BOTANY

jhtuf cyf xU jr gH Ujh, mUJ MW

jhtu / U nehfS gafS yr jr brofis cg brJ, 180
_if l vils jrfis bgwyh.
Jtiy rbjhiy, nfhiH mfW, kUJt Fzf jhtufis eh _iff
khr F, clgy jU. vW miHnwh.
Hhbe kr fhkhiy nehia F vj jhtu ijgF czthf
gagLwJ kr.
nt tWia F
uj ikaila eh cz ntoa
be thid FzgLJ, fh be
F jU
fhj jahf gagL ku - fl
Js r, nfhiH mfW, fhr F jhtu wmika
Xkt ait bgUF, nfhiH mfW, th (1909) njit mogil
fhr F jhtufis _W tiffshf jh.
tr tW bjhlhghd nehfis F mitahtd. 1. th jhtuf 2. ily
kr U eh, cz, mHFgLj jhtuf 3. tw y jhtuf
jJ jF th jhtuf
uil gia L,
v.fh.Mfha jhkiu
brkhdikia F
nt% jF thjhtuf v.fh.
brkhd nfhshWfis F m, jhkiu.
sF bjhil fufuig F _a th jhtuf v.fh.
thndah.
kuf gaf ily jhtuf v.fh. nfhJik,
njF fLkhd, kurhkhf kfhnrhs, Nafh, kh, nt.
bjid Tiu ntj, fLkhd, s, tw y jhtuf v.fh. rgh f
njfh W brof v.fh. Ks, nfhJik, be,
Nafh
st bgo, F, Wbghikf,
gRbkij, jiyaiz j brof : v.fh. nuh#h, kif, Fnuhl,
Js, vYir
gyh fLkhd kW gHf
kuf : v.fh. nt, kh, njF, bjid,
fl ijy, fhj Myku
kh trha fUf, fLkhd, nt, jL kW iyf jhtu cl
kubgof, gHf cWf vdgL.
rjd rjd, fiybghUf, kyf, ff kW ijf dbgUf
kurhkhf cWf vdgL.
ig u gLiff, glFf Mnt bjhF v.fh. kh, nt, nfu,
Ks.
fUnty khLto ghff
ku ntl nt bjhF v.fh. be, , kfh
nrhs, _. xU iy jhtuf
nyh isahL rhkhf, bf nt bjhF fhzgLwJ.
kilf
jL jhtu ika mrhF.
kg bl kW Ah kilf iy _W Ka ghff, iyjh,
Mfh ghnt ehoYs nghgh iyfh, iyaogF vgdthF.
vD kuf jLgF f iy cs W Jisf (iyJis)
mfykhdit. ngUJ Wjkhf mt _ynk th gkhw fwJ.
jLgFf mikJsd. iy cs mfgoahd iu iyJis
gHkufnyna l fhy isr jUtJ tahf uhahf btnaW f uh
MuR ku. mJ 400 MLfshf MuRfis nghF vdgL.
jUwJ. ky vgJ dbgUfij nkbfhS X
fbga F jhtu uh~nyah. j dbgUf cW MF.
l xU l. kfuj jh tl ky MghfkhF.
brku vdgL buc kuf gwhjit. Nyf tl ky bg ghfkhF.
Compiled by Rex Christopher 1
 BOTANY
F vgJ f ma tif kyuhF. J 12 2. M) Js ________F cjhuzkhF (Wbro /
tUlfSF xU Kiw kLnk F. J jbro).
jeho kLnk fhzgL xU dkhF. 3. ) iyia jnlhL izF cWF
y w F kyf Ugjh jh mj ________ vW bga
kiyF y vW bga tjJ. 2006 (iyaogF/ iyfh).
filahf F ky jJ. 4. <) ky bkhlhf UF bghGJ ________
Mnt khWU nr ntf: v.fh. nfu, ghJfhwJ ( / m).
Ks, U, l. 5. c) ________ neh fhzgL jhtu
Rthr ntf v.fh. mah (btis mirF x rhgir vW bga ( / x).
miyah)
ntl nt khWU nr ntf v.fh.
rfiut HF, lhah. tifghoa
jhF ntf v.fh. Myku. iy gWf : v.fh. glh.
KL ntf: v.fh. nrhs, fU. R.H.nlf (1920-1980) mbkf
Niya tYe IJyf tifghil
bfhfjh cs a jhtua
mKfgLdh.
njhl cs fbga Myku 900-
F nkgl ntf (GJf) csd. bkhuh cyf 9000-F mfkhd
ku taJ 200 ML. j l 360 df fla gLsd.
. nuholh 59,950 cdf, irf
cyf 1,00,000. jhtuf 2,89,640. bkhj
xL nt: v.fh. fFlh.
magl yFf vif 11,70,000.
