Design and aerodynamic analysis of an ornithopter

Biswajit swain
712me4096
ABSTRACT
Ornithopter is one type of un_crewed aerial vehicles (UAVs). Amongst the UAVs, ornithopter has
a unique ability of rotary wing aircraft. It is having a pair of flexible flapping wings and capable of
bird like flight. A main drive system provides flapping motion to the wings. There is a certain gear
arrangements are done with bevel gear which provides motion in two opposite direction of the
four bar. To balance the flight of the bird the tail is provided which can both yaw and pitch. The
invention relates to a U.A.V which are propelled through the air by flapping of the wings, known
as ornithopter. Specifically, the invention relates to an ornithopter construction having a flapping
wing mechanism. The flapping is powered by one brushless D.C motor. Almost all of these
ornithopter constructions are powered by rubber band. The crank is connected to a lever
assembly which is connected to a pair of wings pivotally mounted on the aircraft frame or lever
assembly. Release of the crank enables the twisted rubber band to unwind, rotating the crank
and attached lever assembly. The lever assembly will oscillate or move reciprocally in some
manner, imparting the flapping motion to the wings for supporting the aircraft. Numerous types of
lever and crank assemblies have been devised in an attempt to provide the most efficient and
simple motion to move the wings of the ornithopter.

INTRODUCTION
The micro aerial vehicle is truncated as a MAV .According to Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA) of USA, the size of micro aerial vehicle (MAV) is limited to 15 cm, the flying
speed is 1020 m/s. regarding a flapping wing for a MAV, the most essential issue at present is
the aerodynamic performance. The Reynolds number of a MAV is about 105 .Moreover, since
the definition of a MAV includes size limit, and the challenge of this work is to design an ultralight
and small size of a flapping wing MAV comparing all literatures [1], [7], [9], [10] and [13], hence
by maintaining very low aspect ratio of MAV to get enough lifting force, L. However, small aspect
ratio will increase the three dimensional effects on flow field. The MAV is little and the rate is low,
the flight strength of a MAV is influenced effortlessly by the outer wind shear or different
aggravations. This examination connected element moving matrix innovation and dissected a
planar film wing under the low Reynolds number. Every example of the fold development starts a
perplexing and temperamental stream field. Estimation of streamlined execution gets to be urgent.
To predict lifting power, L needs to comprehend the whole sensitive shuddering stream field of a
wing. Techniques of lighting up this are isolated into two steps We do the stream field
entertainment and examination. The small scale flying vehicle is truncated as a MAV .According
to Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of USA, the extent of miniaturized scale
airborne vehicle (MAV) is restricted to 15 cm, the flying velocity is 1020 m/s. as to fluttering wing
for a MAV, and the most vital issue at present is the streamlined execution. The Reynolds number
of a MAV is around 105. Also, since the meaning of a MAV incorporates size farthest point, and
the test of this work is to outline a ultralight and little size of a fluttering wing MAV looking at all
writings [1], [2], [5] and [7], henceforth by keeping up low perspective proportion of MAV to get
enough lifting power, L. Be that as it may, little perspective proportion will expand the three
dimensional impacts on stream field. The MAV is little and the rate is low, the flight quality of a
MAV is impacted easily by the external wind shear or diverse aggravations. This examination
associated component moving network advancement and dismembered a planar film wing under
the low Reynolds number. Each sample of the fold improvement begins a baffling and touchy
stream field. Estimation of streamlined execution gets the chance to be dire.

Description of the Prior Art

Many artificial mechanisms have been proposed in the past in order to replicate the way birds
flying. This leads to a number of different constructions. Some of these mechanisms were
designed for use in mechanical bird toys while others were designed for use in much larger
implementations. However, some of the existing approaches have limitations preventing the wing
flapping motions from being fully optimized during a flight.

All of these ornithopter developments are fueled by elastic band. The wrench is associated with
a lever get together which is associated with a couple of wings essentially mounted on the air ship
edge or lever get together. Arrival of the wrench empowers the curved elastic band to loosen up,
pivoting the wrench and connected lever get together. The lever get together will sway or move
proportionally in some way, conferring the fluttering movement to the wings for supporting the air
ship. Various sorts of lever and wrench congregations have been contrived trying to give the most
effective and straightforward movement to move the wings of the ornithopter.

U.S. Pat. No. 1,338,025 for FLYING MACHINE, issued Apr. 27, 1920 to Otto S. Lind states an
aircraft having substantially fixed wings. The LIND wings flap but no control of wing geometry,
orientation, etc. is provided.

U.S. Pat. No. 1,835,630 for AIRPLANE, issued Dec. 8, 1931 to Glenn H. Bowlus states a flying
machine having a slight control of wing pitch, permitting the wings to move to give impetus.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,749 for MEANS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING ORNITHOPTERS,
issued Dec. 15, 1987 to Duke Fox states an aircraft having wings that exhibit a flap stroke. No
way of adjusting the center of balance is provided and the flap axis of the wings never changes.

