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1812to1813 PDF
1812to1813 PDF
1 (b - w 2 ) - aD
= d sin w t
(b - w 2 ) + aD (b - w 2 ) - aD
sin w t (b - w 2 ) - aD sin w t
=d
(b - w 2 ) 2 - a 2 D 2
sin w t (b - w 2 ) - aw cos w t
=d
(b - w 2 )2 + (aw )2
2 Theory of Machines
d (b - w 2 ) 2 + ( aw ) 2
= sin(wt j)
(b - w 2 ) + (aw ) 2
d
= sin(wt j)
(b - w ) + (aw ) 2
2 2
F0 / m
= sin(wt j)
2 2
s - w2 + c w
m m
F0
= sin(wt j)
( s - mw 2 ) 2 + (cw ) 2
x = CF + PI
F0
= Xe -zwn t sin(w d t - j1 ) + sin(wt j) (18.37)
( s - mw 2 ) 2 + (cw ) 2
The damped-free vibrations represented by the first part (CF ) becomes neg-
ligible with time as e = 0. The steady-state response of the system is then
given by the second part PI.
The amplitude of the steady-state response is given by
F0
A= (18.38)
( s - mw 2 )2 + (cw ) 2
F0 /s
=
2 2
mw 2 cw
1 - +
s s
F0 /s
= (18.39)
2
w 2 w
2
1 - + 2z
wn w n
Vibrations 3
The equation is in the dimensionless form and is more convenient for analy-
sis. It may be noted that the numerator F0 /s is the static deflection of the spring
of stiffness s under a force F0. The frequency of the steady-state forced vibra-
tion is the same as that of the impressed vibrations. j is the phase lag for the
displacement relative to the velocity vector.
cw w
2z
aw m cw wn
tan j = = = = (18.40)
b - w2 s - w 2 s - mw 2 w
2
m 1-
wn
The particular solution of the equation of motion can also be obtained graphi-
cally as follows:
Assuming that the displacement of the vibrating mass under the action of the
applied simple harmonic force Fo sin wt is also simple harmonic and lags by an
amount j. Then
x = A sin (wt j)
Fig. 18.21
4 Theory of Machines
or A ( s - mw 2 ) + ( cw ) 2 = F0
F0
or A=
( s - mw 2 )2 + (cw ) 2
and tan j = cw
s - mw 2
The vectors as shown in the diagram are fixed relative to one another and
rotate with angular velocity w.
F0 / ( s - w 2 ) 2 + (cw ) 2
MF =
F0 /s
s
=
( s - mw ) + (cw ) 2
2 2
1
=
2 2
1 - m w 2 + c w
s s
1
= (18.41)
w 2 2 2
w
1 - + 2z
wn w n
Thus, the magnification factor depends upon:
w
(a) the ratio of frequencies, , and
wn
(b) the damping factor.
The plot of magnification factor against the ratio of frequencies (w /wn) for
different values of z is shown in Fig. 18.22(a). The curves show that as the
damping increases or z increases, the maximum value of the magnification
factor decreases and vice-versa. When there is no damping (z = 0), it reaches
infinity at w /wn = 1, i.e. when the frequency of the forced vibrations is equal to
the frequency of the free vibration. This condition is known as resonance.
Vibrations 5
Fig. 18.22
F0 /s w
or A=
2z w = 1
n
30/2039
or 0.014 =
2z
or z = 0.526
c = 2m wn z = 2 2.5 28.56 0.526
= 75.04 N/m/s
= 0.075 04 N/mm/s
(ii) w = fn 2p = 4 2p = 25.13 rad/s
With damper:
30/ 2039
A=
2
25.13 2 2
+ 2 0.526
25.13
1 -
28.56 28.56
30/2039
=
(0.2258)2 + (0.9248)2
= 0.0155 m
Without damper: z = 0
30/2039
A= = 0.0652 m
0.2258
\ Increase in magnitude = 0.0652 0.0155 = 0.0497 m or 49.7 mm
Example 18.12 A single-cylinder vertical diesel engine has a mass of 400 kg and
is mounted on a steel chassis frame. The static deflection owing to the weight of the
chassis is 2.4 mm. The reciprocating masses of the engine amounts to 18 kg and the
stroke of the engine is 160 mm. A dashpot with a damping coefficient of 2 N/mm/s
is also used to dampen the vibrations. In the steady-state of the vibrations, determine:
(i) the amplitude of the vibrations if the driving shaft rotates at 500 rpm
(ii) the speed of the driving shaft when the resonance occurs.
Solution
m = 400 kg N = 500 rpm
c = 2000 N/m/s r = 80 mm
D = 2.4 mm = 0.0024 m
2p 500
w= = 52.36 rad/s
60
Now s D = mg
\ s 0.0024 = 400 9.81,
s = 1.635 106 N/m
Centrifugal force due to reciprocating parts (or the static force),
F0 = mrw2 = 18 0.08 (52.36)2 = 3948 N
F0
(i) A = [Eq. (18.38)]
( s - mw 2) 2 + (cw ) 2
3948
=
[1.635 106 - 400(52.36)2 ]2 + (2000 52.36)2
= 0.0072 m or 7.2 mm
Vibrations 7
1 g 1 9.81
fn = = = 4.55 Hz
2p D 2p 0.012
The motion becomes aperiodic when the damped frequency is zero or when it is
critically damped (z = 1) and
g 9.81
w = wn = = = 28.59 rad/s
D 0.012
c = cc = 2m w n = 2 15 28.59 = 857 N/m/s
= 0.857 N/mm/s
Thus, the force needed is 0.857 N at a speed of 1 mm/s.
F0
A=
( s - mw 2) 2 + (cw ) 2
But, w = 2p f = 2p 6 = 37.7 rad/s
and s can be found from
1
fn = s /m
2p
1
or 4.55 = s /15
2p
or s = 12 260 N/m
100
\ A=
2
12 260 - 15 (37.7)2 + (857 37.7) 2
= 0.002 98 m = 2.98 mm