bjhW ntf : v.fh. thlh(M)
IJ cyff
jiu jL khWU: v.fh. cUisHF
bkhuh : 1. ghOah, 2. randhghOah
kly jL : v.fh. .
(ygRgh)
jiu xoa jL khWU: m) XL jL- v.fh.
nuholh : 1. xU br gh, 2.
. M) nlhy- v.fh. uhbg
nuhnlhnrhth
jL gW ff: v.fh. ghnshuh.
irf : 1. ir
Kf : v.fh. fhj
jhtuf : 1. gy br gh, 2. iunahig,
iybjh jL : v.fh. rghf 3. blnlhig, 4. ndhbg,
mnkrh m jhtu iy l 5. Mnahbg
7mo. mj ky 12 Kj 16 mFy cilaJ. yFf : 1. Jislf, 2. Flf,
iy gWf : v.fh. glh. 3. jilGf, 4. cUis Gf,
iy Kf : v.fh. rghf 5. tisjir Gf, 6. fQfhf, 7.
FLit jhtu : v.fh. begj. bkYlf, 8. Knjhf,
ig : v.fh. Fnyah 9. KJFehQsit
FWfkilj jLf : v.fh. Ks, nfu, 1675M ML Mlth tA&
l, btfha. vw lRehL ma mP ghOahit
jLf : v.fh. _, Myku, fLojh.
ijyku, bjid. Ml th tA& vgt
Dbfho : v.fh. mtiu. ghOaha jij vwiHfglh.
VWbfho : v.fh. sF, btiy xU kj Fl ruhrahf xU nyh
jiubahoa ej jL : v.fh. iulh ghOahf csd. kj cl aghd
(btL fha L) MnuhaF ghOaf
mtakhdit.
J.C. ngh, vw a jhtua tYe
fLoj iunrhuh fU _y ghOahdh VgL jhtu nehf : fHiy
jhtufSF cz cL vgJ neh (vYir), tisa mGf neh (cUis),
bjatjJ. bt neh (M), thl neh ( jfh)
kL ghOahdh VgL kj nehf : fhr
rahd ilia njbjL. neh, th ng, bjhG neh, ns
1. m) iu cRj ________ bjhF bga XU ir. bga vw
gahF (jL / nt). irUJ bg vw v
EQ kUJ bjLfgLwJ.
Compiled by Rex Christopher 2
 BOTANY
bg kUJf uh vd 1. IJ cyf tifghL Kiwia
miHfgLwJ. tifgLat _________
< Kil tot bfhl xU br c. (R. H nlf / fhu nda).
J xU rhW ir. J behj 2. bkhuh cyf _________ cdf
_ykhf MfAh jahf cjwJ. mlsd
ghf (gy br c) v.fh. yhndah, (gybr / xUbr).
ignuhifuh, nfuh 3. kUJf uh vd miHfgLtJ
y thtd (iunah~igLf) v.fh. _________ (<L / bg).
ah, kh 4. _________jhtu brf fhzgL, yF
ijfsw jhtuf (blnlh~igLf) brf fhzgLtiy
v.fh. bguf (cfU / brRt).
wj ij jhtuf (ndhbgf) - 5. xiurh rilth vgJ _________ U
v.fh. irf, igd brhbgauhF. ( be / nfhJik)
_oa ij jhtuf (Mnahbgf) jhtuf kW yFf - Rthj
- v.fh. , bjid, kh, nt ruhrahf xU lF kj 16 Kj 18
fFlh X xL. Kiw _R Lwh.
begj kW ouhuh Q Rthj U tifgL. (i) fhW Rthr (ii)
jhtuf MF. fhyh Rthr
y thtd iunah~igLf - 24,000 ghOah kW irf fhyh Kiw
df Rthgjh rfiuia MfAhyhf
khWwd. xU w j MfAh
ijfsw jhtuf blnlh ~igLf -
rKjhaF nfL isgjhf UjhY,
10,000 df
kWw nj MfAh vbghU
wj ij jhtuf ndh bgf -
rhjdkhf gagLwJ.
640 df
EiupuYF nH fhzgL tikahd
_oa ij jhtuf Mnahbgf -
jilahd jir bjhFF cjujhd
2,55,000 df
vW bga.
y ydf xL fshf thG.
y xthikF fhuzkhd bghUfshd
v.fh. ehlhG kW cUisG.
R, kfuj Mait ekJ ehgs
kUJt jij vd miHfglt EiHJ, bjhju VgLJtjh tUtnj
nghbul JkyhF. Jk f _y xthik
fnuhy nda tifghoa jij bghUf btnawgL ehgs
vd miHfgLwh. t cUtha RjkhwJ.
Ubrh bgaL Kiwna jnghJ xU br kW W gybr yFf
eilKiw csJ. faythit gut Kiw
