تقنيات وأعمال الخرسانة


‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
١٥٦
 ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  
 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬?? ‫א‬ ?‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W١ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬١ J٢
‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 KE١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬(water/cement ratio)‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٨‫א‬‫א‬W١ J١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
(w/c ratio) (MPa)٢٨
 ٠{٧٠  ٢٠
 ٠{٦٢  ٢٥
 ٠{٥٥  ٣٠
 ٠{٤٨  ٣٥
 ٠{٤٣  ٤٠
 ٠{٣٨  ٤٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١ J٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢ J٢ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫• א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ١٣ ‫א‬
E‫א‬H‫א‬H ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٠{٠٠٤
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.%٥٠
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W١ J١
 Mixing timeW‫א‬K٣ J٢ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬    ٢ J١   K‫א‬    
 K‫א‬K
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢
 EF‫א‬ E٣F‫א‬
 ١  ٠{٨
 ١{٢٥  ١{٥
 ١{٥  ٢{٣
 ١{٧٥  ٣{١
 ٢  ٣{٨
 ٢{٢٥  ٤{٦
 ٣{٢٥  ٧{٦
 W‫א‬K٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫• א‬
 ‫• א‬
 ‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
  •
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (segregation)K‫א‬‫א‬(cohesion)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١
 
 W‫א‬K٤ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٢ J١F‫א‬ 
 ٤٠ ٤٢٠‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬٤ J١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬٣٦٠
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬W٤ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K٧٥‫א‬٢٥‫א‬K‫א‬
‫ א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K٠{٩٥٠{٩٠‫א‬١٠٠٤٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٥ ١٥‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K٥ J١
،‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
   ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 ‫א‬   E١ J٥  F    ‫א‬   
K‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 E‫א‬F‫א‬W٥ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦ J١
F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J١٧ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W٧ J١
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬W٨ J١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬KE٩ J١KF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  KE١٠ J١  F ‫א‬         ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ٢   ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ٥٠‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩ J١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠ J١
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬         K‫א‬     
(durability) ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١ J١ ,K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   % ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬    K ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢ J١K% ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (permeability)‫א‬  % ٣٥ % ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢ J١ ١١ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬    
K‫א‬
70
(MPa) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬
60
50
40
30
20
0 2 4 6 8 10
(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬W١١ J١

- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
10
6
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ‬
0
0 10 20 30 40
(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﺠﻴﻨﺔ اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٢{١ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١ J٦ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢ J٦ J١
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W(vibrators)‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  (internal vibrators)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣ J٦ J١

KE١٣ J١F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KHz ٢٠٠ ٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬E١٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١٤ J١F‫א‬‫א‬E ١٥٠‫א‬F
 K٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K(segregation)‫א‬‫א‬ (over-vibration)‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٣ J١
 K

- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٤ J١
  (external vibrators)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤ J٦ J١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KHz١٥٠٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  (vibrator tables)W‫א‬K٥ J٦ J١

  (precast concrete) ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
       ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KHz١٢٠٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 (revibration)W‫א‬ K٦{٦{١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K%١٥
‫א‬(bleeding)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K٧ J١
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE١٥ J١F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ (floating)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬KE١٧ J١FE١٦{١F
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬W١٥ J١
 
K‫א‬‫א‬W١٦ J١
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬W١٧ J١
- ٢٠ -
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 K١ J٢
‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ % ٧٥‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٢ J٢F٢٨‫א‬
50
(‫ﻣﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬
40 ‫ﻃﻮال اﻟﻤﺪة‬
7
30
3
20 0
10
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
(‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ 100
75
50
25
0
0 3 7 28
(‫ﻣﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬
 ٢٨‫א‬‫א‬WK٢ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢{٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ٢L ٠{٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W٣ J٢
 
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٨‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
120
(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
100
80
60
40
10 20 30 40 50
(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ )درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
 K٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٢
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬١ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
W‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬     
 ‫א‬     K‫א‬       ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬
،E٥{٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 K‫א‬W٥{٢
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE٦ J٢F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦ J٢
 
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢{٤{٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧ J٢F ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬W٧ J٢
W‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤{٢
 K EF‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
       ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨ J٢ 

K‫א‬
 W‫א‬K٥ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧‫א‬(ACI 308)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   % ٧٠  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢‫א‬
١٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧
 K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢١Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W١ J٢
 KEACI 306R-78F‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
٢٨‫א‬
%٩٥ %٨٥ %٦٥ % ٥٠
٢٣ ١٦ ٨ ٤ 
٢٤ ١٨ ١٠ ٦ ‫א‬
٢٠ ١٢ ٤ ٣ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،٢٥٥‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(BS8110)‫א‬
 
60  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
t + 10  ‫א‬‫א‬
   
80  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
t + 10
 %٥٠‫א‬
   
80  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
t + 10
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   
140  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
t + 10
 
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wt
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
K٢٠Z‫א‬%٧٠Z E
 K١٠Z‫א‬٪٤٠Z E

 W‫א‬
60
 2 = KZ‫א‬E
20 + 10
80
 4 = K٤Z‫א‬E
10 + 10
 
%٤٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 K١٠Z‫א‬‫א‬
140
 7 = K٧Z‫א‬W‫א‬
10 + 10
 
