CHAPTER 5: CELL DIVISION

Cells:
Wear out after some time
Get damaged
Grow old naturally and die

Therefore organisms need to produce new cells to :

replace those cells that are worn out, damaged or dead
Perpetuate their own species either by asexual or sexual
reproduction

Why produce new cells?

 Two types of cell division:
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis

Types of cells division

 Reasons Cell division Significance

Repair of tissues:
Cells wear out Identical new cells
Cells get damaged to replace worn out
Cells grow old and die or damaged cells.
Cell divide (by Skin cells and cells
mitosis) to supply lining gut constantly
new daughter cells die and are replaced
that are identical
Organisms grow
to parents cells
Growth :
Need more cells for More cells for
reproduction growth

Asexual reproduction:
Binary fission
Budding

Mitosis
Vegetative reproduction
 Mitosis produced new cells that genetically identical to
their parents to:
1. Continue with the specific cell functions of their parent
cells within a particular tissue
2. Avoid disrupting the stable internal environment of life
or its processes
3. Produce offspring that have complete functions of an
adult organism to ensure the survival of that species

Mitosis
CELL DIVISION : MITOSIS
 Organization of phases and subphases in a
cell cycle
G1
Prophase

Interphase S

Metaphase
G2

Cell cycle

Mitosis
Anaphase

M Phase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
EFFECTS OF UNCONTROLLED MITOSIS IN LIVING
THING
 Mutation : the change in the DNA structure of the cell
Lead to uncontrolled mitosis tumors
Tumors :
Have no function
Interfere with the normal activity of surrounding cells
Two types :
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors

Mutation
 Inactive, relatively harmless
Remain at its original site & do not spread to other parts
of the body
Some may progress to become cancerous tumors if left
untreated
Usually treated by surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

Benign tumors
Benign Tumors
Malignant tumors
APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE
ON MITOSIS IN CLONING
 Application of knowledge
on mitosis in cloning

Cloning of Cloning of Cloning of

microbes plants animals

Cell culture Therapeutic Reproductive

Tissue culture
cloning cloning
Fermenters

Embryo
Somatic cell cloning
cloning
Tissue Culture
Callus
Embryo cloning
Somatic Cell Cloning
Dolly
MEIOSIS
Species Diploid chromosomal Haploid chromosomal
number of somatic cells number (n)
(2n)
Fruit fly 8 4
(Drosophila
melanogaster)
House fly 12 6
(Musca domestica)
Corn (Zea mays) 20 10
Onion (Allium sp.) 32 16
Human (Homo sapiens) 46 23
Chicken 78 39
(Gallus domesticus)
House mouse 40 20
(Mus muscullus)
 Diploid
(2n=6)
offspring
Diploid
(2n=6) Haploid (n = 3)
sperm
Male parent

Diploid zygote Embryo

(2n = 6) (2n)
Diploid
(2n=6) Haploid (n = 3)
Female parent egg
Autosomes & Sex
Chromosomes
 Two types of chromosomes:
Autosomes
Sex chromosomes

Chromosomes
SEX AUTOSOMES SEX SOMATIC CELL
CHROMOSOME
S
Male 44 / 22 pairs XY 44 + XY
Female 44 / 22 pairs XX 44 + XX
 Caused by:
Improper separation of the chromosomes
Non-disjunction

Downs Syndrome
Downs Syndrome
MITOSIS VS MEIOSIS
REVISION
Meiosis
P1 : The crossing over process occur during prophase

P2 : The tetrad (sister chromatids) are formed

Prophase 1

Anaphase 1
Crossing over
P1 : (the crossing over results) in exchange of genetic material between non sister
chromatids

P2 : (which results in) the formation of new combinations of alleles on a

chromosome // causes variation
Downs Syndrome