ya bga btnaWwd. v.fh. mgh, ghua
fugh - bgshndlh kG kW mil Gf njh
mbkfhdh _ykhf Rthr brwd.
L < - kfh blhkofh jtis nghw yFf, njh kW
jtis - uhdh bA[hlhilyh Eiupu _y Rthwd.
wh - bfhygh ah f brf vwiHfgL w
kj - nAhnkh bra cWf _y Rthwd.
jhtuf bga Ctd, gwgd kW ghof Eiupu
brgU - iAf nuh[h ird _y Rthwd.
jfh - iynfhbgfh vFyl yFfshd f thgkhw,
cUis - brhyhd ognuhr fhWJisf _y eilbgWwJ.
kh - kh~bguh ofh <L kW ghOah fhyh Kiw
m - xiurh rilth Rthr brwd.
kL kL
rahdtiw njbjLf. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1. eh RthF fh mf fhzgLtJ
________ (ct/ fayth).
Compiled by Rex Christopher 3
 BOTANY
2. fhww RthrKiwF ________ vW bga iyff Xeh,
(fhWs Rthr /fhyh Rthr). lbgaU
3. jhtuf ________ _ykhf Rthr gwitf,
eilbgWwJ (_RFH/ iy Jis). gfuo,
gntW tifahd jhtu ydf bgFf
t.v c ydf
jhtuf
nfhs kL
1. btg njF, jhtu rahd ilia njbjL.
kly ug, cf, 1. mf mls fhLf fhzgLtJ
kiHfhLf bgUbfho f, ________ (kuf / f).
f, bjhW bfhF 2. ________ J xU aif Niy
jhtu, yFf, klyF vLJfhlhF (beta /
MLf, FuFf, ghiytd).
bguf btsthf, 3. cz r _whtJ iyF
bga ________ vW bga (jhtu c / C
idf, cf).
ghf 4. gy cz rf izJ
2. bt btf gwitf, fhzgLtjF ________ vW bga (cz
unjrf ffhU, tiy / cz RH).
f, 5. tdkfh crt goif bfhlhL khj
tFiuf ________ (#& /#&iy).
, jhtu cyf
xlf fhshf irf cyfij rhjit.
, Wij, lhf tifgho irf _whtJ
ahid, cyfkhf csd.
fiuahf. irf gf
3. ghiytd rijgW fhuh xiw bryh Mdit (v.fh<)
f s f kh, gh, myJ gybrfshyhdit (v.fh.
tiff, nj, xlf, iunrhg, mfhf, mgy).
mnfah, g
gira yhjyh mit gir
vUF,
wJl njhWtiy.
ngr
t cl ika vdgL
4. j btg gyhL Xehf, e,
iAghf bjhFgh MdJ. ifo
kly thG fhblUik
vD bghUsh _lgLsJ.
bt tiff f, khf,
gF f ghd myJ ghyh Kiw
dbgUf brwd.
kW gy
5. iy X, kh, kh, m, czl mogil irf _W
fhLf khf, fU fuo, tifgL. 1) xLf - v.fh.
mnfah, tLf, gah 2) rhWf - v.fh. mfhf,
ig, ~ gwitf, iunrhg 3) TLf - ir + ghf
a = iyff; ir + ghf =
ghof iknfhiurh
6. Ciy %, Ksg, Jtiu 1,00,000 nkgl irdf
fhLf ~, ig, t flagL bgalgLsd.
Mbg, m, Ka, RWNH ghid czJ c
nyh, rhgw fhofshf iyff sFwd.
khf, brehf, cz jFj fhshf v.fh. mfhf
iyff, f fbg, mfhf ignghu
fhshf kW gy nghwit.
7. uun mfw bu 2,000 tif czjFj fhshf csd.
jr fhLf iyila khf,
brof, Mij, e,
Compiled by Rex Christopher 4
 BOTANY
eRjik Fj fhshf (nlh^) mf mf, gT jhaf gagLwJ
v.fh., mkhlh kfhah, mkhlh mf mf, nrhjid FHhf tsf gL
gnyh nghwit. jhtufSF tsjs bghUshf
eR fhshf ufhrkhd wfSl gagLjgLwJ.
fhzgL. mnaho, nyndah vdgL gG
bg vw EQ vbghU ghUJ bgwgLwJ.
bga vD irUJ fay th kW cl kw ffis
bgwgLwJ. v.fh. blbunlhik, f kW kj Wiu ijf
nahik, fhdhik, b#nlhik, Fnshbuyh igbundh nlh[h vD gh
vnuhik nghwit bghJthd y bt gazf gagLjgLwJ.