‫א‬E٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
K‫א‬
- ٣١ -
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬
 W١ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 KE١ J٣F٢٤‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٣
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   KECaCl2)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬%٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ %٢E٢{٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
35
‫اﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼ ﻠﺪ‬
(MPa) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫اﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺑﻮرﺗﻼﻧﺪي ﻋﺎدي‬
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
(‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٣
50
40
‫آﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬
30
20
‫ﺑﺪون آﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
(‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٣
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤ J٣
٢٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٣ J٣F٢٨‫א‬‫א‬%٦٠‫א‬‫א‬
100
‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
80
(%)‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ‬
60
40
20
0
‫ﻳﻮم واﺣﺪ‬ 28 ‫ﻳﻮم‬
(‫ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
KE٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
60
٣‫آﻎ\م‬350
(‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
40
٣‫آﻎ\م‬300
20
0
0 8 16 24
(‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٣
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬٥ J٣
  K‫א‬          ‫א‬  
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬     K٣{٣  
K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ E٥{٣F K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٦{٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE ٢٠F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬K‫א‬ ٣٣ ٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ١١‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧{٣F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
٨٢ ٦٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
 KE ٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٣
80
‫ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﺮارة‬
‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬
60
‫ﻓﺘﺮة إرﺗﻔﺎع‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬
40
‫ﻓﺘﺮة ﻗﺒﻞ‬
‫إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﺨﺎر‬
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
(‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت‬
 K‫א‬W٦ J٣
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧ J٣
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٨{٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ = ∑ at (T + 10)
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩{٣
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
40
30
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500
(‫ أﻳﺎم‬x ‫ﻧﻀﺞ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨ J٣
 
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ = اﻟﻨﻀﺞ‬
-١٠o ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
(‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩ J٣
 ‫א‬
 
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
80o
50o
10o
-10o‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
3 6.5 14.5 16
EF ‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬
 
L 60 = 20 * 3  ‫א‬
⎛ 20 + 90 ⎞ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L 193 = 3,5 * ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
L 720 = 90 * 8 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ 90 + 60 ⎞ ‫א‬
L 113 = 1,5 * ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
١٠٨٦ = ‫א‬
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬٦{٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٢٠٦‫א‬٢١٠ J١٦٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٠٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٣  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ٣٠ ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬K ١٧٥‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٤٣ -
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK١{٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١ J٤F‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٨٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ •
50
(‫ﻋﻤﺮ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬
40 28
30 7
3
20
1
10
0
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٤
    ‫א‬      ،‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٢ J٤F
    ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬     E٣ J٤  F ‫א‬ 
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K٤ J٤‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
150
(mm) ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٤
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
190
180
(٣‫آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء )آﻎ\م‬
170
160
150
0 10 20 30 40
(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٤
80
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
60
(MPa)
40
20
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
(W/C ratio) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ اﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٤
- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬K ١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K٣٢‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬   (T) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F
0,22(TaWa + TcWc ) + TwWw + TwaWwa

T=
  0,22(Ww + Wc ) + Ww + Wwa
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬WT
 E٣LF‫א‬WW
 ‫א‬Wa
 ‫א‬Wc
  ‫ א‬Ww
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Wwa
 
،‫א‬ ،‫א‬F  ‫א‬   (T) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W١ 
 KE‫א‬
 
EF‫א‬  E٣\F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 50  335  ‫א‬
 40  1839  ‫א‬
 30  167  ‫א‬
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0,22(40 x1839 + 50 x335) + 30 x167 24878

 T = = = 38.5o C. 
0,22(1839 + 335) + 167 645
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
  8.8 =
645  ‫• א‬
0.22 x335
  1.6 =
645  ‫• א‬
0.22 x1839
  3.8 =
645  ‫• א‬
167
 
 W‫א‬١{٣{٤
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
K‫א‬ % ٨٥ ٧٠‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬
K ١٦‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬K٢{٣{٤
‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٠{٥‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٠{١٢‫א‬
 ١٠‫א‬‫א‬٣٨‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬EF •
KE٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
.‫ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء‬:٥-٤
‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
0,22(TaWa + TcWc ) + TwWw + TwaWwa − 112Wi
T= 
0,22(Ww + Wc ) + Ww + Wwa + Wi
 
 W
 K‫א‬WWi
 
E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
K٣٥ZWi‫א‬
 
EF‫א‬  E٣\F‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
50  335  ‫א‬
 40  1839  ‫א‬
 30  132  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0,22(40 x1839 + 50 x335) + 30 x132 − 112 x35 19908

T= = = 30.8o C.
0,22(1839 + 335) + 132 + 35 645
 K٧{٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٥‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬
 
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
30
(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
35
20
32
29
27
10
24
0
20 25 30 35 40
(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺮآﺎم واﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤ J٤
K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K٤{٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٥‫א‬‫א‬
K٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ •
(Retarding admixtures)W‫א‬‫א‬K١{٤{٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢٨‫א‬٧‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧ J٤F،‫א‬
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 KEF،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٠{٠٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬%١٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫ﻳﻮم واﺣﺪ‬ ‫أﻳﺎم‬7 ‫ﻳﻮم‬28

‫ﺑﺪون إﺿﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎت‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W٧{٤
W‫א‬K٥{٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٨ J٤F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٤F
K(ACI 305, R-77)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W٤ J٨‫א‬
Concrete temperature:  ‫א‬‫א‬
 Relative humidity:  ‫א‬

 Wind velocity:  ‫א‬
Air temperature:  ‫א‬‫א‬
 Rate of evaporation:  
 
٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬L٢L
 K‫א‬L٢L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٤F
 K٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 K‫א‬WE٩ J٤F
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 K١٨W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 .٪٤٠W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K٢١W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫\א‬٢٤W‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬L٢L٨{٠ Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E4-8F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 K٣٠٠W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 . ٪٣٠W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K32 W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫\א‬٣٢W‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬L٢L٢{٠Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ٢١  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫\א‬ ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L٢L٢{٠
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬٦{٤
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(JoulesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١ J٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٤
     ‫א‬
 ٪100  ‫א‬ I
 ٪85 J80  ‫א‬  II 

 ٪150  ‫א‬   III 
 ٪60 J40  ‫א‬‫א‬   IV 
 ٪75 J60     V 
 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬٤
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٥‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٣L ٥٠‫א‬ ١٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٧{٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫• א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ، ٢٤     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١{٥
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬KMPa ٣{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٤‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
   ١٠   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣F‫ א‬K١
E٣L١٢٠٣L٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 
F(CaCl2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٪٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  W‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬F
 KE٨٠٦٠F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٥٢‫א‬
،‫א‬F‫א‬EΤF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
75
‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
21
65
18
55
16
45 13
10
35
7
25
0 5 10 15 20
(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺮآﺎم واﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 KE٣{٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 KE٤{٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬         ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬
 KE١٠Z
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5-2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W5-3
 
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٥
 
E ١٠Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٥
 (ACI 306R-78)‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٢٨‫א‬  
 %٩٥  % ٨٥  % ٦٥ % ٥٠  
 ٢٩  ٢١  ١١  ٦  
 ٣٥  ٢٨  ١٤  ٩ 
 ‫א‬
 ٢٦  ١٦  ٥  ٣ ‫א‬
 
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
٢٨‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬٦‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬K
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
- ٦٨ -
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﻼﻃﺎت اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ وآﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W١ J٦
‫ﻧﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﻼﻃﺎت اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد ﻣﻦ إﺳﻤﻨﺖ و رﻣﻞ و رآﺎم آﺒﻴﺮ و ﻣﺎء و‬
‫ وﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪة ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ آﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺮآﺎم و ﺣﺠﻤﻪ و ﺗﺪرﺟﻪ و ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ و‬.‫إﺿﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫ و هﻨﺎك ﻋﺪة ﻃﺮق ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺎت‬.‫اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ و ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ و ﺗﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻤﻮاد و درﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﺮارة و ﻏﻴﺮهﺎ‬
.‫ﻓﻬﻲ إﻣﺎ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ و إﻣﺎ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ذات ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ آﺜﻴﺮة‬
 ‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫• א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١{١{٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٤W٢W١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬٢{١{٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ وﺑﻌﺪ‬C‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
KW‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EMPaF٢٨
 ٠{٣٧  ٤٥
 ٠{٤٢  ٤٠
 ٠{٤٧  ٣٥
 ٠{٥٤  ٣٠
 ٠{٦١  ٢٥
 ٠{٦٩  ٢٠
 ٠{٨٠  ١٥
 
 W
 ٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KMPa٣٥
٦{٦٧١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ٠{٤٧‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١{٥٠٤٣{٢٠
 ٣٥٠  ٧‫א‬F W‫א‬

 KE‫א‬٣
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
‫ اآﻴﺎس إﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬٧‫آﻤﻴﺔ ل‬ (‫آﻤﻴﺔ )آﺠﻢ‬

١٦٤.٥ ١.٥٠٤ ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬
٣٥٠ ٣.٢٠ ‫اﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬
٧٢٩.٥ ٦.٦٧ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬
١٠٩٣.٧ ١٠ ‫اﻟﺮآﺎم اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬
٢٣٣٧ ٢١.٣٧ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣{١{٦
H‫א‬H‫א‬H‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
W C A1 A2
  ρ + ρ + ρ + ρ =1
w c 1 2
 
 W
 ‫א‬ :C
 ‫א‬ :A1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ :A2
 ‫א‬ :W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :ρ
 
A1/A2, C/(A1+A2), F‫א‬‫א‬EA2, A1, C, WF‫א‬
 KEW/C
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W
 K٢٨KMPa٢٥
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٠{٦١ ZW/C
 ٠{١٥ ZC/(A1+A2)
 ٠{٣٥ ZA1/(A1+A2)
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  0.35 = 2.33   0.65 = 4.33  ١  ٠{٦١
0.15 0.15
 
 
‫ ﻓﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺘﻮى‬ρcZ٣{١٥ ‫ وﻟﻺﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬ρ٢Z٢{٦ ‫ وﻟﻠﺮﻣﻞ‬ρ١Z٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫اﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬
 
W C A1 A2
 ρ + + + =1
ρ ρ ρ w c 1 2
 
0.61C C 2.33C 4.33C
  + + + =1
1 3.15 2.60 2.50
 
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K٣L٢٨١Z٣L٠{٢٨١ZC‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬/‫آﻤﻴﺔ )آﺠﻢ‬
١٧١ = ٢٨١ x ٠.٦١  ‫א‬
٢٨١  ‫א‬
٦٥٥ = ٢٨١ x ٢.٣٣  ‫א‬
١٢١٧ = ٢٨١ x ٤.٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬/‫ آﺠﻢ‬٢٣٢٤  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤{١{٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
slump :‫ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر هﺒﻮط اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬.١
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬   EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺪﻣﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺰازات اﻵﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪا‬ ٢٥ – ٥
‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺪﻣﻚ ﻳﺪوﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬ ٥٠ – ٢٥
‫اﻷﺳﻘﻒ واﻟﺒﻼﻃﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‬ ١٠٠ – ٥٠
‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ذات اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ١٧٥ – ١٠٠
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
Max aggregate size :‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
b
5
d
3a a
5
d b
‫ א‬
3
 
