3

KW

W
J
K
J
K
K J
K J

KW

KW

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WPeriodic Table of Elements

W

K
WDobereiner .

KKWtriads
WNewlands .
octaves
KK
WMendeleyev-Mayer .
K

K
E3-1FK
K
K RR2OK
K RO K
RO4K R2O7
K

K

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KWE3-1F

Period I II III IV V VI VII VIII

- - - RH4 RH3 RH2 RH -
R2O RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 RO4
1 H=1
2 Li=7 Be=9.4 B=11 C=12 N=14F=19O=16
3 Na=23 Mg=24 Al=27.3 Si=28 P=31 S=32
Cl=35.5
4 K= 39 Ca=40 Ti=48 V=51 Cr=52
Mn=55 Fe=55, Co=59
Ni=59, Cu=63
5 Cu=63 Zn=65 As=75 Se=78 Br=80
6 Rb=85 Sr=87 Y=88 Zr=90 Nb=94 Mo=96 Ru=104,
Rh=104
7 Ag=108 Cd=112 In=113 Sn=118 Sb=122 Te=125 I=127 Pd=106,
8 Cs=133 Ba=137 Di=138 Ce=140 Ag=108
9
10 Er=178 La=180 Ta=182 W=184

11 Au=199 Hg=200 Tl=204 Pb=207 Bi=208 Os=195,

12 Th=231 U=240 Ir=197
Pt=198,
Au=199

W .

KE F
KEF EF
K
B EF A
E3-1F KE f dF
K

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KWE3-1F

WA J
EF
WKK
Kn=3n=2n=1ns1W
n=3 n=2 ns2np5
n=1 ns2np6 K
K n=2
K
E F
KEF
KEH+, Li+, Na+, K+,FF

KF-, Cl-, Br- , I- :
WB J
E2A,3AF
K

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EF 3dEScF
K3A E F 3d
d-block dE JFB
elements
1B K
Zn, 2B EAg+,Cu+,Au+F
J KEZn2+,Cd2+,Au+F Hg, Cd,
Os, Ir, PtRu, Rh, PdFe, Co, Ni8B
Kf-block elements f d K
AcLaF
KE
K f
Kf
W
EF
K
K
W
EF n .
KELiNaFLiNa
K .
F
EFKEn
K
K .
K
s > p > d > fW

- -


.
K
WAtomic size
E3-2FK
K A

K
W K

K

2
Radius, A

0
0 5 10 15 20
Atomic Number

KWE3-2F
WIonization energy (I)
K En=1F

- -


K
WK
Al(g) Al (g) + e ; I1 = 580 kJ/mol +
(3-1)
Al+(g) Al++(g) + e ; I2 = 1815 kJ/mol (3-2)
Al++(g) Al+++(g) + e ; I3 = 2740 kJ/mol (3-3)
Al+++(g) Al++++(g)+ e ; I4 = 11,600 kJ/mol (3-4)
Al3+

E3-2FKEF
WK
JK J
J K
JK
JKEF

KK

2500
-1
Ionization Energy, kJ mol

2000

1500

1000

500

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Atomic Number

KWE3-3F

- -


K
K
WElectron affinity

X (g) + e X (g) (3-5)
K
E3-4F
K
W
Es F .
F E F
KE
EBe, Mg, Ca, F .
p
K
.
K

- -


300

-1
200
Electron Affinity, kJ mol 100

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 5 10 15 20 25
Atom ic N um ber

KWE3-4F
WElectronegativity
PoulingK
bond energy
W Ky-xx-y
x-y x-yZ
DEy-yHx-xFZx-y

5
Electronegativity
4
Electronegativity

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Atomic Number

KWE3-5F
- -


E3-5FK
KK
K
K

-FE+F K
KE
W
W
KCl-Cl H+-Cl Na+ Cl J
:

K
W .
B1A2A
W3A4A 5A
K J
KEF J
K J
K J
K J
J
K
J
K
KEF J
- -


K J
W .
E F
K
KW
W
K J
K J
K J
E F J
KEF
W .

K
As3+ Sb3+ Al3+ FK
AlO2-KEB3+Si4+
KB4O72-AsO32- SbO2-
K

- -