EQ vbghUshF. iunahigLf, Kj Kj UJ
itl B (iunghns) jah bttJ y thtjfhd
m~ah fh kW vnkha m~ jftikid bgw jhtu tifdkhF.
nghw irf gagLwd. Mdh it dbgUf bra
ir nehf ayhJ
kj - iknfhr ( njh, ef, Ko kW iunahigLf rj khw
cl cWf njhWwJ ). ghjgil, eilbgWwJ. (nghnuhig iy,
gl jhkiu. nfnlh ig iy Ma uL thif
yFf - vfh, ghjgil RH kh khtUwd)
jhtuf - JUneh, fUgGf, iunahigLf, nfLf _y ghd
fW kW nff bgUfK, nghf, b#kh z kW
shbr ggah-gffd ir Jlhj Kiw _y ghyh dbgUfK
myJ cs ir- Vkhwjh brwd.
ghfgl isPfSF cikF iunahigLf tifghL : 1) tF-
wghd, nyrhdij nghw th gwF bAghonf v.fh. ah 2) tF-
uikia VgL bgU ghig jUwJ. Mnjhbrunl v.fh. Mnjhnuh 3)
Mgy FHijfl xthikia tF-ki[ v.fh. dhah
VgLJwJ. Mdh shnlhngha iunahigLf gaf
xthikUJ ghJfhwJ. cyjgl kh kW ghd
jhtufis Fjhtuf (nlhnf) Mad vbghUshf gagLwd.
th jhtuf (bgdnuhnf) vd uL ghd iu jLghdhf, cR
tifahf fyh. bghUshf kUJtkidf ga
ghf brRt brYnyh[h MdJ. gLwJ.
ghf cl dbgUf ghd ij ehwfh kW gRik
Jlhj v.fh. ignuhifuh yf gagLjgLwd.
ghyh dbgUf. - nghf ghd kh xU fhy FHij fSF
gh dbgUf. - V iz kW xU Kiw kL gagLJ fhrilahf
gf iz. v.fh. ignuhifuh gagLjglJ. Vbd J utij
gh cWfshd Moa kW eF cr ToaJ.
Mnfha _y. v.fh. fhuh rhWFHh (thFy) fiwia bgW
ghf gir, gG, t myJ ygir Kj Kj y thG wid bgw
w bfhLsd. thj jhtuf bgufshF.
fnghah uhrj bf vgit xU bguf iyf uhLf (nghnuh
gG w flghfshF. mit xU ehF f) vd miHfgLwd. mit
w nghfis cUthFwd.
Rkh 15 br.. tsJ xU tUl Rkh 50
bguf gaf
l (160 mo) s tiu mila ToaJ.
Jjh cy f ntfkhf tsU fl fis bguf mHa iyfis
MF. bfhLsikah mHF jhtufshf
tsfgLwd.
ghf kjf, L yFf kW
fSF czthf gagLwd. khah czthf gagLwJ.
v.fh.cth, nydhah, rfh[, Fnshbuyh uahbl tW mfahf
gagLwJ.
Compiled by Rex Christopher 5
 BOTANY
iynfhnghoa bgho kUjhf i[y - flj
gagLwJ. - flJj gagLwJ.
ndhbgf gaf ghn[L ghuifkh - xnrifF
vuh : v jahf gagLwJ. Jiz brwd.
(MfyhL). J MJkh nehia gh ghuifkh - nr kW flJj
FzgLJwJ. Jiz brwd.
l : _L thjij Fz gLJwJ.
mf : fhj T fhj jahf
gagLwJ.
munfah ( Fu ) - gRik khwhj
mHF jhtu
Mnahbg 26,000 cth
jhtufis bfhlJ.
ndhbgf Nig d fahf
khwkilwJ. Nf ijfhsf
khWwd.
xU iy jhtuf : v.fh. , be,
nrhs kW nfhJik
U iy jhtuf : v.fh. mtiu,
glh, kh.
nt mik
nt wnjh iunrhbl vdgL.
fhbl, flJj kW nrjYF
gagLwJ.
iry bt[f ntUJ
jhtu kw ghffSF id
flJ gid brwd.
nsha bt[f iyUJ
czid jhtu w cW fSF
flJ braid brwd.
nt ikagF vd gL. xU iy
jhtu nt csJ. U iy jhtu
nt iy. J cz nrg
gagLwJ.
jo mik
o - bkGF gly
vbl - cUis totKilait
ghJfhig mwd.
fhbl - J _W gFfshf
fgLsJ.
nfhyifkh- joghd brRt
bfhlJ. jhFj gia brwJ.
Fnshuifkh-bka Rt bfhlJ,
gira csjh xnrif
Jiz brwJ.
ghuifkh - bka Rt cilaJ. nr
kW fhnwhl gnfwJ.
vnlhbl - (lh ciw) - gh
totKilaJ ghJfh kW flJj
ga gLwJ.
nsha - cz flj