water content :‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 KE٢ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬W٢{٦
 E٣\F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫ ﻣﻢ‬١٥٠ ‫ ﻣﻢ‬٧٠ ‫ ﻣﻢ‬٥٠ ‫ ﻣﻢ‬٤٠ ‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٥ ‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٠ ١٢.٥ ‫ ﻣﻢ‬١٠
‫ﻣﻢ‬
١٢٥ ١٤٥ ١٥٥ ١٦٠ ١٨٠ ١٨٥ ٢٠٠ ٢٠٥ ‫ ﻣﻢ‬٥٠-٣٠
١٤٠ ١٦٠ ١٧٠ ١٧٥ ١٩٥ ٢٠٠ ٢١٥ ٢٢٥ ‫ ﻣﻢ‬١٠٠-٨٠
١٧٠ ١٨٠ ١٨٥ ٢٠٥ ٢١٠ ٢٣٠ ٢٤٠ ‫ ﻣﻢ‬١٨٠-١٥٠
٠.٢ ٠.٣ ٠.٥ ١ ١.٥ ٢ ٢.٥ ٣ E٪F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
water/cement ratio W‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٣ J٦F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 KE٢٨‫א‬
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ W٣{٦  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EMPaF٢٨
٠.٣٧ ٤٥
٠.٤٢ ٤٠
٠.٤٧ ٣٥
٠.٥٤ ٣٠
٠.٦١ ٢٥
٠.٦٩ ٢٠
٠.٨٠ ١٥
coarse aggregate content W‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
 KE٤ J٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬  EF
٣.٠٠ ٢.٨٠ ٢.٦٠ ٢.٤٠
٠.٤٤ ٠.٤٦ ٠.٤٨ ٠.٥٠ ١٠
٠.٥٣ ٠.٥٥ ٠.٥٧ ٠.٥٩ ١٢.٥
٠.٦٠ ٠.٦٢ ٠.٦٤ ٠.٦٦ ٢٠
٠.٦٥ ٠.٦٧ ٠.٦٩ ٠.٧١ ٢٥
٠.٧٠ ٠.٧٢ ٠.٧٤ ٠.٧٦ ٤٠
٠.٧٢ ٠.٧٤ ٠.٧٦ ٠.٧٨ ٥٠
٠.٧٦ ٠.٧٨ ٠.٨٠ ٠.٨٢ ٧٥
٠.٨١ ٠.٨٣ ٠.٨٥ ٠.٨٧ ١٥٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬C‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
fine aggregate content WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬H ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٥ J٦F‫א‬
 
 
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EF ‫א‬ EF‫א‬
٢٢٨٥ ١٠
٢٣١٥ ١٢.٥
٢٣٥٥ ٢٠
٢٣٧٥ ٢٥
٢٤٢٠ ٤٠
٢٤٤٥ ٥٠
٢٤٦٥ ٧٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬٥{١{٦
 
  K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Concrete Mix Design Software suite.
 K‫א‬(Durabilty of Concrete)‫א‬٢٨‫א‬
W‫א‬
See Mix III (Concrete Analysis and mix proportioning Software)
MixCalc 101 and MixCal102 (Concrete Mix design Calculator
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،(segregation)‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٪٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١{٢{٦
 
 K٣٠‫א‬١٥‫א‬E١{٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W
 π = ‫א‬‫א‬
2
LD
4
W
‫א‬‫א‬ =W
 ٣٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫= א‬L
 ١٥٠Z‫א‬‫א‬ =D
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٦
 
 W
 K١٢{٣ZW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
3.14 × 0.152 × 0.3 π 2
 K 0.005298 = = D L Z‫א‬‫א‬
4 4
 
12.3
 ٣L 2321 = Z‫א‬‫א‬
0.005298
 
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢{٦
 
 W
،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (W/C)‫א‬ •
 (A/C)‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬    ‫א‬           •
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  F  ‫א‬    ‫א‬      •
KE‫א‬
‫א‬ ١٥٠ ٥‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   •
K
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ (R.A.M.)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E٢ J٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   (BS. 1881:part2) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬١٠٠٠٠Z
 ‫א‬١١٠٠Z
 K‫א‬١٠٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٧٠٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬٨٩٠٠F‫א‬
K‫א‬٤٥٠٠٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬٢٥٠٠٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٢Z‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
1000 − 1100
  10% = 100% ‫א‬
1000
 K‫א‬٨٩٠٠Z١١٠٠ J١٠٠٠٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬٧٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١١٠٠Z٧٠٠٠ J٨٩٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬١١٠٠
 K‫א‬ 809 = 8900 × 100 Z‫א‬‫א‬٨٩٠٠
1100
 K‫א‬١٠٩١Z٨٠٩ J١٩٠٠Z‫א‬
2
140 = 7000 × ‫א‬
100
 K‫א‬٦٦٩Z١٤٠ J٨٠٩ZE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
669
  0.61 = Z‫א‬
1091
  6.41 = 7000 Z‫א‬
1091
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬(RAM)W٢ J٦
slump testW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٢{٦
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 (frustum cone)      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K(ASTM C143-78)
 KE٣ J٦F
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
100‫ﻣﻢ‬
300‫ﻣﻢ‬
200‫ﻣﻢ‬
 