U.S. Pat. No.79,677 for an ornithopter that has more efficient Wing, a steering mechanism that
reduces the damage to the servos, and a modular design allowing more control over the external
appearance of the model.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,438 issued Apr. 1, 1980 states an ornithopter construction which provides a
symmetrical flapping motion to the wings to enable a smooth and sustained flight pattern to be
achieved with a relatively small number of moving parts.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,336,809 for a System for Controlling Flight Direction of an aircraft, issued Dec.
25, 2012 states a very simple and low cost Way of controlling the flight direction of an aircraft
flying slowly or with a high angle of attack by changing the incidence angles of its Wings. Such
control means could be used to control a slow flying flapping Wing aircraft.
Numerical simulation

Geometry contour and grid establishment

In order to conform to DARPA's definition of the MAV, 15 cm is taken as the wingspan length and
only constructs the single wing (half wingspan) of grid. The principle thought of harmony length is
for trusted the prompted drag is little yet the wing impelled drag taking after the lifting power, L
happens, the lifting power, L is greater and the incited drag is additionally greater. In any case,
the wing instigated drag is straightforwardly identified with the angle proportion and if the
viewpoint proportion is greater, moderately, the prompted drag will be littler. Subsequently, this
exploration assign the perspective proportion is 3, the harmony length c is 5 cm, and the thickness
of planar layer wing is 0.3 mm and the rectangular state of wing. The lattice utilizes the
nonconstructive framework, the nonconstructive matrix is less demanding than the productive
network to handle the perplexing geometry, has the comfort to utilize the three-dimensional
element moving lattice abilities [4] also. The interfacing positions of wing substance and the
stream section will have the limit layer impact, in this way the framework got to be thick yet the
whole stream entry utilized the arrange for the C matrix, the aggregate network point is 854,090,
appeared in Fig. 1. The computational domain The length is 32.5c, the amplified is 12.5c, and
the tallness is 25c.

[1]

Taking into account 2004, Ref. [5], in perspective of streamlined investigation for a three
dimensional fluttering wing, mimics the conduct of the NACA 2412 inflexible wing fold. Case
utilizes the same wing segment and the stream field conditions. That is the NACA 2412
rectangular wing and AR is 8, and the single wing of matrix was built, in particular half wingspan
is 4c (c is the harmony length 3.4 cm), the is 15, the approach is 0, the U is 8.6 m/s, the fold
recurrence is 8 Hz, 16 Hz and 24 Hz separately, carries on the calculation of element fold of flimsy
stream field. The matrix dispersion is appeared in Fig. 2, and the aggregate matrix number is
641,624. Fig. 3 is a correlation of lifting coefficient in state of insecure state, consequence of lift
coefficient between this exploration and Ref. [5] is very close, this demonstrates the defining of
limit conditions and numerical model is precision and right.
 fig.2.
The grid system of the rigid wing [2]

Wing tip vortex

So as to guarantee the precision, the second time of fold cycle in numerical figuring was chosen
to watch, it independently picks six purposes of time period in the cycle to watch. Fig. 5
demonstrates they are all together. Fig. 3 demonstrate the speed vector graphs for and
individually, at the position of 1/4 harmony length watches the wing tip vortex. While the beginning
down stroke, then twists up the counterclockwise revolution of the wing tip vortex, the solid
turbulent stream causes the low weight locale for the upper wing surface, accordingly it might
bring the upward lifting power, L for the plate wing. While the in the perigee position of down

Fig.3.
Velocity vector diagram of a flapping cycle
stroke, immediately, the turbulent stream can be consumed due to the huge responding power.
While the beginning upstroke, then twists up the clockwise pivot of the wing tip vortex, the solid
turbulent stream reasons for the low weight locale for lower wing surface, hence the negative
lifting power, L is not support for the MAV flight.

Conclusions
The numerical investigation is an apparatus to help the outline of miniaturized scale aeronautical
vehicle. While approach = 0, the K is expanded and does not have the commitment to the normal
lifting power. While and approach = 5, the normal lift coefficient, trips to 0.1875, the mean drag
coefficient, decreases to 0.0325. While approach = 10, the normal lift coefficient, elevates again
to 0.3625, the mean drag coefficient, lessens again to 0.0775. In this way, it might be realized
that a moderate increment of the approach is entirely worthwhile to the generation of normal lifting
drive and normal push power. Consequently, the normal lifting power is zero. While and the
approach expands, the counterclockwise revolution normal wing tip vortex velocity is greater than
the freestream pace of the down stroke that lifting power, L with respect to advancement. Since
the lower airfoil frontal range to increment in upstroke will bring about the weight upgrade and it
with lower weight locale adjusts each other of the lower airfoil. Along these lines, the wing tip
vortex creation is not found. It's in respect to littler of the negative worth for the lifting power, L.

References

Sl. Patent number Publication date Title

No
1 US April.7,2011 ORNITHOPTER
20110079677Al

2 Us 0269447 Dec. 8, 2005 ORNITHOPTER WITH INDEPENDENTLY

A1 CONTROLLED WINGS
3 Us 4139171 Feb.13,1979 ARTICULATED WING ORNITHOPTER

4 Us 4195438 Apr.1,1980 ORNITHOPTER CONSTRUCTION

5 Us 2504567 Apr.18,1950 TOY ORNITHOPTER

6 Us 9016619 Jul. 27,2010 FLAPPING FLYING ROBOT

7 US 9216823 Mar 17, 2014 WING FLAPPING MECHANISM AND METHOD