Compiled by Rex Christopher 6

 BOTANY
EQf x kW fUg rhUJ
itu vw thij y bkhUJ jahfgL MfAh nghwit behj
vLfglJ. mj bghU eR vgjhF. Kiw < vD ir idah
itufis Fj ma ituhy jahfgLwJ.
vwiHfgLwJ. < xU bryhyhd rhW tif ir
Unjh mogil itufis IJ MF.
tifahf tifgLjyh. irf gira fhzgLtiy.
1) ghOnahng{, 2) ignlhng{ (jhtu irf Fj ma ikfhy vW
ituf), 3) ignfhng{ (gh ituf), 4) miHfgLwJ.
Nng{ (yF ituf), 5) iknfhng{ irf, rhWfshfnth,
(ir ituf) xLfshfnth jf thifia
ghOah xU bryh Md xU EQ elJwd.
MF. vlgh lhofh mah :
ghOahit Fj ma ghOahy ujng
vwiHfgLwJ. shnkhoa itth : knyah
ghOahit 1675M ML lR ma shnkhoa -ghnghu : knyah
mPuhd Ml th YthA& vgt odnrhnkh nfa : Mfh cwf
TL Enzh _ykhf fljh neh
ghoa, uhg nfh kW yh l buho fhsh clyij ika vW
ghOafis g thf fljd. miHnwh. buho fhsh tstnj
ghOah cl mikig vyuh buho w khwF fhuzkhF.
Enzh _y mJ bfhsyh. nuhnlhnrhthf xU br c MF.
ghOah br nuhnfnaho br
1928 M ML l ehil rhj
MF.
mby[hl bs kUJt cyif
ghOah firiHf fhzgLwd. af brj mra kUjhd bgid
it lbgaF cjwd. fLojh.
ghOah Konghw mik bfhljhf ghOah kW irf vcf kW
UF mikfSF igyf vW bga. nehjL kUJf jahf
it iz cWghf bragLwd. gagLwd.
ghOahfis ikuh vw myfh EQf bga vkUJ
msfyh.
1 ikuh = 1/1000 l blnuhik blnuh
gh Oah nua, ngy ik
ghOah totij itJ mtiw ehF
ro ghuh
tiffshf fyh. 1. fhf (cUis
tot) 2. ngy (F tot) 3. igy bga,
(RU tot) 4. nah (fh tot) behnll,
irf bg
firiHf vif, mik Kiw bg,
mogil ghOafis tUkhW iunrhd
tifgLjyh. 1. xiw firiH tif, 2. ntshik vgJ cz g rhFgo ga
UKid firiH tif, 3. Mf, ma MF.
4. xU fiw firiH tif, 5. bgiuf ieu# Kakhd jhtu Cl bghU
firiH tif MF.
shnlhnkhdh vgd va xU bryh ghOahf ca Juthsfshf
Md gir w ghf MF. bragLwd.
ghf brRt bgo ciwfsh mnkhahit iyWJ ghOahf
NHgLsJ. v.fh. ghy unkh[
shnlhnkhdh nkgF xU n#ho ieig ghOah - v.fh. ienuhghl,
firiHf fhzgLwd. mit l ienuhnrhnkhdh.
bgaF gagLwd. ieu#id iyWJ ghOah v.fh
ghfis Fj ma igfhy vW mrnlhghl, shooa, iunrha
miHfgLwJ. (ntKL ghOah) ygir ghfshd

Compiled by Rex Christopher 7

 BOTANY
Mynlhah, mddh kW ehlh tz itu tz
nghwit neh
njiy, ifiy, fh bfhilf kW bts
nfhnfh Matiw behj _y gy
ghy bkfha ghOah eWkzij tzneh
bfhLwJ. ituf, ghOahf, irf
f xU cz gjgLahF. CWfh nuhnlhnrhthf kW y Gf,
bfL nghfhUf f cjwJ. cdfSF gyjkhd nehfis
bunlhfhf yho yho my njhWwd.
ghOah ghiy juhf khWwJ ir nghf _ykhf njk, gil
mrnlhghl mbro vw ghOah nghw nehf VgLwd.
behj brayh f jahf gLwJ. itufsh VgLgit r kW
il MfAh, ij MfAh Sbarh nghwit
Mad behj _y rfiu ghUJ F nehf gu _yf
shooa mrnlh of vw
ghOah cjah bgUks itu rhjhuz r, fhW,
jahfgLwJ. nghnah(si kW neuo
Mrh my, mbgy ief vw s thj), kr bjhl
ir behj brayh fhkhiy,
jahfgLwJ. Sbarh,
fhshf czthf ga gLwd. v.fh v gha
mfhf, nkhbryh bjhl
Fnshbuyh kW igdh Mait ghOah fhyuh, ilghL mRjkhd
wj xUbr uj Cl bghUfshf
blld fhaf
bragLwd.
gHf, fhff, f, iw, gh yFf
nghwit ukhf bfLnghF vfhr W Fghf
czfshF. (m, v)
t. neuo
EQ F bjhGneh bjhl(fl
v neh
f bga )