W٣{٦
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K٦٠١٦‫א‬٢٥ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
E٤{٦FK‫א‬
KE٥{٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K(cohesion)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(lean concrete)‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K     ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  
 K‫א‬W٤{٦
 
c) collapse‫א‬ b) shear  a) True slump

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٦
 
 ‫א‬٤ J٢ J٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٦{٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٤١٥٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W٦ J٦
 WEF‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢ J٦
 ١٩٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬V. Bahrner ‫א‬‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ א‬vebe‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (BS 1881 part 104 1983) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٧-٦) KK٤٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (slump test)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬ ٢٤٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 E٢٠٠
 K‫א‬ -
 E٨{٦ KFE٢{٧٥ZF‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (T) ‫א‬  -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
.‫ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬٣٠ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬٥ ‫ ﻳﻜﻮن هﺬا اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎ ﺟﺪا ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮاوح اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ‬.(Vebe seconds)‫א‬
 K‫א‬(T)‫א‬‫א‬٩-٦ ‫وﺷﻜﻞ‬
 
 EF‫א‬W٧-٦
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬W٨-٦
0.9
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬
0.8
0.7
0.6
0 4 8 12
(‫زﻣﻦ ﻓﺐ )اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W٩-٦
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 compacting factor testW‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢ J٦
 K(BS.1881:part2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٤٧‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬           ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬KE١٠{٦F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
KE١١{٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
P1Z‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K
P2Z‫א‬‫א‬ -
W‫א‬(compacting factor)‫א‬
P1
C.F =
P2
‫א‬ E٦-٦FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٦٠
‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٦٠ ‫ﺑﺎب‬
‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٤٠
‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٤٠ ‫ﺑﺎب‬
‫ ﻣﻢ‬١٥٠
‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٨٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠-٦F
 
 
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١١-٦
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

  -  ٠{٧٨  ٢٥ J٠  ‫א‬
  -  ٠{٨٥  ٥٠ J٢٥  
 ‫א‬ -
   -  ٠{٩٢  ١٠٠ J٥٠  
F -  ٠{٩٥  ١٧٥ J١٠٠  
E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١{٣{٦
 ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
K‫א‬ -
‫א‬١٥٠١٠٠
C470-(ASTM ‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٠٠Z‫א‬١٥٠ZF‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢-٦E81
 W‫א‬
 ٢٥‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K ١٦
 KE١٣-٦F
 KE١٤{٦F‫א‬
 K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١{٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٣
  ‫א‬  E١٥{٦  F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬MPa٠{٤٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K ٢٨       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬٢٦،١٣٧٣‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١{٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
  f cu = 1.25 f cyl
 ‫א‬Zfcu
 ‫א‬‫א‬Zfcyl
 K ⎛⎜ h ⎞⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎝d ⎠
 
h
=2  ‫א‬‫א‬
d
h
=1  ‫א‬
d
 
‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٢-٦
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٣-٦
 
 
 K‫א‬W١٤-٦
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٥-٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣{٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٦F
 
 
 ‫א‬E١٦ J٦F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٦F
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
10
6
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ‬
0
0 10 20 30 40
(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﺠﻴﻨﺔ اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٧{٦ 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣{٦
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٨‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬٤١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٨ J٦F‫א‬
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E ٣٠٠x١٥٠F ‫א‬  
 KE١٩{٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٨{٦
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W١٩{٦
 
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬EσtF‫א‬‫א‬
2P
 σ t =
πLD
‫ א‬Wp 
١٥٠Z‫א‬‫א‬WD 
 ٣٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬WL 
 
 W‫א‬
2P
 σ t =
πa 2
 ‫א‬Za
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6-20F
 
  K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٠ J٦
 
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ٪١٥ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣{٦
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E٢١{٦F‫א‬
 ٧٥٠ x ١٥٠ x١٥٠ (ASTM C78) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٥٠٨x١٥٢x ١٥٢  
 K(BS:1881)K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢١ J٦
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K٢٨‫א‬
  MPa ٠{١٠  ٠{٠٢  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
   K٢٢ J٦ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
modulus of F ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KE٢٢{٦F ‫א‬‫א‬KErupture
ERF‫א‬،E٢٢{٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Pl
  R =
bd 2
 ‫א‬‫ א‬Wp 
٤٥٠Z‫א‬‫א‬Wl
١٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬Wd 
١٠٠Z ‫א‬ Wb
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬٪٥
3Pa
  R =
bd 2
K‫א‬‫א‬Za
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
P/2 P/2
d d d
4d
‫ﻋﺰم اﻹﻧﺤﻨﺎء‬
pd
M=
2
V=
p ‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﻘﺺ‬
2
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٢{٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٦F
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W٢٣{٦
- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬٥{٣{٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤{٦F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(fp)‫א‬‫א‬
 
F
f p =
A
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZF
 K‫א‬‫א‬ZA
 
(F)‫א‬K‫א‬(fp)‫א‬
 E٢٥{٦F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬W٢٤{٦
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
70
60
(MPa)‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
(kN) ‫ﻗﻮة اﻹﻗﻼع‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬:٢٥ J٦
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣ J٦
٢٥٠‫א‬ E٢٦{٦F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
KW٢٦ J٦
 (Ultrasonic pulse velocity)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{٣{٦

