.5
0
1
-0.5

0.5 -1
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
frequency in pi units----> frequency in pi units---->
Real Part---> Imaginary Part
2 1
I m a g in a ry ---->

0.5
1.5
R eal

0
1
-0.5

0.5 -1
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Mat lab Script for DTFT of a given sequence using freqz.m function
V6_2.m:

clear all; close all; clc;

k = -300:300;

w = (pi/100)*k;

num = [1];
den = [ 1 -0.5];
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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X = freqz(num, den, w);

magX = abs(X);
angX = angle(X);
realX = real(X);
imagX = imag(X);

subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,angX,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');

subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,realX,'m','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Real');
title('Real Part--->');

subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX,'k','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Imaginary---->');
title('Imaginary Part');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Magnitude Spectrum Phase Spectrum

2 1

0.5
Magnitude---->

Radians---->

1.5
0
1
-0.5

0.5 -1
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
frequency in pi units----> frequency in pi units---->
Real Part---> Imaginary Part
2 1

0.5
nary---->

1.5
eal

0
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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From the magnitude and phase spectrums, it is concluded that the spectrum of given
aperiodic sequence is a periodic sequence with period 2 .

Ex2: Determine the frequency response H [e j ] of a system characterized by

n
h[ n] 0.9 u[n] . Plot the magnitude and the phase responses.
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Ans: Analytical Solution

1
H [e j ]
1 0.9e j
1 1
| H [e j ] | , and
(1 0.9 cos ) 2 +(0.9 cos ) 2 1.811.8 cos
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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0.9 sin
H [e j ] arctan
1 0.9 cos

V6_3.m:

clear all; close all; clc;

k = -300:300;
w = (pi/100)*k;
H = exp(j*w) ./ (exp(j*w) - 0.9*ones(size(w)));
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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magH = abs(H);
angH = angle(H);

subplot(2,1,1); plot(w/pi,magH,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');

subplot(2,1,2); plot(w/pi,angH,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Magnitude Spectrum
15
M a g n itu d e ---->

10

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
frequency in pi units---->
Phase Spectrum
2
R a d ia n s ---->

-1

-2
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Ex3: An LTI system is specified by the difference equation y[n] 0.8y[n 1] x[n]

(a) Determine H [e j ] .

(b) Calculate and plot the steady-state response yss [n] to x[ n] cos[0.05 n]u[n]
Ans: Analytical Solution
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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1
(a) H [e j ]
1 0.8e j

(b) In the steady state the input is x[ n] cos[0.05 n]u[n] with frequency

0 0.05 and 0 0O . The response of the system is

 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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1
H [e j 0.05 ] 4.0928e j 0.5377
1 0.8e j 0.05
Therefore
yss [n] 4.0928 cos(0.05 n 0.5377) 4.0928 cos [0.05 ( n 3.42)]
This means that at the output the sinusoid is scaled by 4.0928 and shifted by 3.42.

V6_4.m:
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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clear all; close all; clc;

k = -300:300;
w = (pi/100)*k;

H = exp(j*w) ./ (exp(j*w) - 0.9*ones(size(w)));

magH = abs(H);
angH = angle(H);

figure();
subplot(2,1,1); plot(w/pi,magH,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');

title('Magnitude Spectrum');

subplot(2,1,2); plot(w/pi,angH,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');

Steady state response to the input sequence x[n] = cos(0.05*pi*n);

b = 1; a = [1,-0.8];
n = 0:100;
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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x = cos(0.05*pi*n);

y = filter(b,a,x);

figure();
subplot(2,1,1); stem(n,x,'r','LineWidth',1.5);
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x[n]'); title('Input sequence');

subplot(2,1,2); stem(n,y,'b','LineWidth',1.5);
xlabel('n'); ylabel('y[n]'); title('Output sequence');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Magnitude Spectrum
15
M a g n it u d e ---->

10

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
frequency in pi units---->
Phase Spectrum
2
R a d ia n s ---->

-1
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Input sequence
1

0.5
x [n]

-0.5

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
n
Output sequence
5
y [n ]