1 ghOah rhnjhnkhdh u nghf

irf
nff ghj jo neh y kW

Nnlhnkhdh neh j _y
brhyudhahu - nehgu
rhnjhnkhdh cUisH xU br
knyah v.fh.bfhRf
xiunr F cf

ghOa
ghOahf czit jhFwd. mit
is -
fhyuh, ilghL nghw nehf Vgl
be
fhuzkhwd.
2 irf brnfhnghuh ofh neh nuhnlhnrhthf jngia
bgrndlh - VgLJwd.
brnfhnghuh ntfliy f, nrhoa bgnrhna, vbz,
muhonfhy ghOah my nghwit cz gjgLfshF.
h igFnyhah btneh-
ghiy 72 bronuL btgiy 30
xiurh be
lfSF btggLl cldoahf 120
3 itu cbfhJ thiH bronuLF Ff ntL.
itu cbfh ngy J nghw y ngy
ifiy gy J neh tif ghOahf tzJ kW
tz itu ifiy mijrhj df Git
bts gy gy mwd.
Compiled by Rex Christopher 8
 BOTANY
ituf ca M fUahf Mfuz mila brJ Mwiy
gagLwJ. bgWwd. v.fh. ienuhnrhnkhdh.
ghOahf uil s Kiw j wj myJ cuw fk TL
dij bgU bfhwd. bghUfUJ czit bgW jhtuf
irf nghf _ykhf j dij kF jhtuf vdgL. v.fh. f,
bgU bfhwd. ehFil nghwit (irf), ngy
ghOah kW irfis aif ro (ghOah) kW khndhnuhgh
Juthsf vW miHnwh. (Mnahbg).
Mfhf mlahf tsU iy ky vj jhtuf myJ yFfUJ
vdgL. t tsah M# xLf czit bgW
ms FiwwJ. jdh Niy bfhwdnth mjhtuf myJ
cdf KGtJkhf mfgLwd. yFf Xf vW
fF nuhnfr vW bga. miHfgLwd.
jhtuf mik braghLfS xLf Xia JisJ, cz
brf cdf mik kW bragL kW fkfis cRtjF
myFfshf fwd. it cdf Ahnlhahf (cR cWf) vw
flik myFfshf csd. wghd mikfis bgWsd. v.fh.
rhnjhnkhdh (ghOah)
wf, Na x Mw, Matiw
brnfhnghuh bgrndlh (ir)
<LgL ATP (mondh oiu ghng)
fFlh (Mnahbg)
kW NADPH2 (nfhodikL moid
TL czl Kiw v.fh. iyf,
ilnahilL ghng xLf
iknfhiurh kW iunrha.
miljJ) Matiw cUthF id
xid vdgL. cQ jhtuf v.fh. begj,
uuh kW Fnyah.
ATP br Mw ehza vd
miHfgLwJ. l rhgir tif
jhtuf uL flJ bjhFfis x xrhgir
bfhLsd. 1. iry 2. ~nsha < rhgir
jhtu bghUf fljgLj uL nt bghU ntrhgir
gFfshf fgLwJ. i)jhtu
rhgir
kW fk cf fljgLj.
ii)jhtu cz kW Ahnkhf bjhL cz bjhL cz rhgir
fljgLj. bjhlh RU (iknkhrh ofh) jhtu
jrh Cl Kiw, cd jdF iyf _obfhSj. - bjhLj

njitahd czit jhnd jahwJ. nllah vw kr w kyf fhiy

jhtuf vthW Mwiy bgWwd ufhrkhd x jfis j kW
vgij bghWJ it, 1) xjrh khiy _o bfhSj. - x
cf 2) ntjrh cf vd m kyf fhiy ufhr x
tifgLjgLwd. jfis _obfhtJ u jY. -
cz jahgjF Na xUJ x.
ilF Mwiy gagLJ cf eLfKW tisj wj vLJfhL
xjrh cf vdgL. v.fh. gR fjf iknkhrh ofh (bjhlhD jhtu)
ghOah, Cjh fjf ghOah kW MF.
midJ gRjhtuf. kL
fkTLbghUfis jahgjfhf -m
ntMwiy gagLJ cf rahd ilia njbjLf
ntjrh cf vdgL. va fk 1. jhtu br ij bgWsjh yF
TL bghUfshd iAu#, fjf br UJ ntWgLwJ
mla TLbghUf, iAu# (brr, vnlhshr tiy, shkh r,
r~igL, mnkhah nghwtiw brRt).