 (T) ‫א‬E٢٧{٦F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫ وﻳﺮاﻋﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻗﻀﻴﺒﻲ‬.%١‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧{٦F‫א‬‫א‬
.‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٥٠ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺮة ﺑﻄﻮل‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W٢٧ J٦
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٨{٦F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  (a) ‫א‬‫א‬
K(c)(b)
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬:(b) ‫א‬‫ א‬:(a)
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬
‫א‬‫ א‬:(c)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٨ J٦
 K(V)‫א‬
L
 V =
T
 EF‫א‬ZL
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ZT
 W‫א‬(E)‫א‬‫א‬(V)‫א‬
E
 V =
ρ
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 K‫א‬ = ρ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬    (pulse velocity) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   KE٢٩ J٦  F ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬
60
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40
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20
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0
4000 4500 5000 5500
(‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎت )م\اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٩ J٦
 K‫א‬
 
- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(cracks)
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 Schmidt hammerW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨{٣{٦
 (non-destructive testing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
KE٣٠{٦FK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 KW٣٠ J٦
KE٣١{٦F (plunger)‫א‬‫א‬
     K‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   
 KE٣٢{٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢ ١٠
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٥‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 KE٣٣{٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬ W٣١ J٦
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10 20 30 40 50
‫رﻗﻢ اﻹرﺗﺪاد‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣٢ J٦
 
- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬
EaF EbF  EcF
 (c)>(b)>(a)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬W٣٣{٦
 
  ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١{٤{٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EX1,X2, …..XnF‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
EX1,X2, …..XnF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 RangeW‫א‬K٤
 ‫א‬ XnK‫א‬،X1‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬(Range)‫א‬EXn – X1F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
(Classification and the Histogram) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥

(Intervals)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KEΝF‫א‬EΙF‫א‬‫א‬
Range ( X n − X 1 )
N= =
I I
 
‫א‬(Frequency)‫א‬
 K(Histogram)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
(‫א‬‫א‬F (N/mm2)
٥ ٢٠ – ١٨
١٥ ٢٢ – ٢٠
٢٠ ٢٤ – ٢٢
٣٠ ٢٦ – ٢٤
١٥ ٢٨ – ٢٦
١٠ ٣٠ – ٢٨
٥ ٣٢ – ٣٠

 W‫א‬
N/mm2٢{٠٠=I
N/mm2١٤=١٨ J٣٢=‫א‬
٧ = ٢\١٤ = N= ‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻔﺌﺎت‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،EΙF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٤{٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
35
30
25
20
‫اﻟﺘﻜﺮار‬
15
10
5
0
18-20 20-22 22-24 24-26 26-28 28-30 30-32
(‫ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ )س‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣٤{٦
 
 W(Distribution)E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K٦
،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Normal Distribution)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٣٥ J٦F‫א‬
 
- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٥ J٦F‫א‬
W‫א‬K٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E X F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(n) 
 
X 1 + X 2 + X 3 + ......... + X n
 X =
n
n
∑X i
 X =
i =1
n
 
 W
‫א‬n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X1, X2, X3,……..Xn
 K‫א‬
 
- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٨
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EσF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
[(
⎧⎪ X − X
 σ = ⎨
1 ) + (X
2
2 − X)
2
+ ....... + (X n − X ) ]⎫⎪
2
⎬
1/ 2
⎪⎩ n −1 ⎪⎭
 
 
∑ [X ]
n
2
i −X
 σ =
i =1
n −1
 
W‫א‬K٩
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
σ
 V = × 100
X
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤{٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
  f cu = f cm − tσ
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬:fcu
 K‫א‬‫א‬:fcm
 Kfcu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:t
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wσ
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥t‫א‬E٧ J٦F‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬tW٧{٦
t n‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢{١٠  ١٢
 ١{٩٧  ١٥
 ١{٨٤  ٢٠
 ١{٧٥  ٢٥
 ١{٧٠  ٣٠
 ١{٦٤  ٣٥
 
 W٣٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
  f cu = f cm − 1.64σ
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١{٦٤σF‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬
 Kfcu‫א‬‫א‬٢L٨٥‫א‬fcm
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EfcmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠٠Ffcu‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥
 ٢L٤٣‫א‬‫א‬E٢L
 
W‫א‬
  f cm = f cu + 1.64σ 
  f cm = 300 + 1.64 × 43 = 370 ٢L
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
  f cm = 300 + 85 = 385 ٢L
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤{٦
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F
 
- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨ J٦
 KEVF ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬
٥> ١٠ >  ‫א‬
٧-٥ ١٥ -١٠  
١٠ - ٧ ٢٠ – ١٥  
١٠ < ٢٠ <  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٤{٤{٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٪٥‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(MPa) (MPa)
٢٩ 4 ٢٣ ١
٣٠ ٥ ٢٥ ٢
٢٦ ٦ ٢٨ ٣
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬E١
 
X 1 + X 2 + X 3 + ......... + X n 23 + 25 + 28 + 29 + 30 + 26
X = = = 26.83MPa
n 6
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 
[(
⎧⎪ X − X
σ =⎨ 1
) + (X
2
2 )2
(
− X + ....... + X n − X ) ]⎫⎪⎬
2 1/ 2
⎪⎩ n −1 ⎪⎭
 
 
σ =⎨
[
⎧ (23 − 26.83)2 + (25 − 26.83)2 + (28 − 26.83)2 + (29 − 26.83)2 + (30 − 26.83)2 + (26 − 26.83)2 ⎫
⎬
] 1/ 2
=
⎩ 5 ⎭
 