0
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
13-ES 205

Laboratory Exercise-6
Exercise1: Determine the DTFT analytically for following sequences.
n

(a) x[ n] {2 1 0 1 2} (b) x[ n] 1
2
u[n 2] (c) x[ n] (0.8) | n |
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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(d) h[ n] [n] 6 [ n 1] 3 [n 2]

a)
clear all; close all; clc;

k = -300:300;

w = (pi/100)*k;
X = -2*exp(2*j*w)-exp(j*w)+exp(-j*w)+2*exp(-2*j*w);

magX = abs(X);
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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angX = angle(X);
realX = real(X);
imagX = imag(X)

subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');

subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,angX,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,realX,'m','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Real');
title('Real Part--->');

subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX,'k','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Imaginary---->');
title('Imaginary Part');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Magnitude Spectrum Phase Spectrum

6 2
M a g n itu d e ---->

R a d ia n s ---->

1
4
0
2
-1

0 -2
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
frequency in pi units----> frequency in pi units---->
-16
x 10 Real Part---> Imaginary Part
4 10
Im a g in a ry ---->

2 5
Real

0 0

-2 -5
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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b)
clear all; close all; clc;

k = -300:300;

w = (pi/100)*k;
X =exp(j*w)./(exp(j*w)-0.5)+0.5*exp(2*j*w)+0.5*exp(j*w);

magX = abs(X);
angX = angle(X);
realX = real(X);
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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imagX = imag(X)

subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');

subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,angX,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');

subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,realX,'m','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Real');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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title('Real Part--->');

subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX,'k','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Imaginary---->');
title('Imaginary Part');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Magnitude Spectrum Phase Spectrum

3 1
Magnitude---->

0.5
Radians---->

2
0
1
-0.5

0 -1
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
frequency in pi units----> frequency in pi units---->
Real Part---> Imaginary Part
3 0.4
ginary---->

0.2
2
Real

0
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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c)
clear all; close all; clc;

k = -300:300;

w = (pi/100)*k;
X =-1+1./(1-(0.8*exp(j*w)))+1./(1-(0.8*exp(-j*w)));

magX = abs(X);
angX = angle(X);
realX = real(X);
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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imagX = imag(X)

subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');

subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,angX,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');

subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,realX,'m','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Real');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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title('Real Part--->');

subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX,'k','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Imaginary---->');
title('Imaginary Part');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Magnitude Spectrum Phase Spectrum

10 1
Magnitude---->

0.5
Radians---->

5 0

-0.5

0 -1
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
frequency in pi units----> frequency in pi units---->
Real Part---> Imaginary Part
10 1
inary---->

0.5
Real

5 0
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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d)
clear all; close all; clc;

k = -300:300;

w = (pi/100)*k;
X =1+6*exp(-j*w)+3*exp(-2*j*w)

magX = abs(X);
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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angX = angle(X);
realX = real(X);
imagX = imag(X)

subplot(2,2,1); plot(w/pi,magX,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');

subplot(2,2,2); plot(w/pi,angX,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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subplot(2,2,3); plot(w/pi,realX,'m','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Real');
title('Real Part--->');

subplot(2,2,4); plot(w/pi,imagX,'k','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Imaginary---->');
title('Imaginary Part');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Magnitude Spectrum Phase Spectrum

10 4
M agnitude---->

Radians ---->

8 2

6 0

4 -2

2 -4
-4 -2 0 2 4 -4 -2 0 2 4
frequency in pi units----> frequency in pi units---->
Real Part---> Imaginary Part
10 10
Im aginary ---->

5
5
Real

0
0
-5
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Exercise2: The following finite duration sequences are called windows and are very
useful in DSP. Develop Matlab codes for frequency response and plot them. Use N=25.