Compiled by Rex Christopher 9

 BOTANY
2. xL jhtu (fhsh, f, kfuj nrif uL tifgL. 1. j
fFlh,<). kfuj nrif, 2. ma kfuj nrif.
3. jhtu jiu nk ghff UJ gwitf t kfuj nrif
HfgLtJ (xnrif, uhnghF, (Mnjh~)
dbgUf, Rthj). f t kfuj nrif (vlnkh)
4. x Jyfyh VgL jhtu ghf
yFf t kfuj nrif (N~)
af ( rhgir, rhgir, x
fhWt kfuj nrif (mnkh~)
rhgir, bjhLjYW mir).
5. br Mw ehza (FAD, NADP, NAD, t kfuj nrif (iAonuh~)
ATP). fUWjYF d, 1. NyhdJ ijahf
jhtuf dbgUf khWwJ. 2. NYiwf ij ciwfshf
khWwd. 3. Nyfig tsJ bgjh
yFfdbgU jhtufdbgU
fahf khWwJ.
fKiwf fKiwf
fUWj eilbgwhknyna y jhtuf
sj cUthF ffSF fUwh ff (m)
sjghOah
nuhnlhnrhtf ghndhfh ff vW bga. v.fh.
mUjFclf mUj-< ijyh uhir, bfhah, Kjad.
f btnjh (vfh) f eLnjh
Jlhj JlhjMfhf (nrfh) f cnjh (vnlhfh) vd
jilGf nghfir _W gFfshf ntWgLjgLsJ.
kfuj nrif kW rij gWs f uL tifgL 1.
ghdbgUf- gnf, (KG rijf) 2. % (c XL
fUWj F
ghof rij f).
jhtuf
uf: v.fh. beof, jhgH
Kj Kj njha cd
rijgWs ff
ghOa MF. mjhtJ nahghOa
vgJ Rkh ehF a MLfSF t.v. tif gl
Kng njhaJ 1. bg jfh
2. bAbgoa MuR
xU br cfshd, mgh kW
ghOaf, U rk gFfshf sfgL 3 ngh M
a cfis njhW wd. 4 bgngh bts
KiwF ulhf sj myJ 5 % cxLrijf kh
Urk vdgL. cy bto ff
nynlhngiy vw ghOah ghiy juhf t.v. tif gl
khWwJ. 1 Uwbtof (byT) mtiu
iknfhghOa ogFnsh vw 2. xUwbtof vUF
ghOaf vYU nehia
3.fhN gU
njhWwd.
m)miwbtof btil
Jlhj ignuhifuh gh, jhtu cly, M)miwjLRtbtof
W W JLfshf cilJ, cilj
cy btoah f
xbthU JL a ignuhifuhit
1. btoah cy W f (m) kho, m
cUthFwd.
mUj (m) bkhLWj iAouh, 2. btoah cy jha (fhah) be
iunah~y (fo nghlh FonghL) 3. bryh oiulh
Vshndhngh bka Rtiu cila efU 4. bfhil K
jikaw nghf, s ff
Nngh vgJ firiHfis gagL 1. byhbkl fUnty
efU jikila ghyh dbgUf 2. bunkhfh bfhJk
nghf MF.
3. bukh MkzF
ky vgJ, F jhtuf dbgUf
cW TL f
kfujjh tl ky M ghfkhF. 1. nrhnuh gyh
2. irnfhd M, m
Nyf tl ky bg ghf MF.
Compiled by Rex Christopher 10