 
34.8334
σ= = 6.96668 = 2.6394 MPa
5
 
 
 W‫א‬E٣
 
σ 2.6394
 V = × 100 = × 100 = 9.837 p 10
X 26.83
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F (N/mm2)
١٠ ٢٠ – ١٨
١٥ ٢٢ – ٢٠
٢٥ ٢٤ – ٢٢
٤٠ ٢٦ – ٢٤
٣٠ ٢٨ – ٢٦
٢٠ ٣٠ – ٢٨
١٠ ٣٢ – ٣٠
 
 W٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(MPa)
٣٥ ١
٣٢ ٢
٢٨ ٣
٢٦ ٤
٣٤ ٥
 
- ١٢١ -
 ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K٢٠٠٠K‫א‬
K١٩٩٠K‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬ K٢
K١٩٩٩K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K K٣
K١٩٨٦K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K١٩٩٢K‫א‬K‫א‬ K٥
K١٩٩٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K٦
 
7. Neville A. M. and Brooks J. J. Concrete Technology. London, Longman, 1990.
8. Neville A. M. Properties of Concrete. London, Longman, 1996.
9. Pigeon M and Plean R. Durability of concrete in cold climates, Spon Press,
1995.
10. Maier. High Performance Concrete, Spon Press, 1992.
11. Soroka L, Concrete in Hot Environments, Spon Press, 1993.
12. Richardson. M. G. Fundamentals of durable reinforced concrete, Spon Press,
2002.
13. Illston J. M. and Domone P. L. J. Construction Materials, Spon Press, 2001.
14. ACI-committee 305R-77 (Revised 1982), Hot-weather concreting, Part 2, ACI
Manual of Concrete Practice, 1984.
15. ACI-committee 306R-78, Cold-weather concreting, Part 2, ACI Manual of
Concrete Practice, 1984.
16. Concrete Society, Concrete core testing for strength, technical Report No. 11,
Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1976.
17. Sidney Mindess and Francis Young J. Concrete. Prentice Hall, 1981.
18. Bungey J. H. The Testing of Concrete in Structures, Surrey University Press,
1982.
 ١٥٦  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  
19. Concrete Society, Pumping Concrete, Report No. 1, Cement and Concrete
Association, London, 1984.
20. Colin Deacon R. Concrete Ground Floors. Their design, construction and finish.
Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1974.
21. Kosmatka S. H. and Panaresse W. C. Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures.
Portland Cement Association, Illinois, 1994.
22. Shirley D. E. Introduction to Concrete. Cement and Concrete Association,
London, 1984.
23. Kirkbride Tom. Review of Accelerated Curing Procedures. Cement and
Concrete Association, London, 1971.
24. Concrete Society, Guide to Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, technical Report
No. 18, Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1980.
25. Boukendakdji M. Mechanical Properties and Long-term Deformation of OPC
and Slag Cement Concretes, PhD Thesis, Leeds University, 1990.
‫‪ ١٥٦‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫א‪ ‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﺔ ‪١ ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٢.١‬ﺧﻠﻂ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪٢ ......................................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٣.١‬ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪٥ ............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٤.١‬ﺿﺦ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪٧ ..........................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٥.١‬ﺻﺐ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪١٠ ...................................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٦.١‬دﻣﻚ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪١٤ ....................................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٧.١‬ﺗﺸﻄﻴﺐ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪١٨ ................................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ‪- ٢١ - ...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٢.٢‬اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ اﻟﻤﺎء‪- ٢٣ - ............................................................................................................ :‬‬
‫‪ ١.٣.٢‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻐﻤﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪.٢١..............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٢.٣.٢‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﺎء‪٢١.......................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ ٣.٣.٢‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻷﻏﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻠﺔ‪٢٢.................................................................................................................. :‬‬
‫‪ ٤.٢‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻊ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻘﻂ‪.٢٢..........................................................................................:‬‬
‫‪ ١.٤.٢‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻮرق ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذ‪٢٢................................................................................................................ :‬‬
‫‪ ٢.٤.٢‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻷﻟﻮاح اﻟﺒﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪٢٣.............................................................................................................. :‬‬
‫‪ ٣.٤.٢‬اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪٢٤.......................................................................................................................:‬‬
‫‪ .٥.٢‬ﻣﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪- ٢٩ - ................................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﻃﺮق اﻹﺳﺮاع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ‪- ٣٢ - .......................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .١.٣‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪- ٣٣ - ..............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٢.٣‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ اﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ‪- ٣٣ - ........................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٣.٣‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ )ﻣﻌﺠﻼت اﻟﺘﺼﻠﺪ(‪- ٣٣ - ............................................................................................. :‬‬
‫‪ .٤.٣‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‪٣١ ................................................................................................................................. :‬‬
‫‪ ٥.٣‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎر ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺟﻮي ﻋﺎدي‪٣٢.................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ ٦.٣‬اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎر ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪٣٧............................................................................................................ :‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﺤﺎر‪- ٤٤ - ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .١.٤‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪- ٤٥ - .............................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٢.٤‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‪- ٤٥ - .......................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٣.٤‬ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻮاد اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪- ٤٩ - .......................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ ١.٣.٤‬ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﺮآﺎم‪:‬‬
‫‪٤٣................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٢.٣.٤‬ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.٤٤............................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٤.٤‬اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت ﺣﻮل ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﺎرة‪- ٥٣ - .....................................................................................:‬‬
‫‪ ١.٤.٤‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل إﺿﺎﻓﺎت ﻟﺘﺒﻄﺊ اﻟﺸﻚ‪٤٧...........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٥.٤‬ﺗﺸﻘﻖ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪- ٥٥ - ................................................................................................................................ :‬‬
‫‪ .٦.٤‬ﺣﺮارة اﻹﻣﺎهﺔ‪- ٦١ - ................................................................................................................................. :‬‬
‫‪ .٧.٤‬اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪٥٢ .................................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‪ :‬أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﺒﺎرد ‪- ٦٢ - ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .١.٥‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﺒﺎرد‪- ٦٣ - ........................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٢.٥‬اﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎت ﺣﻮل ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﻘﺲ اﻟﺒﺎرد‪- ٦٣ - ...................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٣.٥‬ﻃﺮق اﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ و اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪- ٦٥ - ..................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ ١.٦‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺎت اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪٥٩....................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .١.١.٦‬اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ‪- ٧٠ - ........................................................................................................................ :‬‬
‫‪ ١٥٦‬‬ ‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ٣.١.٦‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪:‬‬