1, N21 n N21
Rectangular Window: RN [n]
0, elsewhere
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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|n|
1 , for N21 n N21
Triangular Window: TN [n] ( N 1) / 2
0, elsewhere

n
Hamming Window: 0.54 0.46 cos , for N21 n N21
H N [n] ( N 1) / 2
0, elsewhere

 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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For rectangular window

t=-12:1:12;
w=rectwin(t);subplot(1,1,1);
stem(t,y1);ylabel('Amplitude --.');
xlabel('(b) n --.');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Amplitude --.

0.5

0.4

0.3
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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For triangular window

t=-12:1:12;
y1=1-(abs(t)/12);subplot(2,2,1);
stem(t,y1);ylabel('Amplitude --.');
xlabel('n');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
mplitude --.

0.5
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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For Hamming window:

n=-12:1:12;
y1=0.54+0.46*cos(pi*n)/12;
stem(n,y1);ylabel('Amplitude --.');
xlabel('n');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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0.7

0.6

0.5
Amplitude --.

0.4

0.3
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Exercise3: Determine the transfer function of the following difference equations

analytically: Develop Matlab scripts for the magnitude and phase responses and plot.

1 4 1 1
(a) y[ n] x[n m]
5 m 0
(b) y[n]
2
y[n 1] x[n] x[n 1]
4

a) k= -300:300;
w = (pi/100)*k;
H =0.2+0.2*exp(-j*w)+0.2*exp(-2*j*w)+0.2*exp(-3*j*w)+0.2*exp(-4*j*w);
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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magH = abs(H);
angH = angle(H);

subplot(2,1,1); plot(w/pi,magH,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');

subplot(2,1,2); plot(w/pi,angH,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Magnitude Spectrum
1
Magnitude---->

0.5

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
frequency in pi units---->
Phase Spectrum
4
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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b) clear all; close all; clc;

k = -300:300;
w = (pi/100)*k;
H =4-exp(-j*w)./4-(2*exp(-j*w));

magH = abs(H);
angH = angle(H);
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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subplot(2,1,1); plot(w/pi,magH,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');

subplot(2,1,2); plot(w/pi,angH,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Magnitude Spectrum
8

6
Magnitude---->

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
frequency in pi units---->
Phase Spectrum
1
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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Exercise4: Consider an LTI system with frequency response

1 e j 2
j ]
H [e ,
1 12 e j
2

n
Determine the output y[n] for all n if the input for all n is x[n] sin 4 analytically.
Develop Matlab scripts for the magnitude and phase responses and plot

Matlab code:

clear all; close all; clc;

 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
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% ------------------------------------------------------------

k = -300:300; % Select No. of points for both negative

% and positive spectrum
w = (pi/100)*k; % [0, pi] axis divided into 701 points.

% % Demo using analytical solution

H =(1- exp(-2*j*w)) ./ (1+0.5*exp(-2*j*w));

magH = abs(H);
angH = angle(H);
% ------------------------------------------------------------
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
13-ES 205

% Plot the frequency response

figure();
subplot(2,1,1); plot(w/pi,magH,'r','LineWidth',1.5); grid
xlabel('frequency in pi units---->'); ylabel('Magnitude---->');
title('Magnitude Spectrum');

subplot(2,1,2); plot(w/pi,angH,'b','LineWidth',1.5); grid

xlabel('frequency in pi units---->');ylabel('Radians---->') ;
title('Phase Spectrum');
% ------------------------------------------------------------
% % Steady state response to the input sequence x[n] = sin(0.25*pi*n);
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
13-ES 205

b = [1,-1]; a = [1,0.5];
n = 0:100;

x = sin(0.25*pi*n);

y = filter(b,a,x);

figure();
subplot(2,1,1); stem(n,x,'r','LineWidth',1.5);
xlabel('n'); ylabel('x[n]'); title('Input sequence');

subplot(2,1,2); stem(n,y,'b','LineWidth',1.5);
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
13-ES 205

xlabel('n'); ylabel('y[n]'); title('Output sequence');

 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
13-ES 205

Magnitude Spectrum
4

3
Magnitude---->

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
frequency in pi units---->
Phase Spectrum
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
13-ES 205

Input sequence
1

0.5
x[n]

-0.5

-1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
n
Output sequence
1
 Signal Processing Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
13-ES 205