U iy jhtuf - v.fh. glh,
mtiu kW MkzF.
xU iy jhtuf - ijf xU
iyia bfhLsd. v.fh. kfh
nrhs, be, nfhJik kW btfha.
xU iy ij mik (be) : J
btoah xU ijila jf MF.
jF fhah vW bga. Kis ntuhdJ
nfhnahiurh vdgL Kisnt ciwdh
_lgLsJ.
fh guj (mnkhnfh) : v.fh. vUF,
KUif
guj (iAonuhnfh) : bjid, f
eLnjhyhdJ eh nghW mikJ,
uiyf nuhl _ykhf btF
uF vLJ brygLwd.
jhkiu jskhdJ gR nghW
fhwiwfis bfhL nuhl jF
jikia bgWsJ.
yFfsh guj (Nnfh) : rha
jhtu ff Ta bfhf nghw
mikf _ykhf, ehU jhtu
ff iyUF jf E
Tikahf UgdhY ff vjhf
yFf cl xo bfhwd.
kL
gFm
1. xU br cfshd mgh
ghOaf eilbgW d bgUf
tiff
(Jlhj; ulhf sj; mUj;
ngh clhj).
2. F jhtuf ghd bgUf Kiw
eilbgW Kj f.
(fUWj; Kisj; L cUthj;
kfuj nrif)
3. flt rahd TW vJ?
efU wdw, bka Rtiuilait
Nnghf;
y Mfhf, ghOaf kW
irf clhF efU jikila
ghyh nghf, VifbdLf;
irf clhF X cfU bfhl
efU wdw ghyh nghf, bfhoah;
rhjfkw Niyf Mfhf
clhF joj Rtiuila cly brf
vgshndh nghf.
4. fUw Nig f MF. xU ky gy
izahj Nyf iyf bfhl nkkl
NigUJ cUthF f. (wf;
TL f; jf; gyf)
Compiled by Rex Christopher
BOTANY
5. Cwitj ijia mGJbghGJ
j tahf fwJ. (iyJis;
byobr; iknuhig; Kisnt)
6. khf, fnghw f vwiHfgLwJ.
Vbd j (f btnjh, njh
nghwJ; f eLnjh f nghwJ; f
cnjh rijgWsJ; f cnjh
fodkhdJ.)
7. jtwhd Tiw njbjL.
(Uiy jhtu ij fhzgL
Filahd brFjhd btikahd
gFF u~ng vW bga;
U iy jhtu ij fhzgL f
Ea JisF iknuhig vW bga;
fU jL cUthF gFF Kisnt
vW bga;
fU nt cUthF gFF Kisnt vW
bga.)
8. fl TWf, fh _y f
gujYfhd rahd Tiw njbjL.
(ff kW ijf ObuW btoJ
guwJ;
oiulh jhtu, tl, ghgh
fshf kh f gujYF cjwJ;
rha jhtuf ff Ta Kf
_y guwJ;
bjid f eLnjh eh nghW
kW csJ.)
9. _izdh clhF R fU
xW. tsF Cl mftyJ.
(irnfh; N xL R; Tbly;
fU)
10. j kfuj nrif ik.
(kfuj f zhtiy; ijf
Fiwj vif clhwd;
Ugh kyf flhakhf eilbgWwJ;
kyfsJ kfuj nrifF
btfhufis rhUf mtaiy).
thif af braf
xLf : v.fh.fFlh kW f.
kFf : v.fh. khndhnuhgh
mgh, ghunka nghw xUbr cf
brj, brYF brj vdgL.
iuig, Fl FHf (czFH) bga
jirahyhd 9 l sKila ig kW FH
nghw gFahF.
ATP : mondh oiughng
Rthr tiff : 1. fhWs Rthr, 2.
fhyh Rthr.
xU FSnfh _yTW KGikahf
M#ndw bgWnghJ 38 ATP_yTWf
clhwd.
11
 BOTANY
fhyh Rthr : v.fh. gh juhF f jhtuij L btF bjhiyF
iry thyhf kW fk bghUf tswd.
kUJ crgL fljgLwd. nt ir rh af - nt bghUfis
~nsha thyhf iyUJ neh jhtuf gid UF. v.fh.
xnrif _y jahfgl czthdJ Nid neh kfuj FH ts.
fljgLwJ. kL
mgh M#, mj nkgu tahf gFm
vLJbfhsgL, mnj ms clD 1. khndhnuhgh, cz bghUfis
guwJ. cRtjfhd wghd ntf.
z Fiwj ms ujij bfhLs (Ahnlhaf; iknfhiurh ntf; gW
k bghUshF. J uj mQf, ntf; ntl ntf)
uj shkhit xJsJ. Mdh 2. <o fhyh Rthrdh clhtJ
wkwJ. (yho my; igU my; vjdh;
mo my)
jhtu ff brf thF nthfsh
3. njitfhf bjid ntf, jh
nrfgLwd.
jhtuij L btF bjhiy csd.
xU br cfshd, nuhnlh nrhthf, mjifa ntf af (x rh
cUthF fbghU fis, iu af; < rh af; rh af;
RUFFf _y btnaWwJ. ntrh af)
lnulh vD Flf f 4. jhtuf iry g.
bghUf, br r tahf CLUwd. (iu flJj; czit flJj; mndh
jil G kW cUil Gf f myij flJj; M#id flJj).
f FHf tahf, tisjir 5. jrh ClKiwF njitgLtJ.
Gf w f f cWghd (O2 kW ; gira; Na x; it
beoahf, clFD cs f
midJ)
bghUfis nrfJ btnaWwd.
KJbfYf eF ts milj f
f cWghd f f FHfS,
WuffS csd.
braif Wuf (nkh lah) :
Wuf, cthH f mtakhd
cWf xW. neh bjhW, taJ,
fhagLj, WufF brY uj
ms Fiwj nghwit, Wuf
braghil FiwF. j isthf
cl eR fbghUf mfkhF. J
kuznf t tFF. Wuf
braHjh, braif Wuf c
fhf gagL. braif Wuf vgJ
lah vD Kiw uj cs
f bghUfis F fUahF.
kj ehbshWF 180 l uj
Wufjh toflgLwJ. UJ
ehbshWF 1 1.5 l ms f
bghUf mla Wuhf
btnawgLJ.
xir rh af - jhtuf
gid xia neh UF.
< ir rh af - < iria
neh jhtuf gid UF.
ir rh af - iu neh
jhtuf gid UF. v.fh.
bjidku ntf, jf njitfhf
Compiled by Rex Christopher 12