‫‪٦١...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٤.١.٦‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ‪٦٢...............................................................................................................:‬‬
‫‪ ٥.١.٦‬اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ اﻵﻟﻲ‪٦٥.............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٥.٢.٦‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ )ﻓﻲ ﺑﻲ(‪٧٢............................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٦.٢.٦‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‪:‬‬
‫‪٧٤......................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٣.٦‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺼﻠﺪة‪:‬‬
‫‪٧٧...............................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .١.٣.٦‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‪٧٧.......................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ ٢.٣.٦‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻧﻔﺎذﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪:‬‬
‫‪٨٠...................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٣.٣.٦‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻻﻧﻔﻼق‪:‬‬
‫‪.٨٢..................................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٤.٣.٦‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﺸﺪ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء‪:‬‬
‫‪٨٤............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ .٥.٣.٦‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻘﻠﻊ‪٨٧....................................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٦.٣.٦‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ )اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻜﻮﻓﺮﻣﻴﺘﺮ(‪٨٨....................................................................:‬‬
‫‪ ٧.٣.٦‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت ﻓﻮق اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ‪٨٩.........................................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٨.٣.٦‬اﺧﺘﺒﺎرات ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﺷﻤﻴﺪت ‪٩٢................................................................................‬‬
‫‪ ٤.٦‬اﻟﻄﺮق اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎرات‪٩٤.......................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .١.٤.٦‬اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‪٩٤.................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ .٢.٤.٦‬اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ واﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻤﻴﺰة‪٩٨....................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ ٣.٤.٦‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮدة‪.٩٩.................................................................................................................... :‬‬
‫‪ ٤.٤.٦‬اﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‪١٠٠................................................................................................................. :‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‪١٠٢.................................................................................................................................................. :‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬

تقنيات وأعمال الخرسانة

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تقنيات وأعمال الخرسانة

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

 Mixing timeW‫א‬K٣ J٢ J١

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬W١١ J١

  (internal vibrators)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣ J٦ J١

  (external vibrators)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤ J٦ J١

  (vibrator tables)W‫א‬K٥ J٦ J١

(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ 100

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨ J٢ 

%٩٥ %٨٥ %٦٥ % ٥٠

‫اﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺑﻮرﺗﻼﻧﺪي ﻋﺎدي‬

 KE ٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ •

‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ = اﻟﻨﻀﺞ‬

L 720 = 90 * 8 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٢ J٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K٤ J٤‫א‬

0,22(TaWa + TcWc ) + TwWw + TwaWwa

0,22(40 x1839 + 50 x335) + 30 x167 24878

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

0,22(40 x1839 + 50 x335) + 30 x132 − 112 x35 19908

‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬

  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻳﻮم واﺣﺪ‬ ‫أﻳﺎم‬7 ‫ﻳﻮم‬28

 Relative humidity:  ‫א‬

 ٪85 J80  ‫א‬  II 

 ‫א‬‫א‬K ٠{٤٧‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣٥٠  ٧‫א‬F W‫א‬

‫ اآﻴﺎس إﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬٧‫آﻤﻴﺔ ل‬ (‫آﻤﻴﺔ )آﺠﻢ‬

٦٥٥ = ٢٨١ x ٢.٣٣  ‫א‬

١٢١٧ = ٢٨١ x ٤.٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬/‫ آﺠﻢ‬٢٣٢٤  ‫א‬

slump :‫ اﺧﺘﺒﺎر هﺒﻮط اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬.١

Max aggregate size :‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢

water content :‫א‬‫א‬K٣

٠.٢ ٠.٣ ٠.٥ ١ ١.٥ ٢ ٢.٥ ٣ E٪F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

water/cement ratio W‫א‬‫א‬ .٤

coarse aggregate content W‫א‬‫א‬ .٥

fine aggregate content WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٦

MixCalc 101 and MixCal102 (Concrete Mix design Calculator 

c) collapse‫א‬ b) shear  a) True slump

 compacting factor testW‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢ J٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ EF‫א‬ ‫א‬

 (Ultrasonic pulse velocity)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧{٣{٦

 K‫א‬ W٣١ J٦

(Classification and the Histogram) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥

‫‪ ٣.١.٦‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻖ‪:‬‬

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MixCalc 101 and MixCal102 (Concrete Mix design Calculator